Generalist Practice Exam 1
empathic communication
"stepping into shoes" of another 1. grasping feeling 2. discovering underlying emotions and personal significance of CTS feeling and behavior ex: You want to do well in the classroom but you are intimidated by raising your hand
2. Advising and giving solutions prematurely
- Advice should be offered sparingly, and only after thoroughly exploring the problem and the client's ideas about possible outcomes. - Providing quick solutions for problems without encouraging cts to think through the possible courses of action fosters dependency and stifles creative thinking. - Freely dispensing advice also minimizes or ignores ct's strengths and potentials.
Cultural Opportunities
- Arise when client mentions a cultural belief, value or some other aspect of their cultural heritage - The social worker may initiate cultural opportunities
Cues for authentic responding
- CTS messages (do you have children? Are you married? can be natural or hidden concerns behind asking) * can counter by asking how this information will help them - Questions that solicit SWRs perceptions (Am I crazy? Respond: What has led to to come to the conclusion that you might be crazy? What does crazy mean to you? Do you think you are crazy, you know yourself best. - highlight strengths
Structure of Interviews
- Establishing rapport Greet the cts warmly and introduce yourself. - Employ a "warm-up" period (important for ethnic minorities and adolescents). - Respect for client( respecting ct'sand demonstrating common courtesy are important (being punctual, attending to ct's comfort and listening actively, - - paying attention to verbal and nonverbal messages). - Starting where the client is
Ecological systems model
- Helps examine strengths and weaknesses in transactions between persons, families, cultures, and communities as systems. - Focus on interactions between individuals and various systems in the environment (person in environment). - Adaptation is a reciprocal process. Environment is dynamically involved. - Practice is directed toward improving the transactions between people and environments to enhance adaptive capacities and improve environments for all who function within them. Find an intervention that addresses all problems, best fits the client, & is evidence based Systems to take into account: client, target, action system
Summarizing Responses
- Highlighting key aspects of problems, strengths, and resources - Summarization can be effectively employed to tie together and highlight essential aspects of a problem before proceeding to explore additional problems. - Describe how the problem appears to be produced by the interplay of several factors such as external pressure, overt behavioral patterns, unfulfilled needs etc. - Summarizing lengthy messages - Reviewing focal points of session - Summarization is employed to review key concerns that have been discussed and to highlight themes and patterns related to these problems. - Providing focus and continuity
cultural humility
- Intrapersonal aspect- how social workers are able to view themselves culturally, including their biases, strengths, limitations, areas for growth, etc - Interpersonal aspect- a way of being with others that is open to and curious about others' cultural beliefs and values, involves the process by which we engage beliefs and values that are different from our own
Accent Responses
- It involves repeating, in a questioning tone of voice or with emphasis, a word or a short phrase. - Suppose a client says "I've really had it with the way my supervisor at work is treating me. The accent response would be "Had it?"
Minimal prompts
- Nonverbal minimal prompts: nodding head, using facial expressions, or employing gestures that convey receptivity, interest and commitment to understanding (ex: I am with you, please continue) - Verbal minimal prompts: brief message that convey interest and encourage or request expanded verbalizations (ex: "yes", "I see", "but"?)
Positive Feedback
- Plays a vital role in the change process - Increases clients' confidence in their own coping ability - Good methods to practice for providing positive feedback - Document events so that social workers provide information about specific positive behaviors - Construct a profile of clients' resources
1. Reassuring, sympathizing, consoling, or excusing
- Premature reassuring often serves the purposes of swr than client. - Swrs might avoid exploring cts' feelings of despair, anger, or helplessness
Reflection Responses
- Reflections of content emphasize the cognitive aspects of client message (e.g., situations, ideas, objects, or persons) - Reflections of affect: focus attention on the affective part of the communication--- here social workers relate with responses that accurately capture client affect and help them reflect on and sort through their feelings
Safeguarding Confidentiality
- Respect cts' privacy, to gather information only for the purpose of providing effective services, and to disclose information only with cts' consent. - An unjustified breach of confidentiality is a violation of justice - Emergence of technology may add complexities for maintaining ct privacy. - Adherent to HIPAA regulation - lock up essential info
Cultural Comfort
- The feelings that arise before, during, and after culturally relevant conversations in section between the swrand client - SWR with high levels of cultural comfort can moderate their anxiety when having cultural conversations - Cultural discomfort can provide vital feedback to swr about areas that are in need of further exploration and development.
Resolving Ethical Dilemmas (higher order value)
- The right to life, safety, well-being, and necessities of life takes precedence over rights to confidentiality - An individual's basic right to well-being takes precedence over another person's right to privacy, freedom, or self determination - A person's right to self-determination takes precedence over his or her right to basic well-being - A person's rights to well-being may override laws, policies, and arrangements of organizations
Self- Determination
- This value embodies the beliefs that cts have the capacity to grow and change and to develop solutions to their difficulties. Individuals have the right and capacity to exercise free choice responsibly. - Exhibiting paternalism (preventing self-determination based on a judgement of the client's own good) infringes on autonomy. - Paternalistic beneficence social worker implements protective interventions to enhance clients quality of life despite client objections - Even when cts have reduced ability for exercising self-determination, SWRs should act to ensure that they exercise their capacities to the fullest feasible extent. - SWR may limit this right when cts' potential actions causes harm to self/others *Safety supersedes self determination (ex: medical care for children)
multicultural orientation
- What are the critiques relating to multicultural competencies? - Culturally sensitive treatments - Culturally responsive treatments -How a swr thinks about and values diversity, which necessarily affects the swr's work with diverse clients
action system
- What to do about it - formal and informal resources and persons that the social worker needs to cooperate with to accomplish a purpose -Often includes family, friends and other resources as well as more formal resources -Ex. an action system for school attendance might include school attendance officers, teachers, relatives, neighbors, spiritual resources, or transportation providers
If you have a lack of knowledge:
- admit it - give power to client - tell them you want to learn
What is the mission of social work
- enhance human well-being and alleviate poverty, oppression and other forms of social injustice - help meet basic human needs - seek to empower vulnerable and oppressed populations - enhance quality of life for all people regardless of social position
what are 3 things social work assessments include with each type of client
- exploration of multiple concerns expressed by clients -legally mandated circumstances or concerns about health and safety - other potential problems that emerge from assessment (strengths and resources in the context of challenges both internal and external) ex: lack of healthcare vs psychological concerns
what are the possible consequences of personal self disclosure?
- oversharing and boundaries - client asking direct advice (how did you overcome or how can you help if you didn't) - job is to guide them not solve problem
3. Plan task implementation, enhancing self efficacy
- plan should allow client to work on their own to work towards their goals (empowering to accomplish tasks on own) - assist clients in actually performing certain behaviors as a prerequisite in accomplishing their goals
Ex using the Assertive Community training Model within the case management model
- small amount of clients *short and long term goals must align* Presenting problem: frequent psychiatric hospitalization LT goal: minimize psychiatric hospitalizations ST goal: medication management ST goal: see psychatrist Bio-pycho-social assessment example: schizophrenic client - how often are the visits - duration - onset - precipitating event (trigger)
Timing and intensity of self-discoloure
- superficial to highly personal statemnts - establish trust or rapport
Agency System
- supports and organizations - special subset of an action system that includes the practitioners and formal service systems involved in work on the target problems
Motivational congruence-
- the fit between client motivation and what the social worker attempts to provide, it's a major factor in explaining more successful findings in studies of social work effectiveness. - Starting with client motivation aids social workers in establishing and sustaining rapport and in maintaining psychological contact with clients - using interpreters
relational expereinces
- understand how you experience your cultural identities in relationship to others and within society - consider your relationship with systems of power, privilege and equality
Providing Informed Consent
-Active and ongoing part of the helping process -Use clear and understandable language to inform clients -Purpose of the services, risk related to services Limits to services, reasonable alternatives -Ct's right to refuse, time frame covered by consent -Cts. should be informed when a student is performing services -Utilize interpreters and multiple communication methods as appropriate -When cts. are temporarily or permanently incapable or providing informed consent, what does SWR need to do? -Breaking confidentiality -Potential harm to self and others -Mandatory reporting requirements ( child abuse - immediate verbal, 36 hour written, elder abuse- immediate verbal, 2 working days written, communicable disease, etc.)
Preserving Professional Boundaries
-Clear lines of difference that are maintained between the swr and the cts in an effort to preserve the working relationship. -Helps prevent conflict of interests. -Helps to clarify that relationship is not a social one. - Allows cts to focus on their issues. - Boundaries (6 provisions): Swrs should not 1. take unfair advantage 2. engage in dual or multiple relationships with clients 3. engage in physical contact with clients 4. engage in sexual activities or sexual contact with clients 5. engage in sexual activities with client's relatives or individuals that clients maintain close contacts 6. engage in sexual activities or sexual contacts with former clients
Close and Open-ended Responses
-Close-ended questions are used when you want to elicit limited information. -Open-ended questions invite expanded expression and leave the clients feel free to express their feelings and thoughts (*starts with what and how). -Use of close ended questions discriminately.
Knowledge of your cultural identity
-Increase cultural knowledge and understand about your particular identities. -Most cultural identities change over time some in predictable ways. -Evaluate which cultural identities are more or less salient (e.g., socio cultural wheel) -Explore privileges, discrimination, and inequalities you might have experienced. -Cultural identity salience -Cultural beliefs, values, and identity
The Ethics of Practice with Minors
-Minor ct's rights are limited by laws and policies, by differences in maturity and decision making capacity, and by their very dependence on adults as their caretakers. - Minors' rights are also affected by the particular service setting and by their presenting problems.
Physical attending, Cultural nuances of nonverbal cues
-Physical attending- Receptive behaviors, such as facing the client squarely, leaning forward, and maintaining eye contact. -Cultural nuances of nonverbal cues- Be aware that different cultural groups ascribe different meanings to certain nonverbal behaviors. **Counselor's nonverbal interview behavior contributes significantly to ratings of counselor effectiveness. Other nonverbal behaviors
Micro aggressions in therapy may cause
-distrust -confusion -frustration -anger -exhaustion -silence -rage
motivational processes
-get in tune with our motivations about how we engage with culture -cultural self-awareness at its core is motivational process, not an outcome - understanding cultural self-awareness as a process raises considerations of what is activated while contemplating the self or self-other interactions - explore your current degree of motivation regarding cultural exploration and engaging with others who are different from you
Purpose (P-R-R)
-prevention: services to vulnerable ppl before problems develop -restoration: restore functioning that has been impaired by physical and mental difficulties -remediation: eliminate or ameliorate existing social problems - to advance human rights and social and econ justice
Negotiated Relationships
-social workers assume the roles of compromiser, mediator, and enforcer in addition to the more comfortable role of counselor -Saying no and setting limits, decline client requests
paradigm for responding authentically
1. "I" pronoun 2. share feelings that lie at varying depths 3. describe situation or targeted behavior in natural or descriptive terms 4. identifying specific impact of problem situation
Assumptions of the Multicultural Orientation Framework
1. Clients and swr cocreate cultural expressions - Cultural identities of swr can influence a variety of factors (e.g. what clients say and do no say, how safe ct. feels in the room etc.) 2. It involves a way of being with clients rather than a way of doing therapy - Focuses less on the actual interventions. - It is more about the swr's values regarding culture and the integration of those values throughout the therapeutic process 3. Cultural processes (e.g., cultural humility) are especially important for connecting with the ct's most salient cultural identities; feeling deeply known and accepted sets the stage for effective therapy 4. Having a strong multicultural orientation motivates swrs to learn new things about their own and their clients' cultural perspectives and worldviews (In order to understand one's cultural limits and learn and experience more about culture and diversity more broadly.)
9 competencies expected in SW career
1. Demonstrate Ethical and Professional Behavior 2. Engage Diversity and Difference in Practice 3. Advance Human Rights and Social, Economic, and Environmental Justice 4. Engage in Practice-Informed Research and Research-Informed Practice. 5. Engage in Policy Practice 6. Engage with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities 7. Assess Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations and Communities 8. Intervene with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities 9. Evaluate Practice with Individuals, Families, Groups, Organizations, and Communities
Providing and Maintaining Focusing (3 functions)
1. Selecting topics for exploration (Consider population, types of presenting problems) 2. Exploring topics in depth (Explore problems thoroughly as clear and accurate definitions of problems are key in the helping process) 3. Managing obstacles to focusing
Key Ethical Principles
1. Self Determination 2. Providing Informed Consent 3. Preserving professional boundaries 4. safeguarding confidentality
Limits of Confidentiality
1. Supervision and consultation 2. Client waivers of confidentiality 3. Danger to self or others (Tarasoff case) 4. Suspicion of child or elder abuse 5. Subpoenas and privileged communication- communications made within a legally protected relationships cannot be introduced into court without the consent of the person making the communication, typically the patient/client. 6. Confidentiality in various types of recording
4. monitor progress
1. To evaluate effectiveness of change strategies and interventions 2. To guide clients efforts toward goal attainment 3. To keep abreast of clients reactions to progress or lack of progress, increase their confidence 4. To concentrate on goal attainment and evaluate progress
Social Work Cardinal values
1. access to resources (secure resources and develop policies) 2. respect for dignity and worth (of the person) 3. respect for interpersonal relationships (individuality, nonjudgmental attitude) 4. integrity (trustworthy, honest, ethical behavior) 5. competence ( within your ability and limits, continue to learn, self awareness and regulation)
Phase III: Termination
1. assessing when client goals have been met 2. helping the client develop strategies that maintain change and continue growth following the termination 3. successfully terminating the helping relationship
Steps of EBP
1. convert information into an answerable question 2. track down the best evidence to answer the question 3. critically appraise the evidence for its validity, impact (size of effect) and applicability (usefulness in practice) 4. apply the results of this appraisal to practice and policy decisions 5. evaluate effectiveness and efficency
Core pillars of the multicultural framework:
1. cultural humility 2. cultural opportunities 3. cultural comfort
Steps of the helping profess (values, skills, ethics)
1. engagement 2. assessment 3. planning 4. implementation 5. evaluation 6. termination 7. follow-up
Skills to employ exploration:
1. furthering responses 2. Reflection of Content, done through paraphrasing and empathic responding
what are challenges in working with potential clients who are not applicants?
1. neutralizing negative feelings 2. attempting to help potential clients understand problems identified by others and assessing the advantages and disadvantages of dealing with those concerns 3. creating an incentive to work on acknowledging problems
what does evidence based practice integrate
1. research evidence 2. clinical expertise 3. patient factors (client value)
2 types of self disclosure
1. self involving statements (share feeling relating to course or treatment) messages expression SWRS reactions towards course of treatment 2. Personal self- disclosure (sharing similar experiences)
social programs should uphold the 6 core values of the profession which are:
1. service 2. social justice 3. dignity and worth of the person 4. importance of human relationships 5. integrity 6. competence
5150
48-72 hour involuntary hold
Phase II: Implementation and Goal Attainment is the:
Action Oriented or Change Oriented Phase
Physical conditions
Adequate ventilation and light, comfortable room temperature, ample space, attractive and clean furnishings, freedom from distractions, culturally sensitive decor etc.
clients expectations and cognitive functioning
Before exploring problems, it is important to determine the clients expectations Exploring cognitive functioning- elicit client's beliefs, and attitudes (these are powerful determinants of behavior) How did you come to that conclusion? What are your perspectives about that?
12. Fostering safe social interactions
Channeling discussions focused on safe topics that exclude feelings and minimize self disclosures is inimical to the helping process.
Roles of Social Workers
Direct Provision of Services Individual casework or counseling Marital and family therapy Group work services Educator/disseminator of information System linkage roles Enabler Broker Case manager/coordinator Mediator/arbitrator Client advocate System maintenance and enhancement Organizational analyst Facilitator Team member Consultant Supervisor System Development Program developer Advocate Researcher
Engagement
Establishing rapport and enhancing motivation
common elements approach
Examines commonalities across effective interventions
7. Threatening, warning, or counterattacking
If you don't ..you will be sorry." "You'd better...or else!
Uses of empathic communication
In early sessions with the client, empathic responding should be used frequently to develop rapport Checking out the accuracy of responses Let me see if I understand..... Did i hear you right? Responding to cts' nonverbal messages Making confrontations more palatable Appropriate to employ confrontation When cts are contemplating actions that are unlawful and when such actions conflict with goals and values a ct. has chosen for himself or herself. Handling obstacles presented by cts. Managing anger and patterns of violence
13. Responding infrequently
Inactive swrs contribute to counterproductive processes and failures in problem solving.
2. Select and implement interventions
Intervention should directly relate to problems that were identified and the goals that were mutually negotiated with clients
Example of goal dissected into general tasks subdivided into specific tasks (Task centered model)
LT goal: obtain permanent housing ST goal: obtain Job ST goal: Savings plan tasks: create resume, get professional clothing for interview
Furthering Responses
Listening attentively and encourage clients to verbalize
Agreement unmet (ex: org doesn't have resources client needs)
Make a referral, link client to other resource systems
Assisting clients to personalize their statements
Model, teach and coach clients to use self-referent pronouns (I , Me) Teach the difference between self-referent messages and subject-related messages Focus frequently on the client and use of the clients' name or the pronoun "you"
15. Dwelling on the remote past
Permitting clients to dwell on the past may reinforce diversionary tactics they employed to avoid dealing with painful current difficulties.
What are some Nonverbal Barriers to Effective Communication
Physical attending, Cultural nuances of nonverbal cues
Trans theoretical model (motivational interviewing, stage of change)
Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, mainteance
16. Going on fishing expeditions
Pursuing content that is tangentially related to client concerns, issues of client and family safety, or legal mandates.
6. Analyzing, diagnosing or making glib or dogmatic interpretations
These present a threat to clients and cause them to feel exposed or trapped.
9. Asking leading questions
They often obscure legitimate concerns that swrs should discuss with clients.
Level 3 empathy (reciprocal empathy)
You feel _____ about ______ because. You feel ________, yet you also feel ___________.
8. Stacking questions
a. Asking multiple questions at the same time diffuses the focus and confuses cts.
4. Judging, criticizing or placing blame
a. Cut off meaningful communication b. Violate the values of nonjudgmental attitudes and acceptance
11. Dominating the interaction
a. Dogmatic and authoritarian behavior discourages cts. from expressing themselves. b. Monitoring the relative distribution of participation by all participants are important.
exploration
a. Exploring clients' problems by eliciting comprehensive data- data about the person(s), the problem, and environmental factors, including forces influencing the referral for contact b. Dont assume that potential clients are applicants c. Contact begins with an initial exploration of the clients situations that have led the potential client to meet with the social worker ex: I have read your intake form. Can you tell me what brings you here in your own words? ex: How can we help you? ex: I see you were referred by your employer. How do you feel about that? d. Provide a clear and brief description of the social worker's own view and purpose of this first contact e. Encourage an exploration of how the social worker can be helpful
14. Parroting or overusing certain phrases or clichés
a. Parroting a message irritates clients. b. Use fresh language that captures the essence to client's messages and places them in sharper perspective.
5. Trying to convince client about the right point of view, lecturing, arguing
a. Such behavior often provokes a kind of boomerang effect. b. Swrs effort is not to convince, but rather to assist ctsin making informed decisions
5. Identify and address barriers to change
a. barriers to goal accomplishment b. relational reactions (transference, countertransference) c. enhancing clients self awareness d. use of self (authentic behavior and use of self-disclosure and assertiveness to facilitate change)
termination might involve:
a. mixed feelings b. sense of loss c. painful reaction
10. Interrupting inappropriately or excessively
a.Interruptions must be purposeful, well timed, and smoothly executed. b. Frequent untimely interruptions tend to annoy cts.
________ the client's problem and _________ recognize the client's motivation to actively work toward it's ________
acknowledge, explicitly, solution
1. Translate plans into _______
action
what is the Generalist Practice involved in and how should problems be viewed
almost any helping process, View problems holistically and be prepared to plan intervention aimed at multiple levels of systems (micro, mezzo, macro)
reframe
another form of adding content
voluntary client
apply for services themselves
multifnality
beginning from the same starting points may end in different outcomes
multicultural orientation is a way of _______, which involves
being, with diverse clients and includes cultural humility, cultural comfort, and taking advantage of cultural opportunities
what belief should you voice to clients during the engagement phase
beliefs in clients abilities to work as partners in searching for remedial courses of action
Double sided reflection
captures both sides of the dilemma that is fostering ambivalence about acting
Ecological assessment
consider the adequacy or deficiency, success or failure, and strengths or weakness of salient systems in the environment that bear on the client's problem (Aims to identify systems that must be strengthened, mobilized, or developed to satisfy the client's unmet needs)
furthering responses
convey attention and interest Encourages clients to continue verbalizing their concerns Ex. repeating a word they used, nodding etc
Empathic Responding:
conveys that the social worker is aware of clients emotions
Once an agreement is met:
create a contract (mutually negotiated formal agreement between social worker and client) 1. Specify the goals 2. Specify the strategies to be implemented 3. Clarify the responsibilities of participants 4. Specify practical arrangements
systems model at the mezzo level of practice
defined as interpersonal relations that are less intimate than those associated with family life; more meaningful than those among organizational and institutional representatives; including relationships between individuals in a self-help or therapy group, among peers at school or work among neighbors
Eliciting specific feelings:
elicit additional information to clarify what they are experiencing (e.g. can you say more about in what way you feel bothered?).
Transference
emotional reaction by client, usually because you remind them of someone (projecting feelings)
building blocks of communication:
empathic communication and sympathetic responding - verbal and nonverbal expressions which affirm SWRs understanding of CTS inner experience is important
common factors approach
emphasizes other factors shared by different intervention approaches, such as strength of relationship or alliance
Direct practice:
entails knowledge and skills in assessing human problems and in locating, developing, and utilizing appropriate resource systems
End goal paths/ theories
equifinality and multifnality
what does successfully engaging clients mean
establishing rapport which reduces the level of threat and gains the trust of clients, who recognize that the social worker intends to be helpful (perceive social worker as understanding and genuinely interested in their wellbeing)
Evidence Based practice originated from
evidence based medicine
Phase I of the helping process
exploration, engagement, assessment and planning
process model
focuses on the practices of the individual practitioner-they learn how to formulate a question about his or her work with a client that is answerable with data
Assessment
formulating a multidimensional assessment of the problem - identifying systems that play role in difficulties and identify resources needed to be tapped or developed
prioritize goals into: ___________ and work towards
general and specific tasks, the goal assigned the highest priority
The goal is dissected into: and subdivided into:
general tasks, specific tasks
Complex reflections:
go beyond what the client has directly stated or implied, adding substantial meaning or emphasis to convey a more complex picture. These reflections may add content that focuses on meanings or feelings that the client did not directly express. Verbalizing an unspoken emotion
collaborate on _______ to be accomplished in alleviating problems and formulate a _____________
goals, contract
Simple reflections:
identify the emotions expressed by that client, simply identify the emotion without taking a stand or attempting to help the client deal with the emotion. Do not go beyond what the client has said or directly implied
in working towards solutions you can use the strengths based approach by:
identifying not just concerns but also what things are going well in clients life in order to highlight current coping mechanisms
Ambivalence
important and useful step in deciding whether to address a situation
3. Using sarcasm or employing humor ________
inappropriately
client system
individual system includes those persons who are requesting a change, sanction it, are expected to benefit from it and contract to receive it ex- applicants
Verbal Following:
involves the use and sometimes blending of discrete skills that enable social workers to maintain psychological contact with clients on a moment-by-moment basis and to convey accurate understanding of their messages. Verbal following behavior takes into account two performance variables that are essential to satisfaction and continuance on the part of the client: Stimulus-response congruence and Content relevance
terra soft
must inform threat victim and police (duty to inform and protect)
planning
mutually negotiating goals
The Interview Process: Structure and Skills involves:
physical conditions and structure of interviews
habitat
places where organisms live and, in the case of humans, consists of physical and social settings within particular cultural contexts/ where they live
What are the goals of social work
promote human and community well-being enhance quality of life promote social and economic justice and poverty show client strengths and resources
Paraphrasing
provides feedback so client feels understood
Clinical social work practice:
provision of mental health services for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental, behavioral, and emotional disorders
PERT
psychiatric evaluation response team
Legally mandated client
received services under the threat of a court order
niche
refers to the statuses or roles occupied by the members of the community -Finding one's niche in society is essential to achieving self-respect and a stable sense of identity -Mutual influence of people and environments -Individuals constantly engage in transactions with other humans and with other systems in the environment
open systems
relatively permeable boundaries, permitting and facilitating a freer exchange/interaction of information
closed systems
relatively rigid boundaries that prevent the interaction/ input/ export of information (ex: families)
Handling reactance:
responding to resistance, simple reflection, complex reflection, double-sided reflection, reflection with a twist
what client issues should you focus on during exploration:
safety, legal mandates and wishes for services
Authentic Responding (genuineness)
sharing of self in a natural, sincere, spontaneous open genuine manner Swrs' verbalizations are congruent with their actual feelings and thoughts. Involves being non-defensive and human enough to admit one's errors to clients. Swrsmust model humanness and openness and avoid hiding behind a mask of "professionalism". SWRS should relate authentically only when doing so is likely to further the therapeutic objectives.
countertransference
social worker is projecting something on client, triggers strong reaction (client remind social work of someone or something personal)
target system
specific issue addressed (the focus of change efforts) -With a voluntary client, it typically encompasses the concerns that brought the individual to seek services -With non voluntary clients, it may include illegal or dangerous behaviors that the person does not acknowledge -Target problems focus on a target concern rather than on the entire person as the target -Ex. school attendance concern can be the target system rather than parent and children
Motivation can also be seen in terms of:
stages of change (ex: pre contemplation)
systems model at macro level practice
still further removed from face-to-face delivery of services, macro-level social work practice involves the processes of social planning and community organization. Social workers serve as professional change agents who assist community action systems
sympathetic responding
supporting and condoning the other person's feelings - I'd beef the same way if I were in your position - I think you are right
social justice
the creation of social institutions that support the welfare of individual and groups
exploration begins by attending to:
the emotional states and immediate concerns manifested by the client (what the client brings in)
Stimulus-response congruence-
the extent to which social workers responses provide feedback to clients that their messages are accurately received
Content relevance
the extent to which the content of the social workers' responses is perceived by clients as relevant to their substantive concerns
systems model at the micro-level of practice
the population served by social workers at this level of practice includes individuals, couples, and families. Practice at this level is designated as direct practice because practitioners deliver services directly to clients in face to fact situations
equifinality
the same outcome can be achieved with different starting points
Economic Justice
those aspects of social justice that relate to economic well-being, such as a livable wage, pay equity, nondiscrimination in employment and social security
Non-voluntary clients
those who experience nonlegal pressures from family members, teachers and referral sources
Identify what needs ________ and what related ____________ to resolve or ameliorate the problematic situation
to be changed, actions need to be taken
how should you broaden the client exploration:
to individual, interpersonal and enviornmental levels and explore the most critical aspects of the problem in depth
what does EBP emphasize
use of professional judgement and integrating information regarding each client's unique characteristics and circumstances including their preferences and actions and external research findings
Limits to systems theories
useful concepts, but not specific prescriptions
Seeking Concreteness (responding concretely)
using words that describe in explicit terms specific experiences, behaviors, and feelings -Checking out perceptions (e.g. do you mean..." or are you saying ...?). -Clarifying the meaning of vague or unfamiliar terms (e.g. I am not sure what you mean by "...", Could you give me some examples of times he has been cruel? ) -Exploring the basis of conclusions drawn by clients (e.g. "how have you concluded that you are losing your mind?) -Assisting clients to personalize their statements - Eliciting specific feelings - Focusing on the here and now - Eliciting details related to clients' experiences. - Eliciting details related to interactional behavior
Social work values:
what is important to social workers and guide the practice of the profession - Clients also have their personal values that shape their beliefs and behaviors - Potential areas of conflict- self awareness is important
Ethics
what is important to social workers and guide the practice of the profession - be aware of laws and regulations