Genetics Chapter 1: Overview of Genetics
What is a gene mutation? -A change in the structure of a chromosome -A change in the base pair sequence of a gene -A change in the total number of chromosomes
-A change in the base pair sequence of a gene
Which type molecule is a made of a specific sequence of amino acids linked together? -A nucleotide -A nucleic acid -A carbohydrate -A polypeptide
-A polypeptide
Which of the following are correct descriptions of a gene? -One or more polypeptides with a specific function -A unit of heredity -A chromosome -A segment of DNA that produces a functional product
-A unit of heredity -A segment of DNA that produces a functional product Reason why not: -One or more polypeptides with a specific function Reason: A polypeptide is the product of a gene. -A chromosome Reason: Chromosomes carry many genes.
What are alleles? -Similar genes that are found in different species -Alternative versions of the same gene -Different genes that have similar functions
-Alternative versions of the same gene
What structures in a cell contain DNA? -Chromosomes -Peroxisomes -Ribosomes -Lysosomes
-Chromosomes
What is the genetic material of all living organisms composed of? -Lipids -DNA -Protein -RNA
-DNA
The genetic variation among individuals within a population can be explained by differences in the sequence of ____.
Blank 1: DNA, nucleotides, bases, or nucleotide
Differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population are referred to as genetic ____.
Blank 1: variation, diversity, or variability
A gene can be described as a unit of heredity or as a segment __ of that produces a functional product.
DNA
A mutation that eliminates the function of a gene is called a(n) ____.
Loss-of-function mutation
Morphological trait = Behavioral trait = Physiological trait = -The color of a flower -The rate at which a bacterium metabolizes a sugar -The mating call of a bird species
Morphological trait = The color of a flower Physiological trait = The rate at which a bacterium metabolizes a sugar Behavioral trait = The mating call of a bird species
True or false: An organism's environment can affect its morphological and physiological traits.
True
True or false: All living organisms have genetic material composed of DNA.
True Reason: The genetic material of all living organisms is made of DNA. Viruses, some of which have RNA genomes, are not living entities.
A polypeptide is a linear sequence of ___.
amino acids
The pathway of gene expression from DNA to RNA to protein is referred to as the ____ of genetics.
central dogma
The branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation is
genetics
The field of genetics that focuses on the relationship of genetic variation to an organism's environment is called ____.
population genetics
In living cells, DNA is found in large structures called ____, which are contained in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
Blank 1: chromosomes or chromosome
An organism's traits can be affected by its genes and also by its ____.
Blank 1: environment, surroundings, enviroment, or environments
The term that describes all of the DNA found in all of an organism's chromosomes is ___.
Blank 1: genome, genomes, or genom
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of a single gene that result in two or more alleles for that gene are called gene ____.
Blank 1: mutation or mutations
In a eukaryotic cell, the is ____ surrounded by a double membrane that protects the chromosomes from the rest of the cellular components.
Blank 1: nucleus or nuclei
A gene is a segment of DNA that produces a functional product, which is usually a(n) ___, or as a unit of heredity that affects an organism's ___.
Blank 1: polypeptide or protein Blank 2: traits, characteristics, or phenotype
The functional product of most genes is a(n) ____.
Blank 1: protein, polypeptide, polypeptides, proteins, or RNA
The four categories of large organic molecules that are found in cells are nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and ___.
Blank 1: proteins, protein, or polypeptides
Genes are often described according to the way they affect the characteristics of an organism, which are called ___.
Blank 1: traits or trait
Alternative versions of the same gene are called ___.
Blank 1: alleles or allele
Which of the following are correct descriptions of a gene? -A unit of heredity -An entire chromosome -A segment of DNA that influences one or more traits of an organism -The complete set of information inside a cell -A segment of DNA that produces a functional product
-A unit of heredity -A segment of DNA that influences one or more traits of an organism -A segment of DNA that produces a functional product
Which of the following molecules are nucleic acids? -Amino acids -DNA -RNA -Proteins -Lipids -Carbohydrates
-DNA -RNA
What underlies the majority of the genetic variation among individuals within a population? -Differences in the number of chromosomes -Differences in the timing and location of gene expression -Differences in the number of genes -Differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
-Differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
Where are the chromosomes located in a eukaryotic cell? -In the endoplasmic reticulum -Attached to ribosomes -In the nucleus -In the cytosol
-In the nucleus
The four different categories of large organic molecules found within cells are ______. -Lipids -Nucleotides -Amino acids -Organelles -Proteins -Nucleic acids -Carbohydrates
-Lipids -Proteins -Nucleic acids -Carbohydrates
Different alleles of the same gene have different ____ sequences.
Blank 1: DNA, nucleotide, or nucleotides
What is a genetic cross? -The transfer of DNA from one species to another in nature -The breeding of two individuals and the analysis of their offspring -The transfer of DNA from a foreign source into an organism -A mating between two unrelated species
-The breeding of two individuals and the analysis of their offspring
What does the central dogma of genetics describe? -The pathway of gene expression from DNA to RNA to protein -The fact that every living organism has genetic material composed of DNA -The structure of a chromosome -The way that natural selection results in evolution
-The pathway of gene expression from DNA to RNA to protein
What is the focus of population genetics? -The relationship between genetic variation and an organism's environment -The relationship of DNA, RNA, and protein through gene expression -The transmission of genes from parents to their offspring
-The relationship between genetic variation and an organism's environment
What is gene expression? -The analysis of the complete set of genes that a specific cell or organism contains. -The use of a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of a cell or organism. -The process of copying the complete genetic information of a cell in preparation for cell division.
-The use of a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of a cell or organism.
How do alleles differ from one another? -They have slightly different DNA sequences. -They are found in different species. -They affect different cellular processes.
-They have slightly different DNA sequences.
The breeding of two selected individuals and the analysis of their offspring is referred to as ______. -evolution -a genetic cross -sex -fertilization
-a genetic cross
A trait is a ______. -segment of DNA that produces a functional product -characteristic of an organism -membrane-bound compartment within a cell -unit of heredity
-characteristic of an organism
A loss-of-function mutation is a mutation that ______. -eliminates the function of a gene -is fatal to an organism -does not affect the traits of an organism
-eliminates the function of a gene
The process of using a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of cells and organisms is called gene ______. -expression -replication -reproduction
-expression
Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with -interactions between organisms and their environment -heredity and variation -the structure and function of biological macromolecules -the structure and function of cell
-heredity and variation
Genetic variation describes differences in ___. -the two copies of a gene found in a single individual -the number of chromosomes found in different species -inherited traits among individuals within a population
-inherited traits among individuals within a population
The color of a butterfly, a dark butterfly and a light butterfly, is an example of a(n) ______ trait. -behavioral trait -physiological trait -morphological trait
-morphological trait
Both DNA and RNA are ______ acids. -fatty -amino -nucleic
-nucleic
Genes are the source of products for cellular function. The product of most genes is a ______. -polypeptide -chromosome -cell -segment of DNA
-polypeptide
An organism's genome consists of all of the structures found inside its cells -the entire set of proteins found in its cells -the complete set of RNA molecules found in its cells -the DNA found in all of its chromosomes
-the DNA found in all of its chromosomes