General Psychology Ch. 5
Bernice had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseated. During the year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her feel nauseated. The chemotherapy is:
An unconditioned stimulus
Classical conditioning focuses on _____ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on _____ behavior.
Automatic; voluntary
Keith claims to feel more awake and "ready to go," within 2 minutes of his first sip of coffee in the morning. Given that it takes at least 20 minutes for caffeine to reach significant levels in one's bloodstream, it is likely that Keith is experiencing a(n) _____ response to the sight, smell, and taste of coffee.
Classically conditioned
In Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the adult model's aggressive behavior were _____ to lash out at the doll.
Much more likely
Every time six-year-old Anthony takes his brother's toys, his mother removes a sticker from his sticker chart. Anthony's mother is utilizing the operant conditioning technique known as:
Negative punishment
Nannette's daughter Rachel threw her toys across the room. Nannette gave her a 20-minute time-out during which Rachel could not play. This is an example of:
Negative punishment
Conditioning alone cannot explain why some behaviors are easier to learn than others without taking _____ into account.
evolutionary biology
Aurea ordered pizza from a national pizza chain and became very ill immediately after eating it. Years later, Aurea still feels queasy when she sees an advertisement for the pizza chain or drives by one of its establishments. In this example, the pizza establishment is the:
Conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response is called a(n):
Conditioned stimulus
Agnes has been unable to drive a motorcycle since being involved in a serious motorcycle accident. Every time she sees a motorcycle, her heart races and she begins to sweat. A person with knowledge of classical conditioning would be correct in saying that, for Agnes, the motorcycle is now a(n) _____, and the heart racing and sweating is the _____.
Conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
Myra ordered nachos from a fast food Mexican restaurant and became very ill an hour later. Years later, Myra still feels queasy when she sees an advertisement for the Mexican restaurant or drives by one of its establishments. Myra has developed a _____ of/for a particular brand of nachos.
Conditioned taste aversion
According to _____, a rat in a maze will eventually acquire _____.
Edward C. Tolman; a cognitive map of the maze
Samir always gives his cats treats before he goes to work each morning. When he is gathering the things he takes to work, his cats begin to circle around him and cry. Robert Rescorla would say this is occurring because Samir's cats have developed a(n) _____ for the treats.
Expectation
Checking one's postal mailbox is generally reinforced on a _____ schedule because the mail comes only once per day at about the same time.
Fixed interval
In Jen's experiment, a rat must push a lever to get a reward. If the rat is successful, it gets a piece of chocolate every two minutes. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?
Fixed interval
You received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail, complete with a rewards program. You read on further to find that the card may not be such a great offer after all. You can earn a $500 airline ticket only after you acquire 25,000 air miles or spend $25,000. This is a _____ schedule.
Fixed ratio
_____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus, and _____ is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have NOT been associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Generalization; discrimination
According to operant conditioning principles, which would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?
Her parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.
Gabe got stuck in an elevator in a high-rise office building one morning. Now he refuses to enter an elevator. If "entering an elevator" is the operant, what type of consequence has altered Gabe's behavior?
Positive punishment
to reduce the self-destructive behavior of a child, a therapist might squirt water in the child's face whenever he bites himself. The squirt of water is a:
Positive punishment
our-year-old Cameron notices that every time his baby brother cries, his mother picks the baby up and holds him. Cameron quickly learns that if he also cries he will get his mother to pay attention to him. Cameron's behavior resembles the choices made in the Bobo doll experiments, in that his brother's behavior is _____, and therefore Cameron is more likely to _____ it.
Reinforced; imitate
By _____ a behavior, it increases the chances that it will occur again.
Reinforcing
A discriminative stimulus is involved in:
Responding
If an animal can be trained to respond to one stimulus and not the other, you can conclude that:
Stimulus discrimination is occurring.
The ability of organisms to transfer learning of one particular stimulus to other very similar stimuli is evidence of:
Stimulus generalization
Angie's always-angry boss wears a particular type of cologne. One day, Angie was at a store when she smelled the same cologne. The smell produced a momentary feeling of uneasiness. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is:
The boss
Neta is training her dog, Panda, to bark when there is a knock on the door. She already knows that squeaking a mouse toy will make Panda bark. So, she decides to squeak the mouse and knock on the door at the same time to condition Panda to bark. What is the conditioned stimulus in this case?
The knock on the door
Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what you know about observational learning, which would you recommend to her?
Tina should play her own musical instrument.
In Pavlov's famous dog experiments, the dogs learned to salivate at the mere sound of a metronome ticking. However, prior to conditioning, the food in the dog's mouth is what caused the salivation, or the:
Unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US). One example is salivation when food is in the mouth.
Unconditioned response
Which statement about the Little Albert study is FALSE?
Watson's methods are in compliance with today's ethical standards in the treatment of human participants.
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:
conditioned response (CR)
When Juanita gets paid, she uses her money to buy food to feed her family. For Juanita, money is a _____ reinforcer and food is a _____ reinforcer.
conditioned; primary
Baby Kate has learned that every time she cries her mother picks her up. Although only 6 months old, Kate has already successfully applied a basic learning principle called:
conditioning
The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings?
correlation does not prove causation
With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____.
every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs
Lauren spent the first week of the semester exploring the campus. Later, she had no trouble locating the library, although she had never been there before. According to Tolman, Lauren:
formed a cognitive map.
Justin has trained his beagle to come when called and to walk next to him without a leash. One day while walking in a park, his beagle sees a rabbit and takes off and would not come when called. This misbehavior by Justin's dog supports the idea that Justin's beagle:
has a biological predisposition to chase rabbits and other small rodents
If a person learns a statistical technique but does not use it for two semesters, and then successfully uses it, that person may have demonstrated:
latent learning
After experiencing prolonged and seemingly inescapable physical abuse from her husband, Kayla became increasingly depressed and hopelessly resigned to her situation. Her reaction BEST illustrates:
learned helplessness
The Brelands used operant conditioning to train animals to perform various types of behaviors. A problem they encountered led them to conclude that sometimes an animal's _____ behavior patterns, even though not reinforced, can _____ the learning of arbitrary responses.
natural; interfere with
According to the _____ model developed by _____, behavior is shaped and maintained by its environmental consequences.
operant conditioning; B. F. Skinner
Cats love to chase the light produced by laser pointers. Some people may believe that this behavior shows how dumb cats are but, in reality, it supports the idea of cats' biological _____ to chase moving objects.
predisposition
Based on Bandura's observational learning paradigm, the nonprofit group Population Communications International has developed "entertainment-education programs" designed to model better attitudes and behavior for youngsters. These highly popular dramas are NOT designed to help the viewer
reduce the likelihood of carrying out the behavior being modeled.
According to the concept of _____, stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus also elicit the conditioned response, even though they have never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
stimulus generalization
Little Albert developed a fear of a _____ because it was paired with a(n) _____.
white rat; loud noise
