gen psych chapter 8

example of a prototype

(example of what) what qualities come to mind when you think of a bird? -small -feathered -has a beak

repeating words causes activity in what two areas as well as an are for muscle control associated with speech?

Broca and Wernicke's area

the left frontal lobe is what area?

Broca's area

what is Noller's Equation?

C = fa(K,I,E

the temporal lobe is what area?

Wernicke's area

what ages are included in the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

ages 3-16

what two things do you test possible options during production with?

algorithms and heuristics

what is intelligence quotient (IQ)?

an index of intelligence initially derived from standardized tests and by dividing mental age by chronological age, followed by multiplying by 100; now derived by comparing individual scores with the scores of others of the same age

what are the three separately learned aspects of intelligence according to Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence?

analytic, creative, and practical

intellectually disabled

applies to someone significantly below average in intellectual functioning, and has significant deficits in adaptive functioning (having a hard time with things)

what is fluid intelligence?

aspects of innate intelligence, including reasoning abilities, memory, and speed of information processing

stereotype threat definition

awareness of negative stereotype that affects oneself and may lead to impairment in performance

what is an artificial concept?

clearly defined concept based on a set of logical rules, also known as formal concept

availability heuristics definition

cognitive strategy (shortcut) that involves making judgments based on information that is readily available in memory

what are heuristics?

cognitive strategy or "rule of thumb" used as a shortcut for problem solving; does not guarantee a solution but does narrow down alternatives

representative heuristic definition

cognitive strategy that involves making judgments based on how well an object or even matches (represents) an existing prototype in our minds

to be considered creative, you have to have the ability to make novel associations between what?

concepts

pros and cons of algorithm

cons: you go through every single step; therefore, it might take you a while to get to the final product

lesions to what diminish creativity?

corpus callosum

individual attitude toward the benefits of what?

creativity

what process did Graham Wallas create?

creativity process

what is preparation

define goal, outline limits

Cattell reanalyzed Thurstone's data and proposed what two subtypes of g?

fluid intelligence and crystalized intelligence

what is the Word Association Task?

for each set of three words, find a word that is connected or associated with all three

general intelligence is Spearman's term for what?

for overall general intellectual ability

definition of language

forms of communication using sounds and symbols combines according to specified rules

what laid the foundation for today's standardized intelligence tests?

general intelligence / single factor???

what is creativity?

generally defined as the generation of something novel from existing pieces or parts

fluency definition

generating a large number of possible solutions

most IQ tests are designed to predict what?

grades in school

example of heuristics using the grocery store

guessing which section it might be in

what are symantics

how we make sense of synonyms

what is functional fixedness?

inability to think of an object functioning only in its usual or customary way; adversely affects problem solving and creativity

what does Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale include?

includes copying geometric designs, identifying similarities, and repeating number sequences

fluid intelligence is relatively independent or dependent of education? and tends to increase or decline with age?

independent of education; tends to decline with age

what are two problem-solving techniques?

insight and incubation period

creativity and what were originally thought to be strongly linked? (and are positively correlated TO A POINT)

intelligence

creativity seems to hinge on what?

novel associations

definition of fluency

number of meaningful, relevant, and interpretable responses to a stimuli

three characteristics of creativity

originality fluency flexibility

what is the definition of insight?

sudden appearance of a relatively complete and effective solution

crystallized intelligence tends to increase or decrease with age?

tends to increase with age

what is production

test possible options using algorithms and heuristics

what is Goleman's Emotional Intelligence (EI)?

the ability to perceive, appraise, express, and regulate emotions accurately and appropriately

definition of elaboration

the amount of detail in responses

confirmation bias definition

the bias of preferring information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence

validity definition

the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

reliability definition

the degree to which a test produces similar scores each time it is used; stability or consistency of the scores produced by an instrument

what is a prototype

the example that embodies the "best" or most typical feature of a concept

what is intelligence?

the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, profit from experience, and deal effectively with the environment

traditional IQ tests may be culturally biased

they reflect white, middle-class culture, which puts others at a disadvantage if knowledge, values, and language don't match the test

what is convergent?

thinking inside the box; following existing steps

what is Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence?

three separately learned aspects of intelligence

thinking is both localized and distributed where?

throughout the brain and networks of neurons

to be considered creative, most often the end product needs to impart some what?

value

what seven primary mental abilities did Thurstone propose?

verbal comprehension, word fluency, associative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning

example of algorithm using the grocery store

walking through each and every aisle to find jelly until you find it

what theory did Albert Einstein create?

theory of relativity; he visualized theory of relativity coming to him in a dream after years of work

example of hierarchies

we learn about animals before dogs and we learn dogs before we learn bowers and poodles

when something doesn't fit the prototype, what must we do?

we must review our artificial concept

greatest differences appear between different groups or within groups?

within groups; some individuals within a group score high while others score low

temporal lobe works out the meaning of what?

works out the meaning of heard language

what can early malnutrition do to a child's brain development and therefore affects what?

it can stunt a child's physical brain development, which affects responsiveness to environment and motivation to learning, ultimately lowering IQ

creativity is a function of what three things?

knowledge imagination evaluation

what is crystallized intelligence?

knowledge and skills gained through experience and education, the ability to access that knowledge

Wernicke's area is what brain region for language?

language comprehension: they can talk perfectly fine but it doesn't make sense

frontal lobe generates language that is checked where?

language that is checked in the temporal lobe

what law did Isaac Newton create?

laws of motion

what are algorithms?

logical, step-by-step procedure that will always solve the problem eventually

example of Word Association Task

manners, round, tennis = table

who was Jacques Hadamard and what did he do/reflect on?

mathematician who reflected on the invention process he visualized images that represented solutions to problems, largely wordless process

definition of cognition

mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge

definition of concept

mental representation of a group or category

what are three barriers to problem solving?

mental set, functional fixedness, improper use of heursitcs, and confirmation bias

what is the definition of incubation period?

mentally set the problem aside for a while until the solution comes without conscious thought

which period was the section of work that established Beethoven as a compositional master?

middle period

successful professionals tended to have extraordinary what along with support from what two things/places?

motivation and high support at home and school

solving problems definition

moving from the given state (problem) to a goal state (solution)

availability heuristics example about news and crime rates

news stories about crime can lead you to believe that crime rates are rising

creativity requires what kind of associations?

non-traditional

what are three various strategies to do with creative problem solving?

-brainstorming -perspective taking -self-reflection and incubation

what are some myths about creativity?

-creativity is so mysterious that it cannot be studied -creativity stems from external sources -creativity is a gift that only a select few are blessed with -creativity is a part of madness -in order to be creative one must be abnormal

creativity function

-dynamic equation -localized within domains of knowledge -requires imagination along with expertise -need to view products as positive

what are some personality traits of creative individuals?

-open to new experiences -novelty seekers -flexible -playful -independent -curious

what are the three building blocks of language

-phonemes -morphemes -grammar

what are the five stages of the creativity process?

-preparation -incubation -intimation -illumination (ah! ha! moment) -verification (test that can make sure the idea will actually work)

how do you measure divergent thinking?

-word associations -responses to writing prompts -unusual uses for mundane items (i.e. bricks) -torrance tests of creative thinking

how many factors did Guilford propose?

120 different factors

who was Helmholtz and what did he do?

???? (this was in his notes) theoretical physicist with similar mental process, also influenced Wallas

what is the Flynn Effect?

IQ scores around the world are increasing

what test variations were some of the first ways to attempt to measure creativity?

IQ test variations

who are three people that are examples in science?

Isaac Newton, Jacques Hadamard, and Albert Einstein

Word Association Task was created by who and what year?

Kirton, 1976

what are hierarchies?

subcategories within broader concepts

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person with generally limited mental abilities exhibits exceptional skill or brilliance in some limited field (very limited social skills) (they excel in one subject)

what is a mental image?

a mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience, including visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, motor, or gustatory imagery

who is Ludwig van Beethoven

a musically creative genius

what is a mental set?

a problem-solving strategy that has worked in the past, which we continue to use rather than trying new strategies

standardization defintion

a set of uniform procedures for treating each participant in a test, interview, or experiment or for recording data

creativity definition

ability to produce original, appropriate, and valued outcomes in a novel manner

what three different periods of composing did Beethoven experience?

early middle (heroic) late

amygdala uses what kind of words?

emotionally charged words

what significantly influences whether a person will reach full potential?

environment

differences between groups are environmental or genetic?

environmental

what factors can override genetic potential?

environmental factors

what is amygdala?

fear and anger; it works with emotions

what percentage falls into the category of intellectual disabled?

fewer than 3% of this group, 85% have mild intellectual disability; may score low on some areas and average or gifted on others (may be really bad at math but good at memorization)

what are the three things related to torrance tests of creative thinking?

fluency originality elaboration

what is Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence?

people have different profiles of intelligence because they are stronger in some areas than others and use their intelligence differently

people with high IQ respond faster on what kind of tasks?

perceptual judgment tasks

Beethoven was influenced by who?

predecessors (those who came before him) such as, Mozart and Hayden most notably also Bach and Handel

what are the three steps to solving problems?

preparation production evaluation

pros and cons of heuristics

pros: shortcut cons: it won't always provide you with a solution or correct answer

what three types of building blocks develop 'concepts'?

prototype artificial concepts hierarchies

originality defintion

seeing unique or different solutions to a problem

what is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?

separate scores for verbal and performance

flexibility definition

shifting with ease from one type of problem-solving strategy to another

what are two factors of the nature of intelligence?

single factor and multiple factors

broca's area is what brain region for language?

speech generation: can't find the words they are trying to say

three types of language

spoken, written or signed

what is an example of conceptual blending?

spongebob is a sponge that doesn't look like he would talk. people create person + sponge - blending humanoid figures and combine with new concepts)

examples of confirmation bias

sports illustrated cover jinx or madden jinx

intelligence test must meet what three basic requirements?

standardization, reliability, and validity

definition of originality

statistical rarity of the responses within the test group