G12 - Q2 - W1 - 1.1 - Food Security and its Four Dimensions

What are the reasons why hunger should be eradicated?

1. Each person has a right to food. 2. Hunger and malnutrition have a ripple effect that slows development, both economic and individual. 3. No one should be left behind. Every person deserves to lead a healthy life. We all have a role to play in achieving this goal. 4. A world without hunger leads to a better future to people worldwide.

What are the different IPC phase classifications?

1. Generally food secure 2. Chronically food insecure 3. Acute food and livelihood crisis 4. Humanitarian emergency 5. Famine / humanitarian catastrophe

What are the two main intervention options being suggested by vulnerability analysis?

1. Reduce the degree of exposure to the hazard. 2. Increase the ability to cope.

What are the different options for safety net programs that can be implemented to enhance direct access to food?

1. Targeted direct feeding programs 2. Food-for-work programs 3. Income-transfer programs

How are neighborhoods with many poor or low-income residents more vulnerable to food insecurity?

1. They have fewer resources that promote food availability (e.g., full service grocery stores offering affordable and nutritious foods). 2. They have more environmental threats that harm health (e.g., poor air and water quality, poor housing conditions).

What are examples of macronutrients?

1. carbohydrates 2. fibers 3. lipids (specifically fats and oils) 4. proteins 5. water

What are the indicators used in the IPC phase classifications?

1. crude mortality rate 2. malnutrition prevalence 3. food access/availability 4. dietary diversity 5. water access/availability 6. coping strategies 7. livelihood assets

What are the coping strategies to stretch budgets that are harmful for health that those who are food insecure, with or without existing disease, may also use because of limited financial resources?

1. engaging in cost related medication underuse or nonadherence (e.g., skipping doses, taking less medicine than prescribed, delaying to fill a prescription, not taking certain medications with food as instructed) 2. postponing or forgoing preventive or needed medical care 3. forgoing the foods needed for special medical diets (e.g., diabetic purchasing a low cost diet that relies on energy dense, but nutrient poor, foods) 4. diluting or rationing infant formula 5. making trade offs between food and other basic necessities (e.g., housing, utilities, transportation)

What are low-income children more likely to experience during childhood?

1. food insecurity 2. obesity 3. lead exposure 4. poor oral health 5. poor growth (e.g. low birth weight, short stature) 6. developmental risk 7. learning disabilities 8. poor academic outcomes 9. behavioral and emotional problems

What are the factors that contribute to sufficient energy and nutrient intake by individuals?

1. good care and feeding practices 2. food preparation 3. diversity of diet 4. intra-household distribution of food

What are the other non-food factors that lead to malnutrition aside from food insecurity?

1. inadequate care practices for children 2. insufficient health services 3. an unhealthy environment

In order to combat the problem of food insecurity, what are the needed measures instead of economic growth alone?

1. income growth 2. direct nutrition interventions 3. investment in health, water and education

What are the factors involved in the economic and physical access to food?

1. incomes 2. expenditure 3. markets 4. prices

What are the additional risk factors associated with inadequate household resources as well as under resourced communities because of which food insecure and low income people can be especially vulnerable to poor nutrition and obesity?

1. lack of access to healthy and affordable foods 2. cycles of food deprivation and overeating 3. high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression 4. fewer opportunities for physical activity 5. greater exposure to marketing of obesity promoting products 6. limited access to health care

What are the determinants of the physical availability of food?

1. level of food production 2. stock levels 3. net trade

What are the four pillars or dimensions that constitute food security?

1. physical availability of food 2. economic and physical access to food 3. food utilization 4. stability of the other three dimensions over time

What are the factors associated with seasonal food insecurity?

1. seasonal fluctuations in the climate 2. cropping patterns 3. work opportunities (labour demand) 4. disease

What are the three critical dimensions used to define vulnerability?

1. vulnerability to an outcome 2. from a variety of risk factors 3. because of an inability to manage those risks

What is the relationship between hunger and food insecurity?

All hungry people are food insecure, but not all food-insecure people are hungry, as there are other causes of food insecurity, including those due to poor intake of micro-nutrients.

How is seasonal food insecurity likened to transitory food insecurity?

It also has a limited duration and, therefore, can be seen as recurrent, transitory food insecurity.

What is the threshold for dietary energy consumption when measuring hunger?

It depends on the country and can be measured in terms of the number of kilocalories required to conduct sedentary or light activities.

What is food security?

It exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

What does the severity of undernourishment indicate?

It indicates, for the food deprived, the extent to which dietary energy consumption falls below the pre-determined threshold.

What is considered as a vulnerable household?

It is a family group, often isolated, that has a particular kind of vulnerability.

How is seasonal food insecurity likened to chronic food insecurity?

It is also usually predictable by following a sequence of known events.

What is considered as a vulnerable individual?

It is an individual whose vulnerability depends on their age or status.

What is the definition of hunger?

It is an uncomfortable or painful sensation caused by insufficient food energy consumption.

What is considered as a vulnerable group?

It is any homogeneous population whose physical or financial access to food is precarious or sporadic (structural or economic vulnerability).

What is food?

It is any substance that provides nutrients to an organism and sustains its life, growth, and development.

What are the solutions that can be done to overcome transitory food insecurity?

It is relatively unpredictable and can emerge suddenly so planning and programming are more difficult and requires different capacities and types of intervention, including early warning capacity and safety net programs.

What is the measure of hunger?

It is the proportion of the population whose dietary energy consumption is less than a pre-determined threshold.

What is utilization?

It is understood as the way the body makes the most of various nutrients in the food.

What is considered as a vulnerable area?

It is usually a production or supply area with a high probability of major variations in production or supply and a large number of families or individuals vulnerable to these variations.

When does chronic food insecurity occur?

It occurs when people are unable to meet their minimum food requirements over a sustained period of time.

What is recurrent, transitory food insecurity?

It occurs when there is a cyclical pattern of inadequate availability and access to food.

When does transitory food insecurity occur?

It occurs when there is a sudden drop in the ability to produce or access enough food to maintain a good nutritional status.

When does malnutrition occur?

It results from deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in the consumption of macro- and/or micronutrients.

What are the causes of chronic food insecurity?

It results from extended periods of poverty, lack of assets and inadequate access to productive or financial resources.

What are the causes of transitory food insecurity?

It results from short-term shocks and fluctuations in food availability and food access, including year-to-year variations in domestic food production, food prices, and household incomes.

Why is determining the severity of the food insecurity problem important?

Knowing the severity of the problem will help in determining the nature, extent, and urgency of the assistance needed by the affected population groups.

What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients?

Macronutrients are major components which form a large proportion of one's diet, while micronutrients are minor components which form a minute proportion of the diet.

What is the definition of poverty?

Poverty encompasses different dimensions of deprivation that relate to human capabilities including consumption and food security, health, education, rights, voice, security, dignity, and decent work.

What is the name of one of the classification systems for food security crises that is based on a range of livelihood needs?

The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC)

How are the undernourished also referred to?

They are also referred to as suffering from food deprivation.

Why should vulnerability be accounted when making food security policies and programs?

This way, the policies and programs will not only address current constraints to food consumption but also future threats to food security.

What are the solutions that can be done to overcome chronic food insecurity?

Typical long-term development measures also used to address poverty, such as education or access to productive resources, such as credit, and more direct access to food

What is the relationship between poverty and food insecurity?

While poverty is undoubtedly a cause of hunger, lack of adequate and proper nutrition itself is an underlying cause of poverty as they can lead to low productivity.

Are the poor or those who live in poverty considered the most vulnerable in food security?

Yes

Can a person be vulnerable to hunger even if they are not actually hungry at a given point in time?

Yes

Should all the four dimensions be fulfilled simultaneously to achieve food security objectives?

Yes

What are the two general types of food insecurity?

chronic and transitory food insecurity

Which of the two general types of food insecurity is long-term or persistent?

chronic food insecurity

What are the two important factors to be considered when analyziing food insecurity?

duration and severity

How is hunger scientifically referred to?

food deprivation

What are the two kinds of nutrients?

macronutrients and micronutrients

Which of the four dimensions of food security addresses the "supply" side of food security?

physical availability of food

How are food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty deeply interrelated?

poverty > food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition > poor physical and cognitive development > low productivity > poverty > restart cycle

What determines the nutritional status of individuals?

sufficient energy and nutrient intake and good biological utilization of food consumed

Which of the two general types of food insecurity is short-term and temporary?

transitory food insecurity

What is used by FAO to define hunger when measuring it?

undernourishment

What are examples of micronutrients?

vitamins and minerals