General Psychology

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

dissociative

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine; norepinephrine

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

evolution by natural selection

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.

evolutionary psychologists

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, "Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!" This research study suffers from an absence of ________.

falsifiability

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?

favoring women over men

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

folds; grooves

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

Parsons and her colleagues are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.

genotype; bb

The myelin sheath is made from ________.

glial cells

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

groan and move her eyes

Mescaline is considered a(n) ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?

homeostasis

_______ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

homeostasis

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?

how the age of a leader affects the productivity of the group

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell.

increase

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation in his legs and feet

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

observation of phenomena.

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________

only the right visual field

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

parasomnias

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.53

What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K-complexes?

2

Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries?

A dissertation

Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis?

A tentative explanation

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

________ (IRB) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants

Institutional Review Board

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

Inter-rater reliability

In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of this particular area of study?

It can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

It carries a much higher risk of leading to substance abuse.

________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was

Margaret Floy Washburn

Which famous female psychologist completed all of the requirements for a doctorate in psychology but was denied that degree because of her sex?

Mary Whiton Calkins

Which of the following is one of the reasons that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood

The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

developmental

Which of the following is not a part sympathetic activation during the fight or flight response?

digestion functions become more active

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnosis.

social-cognitive

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

statistical analysis

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective.

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species?

Carl Jung

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies.

Five Factor

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Francis Cecil Sumner

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of

Gestalt psychology

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures.

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Humanism

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?

Populations of developed nations are living longer.

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?

Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

A(n) ________ , also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal's rewards and punishments

Skinner box

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD.

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology?

Studying the function of behavior in the world

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.

The American Psychological Association

Which theory of dreams suggested that they do not, in fact, have any meaning at all but rather are simply the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural firing that occurs while we sleep?

The activation-synthesis model

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience

Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?

Wilhelm Wundt

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS?

above average birth weight

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?

accuracy

A(n) ________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neuron's cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of ________ wave activity in the brain.

alpha

Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads?

androgens

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

archival research; surveys

_______ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

attrition

_______ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.

beta-endorphin

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

biological

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.

biopsychologist

Which of the following brain processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

breathing

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

can sometimes be tested with animal studies

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as

case studies

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

central; peripheral nervous systems

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes; DNA

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world

circadian

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?

collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________

confirmation bias

A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship

confounding

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.

conscientiousness

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology

industrial-organizational

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.

introspection

Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.

jet lag

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content.

latent

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.

latent

One example of ________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function.

lateralization

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for emotional memories.

limbic system

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design

longitudinal

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditation

The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron.

membrane potential

Hyperpolarization means that the ________.

membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

narcolepsy

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.

narcolepsy

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of

personality

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

positron emission tomography (PET)

Dr. Singh has just completed her PhD program and is now applying for a year-long program at a nationally-recognized hospital. If accepted, she will greatly advance her knowledge of behavioral neuroscience. Dr. Singh is applying for a(n) ________ training program.

postdoctoral

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so frequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and

random sampling; random group assignment

_______ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.

range of reaction

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.

reliability

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________

replication

The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.

replication crisis

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

rodents

Psychology refers to the ________.

scientific study of the mind and behavior.

Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?

scientific theory

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?

sequential

Which of the following senses is not first routed through the thalamus?

smell

Crack is regarded as more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________

social psychology

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.

substantia nigra; dopamine

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

______ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail

surveys

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.

temperature, touch, and pain

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

the scientific method

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same effect. This is an example of

tolerance

Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors