FW 411 Final Exam

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Below are several aspects of research. Indicate whether each describes quantitative or qualitative research. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative The researcher's role is to provide high involvement, partiality, and empathy.

b. Qualitative

Below are several aspects of research. Indicate whether each describes quantitative or qualitative research. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative The researcher assumes that social facts are socially constructed.

b. Qualitative

Name two factors from the lecture that may contribute to shifting views of wildlife?

Kids + Tech, Tourism, Decline in Hunting, Urban Sprawl, Income inequality, etc.

For the following statements, please indicate what part of the social exchange theory they refer to: a. Establishing trust b. Reducing social cost/Increasing rewards c. Promoting design validity "I have not had much luck finding someone to interview, would you be willing to answer a couple of questions for my class project?"

b. Reducing social cost/Increasing rewards

Below are several statements; please indicate which view of wildlife they fit better with a. Naturalistic b. Humanistic c. Aesthetic d. Utilitarian e. Moralistic Animals should be treated as your own children

b. Humanistic

The following situations represent giving stakeholders which of the following (options can be used more than once): a. Access b. Influence c. Standing Allowing flexibility in the decision space to consider participant input.

b. Influence

The following situations represent giving stakeholders which of the following (options can be used more than once): a. Access b. Influence c. Standing Giving legitimacy and respect to participant perspectives.

b. Influence

What national bill was proposed to increase environmental literacy in the US? a. No Child Left Behind b. No Child Left Inside c. Last Child in the Woods d. Get Active America

b. No Child Left Inside

Below are several aspects of research. Indicate whether each describes quantitative or qualitative research. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative Researchers are primarily interested in credibility, dependability, and confirmability of Results.

b. Qualitative

Below are several aspects of research. Indicate whether each describes quantitative or qualitative research. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative The approach focuses on inductive reasoning.

b. Qualitative

Hardin thought 'the population problem' was a member of a special class of problems. What was that class of problems?

no technical solution problems

List one way human dimensions of wildlife management help managers address 4 of the following 5 objectives: professional imperative moral imperative learning from constituents using social capital contributing to long term conservation solutions.

professional imperative: Must know what the public wants to manage wildlife for public benefit (Public Trust Doctrine) moral imperative: Understand impacts on human well being: Culture, Identity, Jobs, Food supplies, "Wildlife Refugees", Psychological well being. Understand how to address impacts: CAMPFIRE learning from constituents: Experiential knowledge (native americans, hunters, researchers, etc) using social capital: Resources linked to possession of a durable network of relationships (e.g., co-management). Makes command and control systems less necessary to fund contributing to long term conservation solutions: Managers study social concerns, tailor marketing/informational campaigns for conservation so that they will remain relevant and in the future. Any significant changes will require cooperation from the populace.

Define risk perception

Judgments people make when characterizing & evaluating hazardous activities & technologies

Most wildlife crime is associated with poaching (T/F)

TRUE

Sending a paid return stamp with a mail survey can be used as a way to establish trust. (T/F)

TRUE

What principle is often used to define when you are "done" collecting data in qualitative studies? Describe how you would use this principle to decide when to stop collecting data.

"Saturation". You would use this principle when no new patterns, themes, or surprises are likely to show up. It depends on the analysis that is being conducted, and you very rarely get to that point.

Give one example of the 3 main advocacy modes described by Cox and state the objective best met by that mode.

1) Political and Legal Channels. Example: Political Advocacy. Objective: To influence legislation or regulations. 2) Direct Appeal to Public Audiences. Example: Public Education. Objective: To influence social attitudes and behavior 3) Consumers and the Market. Example: Corporate Accountability. Objective: Consumer boycott, stakeholder actions.

Describe two ways the Hunting Heritage Brochure could be improved using insights from the Shannon Weaver model.

1) The main point should be clearly, and quickly emphasized. This brochure may not be read entirely. Thus, it should be easy for a receiver to take a quick glance and be made aware of the main points. 2) Channel noise could be further minimized. Hunters are primarily white men. Additionally, the hunter who are taking younger hunters under their wing may be older. The text should be limited, white space should be increased, and the font should be enlarged. This will make it clearer overall as well as assist any readers who have poor sight.

Would a fatal mountain lion attack or fatal (to the human) deer-vehicle collision have more signal potential? Why?

A fatal mountain lion attack would have more signal potential than a deer-vehicle collision. This is due to the unfamilairness associated with attacks from mountain lions. There are roughly 5.6 attacks per year in the United States whereas there are over 1.5 (thousand, million? unit?) deer-vehicle collisions. We are more familiar with DVC.

Name the four key ingredients Kristof provided for successfully marketing conservation efforts. Describe one way each could be used to promote conservation of a wildlife species of your choosing.

1. Focus on smaller groups, people like to feel like they are saving a large proportion of people not just a lot of lives 2. Emphasize hopefulness; stories of people overcoming adversity 3. Focus on an individual not a group 4. Girls beat boys → a story about a girl is more likely to be successfully marketed.

True or False: The term "conservation psychology" is interchangeable with "environmental psychology."

FALSE

xxxxxxxxx

A heuristic is essentially a shortcut, or a rule of thumb to follow. It is how decisions can be made intuitively. However, using heuristics could lead to a poorly defined problem as well as a failure to adequately consider all consequences.

Disease can be transmitted from animal to humans in many different ways, please indicate if the following ways are: A) Direct transmission B) Indirect transmission Air droplets form an animal sneezing

A) Direct transmission

Disease can be transmitted from animal to humans in many different ways, please indicate if the following ways are: A) Direct transmission B) Indirect transmission Bite form a raccoon that transmits rabies

A) Direct transmission

Disease can be transmitted from animal to humans in many different ways, please indicate if the following ways are: A) Direct transmission B) Indirect transmission Consumption of hunter killed meat that has not been cooked properly

A) Direct transmission

Disease can be transmitted from animal to humans in many different ways, please indicate if the following ways are: A) Direct transmission B) Indirect transmission Use of infected needles

A) Direct transmission

Choose one of the principles of questionnaire-writing (from Dillman 2007 - chapter 2) that is violated by each of the following questions. A. Avoid double-barreled questions B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems. D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no. "Should the city build a new swimming pool that includes lanes for swimming laps and a heater for winter use?"

A. Avoid double-barreled questions

Choose one of the principles of questionnaire-writing (from Dillman 2007 - chapter 2) that is violated by each of the following questions. A. Avoid double-barreled questions B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems. D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no. "Should the state extend the hunting seasons for deer and turkeys?"

A. Avoid double-barreled questions

Explain the difference between affective and cognitive dimensions of attitudes.

Affective - feelings or emotions (example: fear) Cognitive - dispassionate evaluation of facts (rational assessment of probability)

B) Indirect transmission

Disease can be transmitted from animal to humans in many different ways, please indicate if the following ways are: A) Direct transmission B) Indirect transmission Bite from a tick that carries a disease

B) Indirect transmission

Choose one of the principles of questionnaire-writing (from Dillman 2007 - chapter 2) that is violated by each of the following questions. A. Avoid double-barreled questions B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems. D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no. "How many toilets are there in your place of residence?"

B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions

When two people agree on the degree of risk associated with an activity they also agree on its acceptability. (T/F)

FALSE

Choose one of the principles of questionnaire-writing (from Dillman 2007 - chapter 2) that is violated by each of the following questions. A. Avoid double-barreled questions B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems. D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no. "What was your total income from all sources in the last year? ___________"

B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions

Choose one of the principles of questionnaire-writing (from Dillman 2007 - chapter 2) that is violated by each of the following questions. A. Avoid double-barreled questions B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems. D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no. "How much would you like your child to develop an interest in sports as he/she grows up?"

C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems

Choose one of the principles of questionnaire-writing (from Dillman 2007 - chapter 2) that is violated by each of the following questions. A. Avoid double-barreled questions B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems. D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no. "To what extent do you agree with this statement: It's easier for people to find work in this community than it was about one year ago."

C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems.

Use Clayton and Brook's conservation psychology model to analyze the phenomenon of people planting yards with turf and exotic plants and provide suggestions for convincing people to create wildlife friendly front yards. 8 points: There are 4 components of the model and the last two components have 3 parts each. Be sure to address historical context and 3 personal motivators

Context: there is a strong social norm in America for homeowners to maintain neat, well-groomed landscapes. The features of these yards (short grass, perennial plants, well-defined flower beds) are often of little ecological value. Neighbors may also pressure each other to maintain these non-wildlife friendly yards. Toxic pesticides and fertilizers abound. Influence of existing schemas: traditionally, home yard care is not defined as a situation with environmental implications. It is common to think of nature as something "out there" and a yard as something separate. Additionally, people may have a poor understanding of ecosystems and wildlife habitats. Many homeowners lack an awareness to the issues and the expertise to manage ecologically beneficial landscapes. Personal motives: a) group identification: this is evident by people who willingly and happily conform to community standards for yard appearance b) positive self-image: well kept private yards may provide evidence of the homeowner's responsibility and care; well kept yards can show the expertise in landscaping of the homeowner c) sense of control: weed control and intensive use of herbicides are weapons in battle for control of the yard appearance Solutions: a tripartite approach: 1) change the context within people make decisions about yard practices, 2) change the ways in which people perceive yards and nature, and 3) change the implications for identity of various lawn practices. You might develop landscaping options that both neat and ecologically beneficial (e.g. using native prairie plants).

Place the following steps of coding analysis in the correct order: A. Explore and define relationships between themes. B. Develop each theme C. Compare the relationships between themes with all the transcripts you have. D. Search for individual key terms/themes. E. Determine the relative significance of each theme.

D (Search for individual key terms/themes) B (Develop each theme) E (Determine the relative significance of each theme) A (Explore and define relationships between the themes) C (Compare the relationships between themes with all the transcripts you have)

Choose one of the principles of questionnaire-writing (from Dillman 2007 - chapter 2) that is violated by each of the following questions. A. Avoid double-barreled questions B. Avoid potentially objectionable questions C. State both sides of the attitude in question stems. D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no. "Do you favor or oppose not allowing the state to raise taxes without approval of 60% of the Voters?"

D. Avoid asking respondents to say yes in order to mean no.

Define "decision space" and describe why it must be clearly defined in successful stakeholder involvement processes

Decision space refers to having multiple allowable solutions and having space to deal with those solutions. When involving stakeholders, they need to know they have access, standing, and influence. If the decision space is not clearly defined, access is revoked. If you are not prepared to be flexible within your decision space, influence is revoked. If you do not allow these two parts to work seamlessly together, standing is revoked.

Is the following more inductive or deductive: Theory, hypothesis, observation, Confirmation....

Deductive

Define "human dimensions of wildlife" and describe why some wildlife management agencies consider it more important than biology as a skill for future employees.

Definition - portions of wildlife management that focus on the interactions between people and wildlife or between people regarding wildlife. There has been a shift in the focus for wildlife management. Promoting "no change" is not a viable or helpful solution. Managers must be able to navigate political and societal arenas to make decisions that BEST benefit wildlife under current conditions. Managers must be able to interact with stakeholders and politicians, be good decisions, understand tradeoffs, and be able to approach challenges in a cross-disciplinary way. Biologists with extensive expert knowledge are still important but they must have these others skills so that the "expert knowledge" can be applied in an increasingly political setting.

Explain how discounting future impacts may bias risk assessment processes associated with using prescribed fire to manage wildlife habitat.

Discounting future impacts when assessing risk means that you miss some of the risk. In the prescribed fire example (see Risk slide 16-17), the missed risk is the effect of a wildfire happening even though no fire was prescribed. The risk of an unexpected wildfire is greater than that of an escaped prescribed fire. Being near-sighted promotes lack of prescribed fire, but when the entire issue is understood, prescribed fire is promoted.

Define environmental education.

Environmental education teaches individuals how to weigh various sides of an issue through critical thinking and it enhances problem solving and decision making skills. It does not advocate a particular viewpoint or course of action.

A research team can finalize their consent forms and contact potential subjects before their study is reviewed by an IRB. True or False?

FALSE

A researcher can decide about whether or not his project qualifies as human subject research and then report this to the IRB. True or False?

FALSE

Any study containing risk to human subjects cannot be approved by an IRB. True or False?

FALSE

Being polite and asking for advice from respondents is a way of reducing social cost. (T/F)

FALSE

Compensation for subjects' time may be considered a benefit of the research. True or False?

FALSE

In the Chapter, authors assert that qualitative research is well respected within the field of wildlife management and used almost exclusively. (T/F)

FALSE

In the Cutler reading, the author argues that with increasing multi-use management, wildlife managers will have an increasingly easier time advocating preservation, or "no action" alternatives to proposed interdisciplinary land and resource planning. (T/F)

FALSE

Position based bargaining is usually a better way to "get to yes" than interest based bargaining. (T/F)

FALSE

Public hearings are the best form of stakeholder involvement when the issue is very contentious (T/F)

FALSE

Questionnaires should have as few words as possible, even if that means that they will have incomplete sentences. (T/F)

FALSE

Questionnaires should have the sensitive questions (e.g., ethnicity) at the beginning to get them out of the way as quickly as possible. (T/F)

FALSE

T/F: Public input is always critical to sound management decisions.

FALSE

To keep the number of words down it is important to ask about several issues in the same question, e.g., "Would you like to see more signage about wildlife and park rules around the greenway?" (T/F)

FALSE

According to Werner and Parmelee, were shared activities or shared ideologies more important for distinguishing between people who were friends and people who were not? Why might that be?xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Friends are more similar in their activities than in their attitudes. Activities may comprise the backdrop against which individuals initiate, develop, and maintain friendships. Shared pastimes may be useful because they can be used as a "safe topic" should attitudes differ.

Contrast 'good' and 'bad' wildlife criminals based on insights from the profiling the perpetrator research we reviewed. (include at least 2 elements for each)

Good wildlife criminals may be those that are insiders, social, subsistence hunters, continuing old practices, and motivated by social protest Bad wildlife criminals may be those that are outsiders, loners, commercial hunters, practicing new things, and motivated by money

Give an example for each risk category: high probability and familiar low probability and large consequences very low probability and very large consequences masked by natural occurrences

High probability and familiar - DVC (Deer-Vehicle Collisions), or just driving Low probability and large consequences - Dam failure, earthquake Very low probability and very large consequences: meteor strike Risk masked by natural occurrences: cancer from environmental contaminants

List and describe the four key components of environmental literacy.

Knowledge: understanding of the environment and environmental challenges and mitigation Affect: attitudes of concern for the environment, sensitivity to the environment and environmental challenges, and motivation to improve or maintain environmental quality Skills: ability to identify and help resolve environmental challenges Behavior: participation in activities that lead to the resolution of environmental challenges

Explain how wolf poaching could be an expression of livelihood crime, folk crime and social protect crime.

Livelihood crime: if a person is actively losing farm animals do to wolf presence, they may be likely to commit a crime to remove the wolf Folk crime: if person has gone his whole life wolf hunting for any reason, they may feel as if they deserve to continue that habit Social protest crime: to protest against a new law allowing wolf reintroduction (or a law prohibiting wolf hunting) that an individual feels is an infringement of rights. The individual may hunt wolves in direct defiance of the law to show they are serious zoonotic disease

Describe White's thesis regarding human threats to the environment. What was his Solution?

Modernity operates under the Christian thoughts and general actions that historically expanded across the world. One thought was this: man is greater than its environment, and the environment should be rightfully ruled by man. The solution: "We shall continue to have a worsening ecological crisis until we reject the Christian axiom that nature has no reason for existence save to serve man."

Explain how stronger reactions to losses than gains may bias risk assessment processes associated with using prescribed fire to manage wildlife habitat.

More people associate wildlife fires with examples such as the believed to be permanent "loss" of Yellowstone or the California Wildfires that have destroyed homes and memories. Therefore affecting the way people perceive fires to a feeling of less responsible for consequences of in action. Meaning that they would rather have no action vs a prescribed fire that got out of control and caused damage.

Based on our lecture, what wildlife attitude would make one a happier and healthier human being if you adopted it? Please explain why that would be the case using an important hypothesis about human relationships to nature.

Naturalistic. The biophilia hypothesis states that humans have an inherent inclination to affiliate with nature. If you lack a naturalistic attitude than you are going against what you inherently are inclined towards. This make you unhappy, but if you adopt the naturalistic viewpoint then it should follow that you become happier because you do what is natural for you.

Describe Hardin's thesis regarding human threats to the environment. What was his Solution?

No technical solution can rescue us from the misery of overpopulation. Freedom to breed will bring ruin to all. Breeding is now part of the "commons." The idea of the tragedy of the commons applies here, so breeding must be removed from the "commons" and regulated. Relinquishing this freedom is necessary to nurture other, more precious freedoms.

Are voluntary or non-voluntary risks seen as more risky, all other things being equal? Why?

Non-voluntary, because if a person takes on a risk voluntarily with knowledge of it, they feel less impacted by any negative outcomes. When people are forced to assume risk without their consent, the effects of the risk are amplified.

What is the primary error in this question?: "Why did you use the hunting area today? a) finding a trophy b) procuring meat c) having fun"

Not using mutually exclusive response categories

Describe the steps for coding qualitative data. Be sure to identify key elements of each Step.

Open Coding -Initial classification and labeling of concepts in qualitative data analysis ( what are the categories?) -Describe overall features of the phenomenon under study (what is happening in the data) Axial Coding -Make explicit connections between categories and sub-categories Selective Coding - What is the core category and how are all other categories related to it - Find significance

Describe 2 of the 3 major reasons humans threaten wildlife conservation which we discussed in class. Describe a potential solution to each threat. (4 parts)

Overpopulation: there are too many people and not enough resources at our current use rate Solution: educating more people, particularly women, raising quality of life Overconsumption: people are using the resource at too high a rate, reducing quality and long-term sustainability Solution: stricter bag limits, using less, impacting the environment less Injustice: anthropogenic actions resulting in negative environmental impact that systematically affect one people group differently than another Solution: Whether using the command/control or privatization method of resource management, be sure to understand what impacts your actions will have on various sectors of society.

According to Wethington and Dush, how does parental assessment of the quality of relationships with children vary by parenting life stage?xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Parental assessment of quality of relationships tends to increase in ambivalence as the children grow older and become adults, according to Wethington and Dush. Also, parents are less likely to report parenting success when they have teenage or only adult children and are more likely to report parenting problems. Parents of younger children report higher parenting success, fewer parenting problems, and a better relationship quality than parents of adult children.

Describe how the hunting heritage brochure appeals to pathos, logos, and ethos.

Pathos: the brochure draws on relationships, especially familial or mentor/mentee relationships. It shows photos of families and young children and uses language like "re-kindling the spark in a lapsed hunter." Logos: The brochure is logical, listing several inter and intrapersonal reasons to hunt. The brochure also includes extrapersonal reasons that hunting is beneficial, including its support of wildlife conservation. Overall, the brochure is logical in its progression. Ethos: the brochure cites many official agencies or organizations, including the National Shooting Sports Foundation and 4-H, which the target audience may particularly receptive to.

Describe 2 benefits and 2 drawbacks of both position based and interest based bargaining.

Position based: a) Benefits: does not require trust to work; does not require full disclosure of privileged information b) Costs: damages relationships; kills creativity Interest based: a) Benefits: promotes trust; builds relationships b) Costs: requires some trust, requires negotiators to disclose information and interests

Describe the three key questions from Crozier related to whether and how to tackle wildlife diseases.

Q1: Is the disease zoonotic? Will the disease create human diseases or otherwise hurt people? Q2: Is the vulnerable population at risk of becoming endangered or extinct? Q3: Is the vulnerable population one on which local human communities depend? (Note: 'local human communities' is a broad term. It could refer to the entire economy of a country or a small village.)

When is qualitative research best? Why? (describe at least 3 situations and reasons) (6 parts)

Qualitative research is best when you want to understand something like feelings, values, culture, individuals, etc. 1) You want to understand the culture behind dog hunting. [Qualitative is best because you want to be able to understand the ideas and motive in the culture. You want to identify something (culture) that the people (dog hunters) may not be able to linguistically express. Thus, quantitative research would be no use here.] 2) You want to discover what opinions exist concerning a controversial topic [Qualitative research is best here because you don't know what opinions exist already. You don't have a baseline to use in a quantitative study. Here, you have to go out and just discover what DOES exist.] 3) You want to observe an action as it happens, and not depend on memories. [Perhaps you want to observe an action such as the feelings associated with deep sea fishing. You're think people may have less-than-true answers when they report after the event to surveys (e.g. altered memories, exaggeration, etc.). So, you spend time with them in their natural environment with yourself as the surveying instrument.]

Describe how a wildlife manager would respond to outbreaks of (one of these: brucellosis in NC wild hogs, Parvovirus in wild cheetahs [high virulence], Ebola in central African fruit bats, rabies in NC coyotes) based on Crozier's decision tree for handling wildlife disease.

Rabies in NC coyotes: work through the three questions of the Crozieision tree: 1) Is the disease zoonotic/will it affect people negatively? YES. Because the answer is yes, there is no need to review questions #2 or #3. a) Are there strong measures for a pandemic? NO b) Are human infections rare? YES c) Are human infection rare, but endangering a vulnerable population? NO Thus, no action needs to be taken.

Explain how efforts to manage commercial and recreational fishing on the NC coast would create each of the 5 types of conflict, and describe one practice that could help resolve, or at least reduce, each of the 5 types of conflict.

Relationship Conflict: individuals may be very passionate about fishing, whether subsistence or recreational. Thus, fishing regulations are likely to draw out strong emotions. Solution: Legitimize feelings of individuals. For example, show that you want everyone to be able to fish as much as they want, which is why sustainable regulations are necessary. Data Conflict: individuals may not trust agency evidence for the need of fishing regulations ("No. There's plenty of fish!"). People may have their "own data" that they trust, or they may not think the data is significant. Solution: Reach an agreement on how data should be collected. Or, perhaps, find a individual from the local community to collect the data to show the data is legitimate and not just "government." Value Conflict: government regulation could bring out ideological differences between people, most prominently between the managers and the citizens. One might be that individuals are inherently against such government regulation. Another may be that people believe they have an inherent right to take what they wish from the water. Or, people may be triggered by the word "sustainable." Solution: search for a superordinate goal that all parties share: that individuals should be able to fish, but if the current rates continue, no one will be able to fish in the future. Also, avoid framing the problem or solution in terms of words such as sustainability. Structural Conflict: perhaps current proposals for new regulations inherently favor different groups. For example, maybe catch limits work in ways that allow large businesses to grow a push out the small businesses. This would be reason for alarm and cause conflict between stakeholders. Additionally, those who do not fish may feel they are not part of the conversation or that they do not have any input. Solution: Make efforts to remove such processes and structures. For example, perhaps control of resources (fishing allotments) are reallocated. You could remove the ability to sell shares between individuals and say that the transfer process must government regulated. Interest Conflict: there will likely be stakeholders who are more for or against different management plans. If stakeholders who are rallying for more sustainable laws are pitted against those who just want to fish, heavy conflict may ensue. Solution: try to be very objective in the decision making process. Don't show bias toward either group

Describe at least one targeted way to manage each of the 5 types of conflict

Relationship: control expression of emotions through procedures, ground rules or caucuses; legitimize feelings; improve communication Data: Agree on processes to collect data, decide which data is important Value: avoid defining problem in terms of value, allow parties to agree and disagree; search for superordinate goal that parties share Structural: clearly define and change roles, reallocate ownership or control of resources; modify external pressures on parties Interest: focus on interests not positions; find objective standards and criteria for solution development; develop trade-offs

Define resiliency. Why is it important for wildlife habitat management?xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Resilience is the ability of a system to recover essential elements or functions after disturbance. It's important to understand the resilience of the system a wildlife manager is working with. For example, a stream bank with high resiliency could withstand regular flooding and would not be majorly altered.

Describe the 5 types of error that could impact our class survey and describe one way to reduce each type of error.

Sampling Error: use an SRS (impractical) or a stratified sample (certain # from different areas of country, e.g. different colleges) Coverage Error: use more inclusive lists (gain a sample frame that matches the pop.) Non-response Error: follow up, interviews, make sure everyone responds, adjust sampling technique Measurement Error: write clearer, more concise questions, interview, follow up Interview Effect Error: avoid the 3 things outlined in the interview effect error

Describe four factors that influence risk perception

Scale of risk (personal vs social) Choice (voluntary vs non-voluntary) Awareness (familiar vs exotic) Origin (Natural vs Technological) Social amplification (Media)

Define risk in both cultural and scientific ways. Be sure to explain each component that you mention

Scientifically: risk is the exact probability that something will occur (e.g. statistically, driving is more risky than flying) Culturally: risk is defined as (Likelihood)*(Severity)*(freak out factor[outrage]). It includes not just scientific likelihood, but includes a dynamic risk perception variable. (e.g. people are often more scared of flying than driving, even though the numbers say otherwise)

If a problem is characterized by complexity (e.g., CWD) which stakeholders should be engaged?

Scientists. Once an understanding has been gained, the public can be involved.

Define any of these key terms: sender, receiver, signal, channel, signal noise, environmental noise.

Sender: the individual initiating the communication Receiver: the individual receiving the signal Signal: the information being communicated Environmental noise: noise from outside the system (e.g. the tv is on and is distracting)

For the following questions, pick the appropriate motive that is driving interpretation of context: a.) Sense of control b.) Positive self-image c.) Sense of belonging You only buy coffee from a vendor that donates 10% of proceeds to orangutan conservation

Sense of control

Describe how you have used at least 2 elements of social exchange theory to motivate a someone to change their behavior

Social Exchange Theory: behavior depends on expected return. So, you should: a) establish trust (make survey seem important, invoke an exchange relationship) b) increase rewards (be polite, ask for advice, support values, provide social validation) c) reduce social costs (avoid subordinating language, embarrassment, inconvenience)

Name 2 of the 3 common reasons for interviewer effect error we discussed in class, and explain one technique you could use to address of those biases.

Social desirability: giving the answers the interviewer wants to hear - one way this can be addressed is to not reveal the purpose of the study Acquiescence: culturally biased tendency to agree with others - one way this can be addressed is to use simple questions that do not lean towards an answer. Ex: Instead of writing just agree, write agree or disagree

Give an example of a socially constructed social fact related to wildlife conservation, and explain how it might differ in different social contexts.

Socially constructed social fact: Key deer population regulation is detrimental to home owners in their area. Differs in social contexts: Homeowners believe this to be true because they cannot fence or develop their private property due to Key Deer population regulations. Conversely, proponents of protection of the Key Deer population believe that not enough is being done to stop the development of habitat.

Describe two situations when you should avoid stakeholder involvement and explain why stakeholder involvement would not be a good idea in those situations.

Stakeholder involvement is not necessary when you know enough to make a quality decision and public support is not critical, or if it is critical, the public will support you if you decide alone. In other words, if the problem is "normal," public involvement is unnecessary. Two examples are extending the hunting season for squirrels and reducing rabies in raccoons.

Explain a situation where you might prefer a stratified random sample over a simple random Sample.

Stratified random sampling divides the population into smaller groups, or strata, based on shared characteristics. Stratified random sampling is used when the researcher wants to highlight a specific subgroup within the population. This technique is useful over simple random sample because it ensures the presence of the key subgroup within the sample. For example, if we were to look for answers regarding how anglers felt about a new regulatory law, we might ask individuals in certain areas (lakes and ponds where people fish) versus asking anyone and everyone randomly.

System 1: makes snap judgements a) Advantages: highly intuitive, creative, favors interpersonal relationships b) Disadvantages: stereotypes, unrealistic beliefs, doesn't plan for distant future System 2: does hard thinking but is lazy and defers to system 1 a) Advantages: can lead to more meaningful decisions, superior in abstract thinking b) Disadvantages: difficult to sustain, can be dismissive of ideas, cannot automatically and effortlessly direct daily actions

Based on Dr. Stevenson's presentation children who had hunted knew more native species than other children (T/F)

TRUE

In the book chapter, the authors stress the importance of finding new and better ways to fund wildlife management, while the proportion of hunters and anglers in the population declines. (T/F)

TRUE

It is important to have questions that have simple words but are technically accurate in our questionnaires. (T/F)

TRUE

Kristoff argued that happy stories, not sad stories, make people intervene to save the world (T/F)

TRUE

Most emerging human infectious diseases originate in animals ( T/F)

TRUE

Describe 2 tangible wildlife values and 2 intangible wildlife values often linked to wildlife related politics.

Tangible wildlife values linked to politics: Property: land for preservations/reserves, etc Goods: fur, food Intangible wildlife values linked to politics: Symbolic: mascots (e.g. bald eagle) Moral/Religious: protecting certain animals

Compare and contrast the technical and cultural models of risk management (specifically address how their three objectives differ). Remember an example will help you articulate your explanations.

Technical Model is usually one-way communication (experts-to-laypeople) and the risk knowledge is based purely on science/technology. The three objectives are to inform local communities of an environmental or health hazard, help change risky behavior, and to assure those exposed to a perceived hazard that the risk is acceptable. The cultural model is more collaborative in regards to communication (citizens-experts-agencies) and the risk knowledge is based on science plus cultural knowledge and experience. The three objectives are inform people by recognizing social contexts of meaning, change risky behavior when in the interests of affected groups, and to involve the affected groups in judgements of acceptable and unacceptable risks.

Use an example from class to explain how media coverage of a wildlife attack could reduce public risk perceptions associated with wildlife

The 2002 fatal black bear attack in New York caused the death of an infant so the bear was consequently found and killed. The media covered the story on a national level. A pre-incident mail survey found that 81% of people believed that risk of black bear attack in New York is acceptably low. A phone survey 3 weeks post attack found that 87% or respondents agreed. Media coverage raised awareness of black bears in New York but also reinforced the belief that attacks by black bears are low.

Provide 2 reasons why environmental education is important for wildlife conservation.

The NAM requires communication with stakeholders EE training can prepare you to be an advocate of your profession

Why does Kristoff think New Yorkers mobilized to help Pale Male the red tailed hawk but were less moved by larger problems in the world?

The most cost-effective aid interventions tend to be the kind that are incremental and save only a small proportion of lives and are thus least satisfying to the giver. Essentially, it is more important to people that they feel like they have saved or helped a high proportion of the group. He uses the example of paying for a water-treatment facility to explain this further. People were willing to pay for a new facility to save 4,500 lives in a camp with 11,000 people in it, but were less likely willing to pay for the same facility to save 4,500 lives when the refugee camp is said to have 250,000 people in it.

Describe one way the Hunting Heritage Brochure could be improved using insights from the Symbolic Action model.

The pathos mode of persuasion could be increased. The photos should be more colorful, and not just a brown leafy background. The leading photo should not be a weapon, but something that emphasizes relationships. The overall color scheme could be more bright and relaxing. A quote could be included about someone who learned to hunt from a kind mentor.

If a problem is characterized by ambiguity (e.g., feral cat euthanasia) which stakeholders should be engaged and how?

The public should be engaged and management decisions should be based upon the values of the public.

If a problem is characterized by uncertainty which stakeholders should be engaged and how?

The public should be engaged, but all management decisions should err on the side of caution (following the precautionary principle).

Describe Czech's 'iron triangle' that threatens wildlife conservation.

There is a fundamental conflict between wildlife conservation and economic growth. An iron triangle consists of a special interest group (industry), a political faction, and a professional society. In the economic growth triangle, the special interest group is the entire corporate community, the political faction is wedded to the corporate values, and the professional society is the neoclassical theory and practice of economics. This iron triangle is in opposition to wildlife conservation and is hard to penetrate. Thus, it is difficult to improve the situation for wildlife conservation. The easiest triangle side to crack is the ideas presented by neoclassical economics (professional society): that there is no conflict between economic growth and the environment and that economic growth can and should continue forever. Summary: the iron triangle of political and economic growth is exclusive, but wildlife and the environment need to be a part of it. The best way to enter the conversation is by changing the neoclassical economic approach to a more ecologistic economic approach.

Describe two characteristics or phenomena of coupled systems that could have been useful to managers that planned the red wolf reintroduction on the Albemarle Peninsula.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Time lags: perhaps there is significant delay in seeing the effect of red wolf reintroduction Thresholds: perhaps there is a certain threshold (e.g. the number of red wolves present) that must be reached before any effect is observed Legacy effects: perhaps there are legacy effects of losing red wolves long ago that are not understand (e.g. their removal changed the food chain and altered the stable state and now a certain threshold must be reach to return)

Rank the following risks from 1 to 3 in terms of unknown and dread dimensions of risk: Chronic wasting disease wolf attack deer vehicle collision

Unknown: least → DVC, wolf attack, CWD ← Most Dread: least → CWD, DVC, wolf attack ← Most

Explain how to use insights about 2 elements of either VIVA or CRAVED to help reduce wildlife crime.

VIVA (value, inertia, visible, accessible): remove accessibility to remote hunting areas (destroy forestry roads) and add more police to make crime more visible

Provide 2 reasons why wildlife is a great fit for achieving EE objectives.

Wildlife is a good entry point for kids It's an ideologically neutral topic

A researcher has completed a survey and is no longer contacting any human subjects. The only study activity still underway is data analysis. Is IRB review still required for the study? Yes or No?

YES

According to Wethington and Dush do marital transitions (e.g. divorce, cohabitation, separation) and subsequent changes in family structure play a role in parental assessments of relationship quality with their children beyond the childhood years? How so?xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Yes, it does play a role. Remarried, divorced, and cohabiting parents reported more parenting problems and less positive relationship quality with their children. They also reported more parenting ambivalence. Parents in less conventional situations will report slightly less positive assessments of their parenting and parent-child relationship quality.

Explain how feeling less responsible for consequences on inaction may bias risk assessment processes associated with using prescribed fire to manage wildlife habitat.

You feel more connected to actions and effects when you are responsible for them (whether positive or negative). This is similar to the reason people are more wary of non-voluntary situations. Managers may feel more responsible if their action (prescribed fire) fails (gets away), then if their inaction (no prescribed fire) causes a negative effect (wildfire). Additionally, the public may be more likely to quickly pass blame on failed action than on the consequences of inaction, which are not as obvious.

Explain how human dimensions of wildlife management helps wildlife management agencies fulfill a core professional imperative.

You must know what the public wants to manage wildlife for public benefit. Wildlife management is people management

What is the standard cutoff for p-values that scientific researchers use to determine whether their statistical results are significant? a) 0.05 b) 0.5 c) 0.9 d) 0.01

a) 0.05

What is an "assurance"? a) An agreement between an institution conducting research and the federal government outlining the institution's responsibilities regarding protecting human subjects b) A letter from the federal government to research subjects assuring that their rights are protected c) A verbal agreement between a researcher and his/her institution to protect human subjects

a) An agreement between an institution conducting research and the federal government outlining the institution's responsibilities regarding protecting human subjects

If we tell participants in our study that we are trying to find out why kids love pandas so much, this would be an example of: a) Anchoring b) Social desirability c) Acquiescence d) All of the above e) None of the above

a) Anchoring

Three psychological biases that we discussed as drivers of interviewer effect error are: a) Anchoring, social desirability bias, acquiescence b) Social desirability bias, acquiescence, interviewer direction c) Interviewer direction, accommodation, automation error d) Anchoring, accommodation, acclimation

a) Anchoring, social desirability bias, acquiescence

What did White think started the environmental damage beginning in the industrial revolution? a) Blending science and technology b) Failing democracies c) Eastern religion d) Injustice

a) Blending science and technology

If your qualitative study is using interviews with stakeholders in New Bern to determine how they perceive impacts of a new fishing regulation what kind of qualitative research is it most likely to be? a) Case study b) Ethnography c) Grounded theory d) Participant action e) None of the above

a) Case study

Match the following concepts with the descriptions (you can use each concept more than once) a) Critical rhetoric b) Confrontational rhetoric c) Advocacy campaign "Silent spring" a book about the decline in species diversity due to the harmful effects of pesticides

a) Critical rhetoric

Studies found that providing background information on African hunger after asking for a donation for a child did what to donations? a) Decreased them b) Increased them c) Did not change them d) Let to canceled donations

a) Decreased them

Which of the following is not a key element of the stakeholder model of wildlife management based on our readings? a) Holding public meetings in accessible locations b) Resisting special interests c) Identifying stakeholders d) Integrating stakeholder input into decision making e) Communication

a) Holding public meetings in accessible locations

Which of the following is not a downside of stakeholder involvement: a) Increasing law enforcement costs b) Mobilizing agency's antagonists c) Short term expenses d) Potentially undermining agency authority

a) Increasing law enforcement costs

Based on the chapter reading, PAR stands for: a) Participatory Action Research b) Participatory Analogue Research c) Participatory Animal Research d) Participatory Action Relief

a) Participatory Action Research

Which statement is true concerning the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiments? a) People were participating in a research study without their knowledge b) People were offered treatment for their disease c) People were given informed consent

a) People were participating in a research study without their knowledge

In the following situations, which type of filter is affecting the communication pathway? (options can be used more than once) a) Physical filter b) Information filter c) Psychological filter A color-blind man is unable to understand a chart that uses red and green for contrasting graphics.

a) Physical filter

For the following situations, identify the use of privatization or mutually agreed upon coercion. a) Privatization b) Mutually agreed upon coercion England's Enclosure Acts took public grazing fields, split them up, and turned them over to individual farmers

a) Privatization

For the following situations, identify the use of privatization or mutually agreed upon coercion. a) Privatization b) Mutually agreed upon coercion The largest wildlife reserve in Zimbabwe is a conglomeration of game ranches owned by Individuals.

a) Privatization

Indicate if the following statements give rise to (you can use each option more than once): a) Relationship conflicts b) Structural conflicts c) Value conflicts d) Interest conflicts e) Data conflicts Strong emotions and stereotypes

a) Relationship conflicts

The most cost effective conservation solutions are the kind that are the least satisfying to the giver supporting them. Why? a) They are statistical b) They are visible c) They are not incremental d) They save individual lives of animals

a) They are statistical

An example of the cultural model of risk management would be: a) Translating "No Fishing" signs into Spanish and including pictures. b) Hold a community meeting to discuss and define the health hazards associated with consuming fish caught out of Crabtree Creek. c) Diversifying modes of communication (public safety announcements, websites, newspaper ads, flyers) to educate the public about dangers of fish consumption. d) All of the above e) None of the above

a) Translating "No Fishing" signs into Spanish and including pictures.

Politics is best defined as: a) Using power b) Solving conflicts c) Public allocation of values d) Competition among stakeholders to get their interests e) A mess in D.C.

a) Using power

Which of the following research projects would likely be exempt from full IRB review? Indicate: a) exempt b) review required Conducting a survey of your classmates for a class project

a) exempt

Which of the following research projects would likely be exempt from full IRB review? Indicate: a) exempt b) review required Downloading public data from the National Center for Education Statistics to study the number of Title I schools in North Carolina

a) exempt

Which of the following research projects would likely be exempt from full IRB review? Indicate: a) exempt b) review required Using testing data from public schools stripped of all identifying information

a) exempt

In the Stevenson-Peterson (2013) reading, the study found that environmental literacy in middle schools was negatively related with: a) minority status b) age c) interest d) location of the school

a) minority status

In the Stevenson-Peterson (2013) reading, the study found that outdoor education had the largest positive impact on environmental literacy for: a) minority students b) urban students c) older students d) female students

a) minority students

Based on the Chapter reading, which of the following is the best definition of an Attitude? a) positive or negative evaluations of an object b) relate to the meaning, goodness or worth people place on an object c) basic beliefs a cultural group d) conscious or involuntary action or reaction to an object or environment

a) positive or negative evaluations of an object

Peterson & Nelson (2016) argue that which of the following are not adequately credited by the North American Model: a)Audubon Society b) Rural land owners c) Pittman-Robertson Act d) None of the above

a)Audubon Society

The following situations represent giving stakeholders which of the following (options can be used more than once): a. Access b. Influence c. Standing Holding meetings at convenient times in convenient places.

a. Access

The following situations represent giving stakeholders which of the following (options can be used more than once): a. Access b. Influence c. Standing Making educational material readily available.

a. Access

For the following statements, please indicate what part of the social exchange theory they refer to: a. Establishing trust b. Reducing social cost/Increasing rewards c. Promoting design validity "Hello, I am an NCSU student and I am performing a survey..."

a. Establishing trust

Skills called for in Cutler's, "What kind of Wildlifers will be needed in the 1980's," include all but which below? a. Extensive knowledge on a single species so we have a range of experts within the field of wildlife. b. Negotiating skills c. Field experience in a broad range of areas outside of just wildlife d. Communication and advocacy skills

a. Extensive knowledge on a single species so we have a range of experts within the field of wildlife.

Below are several statements; please indicate which view of wildlife they fit better with a. Naturalistic b. Humanistic c. Aesthetic d. Utilitarian e. Moralistic Wild animals are better than domestic animals

a. Naturalistic

Below are several aspects of research. Indicate whether each describes quantitative or qualitative research. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative Study design emphasizes the importance of random sampling, large sample sizes, and the objectivity of the researcher.

a. Quantitative

Below are several aspects of research. Indicate whether each describes quantitative or qualitative research. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative The purpose of the research is to identify a causal explanation of an event.

a. Quantitative

Below are several aspects of research. Indicate whether each describes quantitative or qualitative research. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative It is important that the results are valid externally and internally, reliable, and objective

a. Quantitative

In the film An Inconvenient Truth, Al Gore uses multiple avenues to convince the viewer of the urgency of problems associated with climate change. Identify the following as either: a. ethos b. logos c. pathos Gore is a former Vice President, and he is the one delivering the message

a. ethos

For the following questions, pick the appropriate motive that is driving interpretation of context: a.) Sense of control b.) Positive self-image c.) Sense of belonging You choose your fair trade coffee brand as a way of ensuring fair labor practices in developing countries

a.) Sense of control

Define sample

all units of the population that are included in the survey

Define population

all units you care about

Keeney (2004) suggests that about _____ decision are worth thinking about in a day: a) 10,000 b) 1,000 c) 160 d) 40

b) 1,000

Stakeholder involvement is important because: a) All wildlife management decisions are made based on science b) All wildlife management decisions are made based on politics and values c) Most wildlife management decisions are made after consulting stakeholders d) Wildlife management agencies cannot legally make decisions without engaging stakeholders

b) All wildlife management decisions are made based on politics and values

Which of the following basic principles requires that research risks are balanced by expected benefits either to the subject directly or society in general? a) Respect for persons b) Beneficence c) Justice

b) Beneficence

What is the most common way to tackle poaching, especially when thinking about drivers of deviance? a) Listening to locals b) Bigger penalties and more police c) Reducing markets for wildlife products d) Educating children e) None of the above

b) Bigger penalties and more police

Match the following concepts with the descriptions (you can use each concept more than once) a) Critical rhetoric b) Confrontational rhetoric c) Advocacy campaign A march against fur use where people are blocking several streets

b) Confrontational rhetoric

Match the following concepts with the descriptions (you can use each concept more than once) a) Critical rhetoric b) Confrontational rhetoric c) Advocacy campaign Brochures showing gruesome images of people eating raw meat and claiming that they are savages

b) Confrontational rhetoric

In which of the following situations is structured decision-making not necessary: a) Wildlife managers deciding what property to acquire to mitigate climate change impacts b) Hiker deciding what walking route to take at their favorite park c) Stakeholders deciding to set a new hunting quota d) Research deciding to take a new position in a different state or stay in their current position

b) Hiker deciding what walking route to take at their favorite park

According to the article, "The Future of Public Trust" by Organ and Mahoney, which of the following does NOT threaten the Public Trust Doctrine? a) Privatization of wildlife b) Increased export of exotic wildlife c) Game farms raising wildlife for sale

b) Increased export of exotic wildlife

In the following situations, which type of filter is affecting the communication pathway? (options can be used more than once) a) Physical filter b) Information filter c) Psychological filter A middle-school student cannot understand vocabulary used in a brochure.

b) Information filter

In the following situations, which type of filter is affecting the communication pathway? (options can be used more than once) a) Physical filter b) Information filter c) Psychological filter An informational sign is posted in English, but the reader only understands Spanish.

b) Information filter

Which of the following statements is true: a) It's acceptable to keep some details about the study from participants if those details would reduce enrollment and the study is beneficial to subjects b) It's important to present information about the study to subjects in a manner that they can understand easily c) Informed consent can quickly and easily be obtained through a form signed by both researcher and participant d) Once a subject signs a consent form, they are obligated to complete the study

b) It's important to present information about the study to subjects in a manner that they can understand easily

For the following situations, identify the use of privatization or mutually agreed upon coercion. a) Privatization b) Mutually agreed upon coercion If you hunt outside of deer season, you can be fined

b) Mutually agreed upon coercion

For the following situations, identify the use of privatization or mutually agreed upon coercion. a) Privatization b) Mutually agreed upon coercion You pay a fee to enter a National Park

b) Mutually agreed upon coercion

Which of the following is not a feedback type? a) Positive b) Neutral c) Negative d) Immediatexxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

b) Neutral

What is a zoonotic disease? a) One that originates among zoo animals. b) One that people can share with animals. c) One that jumps between arthropods and avian host vectors. d) One that comes from raccoons. e) One that the CDC places on its "top 10" list.

b) One that people can share with animals.

Informed consent must include a statement about the expected____________ of the subject's participation and a description of the __________to be followed. a) Cost; narrative b) Risks and benefits; procedures c) Meaning; experiment d) Purpose; path

b) Risks and benefits; procedures

According to the model proposed in the Clayton and Brooke article, conservation behavior is influenced by: a) The degree to which his/her family is conservation minded. b) Situational context, existing schemas or past experiences, and personal motivation. c) Growing up in Western vs. non-Western culture. d) Religion

b) Situational context, existing schemas or past experiences, and personal motivation.

If you were designing a study on poaching and knew it would be very hard to find informants, which sampling technique would you use? a) Simple random sample. b) Snowball sample. c) Stratified random sample. d) Convenience sample. e) Systematic sample.

b) Snowball sample.

b) Structural conflicts

Non-response error is when: a) The response rate in a study is fairly low. b) The non-respondents are different in some way from those who do respond. c) No one responds to a request to participate. d) Both A and B e) None of the above.

b) The non-respondents are different in some way from those who do respond.

Based on the chapter reading, the DAD model of natural resource management stands for which of the following actions: a) decide, announce, deter b) decide, announce, defend c) deliver, announce, defend d) decide, allocate, defend

b) decide, announce, defend

What were consistently the two most important social factors in determining attitudes toward animals and the natural world? a) race and education b) gender and education c) race and gender d) none of the above

b) gender and education

Which of the following research projects would likely be exempt from full IRB review? Indicate: a) exempt b) review required Surveying a random selection of NC elementary school teachers about their views of wildlife

b) review required

Which of the following research projects would likely be exempt from full IRB review? Indicate: a) exempt b) review required Surveying elementary school students about their views of wildlife.

b) review required

Based on the Kellert reading, which of the following was NOT identified as a group for this Study? a) bird watchers b) rodeo workers c) animal farmers d) sport hunters

b) rodeo workers

What would most people notice first about wildlife with disease? a) Symptoms b) Signs c) Prognostics d) Pathognomonics e) Procystics

b) signs

For the following statements, please indicate what part of the social exchange theory they refer to: a. Establishing trust b. Reducing social cost/Increasing rewards c. Promoting design validity "This survey will help us learn more about hunters and their views..."

b. Reducing social cost/Increasing rewards

What were the two things Stevenson et al. 2014 found were most important for promoting environmental behavior among kids? a. Small class size and SES in schools b. Role models and time outdoors c. Nature television and environmental knowledge d. All of the above e. None of the above

b. Role models and time outdoors

Human subjects research provides guidelines under general three areas of application. Which of the following is not included in those three? a. Informed consent b. Selection of appropriate research questions c. Assessment of risk and benefits d. Selection of subjects

b. Selection of appropriate research questions

Which of the following was NOT one of the "landmark" events that marked turning points in wildlife management strategies? a. The social movements of the late 1960s and 1970s b. The Great Depression c. The ballooning global threats to nongame wildlife conservation in the 21st century d. The decimation of North American game species in the 1800s

b. The Great Depression

In the film An Inconvenient Truth, Al Gore uses multiple avenues to convince the viewer of the urgency of problems associated with climate change. Identify the following as either: a. ethos b. logos c. pathos Gore uses multiple charts, graphs, and testimonies from scientists to show that climate change is happening

b. logos

Identify the following statements as either: a.) Doctrine b.) Dogma If the Public Trust Doctrine erodes then the public's connection to wildlife will erode

b.) Dogma

For the following questions, pick the appropriate motive that is driving interpretation of context: a.) Sense of control b.) Positive self-image c.) Sense of belonging You buy coffee in a recycled package, with pictures of rainforest animals on the front

b.) Positive self-image

Based on chapter the reading, what percentage of the US population hunts (according to the US Department of Interior, 2007)? a) 12% b) 15% c) 4% d) 8%

c) 4%

Match the following concepts with the descriptions (you can use each concept more than once) a) Critical rhetoric b) Confrontational rhetoric c) Advocacy campaign A television ad urging the public to write to their congressmen asking to prevent off-shore oil drilling

c) Advocacy campaign

Match the following concepts with the descriptions (you can use each concept more than once) a) Critical rhetoric b) Confrontational rhetoric c) Advocacy campaign The fight to stop a coal mine at Zuni Salt Lake in New Mexico

c) Advocacy campaign

The first question in a questionnaire should be: a) Irrelevant, we will not use it anyways b) Important, complex and sensitive, it should demonstrate that this is an important questionnaire c) Broad, interesting and easy, connecting the respondent to the surveyor d) All of the above e) None of the above

c) Broad, interesting and easy, connecting the respondent to the surveyor

Environmental education is: a) Focused on adults b) Anti-constructivist c) Experiential d) A narrow discipline e) Primarily global

c) Experiential

Most organized wildlife crime is linked to which of the following: a) Reptiles b) Birds c) Mammals d) Birds e) Fish f) Coral g) Other

c) Mammals

The population for our class project is.... a) All the people we survey. b) All residents of North Carolina. c) North Carolina families. d) All adult hunters in North Carolina. e) All the people in our class.

c) North Carolina families.

In the following situations, which type of filter is affecting the communication pathway? (options can be used more than once) a) Physical filter b) Information filter c) Psychological filter A person with anti-governmental attitudes interprets new gun laws as legislation designed to take away all guns from law-abiding citizens.

c) Psychological filter

If you are studying fishing behaviors among three relatively rare demographic groups (e.g., Hmong, Latino, Native American) which kind of non-probability sampling is probably best? a) Modal b) Expert c) Quota d) Heterogeneity e) Snowball

c) Quota

According to the social exchange theory, respondent behavior depends on: a) Expectation to be rewarded monetarily for each answer b) Understanding of how results will be used for a socially significant policy c) Return respondents expect and get from others, such as surveyors not being an inconvenience to respondents d) Expectation of some type of token exchange during the interview e) None of the above

c) Return respondents expect and get from others, such as surveyors not being an inconvenience to respondents

The sampling technique that will provide a sample most representative of the population for a given sample size is: a) Stratified random sample. b) Systematic sample c) Simple random sample. d) Purposeful sample. e) Convenience sample.

c) Simple random sample

Which of the following situations is not an environmental advocacy campaign? a) Strategic efforts to ban plastic grocery bags in CA. b) The fight to stop a coal mine at Zuni Salt Lake in New Mexico. c) The 2006 documentary "An Inconvenient Truth" featuring Al Gore. d) UNC Chapel Hill students forcing their university to pass a green energy initiative.

c) The 2006 documentary "An Inconvenient Truth" featuring Al Gore.

The idea that the government owns all natural resources for public use is known as: a) The Public Lands Act b) Protection of Endangered Species Act c) The Public Trust Doctrine d) The Conservation Land Trust Movement

c) The Public Trust Doctrine

Define sample frame

list from which the sample is drawn

What types of wildlife regulations are seen as most legitimate among NC wildlife law breakers? a) Those protecting tourism b) Those promoting humane treatment of wildlife c) Those for increase wildlife populations d) Those generating money for local businesses e) None are legitimate, that's why they broke the law

c) Those that increase wildlife populations

Which of the following is not one of the core defining attributes of "human dimensions" of wildlife disease management? a) Threats to wildlife b) Threats to people c) Threats to pets d) Threats to farm animals e) None of the above

c) Threats to pets

c) Value conflicts

When might you want to use a qualitative or quantitative approach? a) You want to use your sample to make assumptions about a bigger population. b) You want to assess how a group of people will score on a predetermined scale. c) You have a general idea of how people think about wildlife, but you want a deeper understanding. d) You want to ensure you remain as objective as possible.

c) You have a general idea of how people think about wildlife, but you want a deeper understanding.

In the book chapter, several complex global challenges that affect HDW management are mentioned. Which of the following were NOT discussed: a) climate change b) population growth c) lack of growth in literacy rates d) increasing energy consumption

c) lack of growth in literacy rates

In the In the Stevenson-Peterson (2013) reading, the study found that environmental affect and behavior among middle school students was positively related with: a) minority status b) age c) time spent outdoors d) rural school status

c) time spent outdoors

Below are several statements; please indicate which view of wildlife they fit better with a. Naturalistic b. Humanistic c. Aesthetic d. Utilitarian e. Moralistic Animals are beautiful, I enjoy having animal figurines in my home

c. Aesthetic

For the following statements, please indicate what part of the social exchange theory they refer to: a. Establishing trust b. Reducing social cost/Increasing rewards c. Promoting design validity "This questionnaire is being given to respondents from across the state ..."

c. Promoting design validity

The following situations represent giving stakeholders which of the following (options can be used more than once): a. Access b. Influence c. Standing Engaging in dialogue, debate, and active listening with stakeholders.

c. Standing

What is the correct chronological progression (from oldest to most recent) of the following approaches to wildlife management? a. The Client Model The Citizen Model The Stakeholder Model b. The Stakeholder Model The Client Model The Citizen Model c. The Client Model The Stakeholder Model The Citizen Model d. The Citizen Model The Client Model The Stakeholder Model

c. The Client Model The Stakeholder Model The Citizen Model

In the film An Inconvenient Truth, Al Gore uses multiple avenues to convince the viewer of the urgency of problems associated with climate change. Identify the following as either: a. ethos b. logos c. pathos We see scenes of cute polar bears searching for refuge on ever-shrinking icebergs

c. pathos

For the following questions, pick the appropriate motive that is driving interpretation of context: a.) Sense of control b.) Positive self-image c.) Sense of belonging You get coffee at a local coffeehouse that knows your regular order and greets you by name

c.) Sense of belonging

Why should you avoid check all that apply questions? a) Primacy b) Satisficing c) Binning d) A & B e) None of the Above

d) A & B

Keeney (2004) recommends decision analysis for making better decision because decision analysis: a) Applies to all decision b) Is based on common sense c) Simplifies decision by breaking them down d) All of the above e) None of the above

d) All of the above

You write a brochure aimed at hunters in North Carolina. Unfortunately, some poor grammar goes uncorrected. The confusing grammar would be considered: a) The signal b) The channel c) The receiver d) Channel noise e) Environmental noise

d) Channel noise

What is a popular framing of coupled human-natural systems? a) International fisheries management b) Reintroduction biology c) Pest management d) Ecosystem servicesxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

d) Ecosystem services

What was the most important driver of deviance among NC wildlife law breakers (Mayer study)? a) Fear of family finding out b) Peer pressure from friends who obey laws c) Wardens hiding in the area d) Fear of losing licenses

d) Fear of losing licenses

Which of these is NOT a mechanism by which a researcher can reduce risk to his/her subjects? a) Clearly explaining the risks of the study in the consent form b) Drafting appropriate inclusion/exclusion criteria in the research proposal c) Using code numbers to protect subjects' identity d) Having subjects sign a waiver of liability for the institution

d) Having subjects sign a waiver of liability for the institution

What does a two-tailed t-test tell us about our two sets of data? a) If the standard deviations are significantly different. b) If the minimum value of one dataset is larger. c) If the mean is greater than 0.05. d) If the means are significantly different.

d) If the means are significantly different.

Which parts of wildlife management do not have a human element: a) Those that are not noticed b) Those that are not important c) Those that are not science based d) None

d) None

What variant of rabies is most common on the eastern coast of the U.S.? a) Opossum variant b) Skunk variant c) Coyote variant d) Raccoon variant e) Fox variant

d) Raccoon variant

Using Slovic's work as a framework, because we are not sure what the consequences of climate change will be, we would classify it as: a) Dread risk b) Social risk c) Exotic risk d) Unknown risk

d) Unknown risk

Based on the chapter reading, the credibility of qualitative research is improved by: a) prolonged time in the field b) larger numbers of informants c) documenting informants' stories in their own words d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Based on the chapter reading, which of the following are sources of funding for wildlife conservation: a) lottery proceeds b) multiple taxes c) license plates d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Based on the chapter reading, which of the following could pose problems for wildlife conservation in the future: a) zoonotic disease b) urban sprawl c) water scarcity d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Based on the Kellert reading, the following geographic variables were discussed: a) childhood residence b) section of the country c) future residence d) both a and b

d) both a and b

Which of the groups identified in the Kellert reading were the most moralistically oriented groups? a) zoo enthusiasts b) vegetarians c) backpackers d) both a and b

d) both a and b

Ethical principles identified in the Belmont Report include all of the following except: a. Respect for persons b. Beneficence c. Justice d. Confidentiality

d. Confidentiality

Gaining experiential knowledge from native Alaskans is an example of which motivation for human dimensions of wildlife? a. Moral imperative b. Professional Imperative c. Investing in Social Capital d. Learning from Constituents

d. Learning from Constituents

Below are several statements; please indicate which view of wildlife they fit better with a. Naturalistic b. Humanistic c. Aesthetic d. Utilitarian e. Moralistic Animals have a role at helping us perform certain duties, such as rounding up cattle

d. Utilitarian

Below are several statements; please indicate which view of wildlife they fit better with a. Naturalistic b. Humanistic c. Aesthetic d. Utilitarian e. Moralistic Animals should be consumed as food

d. Utilitarian

Define risk signal potential

degree of potential social impact of the risk

List and define the three dominant approaches for studying wildlife crime:

drivers of the deviance: the opportunities and reasons that give people the drive to commit wildlife crime (recreational satisfaction, commercial gain, poaching as a traditional right) profiling perpetrators: different categories that identify perpetrators and their motives (location, motivations, modus operandi, demographics) categorizing the crime: 3 categories (livelihood, folk crime, social protest) that explain motivation for committing wildlife crime (but these categories are far from discrete and they make assumptions)

Which of the following are 'drivers of deviance' in wildlife crime? a) Rebellion b) Tradition c) VIVA d) CRAVED e) All of the above

e) All of the above

Which of the following define system structure? a) Subsystems b) Hierarchical Structure c) Environment d) Boundary e) All of the above f) Only C&Dxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

e) All of the above

Which of the following serve as protection for respondents in our study? a) None of us will ever know their identity. b) We will have an information sheet for respondents explaining the study. c) We will assign respondents a code instead of having them put their name on the survey. d) We will keep respondent identities anonymous. e) B and C only.

e) B and C only.

Why are zoonotic diseases harder to control in urban areas than rural areas? a) Wildlife density is lower in cities. b) Wildlife is harder to control in cities c) Urban residents are more likely avoid doing risky things with sick wildlife. d) Intra and inter species contact is higher in cities. e) B&D.

e) B&D

e) Data conflicts

In general females: a) Have loving feelings towards pets b) Support use of wild animals for fur c) Are less interested in training animals to do task d) All of the above e) Only a and c are correct

e) Only a and c are correct

If you are studying an illegal activity (e.g., poaching), which kind of sampling is probably best? a) Modal b) Expert c) Quota d) Heterogeneity e) Snowball

e) Snowball

e. Moralistic

Define simple random sample

everyone in the population has a known, non-zero, and equal chance of getting sampled

Define internal validity

refers to whether your study or experiment is well done + set up right

Define external validity

truth of conclusions involving generalization back to the population

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