Genetics

is a location in a genome where a short nucleotide sequence is organized as a tandem repeat. These can be found on many chromosomes, and often show variations in length between individuals.

A variable number tandem repeat, or VNTR

These guys showed that DNA (not proteins) can transform the properties of cells, clarifying the chemical nature of genes. They identified DNA as the "transforming principle" while studying Streptococcus pneumoniae, bacteria that can cause pneumonia.

Avery, McCleod, and McCarthy

This guy made two rules. The first rule was that in DNA the number of guanine units equals the number of cytosine units, and the number of adenine units equals the number of thymine units. The second rule was that the relative amounts of guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine bases varies from one species to another.

Chargaff

True or False? In eukaryotes the nuclear DNA molecules are usually circular, but in prokaryotes some DNA molecules are circular and others linear.

False

True or False? The major DNA polymerase has a 5' -to- 3' polymerase function that serves for proofreading.

False

True or false? Codominance refers to situations in which heterozygotes show an intermediate phenotype between the phenotypes of homozygous genotypes.

False

His experiment was the first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation. His findings were followed by research in the late 1930s and early 40s that isolated DNA as the material that communicated this genetic information.

Griffiths

In their experiments, they showed that when bacteriophages, which are composed of DNA and protein, infect bacteria, their DNA enters the host bacterial cell, but most of their protein does not.

Hershey and Chase

Isolated and described the five organic compounds that are present in nucleic acid: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. These compounds were later shown to be nucleobases, and are key in the formation of DNA and RNA, the genetic material found in all living cells.

Kossel

He is known for his "tetranucleotide hypothesis" which first proposed that DNA was made up of equal amounts of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

Levene

Isolated various phosphate-rich chemicals, which he called nuclein (now nucleic acids), from the nuclei of white blood cells in 1869

Miescher

These bind specific DNA sequences palindromic sequences cleave phosphodiester bonds on both DNA strands.

Restriction Nucleases

is a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism, or RFLP

are the most common type of genetic variation among people. Each of these represents a difference in a single DNA building block, called a nucleotide.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs

The chromosome theory of inheritance, These guys found a fundamental unifying theory of genetics which identifies chromosomes as the carriers of genetic material. It correctly explains the mechanism underlying the laws of Mendelian inheritance by identifying chromosomes with the paired factors (particles) required by Mendel's laws.

Sutton and Boveri

Author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries elucidating the role that the chromosome plays in heredity. His research moved to the study of mutation in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In his famous Fly Room at Columbia University, he demonstrated that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of heredity.

TH Morgan

True or False? Genome size varies greatly among organisms and sometimes even among closely related organisms.

True

True or False? Incomplete dominance refers to situations in which heterozygotes show an intermediate phenotype between the phenotypes of homozygous genotypes.

True

True or False? New polynucleotide strands are initiated by a primosome containing RNA polymerase that synthesizes a short RNA primer complementary to a region of the template strand.

True

In the cross Aa Bb Cc Dd X Aa Bb Cc Dd, in which all genes undergo independent assortment, what proportion of offspring are expected to be homozygous recessive for all four genes? a. (1/4) x (1/4) x (1/4) x (1/4) b. 1/4 c. 1/2 d. (1/2) x (1/2) x (1/2) x (1/2)

a. (1/4) x (1/4) x (1/4) x (1/4)

In a testcross of Aa Bb CC Dd Ee, where the genes show independent assortment, what is the expected frequency of aa bb Cc dd ee progeny? a. 1/16 b. 1/2 c. 1/4 d. 1/32 e. 1/3

a. 1/16

Starting with a cross between AA and aa, the proportion of heterozygotes in the F2 progeny will be a. 1/2 b. 1/3 c. 1/4 d. 1/8

a. 1/2

A woman with keratosis, a skin condition caused by a rare dominant allele, marries a normal man, and they have two children. What is the probability that both children are normal? a. 1/4 b. 1/2 c. 0 d. 3/4 e. 1

a. 1/4

In families where both biological parents are heterozygous for a recessive trait, what is their probability of having a child with the homozygous recessive genotype? a. 1/4 b. 1 c. 1/2 d. 3/4

a. 1/4

Which of the DNA fragments below could be used as a probe to detect the sequence 5'- ATCGGATTC - 3' in a Southern Blot? a. 5'-ATCGGATTC - 3' 3'-TAGCCTAAG-5' b. 5'-CTTAGGCTA - 3' 3'GAATCCGAT c. 5'-GAATCCGAT - 3' 3'-CTTAGGCTA-5'

a. 5'-ATCGGATTC - 3' 3'-TAGCCTAAG-5'

____________ is used to describe the descendants of one individual. a. Pedigree b. Molecular marker c. Phenotype d. Genotype e. Mutation

a. Pedigree

The most common form genetic differences among people are a. Single nucleotide polymorphisms b. deletions c. duplications d. Multiple nucleotide polymorphisms

a. Single nucleotide polymorphisms

Which of the following are true of VNTRs? a. all of the above b. they are polymorphisms in the number of repeats when the repeating unit is between 10-60 nucleotides c. they are useful for DNA fingerprinting d. they often have multiple alleles e. they are useful in assessing genetic relationships between individuals

a. all of the above

Practical applications of recombinant DNA technology include the a. all of the above. b. generation of DNA and RNA sequences for use in medical diagnosis. c. creation of novel genotypes for the synthesis of economically important molecules. d. efficient production of useful proteins. e. development of new types of vaccines. f. manipulation of the genotype of domesticated animals and plants.

a. all of the above.

In dihybrid crosses, the ratio 9:3:3:1 indicates a. independent assortment b. three alleles for a trait c. intermediate dominance d. codominance

a. independent assortment

In the cross Aa Bb Cc Dd X Aa Bb Cc Dd, in which all genes undergo independent assortment, what proportion of offspring are expected to be homozygous for dominant alleles of genes A, B and C and heterozygous for gene D? a. 1/64 b. 1/128 c. 1/32 d. 1/2 e. 1/4

b. 1/128

A hearing woman has a sister who is deaf through the inheritance of a rare recessive allele. What is the probability that her phenotypically hearing daughter is heterozygous for the gene? a. 1/6 b. 1/3 c. 1/4 d. 1/2 e. 0

b. 1/3

In families where both biological parents are heterozygous for a recessive trait, what is their probability of having a child with the homozygous recessive genotype? a. 1 b. 1/4 c. 3/4 d. 1/2

b. 1/4

What kind of ends are produced by the restriction enzyme CfoI, which recognizes the sequence 5'GCGC - 3' and cleaves each strand of DNA helix at the site represented by the downward arrow? a. Blunt ends b. 3' overhang c. None of the above d. 5' overhang

b. 3' overhang

Replication of the genome occurs in which phase of the cell cycle? a. C b. S c. G2 d. G1 e. M

b. S

A large set of DNA fragments cloned into vectors is called a. a Southern blot b. a DNA library c. multiple cloning site d. a colony hybridization

b. a DNA library

Alternative forms of a gene are called a. recessive b. alleles c. heterozygous d. homozygous e. dominant

b. alleles

Endonucleases a. remove amino acids from the carboxyl end of a polypeptide chain. b. break internal phosphodiester bonds in a single- or double-stranded nucleic acid molecule. c. connect two oligopeptides together. d. remove terminal nucleotides from the 3'-end of a polynucleotide chain. e. connect two DNA fragments together.

b. break internal phosphodiester bonds in a single- or double-stranded nucleic acid molecule.

A cell with a nucleus containing only one set of chromosomes, consisting of one member of each homologous pair, is a. diploid b. haploid c. somatic cell d. germ cell e. both b and D

b. haploid

Dideoxyribose is chemically different from deoxyribose in that it a. has fewer carbons in the sugar ring. b. lacks a 3'-OH group. c. contains an extra 3'-OH group. d. lacks a 5'-P group.

b. lacks a 3'-OH group.

Which of the statements below regarding X-linked inheritance is false? a. males inheriting an X-linked allele have the trait. b. the trait would be more common in females. c. heterozygous females will transmit each X-linked allele to about half of their daughters. d. hemophilia A is an example of an X-linked trait. e. heterozygous females will display the trait.

b. the trait would be more common in females.

In the cross Aa Bb Cc Dd X Aa Bb Cc Dd, in which all genes undergo independent assortment, what proportion of offspring are expected to be homozygous for dominant alleles of genes A, B and C and heterozygous for gene D? a. 1/64 b. 1/2 c. 1/128 d. 1/4 e. 1/32

c. 1/128

In a testcross of Aa Bb CC Dd Ee, where the genes show independent assortment, what is the expected frequency of aa bb Cc dd ee progeny? a. 1/2 b. 1/32 c. 1/16 d. 1/3 e. 1/4

c. 1/16

Starting with a cross between AA and aa, the proportion of heterozygotes in the F2 progeny will be a. 1/4 b. 1/8 c. 1/2 d. 1/3

c. 1/2

A corn plant heterozygous for 3 unlinked recessive genes (AaBbDd) is self-crossed. A, B, and D are dominant over a, b and d. What is the probability of getting all three genes homozygous recessive or homozygous dominant? a. 1/2 b. 1/4096 c. 1/32 d. 1/4 e. 1/64

c. 1/32

Two parents with blood types A and B have a child who has O blood type. What is the chance that their next child will be A? a. 1/2 b. 1 c. 1/4 d. 0

c. 1/4

Which of the following sequences is a palindrome? a. 5'- CCAGG - 3' b. 5'- CCAG - 3' c. 5'- CCATGG - 3' d. 5'- ACCGGA - 3' e. 5'- CCCC - 3'

c. 5'- CCATGG - 3'

Calculate the probability of having three girls and one boy in a family of four. Select one: a. 3/4 X 1/4 = 0.1875 b. 3/4 X 1/2 X 1/4 X 1/2= 0.09375 c. [4! / 3! 1!] (0.5)3 (0.5)1 = 0.25 d. none of the above

c. [4! / 3! 1!] (0.5)3 (0.5)1 = 0.25

Probabilities are calculated using the product or multiplication rule when they a. occur disproportionately b. equally likely c. are independent d. are mutually exclusive

c. are independent

DNA fragments migrate in an electric field because DNA molecules a. are double stranded. b. contain numerous covalent bonds. c. are negatively charged. d. are positively charged. e. are neutral in charge

c. are negatively charged.

RFLP analysis is used to detect a SNP that a. causes an A to T change b. is dominant c. eliminates a site recognized by a specific restriction endonuclease d. restricts DNA polymerization

c. eliminates a site recognized by a specific restriction endonuclease

Which chemical group is at the 3' end of a single polynucleotide strand? a. nitrogen group b. methyl group c. hydroxyl group d. purine base e. phosphate group

c. hydroxyl group

Each chromosome replicates to produce two sister chromatids in a. telophase b. meiosis c. interphase d. anaphase

c. interphase

In some people, the carbohydrate A and B antigens of the ABO blood groups not only are found on the surface of the red blood cells, but are also secreted into the saliva and other body fluids. Secretion of the antigens is due to a dominant allele of another genetic locus called secretor. People of genotype Se Se or Se se do secrete the A and B antigens, but those of genotype se se do not. There is epistasis between the genetic systems, because people of blood group O are nonsecretors regardless of their secretor genotype. The ABO and secretor loci are on different chromosomes and therefore show independent assortment. In crosses of the following type, what is the expected ratio of secretors to nonsecretors? (I^A I^O Se se) X (I^B I^O Se se) a. 9:3:3:1 b. 15:1 c. 3:1 d. 9:7

d. 9:7

Mating of two organisms produces a 1:1 ratio of phenotypes in the progeny. The parental genotypes are a. Aa Aa b. AA aa c. AA AA d. Aa aa

d. Aa aa

Given the following DNA Sequence which of the following choices gives the correct sequence of the partner DNA strand followed by the correct sequence of the RNA sequence if the below sequence was transcribed left to right? DNA Sequence: 3'ATCGACGGATCAT5' a. Partner: 5' TAGCTGCCTAGTA 3' RNA: 3' ATCGACGGAUCUT 3' b. Partner: 3' TAGCTGCCTAGTA 5' RNA: 3' UAGCUGCCUAGUA 5' c. Partner: 5' TAGCTGCCTAGTA 3' RNA: 5' TAGCTGCCTAGTA 3' d. Partner: 5' TAGCTGCCTAGTA 3' RNA: 5' UAGCUGCCUAGUA 3'

d. Partner: 5' TAGCTGCCTAGTA 3' RNA: 5' UAGCUGCCUAGUA 3'

Probabilities are calculated using the addition rule when they a. occur disproportionately b. are equally likely c. are independent d. are mutually exclusive

d. are mutually exclusive

Next generation sequencing technologies like Illumina and Ion Torrent are able to sequence large amounts of DNA sequences relatively quickly use a. dideoxy nucleotides b. the sanger method c. gel electrophoresis d. massive parallellization

d. massive parallellization

Plasmids used for in vitro cloning of foreign DNA fragments are called a. clones. b. DNA chips. c. conjugants. d. vectors. e. donors.

d. vectors.

A normal chromosome contains all but which of the following features a. heterochromatin b. 1 centromere c. 9 histones per nucleosome d. satellite DNA e. 8 telomeres

e. 8 telomeres

Parents heterozygous for a recessive allele are called a. hybrids b. codominant c. trubreeding d. pleiotropic e. carriers

e. carriers

Parents heterozygous for a recessive allele are called a. hybrids b. pleiotropic c. codominant d. trubreeding e. carriers

e. carriers

____________ is an example of an X-linked pattern of inheritance. a. albinism b. cerebal palsy c. skin cancer d. down syndrome e. hemophilia

e. hemophilia

The process of cell division that ensures that each of the two daughter cells receives a complement of chromosomes identical with the complement of the parent cell is known as a. meiosis b. telophase c. metaphase d. non-disjunction e. mitosis

e. mitosis

Replication is ___________ in that each parental single strand, which serves as a template strand, is found in one of the double-stranded progeny molecules.

semi conservative