Genetics 21

Research Department Explosive (RDX) was an explosive used extensively during World War II, and it continues to be used in military applications. Land and water has become contaminated by RDX as a result. Arabidopsis plants carrying the bacterial xplA gene degrade RDX. This is an example of A) bioremediation. B) a gene drive. C) a genetically modified food. D) gene silencing.

A) bioremediation.

The process in which bacteria with the ability to detoxify certain pollutants are released in a particular area is known as A) bioremediation. B) gene silencing. C) gene expression profiling. D) enzyme restriction.

A) bioremediation.

Structures used in recombinant DNA technology to carry the DNA from the cells of one species to the cells of another species are A) cloning vectors. B) restriction enzymes. C) sticky ends. D) donor DNA.

A) cloning vectors.

Recombinant DNA technology is used to A) create many copies of a specific piece of DNA. B) make more copies of DNA polymerase. C) copy protein into RNA. D) make RNA in the cell nucleus.

A) create many copies of a specific piece of DNA.

Transgenic organisms carry the transgene in A) every cell. B) gametes only. C) somatic cells only. D) the cell in which it was originally introduced.

A) every cell.

You are carrying out a DNA microarray experiment comparing gene expression in heart cells versus kidney cells. The cDNAs from heart cells are labeled green and the cDNAs from kidney cells are labeled red. Yellow spots on the microarray indicate that both probes have bound. What do yellow spots represent in terms of gene expression? A) Genes that are expressed in only heart cells B) Genes that are expressed in only kidney cells C) Genes that are expressed in both heart and kidney cells D) Genes that aren't expressed in heart or kidney cells

C) Genes that are expressed in both heart and kidney cells

You are conducting a DNA microarray experiment comparing gene expression in two cell lines, one treated with a drug that interferes with the cell cycle and the other without the drug. You isolate RNA and generate cDNA, running the product out on a gel to ensure the success of the reaction. You then label the probes and incubate both probes with a microarray. You are surprised to see that only one color of fluorescence is present on the microarray. Which mistake have you most likely made? A) You failed to isolate RNA from one sample. B) The drug caused a complete halt in transcription. C) You labeled both cDNA populations with the same color fluorescent probe. D) The DNA on the chip is faulty and could not bind to cDNA from one of the samples.

C) You labeled both cDNA populations with the same color fluorescent probe.

__________ is a gene silencing technique that is based on the fact that RNA molecules can fold into short, double-stranded regions where the base sequence is complementary. A) RNA repair B) RNA amplification C) RNA replication D) RNA interference

D) RNA interference

Scientists wish to modulate zinc finger nuclease technology to improve the activity of the nuclease used in this technology. Which enzyme or domain should they target? A) Cas9 B) TALEN C) Beta-pleated sheet D) Alpha-helix E) Fok1

E) Fok1

Which approach could be used to investigate distinctions between a muscle cell and a bone cell? A) Gene expression profiling B) DNA variation screening C) Microarray comparative genomic hybridization D) Transcription-mediated amplification

A) Gene expression profiling

A molecule that consists of a piece of DNA from one organism combined with the DNA from a member of another species is called A) restricted DNA. B) recombinant DNA. C) homogenic DNA. D) bioengineered DNA.

B) recombinant DNA..

Morpholinos are A) short DNA sequences found only in populations that trace their roots to Italy. B) synthetic molecules composed of DNA bases attached to organic groups that are slightly different from the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA. C) types of DNA microarrays used to study gene expression. D) a type of recombinant bacteria.

B) synthetic molecules composed of DNA bases attached to organic groups that are slightly different from the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.

Select the DNA sequence that is palindromic in the way that restriction enzyme recognition sites are palindromic. A) 5'-CAGGAC-3' B) 5'-ATGATG-3' C) 5'-CCCGGG-3' D) 5'-AAAAAA-3'

C) 5'-CCCGGG-3'

Tiny fat bubbles used to deliver genes are A) phospholipids. B) cholesterols. C) liposomes. D) plasmids.

C) liposomes.

A drug produced using recombinant DNA technology that is used illegally by athletes is A) insulin. B) streptokinase. C) tissue plasminogen activator. D) erythropoietin.

D) erythropoietin.

The first drug produced using recombinant DNA technology was A) insulin. B) streptokinase. C) tissue plasminogen activator. D) erythropoietin.

A) insulin.

Which genome editing tool is most versatile and easy to use? A) TALEN technology B) Zinc finger nuclease technology C) CRISRP-Cas9 system D) Homologous recombination

C) CRISRP-Cas9 system

The process that uses short, synthetic, double-stranded RNAs to intentionally bind mRNAs thereby diminishing gene expression is called __________. A) CRISPR technology B) recombination C) molecular pharming D) antisense technology E) bioremediation

D) antisense technology

The type of RNA that carries out RNA interference is A) tRNA. B) mRNA. C) rRNA. D) siRNA.

D) siRNA.

You are carrying out a DNA microarray experiment to compare gene expression between cancer cell tissue and normal tissue. Which statement correctly describes your experiment? A) You will isolate RNA from the two different types of tissue. You will make cDNA, label it fluorescently, and incubate both cDNA populations with one microarray. B) You will isolate RNA from the two different types of tissue. You will make cDNA, label it fluorescently, and incubate each cDNA population with a separate microarray. C) You will isolate DNA from the two different types of tissue. You will label it fluorescently, and incubate both DNA populations with one microarray. D) You will isolate DNA from the two different types of tissue. You will label it fluorescently, and incubate each DNA population with a separate microarray.

A) You will isolate RNA from the two different types of tissue. You will make cDNA, label it fluorescently, and incubate both cDNA populations with one microarray.

Restriction enzymes are useful in creating recombinant DNA molecules because they A) generate "sticky ends" by cutting at the same sequence in any DNA source. B) are found only in human cells, where they naturally mend broken DNA strands. C) are used to encapsulate and transport foreign DNA into cells of the target organism. D) stimulate DNA amplification so that the desired cells or their products can be scaled up.

A) generate "sticky ends" by cutting at the same sequence in any DNA source.

To create a multicellular eukaryotic transgenic organism, a researcher A) introduces foreign DNA into a fertilized ovum. B) injects a gene of interest into a somatic cell. C) injects a gene of interest into several somatic cells. D) introduces foreign DNA into somatic cells in culture and transplants them.

A) introduces foreign DNA into a fertilized ovum.

Courts allow patenting complementary DNA (cDNA) because A) its exact sequence is not in the genome of an organism. B) it cannot be synthesized in a laboratory. C) it is present only in adult humans. D) it represents only the introns of a gene.

A) its exact sequence is not in the genome of an organism.

The requirements for patenting of an invention involving DNA in the U.S. are that it should be A) new, useful, and not obvious to an expert in the field. B) obvious, and no one should have previously been able to accomplish it. C) helpful and affordable. D) new, useful, and predicted by experts in the field.

A) new, useful, and not obvious to an expert in the field.

One of the science-related concerns associated with the use of genetically modified (GM) foods is that A) overreliance on GM crops may lead to genetic uniformity. B) GM foods are not natural. C) genetic modification degrades the nutritional value of food crops. D) buffer zones of GM crops halt the pollination of non-GM crops.

A) overreliance on GM crops may lead to genetic uniformity.

A naturally occurring, small, circle of DNA used as a vector to transmit DNA is a A) plasmid. B) prion. C) lipofectin. D) ring chromosome.

A) plasmid.

Proteins isolated from bacteria and used in recombinant DNA technology to cut DNA at specific sequences are A) restriction enzymes. B) bacteriophage enzymes. C) plasmids. D) methylating enzymes.

A) restriction enzymes.

Transgenic farm animals have not gained importance as sources of pharmaceuticals because A) they are too difficult to maintain. B) they are more susceptible to cancer and other diseases. C) they produce diluted forms of pharmaceuticals. D) they carry multiple viral strains.

A) they are too difficult to maintain.

Predator Free 2050 is a government program in New Zealand to eliminate eight invasive mammalian predator species from the country by 2050. They intend to do this partially using genetic techniques. Which technique could be used to achieve this goal? A) Bioremediation B) Gene drive C) RNAi D) Gene expression profiling

B) Gene drive

Edible vaccines are currently in development for several infectious diseases including measles, cholera, and foot and mouth disease. Scientists are studying multiple plants, such as corn, tomato, rice, carrots, and bananas for their ability to carry a vaccine. In order to generate these vaccines, what must scientists do? A) Human immune system genes must be introduced into the plant. B) Genes from the pathogens must be introduced into the plant. C) The plant must become infected with the pathogen. D) Plant genes must be introduced into the pathogen.

B) Genes from the pathogens must be introduced into the plant.

What would limit the use of a certain plasmid in a cloning experiment? A) If the plasmid didn't use the same genetic code as the DNA to be inserted B) If the plasmid didn't have compatible restriction enzyme sites with the DNA to be inserted C) If the plasmid was from a different organism than the DNA to be inserted D) If the plasmid contained an identical sequence to the DNA to be inserted

B) If the plasmid didn't have compatible restriction enzyme sites with the DNA to be inserted

A gene expression microarray has A) an entire genome of DNA, cut into hundreds of pieces, attached to a small plastic or glass square. B) short pieces of DNA of known sequence attached to a small plastic or glass square. C) short pieces of RNA of known sequence attached to a small plastic or glass square. D) amino acids attached to a small plastic or glass square.

B) short pieces of DNA of known sequence attached to a small plastic or glass square.

Some cases ofβ-thalessemia, a group of blood disorders, appear to be caused by incorrect splicing ofβ-globin mRNA. Based on your knowledge of biotechnology interventions, what would be the most logical type of treatment to pursue in these cases ofβ-thalessemia? A) A monoclonal antibody drug B) An RNAi drug C) A morpholino drug D) A CAR-T-based drug

C) A morpholino drug

Genetic modification A) alters genetic codes so that one species' code is like another's. B) adds sugars and phosphates in a nucleus. C) alters, deletes, or adds DNA to a cell. D) substitutes entire nuclei to genetically engineer a cell.

C) alters, deletes, or adds DNA to a cell.

Bacteriophages can be used as vectors in recombinant DNA experiments because they A) are small and made of double-stranded DNA. B) are circular and easily imported into bacteria or yeast. C) insert their genetic material into bacteria. D) are resistant to protective restriction systems.

C) insert their genetic material into bacteria.

An organism that carries DNA from other species is termed A) transverted. B) translocated. C) transgenic. D) transformed.

C) transgenic.

Select the information or invention that would have previously been patentable, but under current regulations cannot be patented in the US. A) A new database for the children of Holocaust survivors to enter in DNA sequence information B) The cDNA of a novel oncogene C) Bacterial sequence information specifically used in a test to indicate infection with that bacteria D) An intronic sequence from a newly identified bat species

D) An intronic sequence from a newly identified bat species

You are carrying out a DNA microarray experiment comparing gene expression in the flowers versus the leaves of a plant. The cDNAs from flowers are labeled green and the cDNAs from leaves are labeled red. Yellow spots on the microarray indicate that both probes have bound. What do white spots on the microarray represent? A) Genes that are expressed in only flowers B) Genes that are expressed in only leaves C) Genes that are expressed in both flowers and leaves D) Genes that aren't expressed in flowers or leaves

D) Genes that aren't expressed in flowers or leaves

In 1975, scientists convened in Asilomar, California and A) determined that restriction enzymes could cut DNA. B) created the first transgenic animals. C) reviewed the use of drugs produced by recombinant DNA technology. D) drew up guidelines to regulate recombinant DNA technology.

D) drew up guidelines to regulate recombinant DNA technology.

A DNA sequence can be patented if A) two or more people isolate the same sequence successfully. B) it forms a single gene. C) it has economic implications. D) it is useful as a tool for research or as a novel or improved product.

D) it is useful as a tool for research or as a novel or improved product.

Patent law as it pertains to biotechnology has had to change in recent years in response to A) the changeable nature of the genetic code. B) the number of people asking for genetic tests. C) the increasing number of human genes. D) the greatly accelerated speed of DNA sequencing.

D) the greatly accelerated speed of DNA sequencing.

One of the earliest uses of biotechnology was A) creating transgenic organisms. B) creating bacteria that synthesized human insulin. C) extracting and using biochemicals from microorganisms. D) using yeast to ferment fruit into wine.

D) using yeast to ferment fruit into wine.

In 2010, a federal judge in the U.S. ruled seven patents on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes had been improperly granted. ⊚ true ⊚ false

true