General Science: Chapter 17
What two processes make proteins
transcription and translation
Microfilaments
very thin threads made of protein and help cell maintain its shape
Plasma membrane
A thin bilayer that surrounds cells that prevent the contents from leaking out
DNA is made up of what nucleic acids
A,G,C,T
What nucleic acids are make up RNA
A,G,C,U
What is protein synthesis? A) Transcription and topoisomerism B) Transcription and translation C) Translocation and transcription D) Phototropism and translation
B
What makes carbon such a versatile molecule for building biomolecules? A) It can bond with ten other elements at one time. B) It can bond with four other elements at one time. C) It's the largest element on the periodic table. D) It's the smallest element on the periodic table.
B
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of multicellular organisms? A) They have specialized cells. B) They can be composed of one type of tissue. C) They have multiple levels of organization. D) They can have a greater variety of structures than unicellular organisms.
B
Which of the following is the best definition of a virion? A) An infective virus inside of a host B) An infective virus outside of a host C) An inert virus outside of a host D) A virus which has infected a bacteria E) An inert virus inside of a host
B
Which of these is an organelle plant cells have but animal cells do not? A) Endoplasmic reticulum B) Nucleus C) Nucleolus D) Plastids E) Golgi apparatus
D
Why would damaged epithelium be covered with a bandage? A) To absorb nutrients like epithelium. B) To produce mucus-like epithelium. C) To introduce infection into the body. D) To simulate the covering and protective aspects of epithelium.
D
Where is the electron transport chain located in prokaryotes
plasma membrane
Tissues
A group of cells that share a common structure and function within an organism
Which protein help in brain function and how
Tubulin is responsible for helping the cell move things from the cel body down the axon
Bacteriophages
Viruses that infect bacteria
Cytoplasm
Watery solution inside the cell where chemical reactions take place
Basement membrane
Well-defined layer of extracellular matrix that serves as a base for epithelial tissues
Growth
When features change from small size to a larger size
A protein called p53 is another protein involved in controlling cell division. The protein p53 makes sure that if cells aren't functioning correctly, they don't divide anymore. Some people have damage to their p53 DNA and the protein isn't made correctly anymore. What might be a consequence if a person couldn't make the protein p53? A) Their cells could divide out of control B) Their cells would no longer use oxygen to make energy C) Their cells would make too much carbon dioxide D) Their cells would no longer divide
A
Development
When features change or transform
Asexual reproduction A) produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent B) involves two parents C) produces offspring that are not identical to the parent D) produces only single-celled offspring E) produces offspring that do not go through any development
A
How do you know that the process of trapping particles in mucus in the lungs is helpful? A) It helps keep bacteria, viruses, and pollution from damaging our lungs. B) Too much mucus would be helpful. C) These are food particles and they need to be absorbed. D) It allows harmful particles to damage our lungs.
A
Select the constituent of a prokaryotic cell that is responsible for synthesizing proteins. A) Ribosomes B) Mesosomes C) Inclusion bodies D) Endoplasmic reticulum
A
What do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have that is involved in translation? A) Ribosomes B) Peptidoglycan C) Endoplasmic reticulum D) Nucleus E) DNA
A
What is the function of a chloroplast? A) To perform photosynthesis B) To degrade waste material C) To synthesize proteins D) To produce energy
A
What is the function of the nucleolus? A) It is the site of ribosome creation B) It creates turgor pressure C) It captures the sunlight to make energy for plants D) It converts food into energy for the cell E) It keeps the cytoplasm from leaving the cell
A
What is the term for molecules that do NOT include carbon? A) Inorganic molecules B) Incarbonic molecules C) Biomolecules D) Organic molecules
A
Which method of cell division would your skin cells undergo? A) Mitosis B) All of the answers are correct. C) Binary Fission D) Meiosis
A
Which of the following are purposes of protein synthesis? A) All of these are purposes of protein synthesis B) Protecting animal cells by regulating how often cells divide C) Protecting bacteria from chemicals, like antibiotics D) Making food in plants, such as glucose
A
Which of the following elements is NOT one of the six common to all living things? A) Potassium B) Phosphorus C) Nitrogen D) Sulfur
A
Why are proteins important for cells? A) They control all cell structure and function. B) They only break down materials in the lysosome. C) They are the main source for energy inside cells. D) They only create new ribosomes.
A
Virus
An extremely small, infectious agent that is metabolically inert and only replicates in living hosts
Bacteria use which type of cell division? A) None of the answers are correct; bacteria do not divide. B) Binary fission C) Meiosis D) Mitosis
B
Homeostasis is A) the changes an organism may go through in its lifetime B) the regulation of an organism's internal environment C) response to environmental stimuli D) an organism that can 'self-feed' E) the evolutionary adaptations of an individual organism
B
Tightly wound segments of DNA are also known as what? A) Genes B) Chromosomes C) None of the answers are correct. D) Organelles
B
Function of epithelial tissues
Barrier to protect against injury, invading organisms, and loss of fluids
Cells
Building blocks of life
A virus that infects a bacteria is known as a(n): A) Eukaryophage B) Bacteriovirus C) Bacteriophage D) Virophage E) Prokayrophage
C
Blinking, sweating, and shivering are all examples of A) mutations from sexual reproduction B) development C) regulation D) cellular organization E) None are correct
C
Myostatin is a protein that inhibits muscle growth so muscles don't grow out of control. Some prize winning bulls have a mutated version of it that causes their muscle cells to grow much more than usual, making them especially large and muscular, as shown in the picture. What do you think would happen if a person didn't make enough myostatin? A) They would have reduced muscle mass B) They would have no change in muscle mass C) They would have an overly large amount of muscle mass D) They would get muscular dystrophy, a condition in which muscle deteriorates
C
Proteins called enzymes are important for us to digest our food. Some people are missing a protein called lactase that breaks down the sugar in milk, lactose. What problems would these people have? A) They would break down lactose too rapidly and it would make them sick B) They would not digest glucose and it would make them sick C) They could not digest lactose and it would make them sick D) They would only break down lactose as a source of sugar, but not glucose
C
Select an organism that does NOT have a cell wall. A) Bacteria B) Fungi C) Animals D) Plants
C
What is made when DNA condenses during cell division? A) Spindle fibers B) Mitochondria C) Chromosomes D) Ribosomes E) Lysosomes
C
Which is a membrane-bound organelle? A) Endoplasmic Reticulum B) Mitochondria C) All answers are correct. D) Nucleus E) Chloroplasts
C
Which method of cell division creates what are sometimes called daughter cells? A) All of the answers are correct. B) Meiosis C) Mitosis D) Binary fission
C
Which of the following best describes carbohydrates? A) They are composed of long hydrophobic chains B) They are the building blocks of nucleic acids C) They are composed of hydrated carbon atoms D) They are the major component in the cell membrane E) They are the building blocks of proteins
C
Which of the following describes prokaryotic DNA? A) It is linear. B) It is usually larger than eukaryotic DNA. C) It is circular. D) It is within a nucleus. E) They do not have DNA.
C
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living organisms? A) All these answers are correct B) Made of cells C) Fur D) Require energy E) Reproduction
C
Which of the following is NOT a function of an epithelial tissue? A) To serve as a barrier against invading organisms B) To secrete mucus C) To serve as a base to support other tissue types D) To absorb nutrients
C
Which type of cell division creates sperm or egg cells? A) Binary Fission B) Mitosis C) Meiosis D) All of the answers are correct.
C
Why are scientists debating if viruses are living organisms? A) They don't always have DNA. B) They infect other pathogens. C) They are metabolically inert. D) They are so small. E) They live inside a host.
C
Which organelle provides the energy for the cell? A) Cell wall B) Nucleolus C) Chloroplast D) Nucleus E) Mitochondria
E
What is the function of the mitochondria
Carries of metabolic reactions that produce ATP
7 characteristics of all living things
Cells, Reproduction, Growth and development, energy, respond to environment, regulation, evolutionary adaption
What does responding to environmental stimuli mean
Change in the environment trigger certain responses in organisms
Inclusion bodies
Complex molecules made up of lipids or sugars and they act as reservoir of energy or structural building blocks
Photosynthesis
Converting sunlight into chemical energy
Transcription
Copies DNA to mRNA using a RNA polymerase
What happens during mitosis
Creates identical daughter cells
Meiosis
Creates sperm or egg cells
What proteins are involved in wound healing and how
Cyclins signal cells to divide to patch wound, DNA polymerase copies DNA, Microtubular proteins control spindle fibers in cell division
'Development' is best described as A) Offspring produced from two parents B) Turning sunlight into chemical energy C) Features changing only in size (from small to large) D) Changes or transformations E) Offspring produced by one parent
D
A/an _____ is a group of organs and tissues that work together to perform a major function of the organism. A) multicellular system B) epithelium system C) tissue system D) organ system
D
Select the organism that does NOT have a nucleus in its cell. A) Fungi B) Animals C) Plants D) Bacteria
D
The purpose of _____ is to provide separation and compartmentalization of processes in eukaryotes. A) transcription B) translation C) cell membrane D) organelles E) DNA
D
What is protein synthesis? A) The process of making new cells using ribosomes in all cells B) The process of making new amino acids through transcription in all cells C) The process of making new proteins through translation in only animal cells D) The process of making new proteins through transcription and translation in all cells
D
What is the function of a viral envelope? A) It helps the virus attach to the host. B) It replaces the capsid. C) It allows the host to recognise the virus. D) It increases infectivity of the virus. E) It holds the nucleic acids inside the virus.
D
Which macromolecule would likely contain nitrogen? A) Carbohydrates B) Phospholipids C) Carbon D) Amino acids E) Glucose
D
Which macromolecule would likely contain sulfur? A) Carbohydrates B) Nucleic acids C) Glucose D) Proteins E) Lipids
D
Which of the following best describes oxygen's importance in ALL life? A) All living things need to breathe oxygen. B) It has a strong attraction to other atoms. C) It makes up DNA molecules. D) It forms water with two other hydrogens.
D
Which of the following elements is important because it is found in ATP and ADP molecules? A) Sulfur B) Nitrogen C) Oxygen D) Phosphorus
D
Which of the following organelles is the power house of an eukaryotic cell? A) Peroxisome B) Lysosome C) Endopalsmic reticulum D) Mitochondria
D
Turgor pressure
When vacuoles are filled with water it prevents wilting
What happens during transcription
DNA is copied to RNA and mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm to a ribosome
Lysosomes
Degrade all the waste products inside the cell and all the unwanted foreign material entering the cell
Peroxisomes
Degrade fatty acids and amino acids
Prokaryotic cells
Do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane bound organelles
The nucleic acid building blocks of DNA and RNA are made up of which of the following? A) Oxygen B) Hydrogen C) Nitrogen D) Carbon E) All of the answers are correct.
E
What do all eukaryotes have that prokaryotes do not? A) Flagella B) DNA C) Cell membrane D) Cytoskeleton E) Nucleus
E
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? A) To control all of the cell's functioning B) To transport proteins to other cell parts C) To allow water and carbon dioxide to enter and leave the cell D) To make proteins for the cell E) To package proteins for cellular export
E
Which macromolecule would likely contain selenium? A) Carbohydrates B) Nucleic acids C) Phospholipid D) Lipids E) Protein
E
Which of the following are present in ALL virions? A) RNA, capsomeres, capsid, protomers, envelope B) Ribosomes, nucleic acids, capsid, protomers C) DNA, capsomeres, capsid, protomers, envelope D) Capsomeres, nucleic acids, ribosomes, protomers, envelope E) Nucleic acids, capsomeres, capsid, protomers
E
What happens during meiosis
Exchange some genetic information
Organ system
Group of organs and tissues that work together to perform a certain task
Binary fission
How single celled organisms like bacteria copy themselves for reproduction
RuBisCo
Incorporates carbon dixoide from the air into molecules inside the cell, which makes glucose
Chloroplasts
Involved in the process of photosynthesis
Nucleoid
Irregular shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote which contain all or most genetic material
What proteins help with immune function and how
Lectin are on the surface of macrophages and allow it to travel around to attack invaders, antibodies are proteins
Viral envelope
Lipid bilayer derived from the host cell and one that increases the infectivity of a virus
What are flagella
Long and thin appendages attached to the outer surface of the cell membrane that provide motility to the cells
Organelles
Membrane bound compartments within a cell
Eukaryotic cells
Membrane bound organelles, including a nucleus
Where is the electron transport chain in eukaryote
Mitochondria
What are the three types of cell division
Mitosis, Meiosis, Binary fission
Vesicles
Store and move things between the different organelles
Heterotrophs
Organisms that eat other organisms "other feeder"
Autotrophs
Organisms that produce their own food "self feeder"
Capsid
Outer protective protein coat
Golgi apparatus
Package proteins to export as they leave the ER
Golgi Vesicles
Process proteins for transport
What is the function of the plasma membrane
Responsible for controlling the transport of nutrients and electrolytes in an out of the cell
What happens during translation
Ribosome reads mRNA and tells tRNA to get the amino acids needed. Once the amino acids are strung together the protein folds up into the correct shape in the cytoplasm
Translation
Ribosome reads the mRNA and tRNA will get the amino acids and ribosome will string them together, and when put together the protein will fold up into a functional shape
What happens after mRNA is made
Sent to ribosomes which will do translation
What happens during binary fission
Separation of the body into two new bodies. Cells replicate their DNA, then the sides of the cell pinch together, and the cell splits in half
Vacuoles
Store water, proteins, CHO, and salts
Organ
Structure composed of several different tissues that work together to perform a certain task
Virion
The infective form of a virus that exists outside of its hosts
Mitosis
The process your body cells use to make exact replicas of themselves
Evolution
Theory that all living things are descendants of their ancestors
How can bacteria perform photosynthesis without chlorplast
They use the folds of their cell membrane
epithelial tissues
Tissues that are organized into tightly packed sheets of cells that line organs and body cavities
Layers of organization in organisms
Tissues, organ, organ system, organisms
Rough ER
Tubular structures that are connected to the nuclear membrane. Have ribosomal particles lined up throughout the surface. Synthesize proteins
Smooth ER
Tubular structures that product lipids and fats
mRNA
copy of DNA
Microtubules
hallow and made up of protein, important in maintaining the cell's shape, during cell division they form spindle fibers, part of projections coming off cell called cilia and flagella
What is the cytoskeleton made up of
micortubles and microfilaments
Are their lysosomes in plants cells
no
Where are chromosomes found
nucleus
What is a plasma membrane made of out
phospolipids and contains integral proteins
Rb protein
responsible for controlling how often cells divide
What are two ways for reproduction
sexual and asexual
ribosomes
small pieces of RNA that make proteins
