Genghis Khan
Burkhan Khaldun
"God Mountain"; in the Kentii Range; Genghis Khan prayed to him
What countries did the Mongols conquer?
China, Russia, Hungary, Ukraine, Korea, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrzikstan
When was the diet of horse meat/horse milk supplemented by grains?
when they came in contact with China
Toregene
wife of Ogodei Khan, acted as regent after his death
Kamikazi
wind/storm; saved Japan from Mongol conquests twice; Japanese term (Kami-God of wind)
What country did the Mongols attempt to capture but failed?
Japan (x2)
Who consolidated and extended Mongol rule in China?
Kublai Khan
What area did the Mongols inhabit?
Southern China, up to Russia, the Middle East-the majority of Asia
airag
fermented mare's milk, drink even today; added many calories to their diet
Borte
first wife of Genghis Khan, she was kidnapped and raped (Jochi), he got her back
What did the Mongols live in?
gers (yurts)
How did the Soviets attempt to curtail Mongol nationalism?
hide the Secret History, didn't let people into where Genghis was buried, Spirit Banner disappeared
What was the Mongol empire divided into after Genghis Khan's death>
4 Khanates-ruled by grandsons
Who brought the Mongols to power and united the Mongol tribes?
Genghis Khan
Temujin
Genghis Khan's given name, after a warrior his father killed
What is the name of the Mongols empire in Russia called?
Golden Horde
Plain of Mohe
Great Hungarian Plain, battle against Hungary took place
What did the Mongols do to govern an agricultural society? (This "agricultural society" was the Yuan dynasty in China)
He appointed people to rule under him and send him tribute, people who were diverse in culture and religion, but knew how things ran in that kind of culture
How did the Mongols treat societies with other cultures? Did Mongols adopt some of the cultures of countries they conquered?
They killed aristocrats and commoners (used as human shields) kept engineers and those with skills
Avarga
first capital, base camp of Genghis Khan after seizing the Jurched; confluence of the Kherlen and Tsenker Rivers
To govern China, the Mongols did what> What dynasty was this called?
Yuan Dynasty; made himself acceptable to Chinese, but still made changes with roads and paper money; integrates them into Mongol government, but instead the Chinese, with the stronger culture absorbed the Mongols
What are the Mongols?
a nomadic group of people, herders, in the steppe region between China and Russia
What were negative effects of the Mongol conquests>
bankruptcy-tributes, stifled growth and advance/suppressed cultures
The Secret History of the Mongols
book, written by Chinese after death, only found recently
Khanbalik
built by KKhublai Khan; Beijing; was the Jerched capital, Zhongdu to Chinese; after Ming took over, became capital again
What are positive effects of the Mongol conquests?
connected east and west, pax Mongolia, united Mongol tribes, education (Great Law)
what were some accomplishments of Kublai Khan?
conquest of the Song Dynasty, paper money, road system
What kind of people were the Mongol? How did they adapt to their environment?
nomads, herders, moved from place to place
Golden Horde
northwestern part of the empire; ruled over eastern Europe/Russia; named after the Mongol warriors occupying the area
Khuriltai
official counsel/meeting, summoned to confirm elections
Sukhe
one of the wives, ruled when husband died
Spirit Banner
physical representation of a person's soul
Gers
portable home made of felt over latticework frame, called a yurt, made of yak
How did the Mongols maintain control of Russia?
propaganda, tribute, princes could govern if they answered to Mongol authority; stripped of wealth and resources
Why does the West portray the Mongols as the stereotypical barbarians?
racism
The Great Law of Genghis Khan
religious tolerance, system of weights and measure, postal system, paper money, troops protect trade routes, internal peace, promotes exchange of ideas/goods between east and west
What were some accomplishments of Genghis Khan?
ruled by law (system of weights and measures, postal system, paper money, troops protect trade roots, united all the Mongol tribes)
Karakorum
second capital of empire, built by Ogodei on Orkdan River; once belonged to Ong Khan of the Keyed; was a large trading center/storehouse of wealth
Tatars
separate tribes, near Russian border
Was Kublai Khan tolerant of other culture and religion?
some he rejected (Confucianism and foot binding) but he was generally tolerant and embraced many different types of people to govern
Ilkhanate
southwestern state of the empire, given to a Khan after Genghis Khan's death; modern Middle East (Great Khan?)
Paiza
status symbol; a tablet carried by Mongol officials to signify certain privileges/authority
andas
sworn brothers, exchange blood, sleep under the same blanket; Temujin and Jamuka
What were the Mongols military?
they operated in groups using multiples of 10; not afraid to retreat, created new techniques using cannons, ballistas, and siege warfare
What is Pax Mongolia and when did it occur>
troops protected trade within the empire and kept peace, mid 1200s-1400s
