gen bio 2 test 3

muscle tissue

tissue that can contract through the interactions of actin and myosin

Chelicerae differ from mandibles in that they are important for latching onto a host organism. can be used for attaching to substrate. unique to crustaceans. are used for grasping prey. are used mainly for delivering venom.

are used for grasping prey.

Which of the following characteristics is not found in arthropods jointed appendages segmentation segmented ganglia closed circulatory system

closed circulatory system

Which is the correct order, from smallest to largest?

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

are bilaterally symmetrical animals that possess a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a tail that extends beyond the anus, and a notochord at some stage of their life cycle. Chordates Echinoderms Hemichordates Deuterostomes Protostomes

Chordates

What is the function of a radula? Digestion All of the choices are correct. Feeding Reproduction

Feeding

The reactions that make up animal metabolism are not equally sensitive to temperature. Which value reflects that fact? V2 ΔK Q10 O2max Molecular weight

Q10

Positive feedback responses

tend to reach a limit and then terminate

Which pair of structures evolved into modifications that led to successful movement of gnathostomes from aquatic to terrestrial habitats? Lungs and swim bladder Lungs and cartilaginous skeleton Paired fins and cartilaginous skeleton Swim bladder and paired fins Pharyngeal arches and swim bladder

Swim bladder and paired fins

Compared with "cold" fishes, "hot" fishes, such as bluefin tuna, keep a higher temperature difference between their body and the surrounding water in part because they

have a countercurrent heat exchange system of veins and arteries.

The four basic tissue types are

epithelial, nervous, connective, and muscular

Class Chondrichthyes characteristics

fishlike with ventral mouth jaws present paired appendages cartilaginous skeleton many have heterocercal tail no swim bladder, no operculum (sharks, skates, rays)

Class Mammalia characteristics

fur/hair mammary glands live births (mostly) types of teeth 4-chambered heart endothermic

Functions of arthropod appendages include all of the following except swimming. gas exchange. walking. defense. grasping of food.

gas exchange.

Endotherm

generate body heat internally , warm blooded. mostly mammals and birds

In mollusks, the folds of tissue that arise from the dorsal body wall and enclose a cavity surrounding the visceral mass are called the nephridia. mantle. lophophore. foot. radula.

mantle.

Which Q10 value indicates that a reaction is not temperature sensitive?

1

Class Agnatha characteristics

1. Jawless Fish 2. Cartilage skeleton 3. Detritus feeder or Parasitic jawless fish; hagfish, lamprey

Most biological Q10 values are between _______ and _______.

2; 3

Which feature is shared by insects and crustaceans? A system of tracheae for respiration A cephalothorax and an abdomen An absence of appendages growing from the abdomen Wings A head, thorax, and abdomen

A head, thorax, and abdomen

Class Aves characteristics

Reproduction: lay eggs (oviparous) Scales: legs with scales Feathers: derived from scales Endothermic: share with mammals Nitrogenous wastes as uric acid Respiration: lungs with air sacs (one-way air flow) Heart: four chambered Bills: adapted for specific kinds of food Digestive system: • crop: food storage and quizzard for food grinding (birds)

Which trait is unique to mammals? The ability among certain members of the group to fly Possession of an amniote egg Secretion of a fluid (milk) from mammary glands Claws on the digits Endothermy (internal heat production)

Secretion of a fluid (milk) from mammary glands

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Urochordata(tunicates) Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets) Subphylum Vertebrata

What would happen to an egg that had a nonfunctional chorion? The embryo would die due to high levels of toxic metabolic wastes. The embryo would suffocate or dehydrate The embryo would develop normally. The embryo would starve in the egg.

The embryo would suffocate or dehydrate

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a steady state, such as a constant temperature, by means of physiological or behavioral feedback responses.

basal metabolic rate

The minimum rate of energy turnover in an awake (but resting) endotherm (bird or mammal) that is not expending energy for thermoregulation.

Hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

exoskeleton of arthropods

a stiff, water-resistant outer coat composed of chitin.

Hypothermia

abnormally low body temperature

Earthworms show all of the following features except being hermaphroditic. containing fewer setae than in polychaetes. containing segments with a mouth on the first and the anus on the last. containing touch-sensitive and light-sensitive organs in the segments. containing distinct head regions and parapodia.

containing distinct head regions and parapodia.

Some small endotherms can extend the period over which they can survive without food by dropping body temperature during the portion of the day or night when they would normally be inactive. This adaptive hypothermia is called

daily torpor.

Which animal is an endotherm? Eagle Sponge Fruit fly Goldfish Marine iguana

eagle

The combination of a true coelom, repeating body segments, and lack of a rigid external protective covering allowed the annelids to: evolve complex body shapes. move through rocky marine sediments. efficiently exchange gases. become larger than their ancestors. become hermaphroditic.

efficiently exchange gases.

Glands are formed by a type of ______ tissue and function to produce secretions such

epithelial

If you find that a tissue in an organ is secreting mucus and absorbing nutrients, it is most likely ________ tissue.

epithelial

Small, fishlike marine chordates, pointed at both ends with no distinguishable head, in which the notochord runs the entire length of the nerve cord, are called: lancelets. arrow worms tunicates. lampreys. acorn worms.

lancelets.

The important innovation that evolved from the gill arches of jawless fishes and is retained by chondrichthyans, ray-finned fishes, coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods is fins. the ability to swim. heavily armored skin. the jaw. the vertebral column.

the jaw.

Amphibians are not completely free to live on dry land because: their food organisms live in water. their reproduction depends on water. they can escape from predators by jumping into the water. they only have a partially-divided heart they lay amniotic eggs.

their reproduction depends on water.

Sea stars belong to the Crinoidea. Echinoidea. Holothuroidea. Asteroidea.

Asteroidea.

The famous fossil "Lucy" was the skeleton of a young female found Ethiopia in 1974. Lucy was approximately 3.5 million years old and a specimen of Homo erectus. Homo neanderthalensis. Paranthropus robustus. Australopithecus afarensis. Homo habilis.

Australopithecus afarensis.

Which of the following are not deuterostomes? Tunicates Lancelets Insects Sea stars

Insects

Which statement about marsupial mammals is true? They have no placenta. They are found only in Australia. They are the only egg-laying mammals. Gestation is short, and the young complete development outside the uterus in a special pouch. Their mammary glands have no nipples.

Gestation is short, and the young complete development outside the uterus in a special pouch.

Which group of organisms was the first to exhibit jaws? Gnathostomes Ray-finned fishes Echinoderms Reptiles Birds

Gnathostomes

In a pond, frog eggs are attached to vegetation and are physically supported by the water. Which structure in an amniote egg contains material that provides similar physical support? The yolk The shell The amnion The allantois The chorion

The amnion

Which of the following statements regarding all species of Chordates is false Chordates are deutorostomes The notochord is surrounded by bone or cartilage All possess a postnatal tail during embryonic development A notochord is present in the embryo

The notochord is surrounded by bone or cartilage

Which statement about the dry-nosed primates is true? They are found only in South and Central America. They are all nocturnal. They do not have a prehensile tail. They are mostly arboreal. They include lemurs and lorises.

They are mostly arboreal.

Which statement about Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) is false? They were short, stocky, and powerfully built. They coexisted with humans. They manufactured a variety of tools and hunted large mammals. Their brains were somewhat larger than our own. They created remarkable paintings of large mammals on European cave walls.

They created remarkable paintings of large mammals on European cave walls.

Which one of the following does not match a component of the amniotic egg with its primary function? yolk sac—provides food for the embryo amnion—encloses embryo within an oxygen-filled cavity allantois—segregates nitrogenous wastes from embryo chorion—exchange of respiratory gases; retention of water shell—porous, protective covering

amnion—encloses embryo within an oxygen-filled cavity

One of the most critical adaptations of the reptiles in relation to their life on land is the evolution of the amniotic egg. allantois egg. chorionic egg. diploid egg. swim bladder.

amniotic egg.

Which structure is/are not part of the amniote egg? Bone Chorion Extraembryonic membranes Yolk Shell

bone

New World monkeys evolved approximately 30 million years ago. These animals are easy to identify because they have flattened noses and prehensile tails. have opposable thumbs and binocular vision. have opposable thumbs and protruding noses. have protruding noses and prehensile tails. have prehensile tails and hair.

have flattened noses and prehensile tails.

Primates likely descended from small, arboreal, _______ mammals. clawed frugivorous insectivorous omnivorous carnivorous

insectivorous

Smooth muscle

is part of the walls of hollow organs, such as the bladder.

Which one of the following structures is not found in all adult and larval tunicates? incurrent siphon pharynx gill slits excurrent siphon notochord

notochord

Characteristics that distinguish primates from other mammals include a long, prehensile tail. a marsupium. opposable digits. mammary glands. claws on the forelimbs.

opposable digits.

Hyperthermia

Abnormally high body temperature. ex heat stroke

Many flatworm species are parasitic. Which of the following is an adaptation of flatworms that is associated with a parasitic lifestyle? An organ system for oxygen transport Absorption of nutrients through the body surface Multiple pairs of appendages A highly developed digestive system A highly branched gastrovascular cavity

Absorption of nutrients through the body surface

If a hiker picked up a mollusk on a trail in a rain forest, what class would it belong to? Polyplacophora Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda

Gastropoda

The excretory structures of terrestrial arthropods are slender projections from the digestive tract that are attached at the junction of the midgut and hindgut. These are called: flame cells. ocelli. Malpighian tubules. nephridia. kidneys and bladders.

Malpighian tubules.

Because they _______, lizards and snakes will position themselves in the sun to warm their bodies.

are ectotherms

All molluscs have an open circulatory system. False True

false

Class Mammalia characteristics

hair, mammary glands, 3 bones in inner ear, endothermic

Living deuterostomes comprise three clades: the echinoderms, the chordates, and the yunnanozoans. hemichordates. cephalochordates. vertebrates. urochordates.

hemichordates.

When a condition of below-normal body temperature is regulated, lasts for days or weeks, and is characterized by very low body temperatures, it is called

hibernation.

After eating, blood sugar rises. Processes of cells reduce blood sugar concentration to the set point. Keeping blood sugar at a stable level in the body is one example of absorption excretion heterostasis homeostasis buffering

homeostasis

If you are out in subfreezing weather for an hour without protective clothing, it is unlikely that you will die, but if you put a culture of your own nerve cells out in the same weather, they will die. The main reason for this difference is that

homeostatic regulation of your internal body temperature enables you to survive exposure to extreme temperatures.

Insects whose hatchlings are sufficiently similar in form to adults to be recognizable are said to have: neopterous development. holometabolous development. incomplete metamorphosis. accelerated development. complete metamorphosis.

incomplete metamorphosis.

stratified squamous epithelium

is made up of several layers of cells, the outer layers of which are flattened.

The metabolic rate of a mammal resting at a temperature within its thermoneutral zone is

known as basal metabolic rate.

Flatworms differ from nematodes in that flatworms: have two openings to the digestive cavity, whereas some nematodes lack a digestive tract. are radially symmetrical, whereas nematodes are bilaterally symmetrical. lack a cuticle, whereas nematodes secrete a cuticle that they molt. have two embryonic cell layers, whereas nematodes have three. lack an anterior brain, whereas nematodes have a small anterior brain.

lack a cuticle, whereas nematodes secrete a cuticle that they molt.

epithelial tissue

made up of sheets of cells, that lines or covers organs, makes up tubules, and covers the surface of the body

In flatworms, the advantage of a dorsoventrally flattened body is that it allows them to: meet their gas exchange requirements without a transport system. move quickly through the environment. hide from predators. filter-feed. grow to very large sizes.

meet their gas exchange requirements without a transport system.

Ectotherms

- animals dependent on external sources of body heat, cold blooded. - get heat primarily from environment - include invertebrates , fishes , amphibians , and reptiles

Class Reptilia Characteristics

-Tough dry scaly skin -Internal fertilization -3 chambered heart in most -4 chambered heart in some -Lungs well developed -Limbs well developed -Shelled egg (turtles , snakes and lizards)

Negative feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state. Information that decreases a regulatory response, returning the system to the set point.

heterotherm

An animal that regulates its body temperature at a constant level at some times but not others, such as a hibernator.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of echinoderms? A network of water-filled canals leading to tube feet An internal skeleton of calcified plates A water vascular system An external skeleton of chitin Bilaterally symmetric larvae

An external skeleton of chitin

joint appendages

Arthropoda characteristic , allow more freedom of movement and adaptation

Which animals have a hemocoel? Nematodes Annelids Bryozoans Arthropods Rotifers

Arthropods

Class Osteichthyes characteristics

Bony fish, air bladder, scales, spine, paired and unpaired fins, chromatophores (color), operculum, gills, and 2 chambered heart. Ex. Bass, seahorse, perch

Group: Chelicerates, Characteristics and members

Characteristics: Mouthparts are chelicerae (pincers or fangs) Members: Spiders, mites , ticks , scorpions , daddy longlegs , horseshoe crabs

Group: Crustaceans, Characteristics and members

Characteristics: Mouthparts are mandibles ; appendages are biramous (two-branched) Members: Lobsters, Crabs, Shrimp, isopods, barnacles

Group: Centipedes&Millipedes, Characteristics and members

Characteristics: Mouthparts are mandibles ; bodies consist of a head and numerous body segments bearing paired uniramous (single branched) appendages Members: Centipedes, Millipedes

Group: Insects , Characteristics and members

Characteristics: Mouthparts are mandibles; appendages are uniramous (single branched) Members: Beetles , bees, flies , fleas, grasshoppers

Arthropods are the most numerous animals on Earth. Which trait likely made the smallest contribution to their success? Specialization of different appendages A rigid exoskeleton Jointed appendages Color of the exoskeleton Waterproofing by chitin

Color of the exoskeleton

Which physiological control mechanism in marine iguanas decreases the iguanas' heat loss when in the water?

Decreased blood flow to the skin

Which of these is an example of a positive feedback system

During labor, as the baby moves down the birth canal and stretches the cervix, hormone signals reinforce and intensify contractions until the baby is born.

positive feedback

Information that amplifies a regulatory response, increasing the deviation of the system from the set point.

Which statement about locomotion in nematodes is true? A series of hairs that project backward engage the substrate; back-and-forth movements move the animal forward. Rhythmically beating cilia propel the animal forward. Longitudinal muscles contract to move the animal forward. Circular and longitudinal muscles work against each other to move the animal forward. Water expelled through specialized ducts moves the animal forward.

Longitudinal muscles contract to move the animal forward.

To which of the following groups would a species that does not molt, posseses a coelom, and has a trochophore larvae belong Parazoa Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Platyzoa

Lophotrochozoa

What is the difference between negative feedback mechanisms and positive feedback mechanisms?

Negative feedback mechanisms return a system to a set point, whereas positive feedback mechanisms amplify a response.

Which statement about the body plan of the larval and adult sea star is true? Both the adult and larva have a water vascular system. The adult is a filter feeder; the larva uses its tube feet to feed. The bilateral adult moves via cilia; the pentaradial larva moves via tube feet. The ciliated arms of the bilateral larva become the ring canal of the pentaradial adult. The bilateral larva moves via cilia; the pentaradial adult moves via tube feet.

The bilateral larva moves via cilia; the pentaradial adult moves via tube feet.

What occurs if the incurrent siphon of a clam becomes blocked? The clam is unable to eliminate waste. The clam is unable to feed. The clam is unable to digest nutrients. The clam is unable to release gametes.

The clam is unable to feed.

Which statement about leeches is false? Groups of segments at each end of the body are modified into suckers. The coelom is not divided into compartments. They secrete anticoagulants into wounds. They have elaborate parapodia. They make an incision in a host to ingest blood.

They have elaborate parapodia.

Which feature is an important characteristic of connective tissues?

They provide both structure and support.

Ecdysozoans : are a polyphyletic group. all have a cuticle. all have jointed appendages. all have a thick, hard exoskeleton. all have an exoskeleton that is composed of protein and chitin.

all have a cuticle

nervous system of arthropods

allows them to detect and react to the world around them.

If an animal has an exoskeleton, paired jointed appendages, and goes through the process of molting, it is a bivalve. a tetrapod a chordate. an arthropod a gastropod

an arthropod

Which group of arthropods is typically known to have four pairs of walking legs? arachnids vertebrates flatworms mammals wasps

arachnids

The swim bladders of bony fishes are used for respiration in most contemporary species. are modifications of the water vascular system found in echinoderms. evolved from branching of the gut. prevent them from inhabiting marine environments. are organs of buoyancy that help them control their depth in the water column.

are organs of buoyancy that help them control their depth in the water column.

the rate at which a resting animal is consuming just enough energy to carry out its minimal body functions.

basal metabolic rate

Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body and functions to

bind cells and gives shape and support to other tissues

Many crustacean species have a fold of exoskeleton called a _______ that extends dorsally and laterally from the head to cover and protect some body segments. mantle pharynx cuticular plate carapace spiracle

carapace

metamorphosis

change of form, allows the larval stage of the organism to develop without having to compete with the adult because the two life forms live and eat differently.

The _______ have bodies that are divided into two parts: a head region that bears two pairs of appendages modified to form mouthparts, and a trunk region that typically has four pairs of walking legs. hexapods myriapods nematodes crustaceans chelicerates

chelicerates

The hypothalamus serves in part as an integrated thermoregulatory center defining an organism's response to changes in its thermal environment. Because the hypothalamus normally serves to produce metabolic responses that reverse the direction of environmental temperature change, the control it exerts is termed

negative feedback.

When the dentist drills your tooth and you feel a sudden sharp pain, what type of cell has carried that pain information to your brain?

neural

The partitions that separate the segments of the annelid body are known as: septa. radula. pseudocoels. nephridia. setae.

septa

nervous tissue

specialized for processing and communication information

Q10

temperature sensitivity of a reaction or process, a factor calculated by dividing the rate of a process or reaction at a certain temperature, RT, by the rate of that same process or reaction at a temperature 10 degrees Celsius lower

A "hot" fish differs from a "cold" fish in having

the ability to retain heat generated in swimming muscles.

Which situation must be met for obtaining an accurate measurement of a mammal's basal metabolic rate?

the animal is at rest

Which of these integrates information regarding body temperature? the hypothalamus the pancreas the integratious gland the pituitary gland effectors

the hypothalamus

connective tissue

tissue that connects or surrounds other tissues; its cells are embedded in a collagen-containing matrix. provide structure and support.

In the evolution of insects, _______ allowed the exchange of gases with the air, leading to the exploitation of terrestrial environments.

trachea

Many lineages of lophotrochozoans have a type of free-living larva known as a : nauplius. trochophore. planula. medusa. polyp.

trochophore.

Many marine mollusks have distinctive larvae which have their bodies encircled by a row of cilia. These larvae are called polyps. trochophores. planulae. miracidia. zoecia.

trochophores.

After a long run outside on a hot day, which mechanism(s) does your body employ to achieve thermoregulation? shivering vasodilation heat shock proteins vasoconstriction antifreeze molecules

vasodilation

In echinoderms, the network of hydraulic canals that functions in gas exchange, locomotion, and feeding is called a madreporite. crinoid. tube foot. feather star. water vascular system.

water vascular system.

Class Amphibia characteristics

• Porous skin for respiration • Respiration by lungs, skin, and/ or gills • Dependent on moisture (including eggs) (frogs, toads, salamanders)