Gen Path master questions

Which of the following is the most abundant glycoprotein in the basement membrane? A. Fibronectin B. Integrin C. Elastin D. Laminin

D, laminin

Which of the following best describes amyloid by electron microscopy? A. 7.5-10 nm, non-branching fibrils B. 7.5-10 nm, regularly branching fibrils C. 9.5-12 nm, regulatory branching fibrils D. 9.5-12 nm, non-branching fibrils

a, 7.5-10 nm, non-branching fibrils

Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with increased expression of which gene? A. ANF B. NFAT C. MEF2 D. GATA4

a, ANF

Which of the following is NOT a component of the apoptosome? A. BCL-XL B. Caspase-9 C. Cytochrome C D. APAF-1

a, BCL-XL

In pyroptosis, this caspase is activated and cleaves IL-1B to yield its active form A. Caspase-1 B. Caspase-3 C. Caspase-4 D. Caspase-6

a, Caspase-1

TGF-a is the ligand for which receptor? A. EGFR1 B. Met C. TGF-BRI D. PDGFR

a, EGFR1

Which protein can inhibit the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis? A. FLIP B. FADD C. BCL2 D. SMAC

a, FLIP

This cytokine is associated with fever: A. Interleukin-1 B. Interleukin-3 C. Interleukin-5 D. Interleukin-6

a, IL-1

The intracellular signaling pathway used by cytokines is...? A. JAK/STAT pathway B. Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway C. IP3 and DAG pathway D. G-proteins and cAMP

a, JAK/STAT

Activation of a G-protein coupled receptor results in activation of which of the following second messengers? A. cAMP B. RAS-GTP C. B-catenin D. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase

a, cAMP

Which caspase initiates the perforin/granzyme pathway of apoptosis? A. Caspase-10 B. Caspase-8 C. Caspase-9 D. Caspase-4

a, caspase-10

Which caspase initiates the perforin/granzyme pathway of apoptosis? A. Caspase-10 B. Caspase-8 C. Caspase-9 D. Caspase-4

a, caspase-10

Which enzyme, found in peroxisomes, decomposes H2O2? A. Catalase B. NADPH oxidase C. Superoxide dismutase D. Glutathione peroxidase

a, catalase

Dystrophic calcification occurs from: A. Cell necrosis B. Hypercalcemia C. Hypervitaminosis D D. Hyperparathyroidism

a, cell necrosis

A major component of lipid rafts in the cell membrane is...? A. Cholesterol B. Phosphatidylserine C. Phosphatidylinositol D. Sphingomyelin

a, cholesterol

Necrosis can manifest as: A. Chromatin condensation B. Darkening of the cytoplasm C. Reduction in organelle size D. Nuclear membrane contraction

a, chromatin condensation

What is the most common pattern of necrosis? A. Coagulative B. Liquefactive C. Fibrinoid D. Caseous

a, coagulative

The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) driven form of regulated cell death relies on which protein? A. Cyclophilin D B. RIPK1 C. PARP1 D. Caspase-9

a, cyclophilin D

Mitochondrial permeability transition driven regulated cell death describes instances of cell death whose course can be influenced with the inhibition of what protein? A. Cyclophilin D (CYPD) B. Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) C. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) D. Cellular FLICE inhibitor protein c (c-FLIP)

a, cyclophilin D (CYPD)

What is a feature of irreversible cell injury? A. Dissolution of the nucleus B. Detachment of ribosomes from the ER C. Blebbing of the plasma membrane D. Generalized swelling of cells and organelles

a, dissolution of the nucleus

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is associated with a defect in the synthesis of what protein? A. Fibrillar collagen B. Fibrillin-1 C. Elastin D. Laminin

a, fibrillar collagen

Which of the following regulates iron absorption? A. Hepcidin B. Transferrin C. Hephaestin D. Ceruloplasmin

a, hepcidin

Which of the following causes decreased gene expression by targeting the mRNA for degradation or inhibiting mRNA translation into protein? A. miRNA B. siRNA C. piRNA D. snoRNA

a, miRNA

This phospholipid confers a negative charge and is normally found on the inner plasma membrane? A. Phosphatidylserine B. Phosphatidylcholine C. Phosphatidylinositol D. Phosphatidylethanolamine

a, phosphatidylserine

This phospholipid is normally found on the inner plasma membrane and acts as a scaffold for coagulation A. Phosphatidylserine B. Phosphatidylcholine C. Phosphatidylinositol D. Phosphatidylethanolamine

a, phosphatidylserine

Excessive DNA methylation at CpG islands near the gene promoter are associated with which of the following? A. Repressed gene transcription B. Activated gene transcription C. Increased nucleosome formation D. Decreased miRNA formation

a, repressed gene transcription

What is one explanation for the rapid rate of dephosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases? A. To allow for kinetic proofreading B. To allow for rapid recycling of receptor back to cell surface C. To target the receptor for degradation in lysosomes D. To allow for rapid receptor degradation and signal termination

a, to allow for kinetic proofreading

Intracellular proteins are tagged for degradation by covalent bonding with what molecule? A. Ubiquitin B. Mannose-6-phosphate C. N-linked oligosaccharide D. Guanosine diphosphate

a, ubiquitin

Supplementation with which vitamin can result in increased DNA methylation? A. Vitamin B12 B. Vitamin A C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin C

a, vitamin B12

This growth factor utilizes a serine/threonine kinase-associated receptor for ligand activation. A. Endothelial growth factor B. Transforming growth factor-a C. Transforming growth factor-B D. Platelet-derived growth factor

c, TGF-B

What has been described as type II cell death? A. Necrosis B. Apoptosis C. Autophagy D. Necroptosis

c, autophagy

What is type II cell death? A. Apoptosis B. Necrosis C. Autophagy D. Necroptosis

c, autophagy

This is a key characteristic of RTK activation and signaling. A. Ubiquitylation B. Internalization C. Autophosphorylation D. Engagement with GPC

c, autophosphorylation

Which crystal or particle can lead to acute kidney injury? A. Asbestos B. Amyloid- C. Bile pigment D. Cholesterol granuloma

c, bile pigment

Which of the following caspases is crucial for the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway of apoptosis? A. Caspase-3 B. Caspase-8 C. Caspase-9 D. Caspase-10

c, caspase-9

Peroxisomes play a specialized role in the breakdown of which of the following? A. Amino acids B. Glycogen C. Fatty acids D. Nucleic acids,

c, fatty acids

Name this reaction: Fe+2 + H2O —> Fe+3 + OH* + OH- A. Rust reaction B. Ferric reaction C. Fenton reaction D. Ferrous reaction

c, fentonnnnnnn

Hemosiderin is formed by aggregates of which molecule? A. Transferrin B. Ceruloplasmin C. Ferritin D. Hepcidin

c, ferritin

What reactive oxygen species (ROS) is produced by the Fenton reaction? A. Hydrogen peroxide B. Superoxide C. Hydroxyl free radical D. Peroxynitrite

c, hydroxyl free radical

Which glycoprotein plays a critical role in platelet adhesion? A. Fibronectin B. Laminin C. Integrin D. Elastin

c, integrin

Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities occurs when one arm of a chromosome is lost and the remaining arm is duplicated? A. Robertsonian translocation B. Ring chromosome C. Isochromosome D. Inversion

c, isochromosome

Which type of RNA binds to regions of chromatin, restricting RNA polymerase access to coding genes? A. siRNA B. miRNA C. lncRNA D. piRNA

c, lncRNA

Which of the following cell death routines occurs independently of caspase activation? A. Anoikis B. Pyroptosis C. Necroptosis D. Extrinsic apoptosis

c, necroptosis

Severe or prolonged ischemia causes death to the cell by what mechanism? A. Cytokine generation by an influx of leukocytes B. Local complement activation by IgM antibodies C. Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria D. Release of free radicals from leukocytes and endothelial cells

c, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

The Golgi apparatus is prominent in which cells? A. Sperm cells B. Muscle cells C. Secretory cells D. Endothelial cells

c, secretory cells

Iron is transported in the plasma by what iron-binding glycoprotein? A. Ferritin B. Hepcidin C. Transferrin D. Hemosiderin

c, transferrin

Which form of amyloidosis is associated with chronic inflammation? A. B-amyloid B. a-amyloid C. AL amyloid D. AA amyloid

d, AA amyloid

GM1 gangliosidosis is caused by a defect in which enzyme? A. Galactocerebrosidase B. B-hexosaminidase C. Sphingomyelinase D. B-galactosidase

d, B-galactosidase

Hypertrophy of myofibers results in increased formation of what? A. Actin B. Desmin C. a-myosin D. B-myosin

d, B-myosin

Which of the following can inhibit the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis? A. Fas B. BID C. BAX D. FLIP

d, FLIP

Trinucleotide repeats generally involve which two nucleotides? A. A and T B. A and G C. G and T D. G and C

d, G and C

Which antibody has a tendency to deposit in ischemic tissue? A. IgG B. IgE C. IgD D. IgM

d, IgM

Which protein is increased during autophagy and serves as a useful marker for this process? A. Ubiquitin B. Caspase-11 C. Flippase D. LC3

d, LC3

Crystals can directly induce inflammation by activating what? A. TLR4 B. DAMPs C. Interleukin-1B D. NLRP3 inflammasome

d, NLRP3 inflammasome

What is the gold standard test to confirm apoptosis? A. TUNEL assay B. Caspase-3 assay C. DNA laddering assay D. Transmission electron microscopy

d, TEM

Calcium influx can lead to cell death by: A. Intracellular mineralization B. Free radical production C. Plasma membrane disruption D. Activation of caspases

d, activation of caspases

A feature of caseous necrosis is: A. Preserved tissue architecture B. Ag-Ab complexes in vessel walls C. Secondary to bacterial or fungal infection D. Amorphous granular debris within an inflammatory border

d, amorphous granular debris within an inflammatory border

Caspases cleave proteins after this residue: A. Glycine B. Arginine C. Tyrosine D. Asparate

d, aspartate

Zero-order ultrasensitivity for kinase/phosphatase and GTP/GDP cycles occurs when...? A. Kinase only is saturated B. Phosphatase is saturated but kinase is not C. Neither kinase nor phosphatase is saturated D. Both kinase and phosphatase are saturated

d, both kinase and phosphatase are saturated

This caspase needs to be cleaved to initiate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis A. Caspase-3 B. Caspase-6 C. Caspase-8 D. Caspase-9

d, caspase-9

What do granzymes secreted by cytotoxic T cells do within the cell? A. Bind RIP1 and RIP3 B. Bind and activate caspase-10 C. Disrupt the lysosomal membrane D. Cleave proteins at aspartate residues

d, cleave proteins at aspartate residues

The leakage of what from damaged mitochondria into the cytosol initiates apoptosis? A. ATP B. Bcl-2 C. Caspase D. Cytochrome c

d, cytochrome C

Which of the following is a characteristic of apoptosis? A. Swelling B. Karyolysis C. Inflammation D. Intact plasma membrane

d, intact plasma membrane

Familial mental retardation protein (FMRP) is a widely expressed cytoplasmic protein that is most abundant in which of the following organs? A. Liver B. Brain C. Ovary D. Kidneys

d, kidneys

Hypoxic death of cells within the CNS manifests as which type of necrosis? A. Fibrinoid necrosis B. Coagulative necrosis C. Gangrenous necrosis D. Liquefactive necrosis

d, liquefactive necrosis

The hallmark of methuosis is displacement of the cytoplasm by large fluid-filled vacuoles derived from? A. Lysosomes B. Phagosomes C. Peroxisomes D. Macropinosomes

d, macropinosomes

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of reversible cell injury? A. Fatty change B. Cellular swelling C. Loss of microvilli D. Nuclear shrinkage

d, nuclear shrinkage

This cell death routine relies on high levels of activated PARP1 A. Entosis B. Anoikis C. Pyroptosis D. Parthanatos

d, parthanatos

Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities occurs when a break occurs at both ends of a chromosome with fusion of the damaged ends? A. Inversion B. Translocation C. Isochromosome D. Ring chromosome

d, ring chromosome

What identifies proteins destined for destruction by proteasomes? A. Mannose-6-phosphate B. Asparagine C. Serine D. Ubiquitin

d, ubiquitin

Which cells have integrins? A. Fibroblasts B. Red blood cells C. Endothelial cells D. White blood cells

d, wBC

Impaired glutathione peroxidase 4 generation is involved in which form of cell death? A. NETosis B. Pyroptosis C. Necroptosis D. Ferroptosis

ferroptosis

Anemia of chronic inflammation is due to release of what molecule from the liver? A. DMT1 B. Hepcidin C. Ferroportin D. Ferrireductase

b, hepcidin

Primary amyloidosis is typically associated with increased production of: A. AA B. AB C. AL D. SAA

c, AL

Which of the following is a BH3-only apoptosis-related protein? A. BIK B. BAX C. BAD D. BOD

c, BAD

Which of the following is NOT a feature of apoptotic cells as seen by TEM? A. Intact cell membrane B. Increased cell volume C. Nuclear fragmentation D. Disorganized cytoplasmic organelles

b, increased cell volume (duh, they shrink)

The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) called XIST leads to X-chromosome silencing by inducing what change in the DNA? A. Acetylation B. Methylation C. Ubiquitination D. Phosphorylation

b, methylation

1. Activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase Ax1 exerts negative feedback on its own expression by upregulation of which of the following? A. miRNA-146b B. miRNA-34a C. miRNA-302b D. miRNA-155,

b, miRNA-34a

What plasma membrane phospholipid flips from the inner to the outer membrane leaflet during apoptosis? A. Phosphatidylinositol B. Phosphatidylserine C. Cholesterol D. Sphingomyelin

b, phosphatidylserine

Which of the following maintains genome stability by suppressing the transcription of transposable elements? A. siRNA B. piRNA C. lncRNA D. snoRNA

b, piRNA

How are large amounts of intact proteins transferred across an epithelial barrier? A. Potocytosis B. Transcytosis C. Carrier proteins D. Channel proteins

b, transcytosis

Which type of MPS is X-linked? A. Type I B. Type II C. Type III D. Type IV

b, type II

Cytochrome c binds what protein to form the apoptosome? A. BCL-2 B. APAF-1 C. Caspase-9 D. BAX/BAK complex

b, APAF-1

Which of the following members of the BCL protein family acts as a sensor of cellular stress and damage? A. MAX B. BAD C. BCL2 D. MCL1

b, BAD

Which member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins is pro-apoptotic? A. BIM B. BAX C. BID D. BAD

b, BAX

Which member of the Bcl2 family of proteins is pro-apoptotic? A. BIM B. BAX C. BID D. BAD

b, BAX

Which of the following binds to Beclin-1 to limit is autophagy-related function? A. LC3 B. Bcl-2 C. FasL D. BAK

b, Bcl-2

The only genetically confirmed component of the permeability transition pore is: A. CASP8 B. CYPD C. FADD D. MLKL

b, CYPD

When a Notch ligand binds to the Notch receptor, what eventually goes into the nucleus to interact with DNA? A. E2F B. IC notch C. NFkB D. B-catenin

b, IC notch

Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome results in the release of which cytokine? A. IL-1α B. IL-1ß C. IL-6 D. IL-13

b, Il-1B

Which of the following ligands binds to Frizzled to activate it? A. EGF B. Wnt C. Notch D. Disheveled

b, Wnt

This is the characteristic location and serum calcium concentration for dystrophic calcification: A. Normal tissue, normal calcium B. Abnormal tissue, normal calcium C. Normal tissue, increased calcium D. Abnormal tissue, increased calcium

b, abnormal tissue, increased calcium

Which of the following is observed with dystrophic calcification? A. Russell bodies B. Atherosclerosis C. Bone resorption D. Increased serum calcium

b, atherosclerosis

Which caspase initiates the extrinsic pathway? A. Caspase-9 B. Caspase-8 C. Caspase-6 D. Caspase-4

b, caspase 8

What is an executioner caspase? A. Caspase-1 B. Caspase-6 C. Caspase-8 D. Caspase-10

b, caspase-6

Transient activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) pathway is associated with what? A. Cell differentiation B. Cell proliferation C. Apoptosis D. Cell hypertrophy

b, cell proliferation

Which of the following describes an action of protein phosphatases in cell signaling? A. Continually hydrolyzing GTP B. Dephosphorylating the phosphotyrosines that recruit signaling molecules with SH2 C. Activate RTKs by reversing the autophosphorylation required for activity of the receptor D. Phosphorylating the phosphotyrosines that recruit signaling molecules with PTB domains

b, dephosphorylating the phosphotyrosines that recruit signaling molecules with SH2

Cellular swelling in cellular injury is a result of what? A. Accumulation of degraded proteins B. Failure of Na/K pumps C. Calcium ion influx D. Mitochondrial swelling

b, failure of Na/K pump

Marfan syndrome results from an inherited defect in what? A. Elastin B. Fibrillin-1 C. Fibrillin-2 D. Tenascin-X

b, fibrillin-1

Which of the following appears to be the long-term reservoir for iron? A. Enterocytes B. Hepatocytes C. Macrophages D. Skeletal myocytes

b, hepatocytes