General Psychology Test III
42 Motivation
internal processes that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate activities
52 Conditions of worth
internal standards used to judge the value of one's thoughts, actions, feelings, or experiences
50 Unstructured interview
interview in which conversation is informal and topics are taken up freely as they arise
50 Structured interview
interview that follows a prearranged plan, usually a series of planned questions
Theories of Emotion James-Lange -arousal & behavior precede emotion. Cannon-Bard -simultaneous & "independent" arousal & emotion
Schacter & Singer -Two-factor theory. The "experiment" Arousal & label precede emotion.Mislabeling arousal - The bridge.Skipping cognition - The amygdala
Online What all mnemonic devices have in common is that they provide a system or strategy for retrieving information later. This is why they help memory performance.
The basic idea of task-appropriate processing is that memory benefits from a good match between the type of processing and the type of testing. If you are going to be quizzed, you benefit by quizzing yourself.
34 Hippocampus
brain structure associated with emotion and the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory
32 Echoic memory
brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard.
54 Evaluation fears
fears of being inadequate, embarrassed, ridiculed, or rejected
53 Identification
feeling emotionally connected to a person and seeing oneself as like him or her
54 Social anxiety
feeling of apprehension in the presence of others
33 Tip-of-the-tongue TOT state
feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable
42 Basic needs
first four levels of needs in Maslow's hierarchy; lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs.
32 Sensory memory
first, normally unconscious, stage of memory, which holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less
53 Trait-situation interaction
influence that external settings or circumstances have on the expression of personality traits
32 Information chunks
information bits grouped into larger units
34 Anterograde amnesia
loss of the ability to form or retrieve memories for events that occur after an injury or trauma
42 Mood
low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state
44 Kinesics
study of the meaning of body movements, posture, hand gestures and facial expressions, body language
50 Personality type
style of personality defined by a group of related traits
52 Peak experiences
temporary moments of self-actualization
34 Interference
tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories
34 Retroactive interference
tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories
34 Proactive interference
tendency for old memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memories.
54 Shyness
tendency to avoid others, plus uneasiness and strain when socializing
50 Halo effect
tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable particular impression to unrelated details of personality
33 Serial position effect
tendency to make the most errors in remembering the middle items of an ordered list
50 Self-esteem
regarding oneself as a worthwhile person - positive evaluation of oneself
32 Maintenance rehearsal
silently repeating or mentally reviewing information to hold it in short-term memory.
50 Situational test
simulating real-life conditions so that a person's reactions may be directly observed
53 Psychological situation
situation as it is perceived and interpreted by an individual, not as it exists objectively
53 Critical situations
situations during childhood that are capable of leaving a lasting imprint on personality
32.7 elaborative processing is often responsible for creating false memories
skill memory synonym procedural memory
32.9 sensory memories / filmmakers without sensory memory, a movie would look like a series of still pictures.
split-second persistence of visual images helps blend one motion-picture frame into the next
50 Personality trait
stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations
42 Incentive value
value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need
51 Surface traits
visible or observable traits of one's personality
52 Self-image
total subjective perception of one's body and personality -self-concept
51 Secondary traits
traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial
52 Human nature
traits, qualities, potentials, and behavior patterns most characteristic of the human species
51 Cardinal trait
personality trait so basic that all of a person's activities relate to it
51 Trait theories
personality traits more basic or important than others?
51 Common trait
personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular culture
34 2.1 it takes time to consolidate memories in the hippocampus - until consolidated LTM memories are easily destroyed resulting in retrograde amnesia
2.2 intensely emotional experiences can result in flashbulb memories 2.3 after consolidated, they appear to be stored in the cortex of the brain
42 Sum 1.6 circadian rhythms of body activity are closely tied to sleep, activity, and energy cycles. time zone travel & shift work can seriously disrupt sleep & body rhyms
2.1 Maslow's hierarchy of motives categorizes needs as either basic or growth oriented. lower needs assumed to be prepotent -dominant over higher needs. self-actualization -highest and most fragile is reflected in meta-needs
32 2.1 short-term memories are brief; however, they can be prolonged by maintenance rehearsal
2.2 transferring info to ltm, rote rehearsal is less effective than elaborative processing
32 1.3 Sensory memories are encoded as iconic memories or ethoic memories
1.4 selective attention determines what info moves from sensory memory, which is exact but very brief, on to stm
42 Sum 1.4 three principle types of motives are biological, stimulus, and learned motives
1.5 Biological motives operate to maintain homeostasis
32 1.5 short-term memories tend to be encoded by sound and are sensitive to interruption, or displacement
1.6 long-term memories are encoded by meaning
34 1.5 Much forgetting in LTM is caused by interference. retroactive interference, new learning interferes with the ability to retrieve earlier learning. proactive interference occurs when old learning interferes with the retrieval of new learning.
1.6 memories can be consciously suppressed and they may be unconsciously repressed
Online The most critical physiological factor controlling hunger is the level of blood sugar.
Push is to pull as __________ is to __________. need; goal
43
...
Online Gorging on food and then vomiting or taking laxatives to avoid gaining weight is called bulimia nervosa.
...
Quiz 3 Research on the "Big 5" personality traits shows which factor has the least influence on our personality? shared family experience
.According to Freud, one way developmental stages contribute to adult personality development is through the process of fixation
Quiz 2 The connection between facial expression and primary emotions is supported by studies of people from a variety of cultures. facial expressions of basic emotions being present in young children, both blind & sighted.
.Stimulus motives are motives appear to be innate, but are not necessary for survival.
51 Individual traits
personality traits that define a person's unique individual qualities
33.1 Summary How is memory measured?
1.1 tip-of-the-tongue state shows that memory is not an all-or-nothing event. Memories may be revealed by recall, recognition, relearning, or priming.
42 Summary 1.1 Motives initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate activities. typically involves the sequence: need, drive, goal, and goal attainment -need reduction
1.2 Behavior can be activated either by needs -push or by goals -pull 1.3 attractiveness of a goal and its ability to initiate action are related to incentive value
34 Sum 1.1 Forgetting is most rapid immediately after learning
1.2 Failure to encode info is a common cause of forgetting
32 Sum Memory 1.1 Memory is an active system that encodes, stores, and retrieves info
1.2Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory includes three stages of memory - sensory, short-term, and long-term or working that hold info for increasingly long periods
33 Sum 1.2 Recall, memories are retrieved without explicit cues, as in an essay exam. recall of listed info often reveals a serial position effect.
1.3 common test of recognition is the multiple-choice question. 1.4 relearning, material that seems to be forgotten is learned again, and memory is revealed by a savings score.
34 Sum 1.3 forgetting in sensory memory and STM is due to a failure of storage through a weakening -decay of memory traces. STM forgetting also occurs through displacement. decay of memory traces due to disuse also also may explain some LTM loses.
1.4 failures of retrieval occur when info that resides in memory is nevertheless not retrieved. lack of retrieval cues can produce retrieval failure. state-dependent learning is related to the effects of retrieval cues.
42 Sum 2.2 Meta-needs closely related to intrinsic motivation. at times external rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation, enjoyment, and creativity
3.1 an emotion consists of physiological changes, adaptive behavior, emotional expressions, and emotional feelings
32 2.3 stm has a capacity of about five to seven bits of information, but this limit can be extended by chunking
3.1 long-term memories are relatively permanent. ltm seems to have an almost unlimited storage capacity
32 3.2 elaborative processing can have the effect of altering memories. remembering is an active process. our memories are frequently lost, altered, revised, or distorted.
3.3 ltm is highly organized. the structure of memory networks is the subject of current research
32 3.4 redintegration, memories are reconstructed as one bit of information leads to others, which then serve as cues for further recall
3.5 ltm contains procedural skill and declarative fact memories. declarative memories can bee semantic or episodic
33.2 Essay tests require recall of facts or ideas 33.3 a measure of memory, a savings score is associated with relearning
33.4 two most sensitive tests of memory are recognition and relearning 33.5 priming is used to reveal implicit memories
34.2 when memories are available but not accessible, forgetting may be cue dependent
34.3 when learning one thing makes it more difficult to recall another forgetting may be caused by interference
34.5 if you consciously succeed at putting a painful memory out of mind, you have used suppression
34.6 retrograde amnesia results when consolidation is not sped up
42 Sum 3.2 basic emotions of anticipation, joy, trust -acceptance, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, and anger can be mixed to produce more complex emotional experiences
42 questions 1. Motives initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate activities
42.2 Needs provide the push of motivation, whereas incentives provide the pull
42.4 desirable goals are motivating because they are high in incentive value 42.5 meta-needs are the highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of motives
42.6 intrinsic motivation is often undermined in situations in which obvious external rewards are applied to a naturally enjoyable activity
42.7 emotional expressions often communicate a person's emotional state to others
Online If a food causes sickness, or simply precedes sickness caused by something else, a learned __________ may result. taste aversion
A competitive diver approaches the end of the board with rapidly beating heart and a dry mouth, a result of increased adrenaline.
Online The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how," to do things. Procedural Memory
A fast-decaying store of auditory information. Echoic Memory
Online The place in which sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less.Sensory Memory Store
A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world. Semantic memory
Online A circadian rhythm refers to a cycle of bodily activity approximately 24 hours in length.
A part of the nervous system that prepares the body for emergencies is the __________ division. sympathetic
Online Which of the following is the correct sequence for the motivational process? need - drive - behavioral response
A person got very sick after eating a cheese danish. It is likely that the person will never eat another cheese danish.
53 Habit
deeply ingrained, learned pattern of behavior
Online The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for restoring the body and conserving energy is the parasympathetic division.
Electrically stimulating the lateral hypothalamus will cause a rat to start eating
Online Which theory claims that emotions are organized in the brain and that emotional feelings and bodily expressions occur simultaneously? the Cannon-Bard theory both hemispheres.
After an animal is allowed to copulate until it has no further interest, it will resume sexual activity when a new partner is provided. This is called the Coolidge effect.
Memory Processes
Encoding -getting in -A number of factors affect; Examples:Spaced vs. massed practice e.g., 4 2-hour blocks vs. one 8-hour period Organization & Elaboration e.g., self-reference, survival
42 Hierarchy of human needs
Abraham Maslow's ordering of needs, based on their presumed strength or potency
Online In both males and females, pupil size is related to attractiveness to others.
According to Maslow's theory, the basic needs include physiological needs, safety, and security.
Quiz 3 For the Rorschach and TAT, they assume responses reflect the individual's personality. involve the use of ambiguous stimuli.
According to Rogers, a person who experienced discrepancies between aspects of his- or herself would likely experience emotional problems.
Quiz 2 Plutchik and other theorists describe complex emotions such as abandonment, shame, love, or jealousy as a result of a combination several primary emotions.
According to psychologists who support the facial feedback hypothesis of emotion, if you want to be happy, you should smile
Online People from different cultures can recognize which facial expressions? disgust
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the thalamus plays a central role in producing emotions.
Quiz 3 According to Freud, unconscious material is what you cannot remember.
According to trait theorists, particularly those who reference the "Big 5," personality is set early adulthood, around age 30
Online One of the most basic characteristics of our memory is the ability to forget, which is considered to be this type of function.
Adaptive function Forgetting is essential for our brain as it helps us to continually update our memories and thus respond adequately to the current situation.
Quiz 2 Which theory claims that behavior and arousal proceed emotional feelings, one's subjective/private state? James-Lange theory
At the top of Maslow's hierarchy of motives is self-actualization
Online Enhanced neural processing that result from the strengthening of synaptic connections.
Encoding Specificity Principle
Motivation Questions: What motivates you? How do you know one's motivated? Definition?
An inferred internal process that activates, guides, and maintains behavior
43 Androgen
Any of a number of male sex hormones, especially testosterone
Online The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it. Rehearsal
Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source. Memory Misattribution
Example of both explicit, implicit , and saving scores Child's father reads Greek to son between ages of 18 & 36 months
At age 8, son taught Greek but he son could not remember being read Greek to at early age--no explicit memory Son learned the passages he heard earlier faster—a saving score measure that showed the existence of implicit memory
Quiz 1 Depth of processing explanations of differences in long-term and short-term suggest the differences are due to differences in elaboration and processing
Encoding explanations of forgetting suggest we forget because info never got in there
Trait Theory Scientific/statistical approach to understanding personality
Based upon "words" used to describe people—what basic descriptors/dimensions exist Describes but does not explain
Behaviorism - Skinner - Bandura Emphasizes overt behavior not the "black box;" S>R>S -ABC model. Personality- collection of learned behavior patterns
Behavior determined by environmental context & consequence -no free will/choice-Critical learning situations, identification, & modeling form "personality"
Freud Psycho Focus on internal processes that are unconscious Early stages of development determine personality
Behavior driven by instincts: Life (libido) Death
Quiz 2 When trying to understand motivation, the idea of "incentive" or "incentive value" is most similar to expectancy
Biological/primary motives are unlearned and necessary for survival
Emotion Linked to many adaptive behaviors, form of communication
Components Physiological arousal Expressive/Behavioral Subjective, internal "feeling"
33 Sum 1.5 recall, recognition, and relearning mainly measure explicit memories, other techniques such as priming -reveal implicit memories
Questions 33.1 Four techniques for measuring or demonstrating memory are recall, recognition, relearning, priming
Freud Psycho Levels of awareness / consciousness
Consciousness - what you are aware of. Preconscious - what you are not thinking about but can. Unconscious - portion of the mind to which we have no access
32 Encoding
Converting information into a form in which it will be retained in memory.
Quiz 3 Temperament is evident at an early age
Criticism(s) of Freud ideas include difficult to prove scientifically.
Freud Psycho additional Defense mechanisms. Ways we distort or deny reality. Keep conflicts/unpleasant thoughts unconscious Methods used to mental disorders
Criticisms Not scientifically provable.Overemphasis on sex & aggression.Importance of life-long development. Gender development
Online Which is TRUE regarding the influence of cultural values on eating behaviors? They determine a person's set point for various foods.
Cutting sensory nerves from the stomach, or removing it entirely, causes some changes in eating, but hunger still occurs.
Personality Theory One's unique & relatively stable "behavioral" patterns
Implicit personality theory - your idea about personality that organizes social information
Humanistic - Rogers - Maslow Emphasizes subjective experiences.Driven to self-actualize -a positive view of humanity
Importance of self -directs behavior- we have free will Health -Rogers: Congruence among "selves" self-concept, "real," ideal
Online Typically, how many random items can human short-term memory store? The average number of items human brain can store is about 6-8. They remain there for up to 30 seconds
Déjà Vu, the French for "seen before designates sensations that a new place or situation has been seen or experienced before. One possible explanation of the phenomenon is that certain details of the current situation unconsciously trigger some earlier experiences and create the eerie sense of familiarity.
Freud Psych0 Personality Development Trying to explain both normal and abnormal personality Go through psychosexual stages
Erogenous zones -id/ego & fixation Oral "orally fixated" Anal "anal retentive" Phallic - Oedipal Complex, castration anxiety Latency -School age Genital-Puberty
The BIG Five Wide acceptance of the Big 5 model We all differ regarding "amount" of each trait
Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness to experience--OCEAN
Quiz 1The forgetting curve i.e., curve of forgetting shows we have rapid then level off
Flashbulb memories occur during times of personal significance
Quiz 3 The idea of the trait-situation interaction is that the expression of a trait depends upon context or specific environment
For the latter part of his life, Freud's asserted there was/were ________ basic instinct(s) -- ______. two / death & life
LTM types Several models regarding types.Declarative Semantic, Episodic-Autobiographical. Procedural How to. H.M. (hippocampus) had it - tower of Hanoi
Forgetting Decay & disuse Missing cues - state-dependent learning. Interference-Retroactive & Proactive Repression & suppression
Trait Theory Trait-Situation interaction - environment affects expression of trait Neutral description of humanity
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory First comprehensive & most influential theory First pub.: 1895 Last: 1940, 1 yr after death
52 psychoanalytic theory
Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts
32 Storage
Holding information in memory for later use.
33 Measuring Memory
How is memory measured
Conceptualizations - Need - Drive Deficiencies energize behavior.Homeostasis—maintain balance.Set-point & thermostat analogy
Hypothalamus - several "centers" e.g., 4 F's Basic model: Need > Drive > Response > Goal -Incentive value
Freud psycho Personality structure Have competing "goals & different characteristics:
Id: biological: pleasure principle & primary process thinking Ego: psychological: reality principle & secondary process thinking Superego: Sociological/Cultural: "excessive" morals & rules
Online If an overweight adult was overfed as a child, as an adult he or she will have __________ fat cells. more and larger
If you saw George with his pupils dilated (enlarged), you would most likely assume that he was happy.
Online Which of the following can alter the body's set point? over feeding in childhood
If your body is dehydrated, but you are not thirsty, we would say that you have a need but not a drive.
Online The satiety system is to the feeding system as the __________ hypothalamus is to the __________ hypothalamus. ventromedial; lateral
In an early experiment by Cannon and Washburn, Washburn swallowed a balloon so that they could measure hunger. Their conclusion was that the balloon recorded hunger pangs or contractions.
Online The polygraph's most common error is to identify as guilty persons who are innocent.
In hunger, a set point is related to the proportion of body fat your body normally maintains.
Conceptualizations - Need - Drive
Incentive or Expectancy Theory:Expectations energize behavior.Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation
Conceptualizations -theories -instincts Popular in early 1900s; Freud, others Circular in nature
Innate (inborn) behaviors that universal, independent of experience, and elicited by specific conditions
Quiz 2 Central i.e., the first step in contemporary models of emotions is appraisal
Intrinsic motivation occurs when there are NO obvious external rewards for one's behavior
Motivation Types Primary-e.g., hunger, thirst, sex Stimulus -e.g., curiosity, physical contact Arousal & performance - the Yerkes-Dodson Law -the inverted U Secondary -e.g., power, affiliation, achievement
Maslow - Human Basic vs. growth needs. Lower needs must be met before higher needs drive behavior.Few people are primarily motivated by meta-needs. Popular but minimal scientific support
42 Meta-needs
Maslow's hierarchy, needs associated with impulses for self-actualization
Online Nearly everybody has experienced the "tip-of-the-tongue" situation when one is eagerly trying to think of a relatively familiar fact, name or word and is just about to recall it, but it constantly eludes him. What is the explanation of this strange experience?
It is common in this kind of situation that another related word comes to our mind but not the one desired. It is exactly this word that gets in the way and blocks the retrieval of the one we want.
Online Stimulus motives are innate but not necessary for survival.
Kinesics refers to the study of body language.
34 2.4 Lasting memories are recorded by changes in the activity, structure, and chemistry of nerve cells as well as how they interconnect
Know 34.1 which explanations seem to account for the loss of short-term memories - decay and displacement
Short-term Duration: short-lived but as long a active. Capacity: 7 +/- 2 but chunking & word length, familiarity, phonological similarity.Serial position effect - primacy & recency
Long term Relatively permanent.Large capacity but selective.Depth-of-processing elaborative rehearsal Appearance, rhymes with, fits in sentence - encoding! Organized -schemas, association, & activation
Online Scientists differentiate what three basic types of memory, based on the duration of memory retention?Sensory memory is the initial, momentary perceiving and recording of information, generated by a certain sensation.
Memories in the sensory memory last from milliseconds to seconds and may then pass to the second level of information storage - the short-term memory, where the duration of memory retention varies from seconds to minutes. Finally, the most significant memories pass to the long-term memory and may be kept there for a period from a few days to years.
Processes cont... Retrieval getting out. Primary reason for forgetting?
Memory Sys Encoding into a storable/retrievable format is selective
Online A "chunk" as George Miller used the term is any organized whole in memory. It could be a letter, a word, even a short sentence, treated as a single "item" in primary memory storage.
Most procedures involve "programs" which must be executed in a certain order and could be described as "routines."
42 Motivation and emotions what is motivation, and are there different types of motives?
are some motives more basic than others? what happens during emotion?
32 Source confusion -in memory
Occurs when the origins of a memory are misremembered
Quiz 1 partial memory tip-of the tongue state "feeling of knowing" déjà vu
Once explanation for false memories that has implications for police work source confusion
50 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory-2 MMPI-2
One of the best known and most widely used objective personality questionaires
Online At the top of Maslow's hierarchy of motives are self-actualization.
People who have had their stomachs surgically removed still experience hunger
Online Procedural Memory, a category of the long-term memory, refers to which of these basic human abilities?
Procedural Memory is what helps us master skills and abilities. Examples of procedural memory are swimming, dancing, playing different games, drawing.
32 Retrieval
Recovering information from storage in memory.
Online Typically a route through a complex environment requires a series of decisions which are made in the same sequence each time. That is serial (sequential) learning.
Rehearsal is very much like hearing a voice in your head. Often rehearsal is described as "saying something to oneself."
Online The maintenance of steady states of temperature and blood pressure are examples of homeostasis.
Researchers are certain that facial expressions of __________ are recognized by people of all cultures, but they are not so certain that facial expressions of __________ are universal. sadness; surprise
A Model of Motivational Activities Model of how motivated activities work Need: Internal deficiency; causes.Drive: Energized motivational state e.g., hunger, thirst; activates a...
Response: Action or series of actions designed to attain a... Goal: Target of motivated behavior Incentive Value: Goal's appeal beyond its ability to fill a need
Interference Retroactive Proactive
Retro: First Second Test First Pro: First Second Test Second
Projective testing - to get to unconscious.Response to ambiguous stimulus reveals-unconscious personality information
Rorschach - inkblot test - "what might this be"Thematic Apperception Test TAT -write a story about picture of people
Memory Measurement Cued- or Free-Recall -Answer not present-Examples:Write down all the learning terminology your remember?All the operant learning terminology? Recognition-Must identify among distractors
Savings score -relearning-more efficient learning as a result of previous exposure. Explicit -can directly access & Implicit -those that affect behavior but cannot be accessed
42, 43, 44 Study Guide Motivation & Emotion Major concepts: Characteristics of basic emotions & facial expression research to support; historical and contemporary models of emotion
Secondary concepts: Motivation terminology - instinct, drive, incentive value. types of motives, Yerkes-Dodson law; Maslow's theory; intrinsic & extrinsic motivation; circadian rhythms, set point, parasympathetic rebound
32, 33, 34 Study Guide Memory Major concepts: Three stage model of memory & stage characteristics -capacity, duration; schemas; forgetting encoding & retrieval explanations
Secondary concepts: Types of long-term memory, flashbulb memories, measuring memory, tip-of-the-tongue state, serial position effect primacy & recency effects priming
Online Which of the following is a primary motive?thirst
Secondary motives are needs that are learned, such as the needs for power or for achievement.
Quiz 1 The fact that I have more memories of my childhood when I am home visiting family & friends compared to when I am at my current home in a different city would be explained best by which theory of forgetting? Missing cues
Semantic knowledge i.e., memory is exemplified by ? knowing when freud was born
Sensory Memory Temporary storage buffer.Initial awareness.One for each sensory capacity e.g., iconic, echoic memories.Large capacity but short duration
Short-term Select through attending.Current: working memory-hold and manipulate information; our awareness.Characteristics: Class example/exercise
Emotion theories Facial feedback -- Movement processed & type of emotion determined
Similar to James-Lange pattern Pencil & cartoons research
34 Memory traces
physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that take place when memories are stored
Big 5 Supported by research: Replicated in other cultures--see same dimensions
Stability--changeable but stability, especially after age 30 Genetics--traits are partly inherited
Quiz 1 Priming often is used to the existence of ____________. implicit memories
State dependent learning is associated with which explanation of forgetting? missing cues / cue dependent
Online Motivation is the process of initiating, __________, and directing activities of the organism sustaining
Stimulus motives differ from primary motives in that they appear to be innate, but are not necessary for survival.
Memory Processes
Storage keeping How we do this is unclear—what is the engram i.e., memory trace Organized e.g., semantic network model;word associations
Online Which of the following is an assumption of arousal theory? Optimal levels of arousal exist for various activities.
The __________ describes the relationship between arousal level, task difficulty, and efficiency of performance.Yerkes-Dodson Law
Online A fast-decaying store of visual information. Iconic Memory Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events. Flashbulb Memories
The act of categorizing information by noticing the relationships among a series of items.Organizational Encoding
Online Taste aversions are a type of classical conditioning, and if there is a long delay between the CS and US, conditioning is usually prevented. The fact that people and animals can develop taste aversions even though sickness occurs long after eating indicates that there is a biological tendency to associate sickness with any food eaten earlier.
The chief antidote for test anxiety is overpreparation.
Online The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences.Explicit Memory
The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place. Implicit Memory
Quiz 2 The relationship between the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system can be described as The parasympathetic system reverses the responses stimulated by the sympathetic system.
The components of emotion are emotional feelings, physiological changes, and behavioral expressions.
Quiz 2 The cognitive theory of emotion e.g., Schacter & Singer emphasizes the combined effects of physiological arousal and emotional labels.
The concept of homeostasis is closest to the idea of maintaining balance
Online Unlearned biological motives necessary for survival are termed primary motives
The employees at a factory were excellent workers until a week before Christmas when a rumor spread that economic conditions would force the plant to close in four days. The quality and quantity of work took a down turn as the workers spent time discussing among themselves the plausibility of the rumor and what they would do if it were true. Maslow would say that these workers were motivated by safety and security.
Quiz 2 The Yerkes-Dodson Law explains the relationship between arousal, performance, task complexity
The experiments in the text that showed people may misattribution emotion included looking at pictures and listening to a heartbeat. being interviewed on a suspension bridge.
Quiz 3 According to the behaviorist view personality is determined by the environment. personality is simply a collection of learned responses
The first stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development is _______, which ends around age ___? oral / 1
Online When a polygraph operator asks a subject, "Have you ever lied to your parents?" he or she is using a control question.
The hypothalamus has __________ hunger center(s). the most direct control over
Online External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind. Retrieval Cue
The idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific reminder when it helps way in which information was initially encoded. Encoding Specificity Principle
Online The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.Suggestibility
The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store. Encoding Specificity Principle
Online The ability to store and retrieve information over time. Memory
The influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them. Explicit Memory
Online The body structure most closely associated with thirst is the hypothalamus.
The inverted-U function describes the relationship between arousal and performance.
Online Extrinsic motivation stems from obvious external factors.
The most appropriate name for the polygraph is arousal recorder.
Quiz 1 Which person is associated with memory research? Ebbinghaus
The most sensitive measure(s) of memory are ______. recognition and relearning
Online Intrinsic motivation occurs when there is no obvious external reward for one's behavior.
The most universally recognized facial expression is smiling.
Online Life-threatening weight loss due to self-inflicted starvation is called anorexia nervosa.
The need for achievement is defined as the desire to meet internalized standards of excellence.is defined as the desire to meet internalized standards of excellence.
Online If the ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed, a rat will eat until it becomes obese.
The polygraph or "lie detector" primarily measures which component of emotion? physiological arousal
Online A fast-decaying store of visual information.Iconic Memory
The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures.Visual Imagery Encoding
To which of these essential human abilities is memory closely related?
The proper functioning of memory is vital to practically all of our daily activities. Without the ability to access past experiences or information, we would be living an inconsistent and perplexed life, which would be nothing more than a series of disconnected momentary experiences.
Online Which of the following statements about the sex drive is TRUE?Normal male animals are always ready to mate
The question, "Did you rob the liquor store?" asked during the administration of a lie detector test, is a(n) __________ question.relevant
Online Which theory holds that we are afraid because we run or are angry because we strike? attribution
The question, "Is your address (person's address)?" asked during the administration of a lie detector test, is a(n) __________ question. irrelevant
Quiz 2 Polygraphs i.e., lie detectors tests are based upon what component of emotion? autonomic nervous system arousal
The satiety i.e., "I'm full" and feeding systems, as well as other brain centers i.e., dense clusters of interdependent neurons that affect behavior necessary for survival e.g., thirst, sex, are located in the hypothalamus
Mem sys Atkinson & Schiffrin (1968) model not grounded in physiology
Three systems: Sensory Short-term Long-term
Online Which of the following is a characteristic of bulimia nervosa? Vomiting, laxatives, or diuretics are used to lose weight.
Unlike other drives, pain is characterized by avoidance rather than positive goal-seeking
32 Memory Systems How does memory work?
What are the features of short-term memory? What are the features of long-term memory?
How important is the unconscious in influencing behavior? Which is more important, one's traits or the situation in determining behavior?
When are the central elements of one's personality basically set? What is the relative contribution to personality, one's genes or the environment, that is, which is more important?
Summary Questions What is personality? What determines behavior?
When is personality set? ANSWERS DEPEND UPON OREINTATION!!!
Quiz 1 Which is an example of motivated forgetting? suppression
Which brain structure is associated with the consolidation of memories? hippocampus
Online At the highest levels of arousal, the individual becomes emotional, frenzied, and disorganized.
Which is a cause of anorexia? perfectionism
Quiz 1 Memories of historical facts are to ____________ memory; as memories of you breakfast this morning are to ___________ memory semantic and episodic
Which memory system has the largest capacity? long-term memory
Quiz 3 Which is FALSE about the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)? it is classified as a projective personality test.
Which of following would be a contribution of Freud's theory? providing a basis to treat psychological disorders.
Online What is the correct order of needs in Maslow's hierarchy? physiological; safety; love and belonging; esteem; self-actualization
Which of the following is a secondary motive? the desire for money
Online Moods are subtle emotional undercurrents.
Which of the following statements about the sex drive is TRUE? The influence of hormones decreases as we ascend the biological scale
Online People with weight problems are more likely to eat when experiencing the emotion of anxiety.anger.sadness.
Which of the following statements about the sex drive is TRUE?The sex drive in humans can be aroused at virtually any time by almost anything.
Quiz 3 Behaviorist would explain the development of gender identity and associated behaviors as being due to imitation and identification
Which of the following theories of personality are NOT considered deterministic i.e., no free will or choice? Humanistic - Rogers
Quiz 3 Which are components of the definition of personality reviewed in the text & class? uniqueness, stability
Which personality theory suggests we are motivated by the drive to be the best we can be? Humanistic
Online Sensory distortions and disturbed thinking reported by people who have undergone sensory deprivation support the __________ theory of motivation. arousal
Which theory of emotion holds the view that bodily changes PRECEDE emotion and that we experience an emotion AFTER our body reacts? the James-Lange theory
Quiz 1 According to the serial position effect, if I am presented a list of words, the ones that I am most likely to remember are those at the End
Which type of memory would be most similar to conscious awareness short-term memory
42 Goal
target or objective of motivated behavior
Quiz 1 Which stage of memory has the smallest capacity? short-term
Working memory is often used to refer to short-term memory
Online Buford complains that he can play his tuba beautifully at home, but each time he tries to play at the local talent show he sounds like a bull elk in rutting season. His problem is explained by the Yerkes-Dodson Law.
You and a friend play three hours of racquetball. Afterwards, you are most likely to prefer a slightly salty liquid.
Online If the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, a rat will refuse to eat until force fed.
You are feeling a lot of fear, the brain site most likely involved is the amygdala
52 Possible selves
a collection of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and images concerning the person one could become
34 Suppression
a conscious effort to put something out of mind or to keep it from awareness
43 Hypothalamus
a small area at the base of the brain that regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, especially hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
42 Emotion
a state characterized by physiological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, postures and subjective feelings
43 Yerkes-Dodson law
a summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance
50 Validity
ability of a test to measure what it purports to measure
50 Reliability
ability of a test to yield nearly the same score each time it is given to the same person
52 Free will
ability to freely make choices that are not controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces
42 Basic emotions
according to Robert Plutchik's theory, the most fundamental emotions are fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance
42 Adaptive behaviors
actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions
32 Memory
active mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering, and retrieving information.
43 Anorexia nervosa
active self-starvation or a sustained loss of appetite that has psychological origins
42 Physiological changes in emotion
alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary respnses
33 Recognition
an ability to correctly identify previously learned info
43 Taste aversion
an active dislike for a particular food
53 Imitation
an attempt to match one's own behavior to another person"s behavior
53 Social learning theory
an explanation of personality that combines learning principles, cognition, and the effects of social relationships
52 Ideal self
an idealized image of oneself - the person one would like to be
42 Need
an internal deficiency that may energize behavior
32 Working memory
another name for short-term memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem solving.
53 Expectancy
anticipation about the effect a response will have especially regarding reinforcement
42 Response
any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behavior
53 Behavioral personality theory
any model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behavior
43 Estrogen
any of a number of female sex hormones, especially testosterone
52 Humanism
approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals
50 Direct observation
assessing behavior through direct surveillance
43 Arousal theory
assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal
43 Estrus
changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating; particularly used to refer to females in heat
50, 51, 52, 53, 54 Study Guide Personality Major concepts: Freud's theory & related terminology use notes as guidecontributions, & criticisms
basic assumptions and implications e.g., human nature, free will of other approaches to personality
Terminology of traits differs among theorists central traits - core traits that characterize a person source traits
basic underlying trait that is reflected by surface traits observable behavior Traits can be used to describe personality types—healthy & unhealthy
51 Source traits - factors
basic underlying traits, or dimensions of personality, each source trait is reflected in a number of surface traits
53 Behavioral and social learning theories
behaviorists and social learning theorists approach to personality ? heredity and environment affect personality
53 self-efficacy
belief in your capacity to produce a desired result
34 Memory decay
fading or weakening of memories assumed to occur when memory traces become weaker
50, 51, 52, 53, 54 Study Guide Personality Secondary concepts: Temperament, self-concept & self-esteem, self-efficacy, Roger's theory e.g., the self, incongruence, conditions of worth,
central & source traits, the "Big 5;" MMPI, Rorschach & TAT; traitsituation interaction, identification & imitation
52 Self
continuously evolving conception of one's personal identity
51 Central traits
core traits that characterize an individual personality
42 Circadian rhythms
cyclical changes in body functions and arousal levels that vary on a schedule approximating a 24hr day
44 Polygraph
device for recording heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response - lie detector
54 Self-defeating bias
distortion of thinking that impairs behavior
34 Flashbulb memory
especially vivid memory created at a time of high emotion
44 Emotional appraisal
evaluating the personal meaning of a stimulus or situation
43 Bulimia nervosa
excessive eating -gorging usually followed by self-induced vomiting and or taking laxatives
53 Situational determinants
external conditions that strongly influence behavior
50 Interview -personality
face to face meeting held for the purpose of gaining info about an individual's personal history, personality traits, current psy state, and so forth
44 Motivation & Emotion Physiological changes underlie emotion and lie detectors
facial emotions & body language emotions explained
33 Priming
facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories
34 Encoding failure
failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory
51 Trait profile
graph of the scores obtained on several personality traits
53 Temperament
hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, activity levels, prevailing mood, irritability, and adaptability
42 Growth needs
in Maslow's hierarchy, the higher-level needs associated with self-actualization
42 Biological motives
innate motives based on biological needss
42 Stimulus motives
innate needs for stimulation and information
54 Public self-consciousness
intense awareness of oneself as a social object
32 Rote rehearsal - rote learning
learning by simple repetition
32 Network model
model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information.
44 Alexithymia
learned difficulty expressing emotions, more common in men
33 Relearning
learning again something that was previously learned. Used to measure memory of prior learning.
50 Rating scale
list of personality traits or aspects of behavior on which a person is rated
32 Procedural memory
long-term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills
34 Retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events that preceded a head injury or other amnesia-causing event
32 Elaborate processing
making memories more meaningful through processing that encodes links between new information and existing memories and knowledge, either at the time of the original encoding or on subsequent retrievals
34 Positive transfer
mastery of one's task aids learning or performing another
34 Negative transfer
mastery of one's task conflicts with learning or performing another
32 Information bits
meaningful units of information, such as numbers, letters, words, or phrases
33 Availability -in memory
memories currently stored in memory are available
33 Accessibility -in memory
memories currently stored in memory that can be retrieved when necessary are both available and accessible
33.6 it is possible to have an implicit memory that cannot be consciously recalled.
memories like these -available in memory even though they are not consciously avail show that failing to recall something does not guarantee it is no longer in memory
32, 33, 34 Study Guide Memory Secondary implicit & explicit memories, chunking, repression & suppression, state dependent learning/memory, retroactive & proactive interference, "savings scores" & relearning, hippocampus
memory consolidation, forgetting curve, maintenance rehearsal & elaborative encoding, (semantic) network models of memory, false memories, source confusion
34 State-dependent learning
memory influenced by one's physical state at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval. improved memory occurs when the physical states match
32 Long-term memory LTM
memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information.
32 Short-term memory STM
memory system used to hold small amounts of information in our conscious awareness for about a dozen seconds
33 Implicit memory
memory that a person does not know exists; a memory that is retrieved unconsciously
33 Explicit memory
memory that a person is aware of having; a memory that is consciously retrieved
32 False memory
memory that can seem accurate but its not
32 Iconic memory
mental image or visual representation
44 Attribution
mental process of assigning causes to events in emotion, the process of attributing arousal to a particular source
42, 43, 44 Study Guide Motivation & Emotion components - definition of emotion; Schacter & Singer's experiment & related research -
misattribution; basis of "lie detectors" and accuracy, methods to reduce test anxiety, amygdala
42 Extrinsic motivation
motivation based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors
42 Intrinsic motivation
motivation that comes from within, rather than from external rewards; motivation based on personal enjoyment of a task r activity
42 Learned motives
motives based on learned needs, drives, and goals.
34.7 music and state dependent learning
music tends to affect a person's mood and moods tend to affect memory
52 Organismic valuing
natural, undistorted, full-body reaction to an experience
50 Character
personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated, a person's desirable or undesirable qualitites
42 Emotional expressions
outward signs that an emotion is occurring
50 Personality questionaire
paper and pencil test consisting of questions that reveal aspects of personality
44 Sympathetic branch
part of the autonomic nervous system that activates the body at times of stress
44 Parasympathetic branch
part of the autonomic nervous system that quiets the body and conserves energy
44 Amygdala
part of the limbic system -in brain that produces fear responses
53 Gender roles
pattern of behaviors that are regarded as male or female by one's culture; sometimes also referred to as a sex role
52 Fully functioning person
person living in harmony with his or her deepest feelings, impulses, and intuitions
50 Extrovert
person whose attention is directed outward, bold, outgoing person
50 Introvert
person whose attention is focused inward, shy, reserved self-focused person
50 Self-concept
person's perception of his or her own personality traits
50 Personality
person's unique and relatively stable patterns of thinking, emotions, and behavior
44 Guilty knowledge test
polygraph procedure involving testing people with knowledge only a guilty person could know
53 Social reinforcement
praise, attention, approval, and/or affection from others
53 Self-reinforcement
praising or rewarding oneself for having made a particular response
54 Private self-consciousness
preoccupation with inner feelings, thoughts, and fantasies
42 Emotional feelings
private, subjective experience of having an emotion
Quiz 1 Brad learns concepts related to his most recent topic in General Psychology, motivation; however, similar terms from the learning chapter that were covered earlier in the semester seem to affect his memory for the new material Which idea best explain Brad's forgetting?
proactive interference
32 Redintegration
process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories
34 Consolidation
process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain
52 Self-actualization
process of fully developing personal potentials
50 Thematic appreciation test TAT
projective test consisting of 20 different scenes and life situations about which respondents make up stories
50 Rorschach inkblot test
projective test that consists of 10 standardized inkblots
43 Set point -for fat
proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating
51 Trait theorist
psyc interested in classifying, analizing, and interrelating traits to understand personality
53 Learning theorist
psyc interested in the way that learning shapes behavior and explains personality
50 Projective tests
psyc tests that use ambiguous or unstructured stimuli
42 Drive
psycho expression of internal needs or valued goals, for example, hunger, thirst, or a drive for success
52 Psychodynamic and humanistic theories
psychodynamic theories explain personality humanistic theories of personality
51 Five-factor model
purposes that personality has five universal dimensions
52 Subjective experiennce
reality as it is perceived and interpreted, not as it exists objectively
50 Behavioral assessment
recording the frequency of various behaviors
34.4 you are asked to memorize long lists of telephone numbers. learning a new list each day for 10 days. on list 3 recalling less than a person who learned only 1st three lists
retroactive interference caused the larger memory loss
52 Incongruence
state that exists when there is a discrepancy between one's experiences and self-image or between one's self-image and ideal self
44 Cannon-Bard theory
states that activity in the thalamus causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur simultaneously
44 James-Lange theory
states that emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal
44 Schachter's cognitive theory
states that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues
44 Facial feedback hypothesis
states that sensations from facial expressions help define what emotion a person feels
51 Factor analysis
statistical technique used to correlate multiple measurements and identify general underlying factors
42 Homeostasis
steady state of body equilibrium
34 Retrieval cues
stimuli associated with a memory. retrieval cues usually enhance memory
32 Builder Sensory memory- holds info for about 2 seconds or less, stores an iconic memory or echoic memory
stm - info tends to be stored phonetically, temp holds small amounts of info, selective attention determines its contents ltm - relatively permanent, unlimited capacity
43 Sex drive
strength of one's motivation to engage in sexual behavior
53 Behavioral genetics
study of inherited behavioral traits and tendencies
53 Reinforcement value
subjective value a person attaches to a particular activity or reinforcer
32 Semantic memory
subpart of declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world
32 Episodic memory
subpart of declarative memory that records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places
33 Recall
supply or reproduce memorized info with a minimum of external cues
50 Personality theory
system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles used to understand and explain personality
44 Autonomic nervous system ANS
system of nerves that connects brain with internal organs and glands
50 Objective test
test that gives the same score when different people correct it
32 Declarative memory
that part of long-term memory containing specific factual information
34 Disuse
theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved
52 Positive self-regard
thinking of oneself as a good, lovable, worth-while person
43 Extracellular thirst
thirst caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells
43 Intracellular thirst
thirst triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell
34 Repression
unconsciously pushing unwanted memories out of awareness
52 Unconditional positive regard
unshakable love and approval given without qualification
32 Cognitive interview
use of various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses
43 Behavioral dieting
weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self-starvation
54 Shyness
what causes shyness and what can be done about it
50 Personality
what is personality can it be meausured
34 Forgetting
why do we forget ? how does the brain form and store memories?
