General Physiology
How many chromosomes are in a haploid cell?
23
How many chromosomes does a child receive from its father?
23
What is the average length of a menstrual cycle?
28 days
How many chromosomes does a zygote contain?
46
What is the gestation period in humans?
9 months
What can trigger vitamin d synthesis?
Exposure to sunlight
What are the immune cells in the epidermis called?
Langerhans cells
Which gas is crucial to all the body's cells?
Oxygen
What is the function of a valve in a vein?
To prevent reverse bloodflow
What is the name of the electrical signal in a neuron?
action potential
Adrenaline is secreted from ...
adrenal medulla
When does ovulation occur?
after the follicular phase
What causes an oxygen debt in the body?
anaerobic exercise
Which blood vessel distributes oxygenated blood to all parts body?
aorta
What is a bolus?
ball of masticated food
What shape are red blood cells?
biconcave discs
Which substance do the kidneys filter to produce urine?
blood
What is a thrombus?
blood clot
What gas is a waste product of respiration?
carbon dioxide
What fluid surrounds the brain to protect it?
cerebrospinal fluid
What substance is used to make steroid hormones?
cholesterol
How do hormones in the endocrine system move around the body?
circulatory system
What type of tissue is the main component of the dermis?
connective tissue
Which of these hormones is released in response to stress?
cortisol
In what order do nerve impulses travel through the parts of a neuron?
dendrite, soma, axon
Sweat glands are located in the ...
dermis
During periods of high hydration, urine would be_______?
diluted
What kind of signal does the cardiac pacemaker use?
electrical
Which type of signal is transmitted in a neuron?
electrical
Which layer of the skin does not contain blood vessels?
epidermis
How is waste carbon dioxide expelled from the body?
expiration
Where does fertilization occur?
fallopian tubes
What is the joining of a sperm cell and egg cell known as?
fertilization
What is the function of white blood cells?
fight off pathogens
Which reflex is adrenaline most often associated with?
fight or flight
How many chambers does the human heart have?
four
What organ produces hair?
hair follicle
What is alopecia?
hair loss
Sex cells are examples of what type of cell?
haploid cell
What is a result of improper blood flow in a coronary artery?
heart attack
What does the pulse represent?
heartbeat
Which compound in the blood carries oxygen around the body?
hemoglobin
What type of acid is found in the stomach?
hydrochloric acid
What does the pressure in the lungs do during expiration?
increases
Contraction of the diaphragm causes which action to take place?
inspiration
The scalene muscles are accessory muscles to what action?
inspiration
Why does urea need to be removed from the body?
it is toxic
What is a synapse?
junction between two neurons
What substance are nails made of?
keratin
What type of cell provides the physical barrier of the skin?
keratinocytes
Where does the absorption of water occur in the digestive system?
large intestine
What are steroid hormones made of?
lipids
Where is bile made?
liver
Where is urea produced?
liver
Where does the right ventricle in the heart pump blood to?
lungs
Which brain structure regulates the heart beat?
medulla Oblongata
What process is used to produce sex cells?
meiosis
If an egg is not fertilized, which process occurs?
menstruation
What is the basic functional role of the cerebellum?
motor activity
Which part of the body performs mastication?
mouth
What are the specialized filtering units in the kidneys called?
nephrons
What chemicals are used to communicate between synapses in the nervous system?
neurotransmitters
What type of condition is asthma?
obstructive
Where are the adrenal glands located?
on top of the kidneys
How many sperm cells are needed to fertilize an egg?
one
The wall of the intestinal villi is approximately _____ thick
one
How thick is the wall of a capillary?
one cell
Where are the female sex cells produced?
ovaries
What is a female sex cell called?
ovum
Where on the body does hair not grow?
palms of hands
What is the name of the muscular process for moving food down the esophagus?
peristalsis
Which component of blood is crucial to clotting?
platelets
The Bowmans capsule drains into which part of the nephron?
proximal convoluted tubule
What vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart?
pulmonary artery
Where does the descending colon lead to?
rectum
Which type of cell carries oxygen around the body?
red blood cells
Why is blood clotting essential?
reduce blood loss
Which blood vessels supply the kidneys with blood?
renal arteries
Filtered blood leaves the kidney via which vessel?
renal vein
What is anaerobic respiration?
respiration without oxygen
The stomach is rich in folds called ...
rugae
Sebum secreted from the ...
sebaceous gland in hair follicles
What is the function of a skin pore?
secrete sweat
Where in the gastrointestinal tract does pancreatic juice drain into?
small intestine
What is the oesophagus made of?
smooth muscle
What causes hiccups?
spasms of the diaphragm
What is a male sex cell called?
sperm
What is the production of male sex cells called?
spermatogenesis
Which bony structure protects the spinal cord from damage?
spinal column
What type of hormone is testosterone?
steroid
What kind of hormone is estrogen?
steroid hormone
What is the main purpose of respiration?
sustain life
Where is testosterone produced in the body?
testes
The glands that produce amylase are in ...
the mouth
What is one distinguishing feature of nerve impulses?
travel quickly within the body
How many kidneys does the body have?
two
What supplies the fetus with oxygen and blood?
umbilical cord
The bladder expels urine through which passage?
urethra
A fertilized egg embeds into which part of the female reproductive system?
uterus
