GEO 222 Cities of the World: UNIT 2

**Middle Eastern cities***

*** Middle East***

****RUSSSIA****

****Russia****

****Sub Sahara Africa****

**Africa**

Norilsk is the northernmost large city in the world, with temperatures as low as...

-58°c (about -72°F)

*European Cities*

...

What are three characteristics that connect all the Middle Eastern countries together despite the massively different land areas?

1. All have arid or semi-arid geography. 2. Shared cultural geography (aka they are the birth place of modern monotheistic religions) 3. They are centers for trade and commerce due to their location literally in the middle

What are the four broad types of cities in Africa?

1. Ancient or pre-colonial 2. Trans-Atlantic slave trade 3. Formal colonial rule 4. Post-colonial *Many cities have combinations or all of them

What is Mecca's current population?

1.7 million

Kinshasa is the second largest country in sub-Saharan Africa with a population of what?

11 million which is more than 15% of the total Congo population

What is the population of Istanbul?

14 million now

What was the percent of urbanized population in 1950, 1970 and projected for 2040?

15%, 25%, 50%

How many people live in Norilsk?

175,300 in 2010

Cairo is the most populous city in the middle East with about ....

19 million people

When was Berlin's peak economically and population wase?

1940 right before Hitler invaded Poland. Had 4 million people then, *today population of 3.5 million*

Bucharest, Romania population is...

2 million

How many people pilgrimaged to Mecca in 2014?

2 million

The other sections of a middle Eastern city going outwards from the Citadel are...

2. Old city (Medina) 3. New city (Colonial city) 4. Modern city (post Colonial) 5. Urban expansion zone (future city)

Ghana's primate city is Accra with a population of...

2.3 million in 2015

Dubai population has rose from 20,000 in 1950 to what in 2015?

2.4 million

What's special about the appearance of Olso ?

2/3 rds of the city is made of protected areas so it is very natural looking. Also Nobel Peace prize is given out here

How many Africans were relocated from Africa for Slavery?

20 million. 20 million died in Africa

How many people per year die from air pollution based problems in Cairo and Alexandria?

20,000 people. Cost 2% of entire GDP

Dakar, Senegal has about how many people? How is the city divided?

3.5 million people. There is a very nice section called Le Plateau which was French and has all the nice moderns things of Western places. However 3 other section have lots of poverty especially the African Medina (squatter settlements)

How many homeless people are there in Moscow alone? What caused this situation?

30,000 to 1 million (55,000 children). The collapse of the Soviet Union caused lots of job lose and migration, which caused individuals to have issues.

What is the population of Nairobi?

4 million

What is the population of Johannesburg?

4.4 million, but it runs together with several other cities which would make a total of 11.6 million

What percent of Nairobi lives in informal housing?

40%

Overall by 2020 what percent of SSI population will live in urban areas?

41%

How many times per day must a Muslim face Mecca and pray?

5 times per day. And one pilgrimage in your lifetime

Catal Hoyuk was a city in modern day Turkey (Konya Plain) had a est. Pop of?

50,000 but was one of the most sophisticated

People in the EU have how many cars per 1000 people?

500. The US has 800 for reference

What percent of the middle East is urban?

52% now but it was only 29% in 1950

What percent of Ghana's population is urbanized?

53% now expected to be 63% in 2030

Olso, Norway has a population of...

600,000 in city, 1.5 million entire area

What percent of South Africans live in cities?

64% which is the highest of any SSA

Europe is more than ____% Urban?

70%

Londons population is...

8.5 million, 14 million in the entire metropolitan area

What percent of UAE citizens are foriegn born?

84%. Other countries can be found on page 288

Moscow WA founded how many years ago?

850

What is a Microrayon?

A compact unit area that contains high rise apartments 8-12k people, shops, jobs and schools. Basically everything in one isolated unit within the city.

What was something London introduced to help with car congestion and pollution?

A daily congestion charge for driving into certain areas in the city.

What is an Oblast in the Soviet Union?

A powerful city (kinda like a state). They benefited dispropoartionaly from investment from Moscow

What is the population of Paris?

About 12 million (whole area). 2 million directly. Second largest city in Europe

How many refugees call Jordan their home?

About 2.5 million. More than 6.5 million Syrians have been displaced and 4 million have left the country

What percent of people in the European Union were foriegn born?

About 7% (35 million). In German cities about 15-25% and in Amsterdam more than half is non dutch

This city is the actual capital of Nigeria although it does not have the same economic or social power that other Nigerian cities possess.

Abuja

This city became the first city in Africa to become a capital after World War II.

Accra

What is the name for the center of Greek cities where the temples and municipal buildings were found?

Acropolis

What was a cause of Lagos population growth?

After slavery was abolished Britian controlled the colony and made of a sort of safe haven

What is the name for the marketplace in Greek towns?

Agora

What is the 'green belt'?

An area around London where development is restricted to preserve some green space for recreation and small shops. Caused several cities to develop outside of this ring.

In the Tsarist period St. Petersburg became...

An area of great economic growth. Was becoming modernized (like the west) thanks to Peter the Greats policies.

What percent of Kinsasha is unemployed ?

Around 60%

This industry is increasingly becoming a feature of larger post-soviet Russian cities.

Banking

This city hosted the Olympics and was transformed from a rundown industrial city into a vibrant, culturally rich city on the sea. It has become one of Europe's most popular tourist destinations.

Barcelona

Which of the following periods saw an increase in city beautification such as sculpture, fountains and embellishment of monumental buildings?

Baroque Period

Why is Kinshasa nicknames the invisible city?

Because much of what happens in the city (like work, home building etc) happens without oversight or an measurement (anarchy almost)

Why is Norilsk a 'closed city' ?

Because they don't allow non Russians near their very valuable mines. They are the largest producer of nickel and palladium in the world. Also large producer of platinum, rhodium, copper and cobalt

What is a major characteristic present and most African cities?

Besides the landlocked countries most are located on a port or grew up around a major mine

This term refers to an urban corridor of high tech industry and services that include London, the Randstaad and Rhine-Ruhr Conurbation and Milan.

Blue Bananna

What's the tallest building in the world?

Burj Khalifa

What is the city of 1000 Minarets? (Mosques)

Cairo Egypt

What is the Urban Triangle?

Cairo, Istanbul and Tehran all located on separated continents. Most middle Eastern cities fall within the triangle this makes

Most of the largest cities in Africa are there ...

Capital Cities. They are primate cities, and some countries have moved their capitals other places but it has not slowed the growth of the Cities which probably existed in colonial times

Vladivostok is Russia's Pacific...

Capital. Close to the Pacific. Home of the navel fleet

At the center of Middle Eastern city is the ____

Citadel or Kasbah. Usually on a hilltop with wall around. Where government used to be

To sum up the last point...

Cities evolved around on availability of water, the house of worship and success of the marketplace

Which of the following phenomena is causing a water shortage in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Climate Change

What part of Africa is the least and most urbanized?

Coastal and southern Africa or the most urbanized Eastern is the least

What was the name given to the new economic system established by the Communist government? It centered on a group of central planners that allocated all resources and set standards for urban development

Command economy

Many cities have formed _____ (there are 50 with more than a million people)

Courbations (cities basically run together)

What were the few cities like in the medieval period?

Cramped and unhygienic. Surrounded by walls and moats with no fresh air or place for trash.

Which of the following cities is a primate city not only for the country in which it is located, but the West African region?

Dakar

What resource accounts for about half of the Congo's export earnings?

Diamonds

What is the language spoken in Dubai?

English

How did racial conflicts arrise in Johannesburg?

Europeans came for the Gold mines and they believed the city to be theirs. They made separate settlements for black folks and they could only come into Johannesburg with passes for working. White Europeans enjoyed one of the highest levels of living in the world

True or false: During Communist rule the USSR developed a highway system similar to Americas.

False

Barcelona is the largest city in Spain with 1.6 million people. True or false?

False second largest. Madrid the capital is larger

True or false? Paris has seen steady population decline since ww2

False. Population has increased continuously

The Soviets cared about the environment. True or false?

False. They destroyed anything at the cost of industrialization

Is the Concentric zone model a good model for European cities? (Circles where each ring away from the center gets wealthier)

For some yes. But in others (Mediterranean) wealthy people live in the center close to transportation.

Has increased urbanization and industrialization along with it?

For the most part no. People participate in the informal economy which is small-scale activities

Kremlin's are...

Forts. They were built to protect against raids in the 1000's

This country is the most urbanized in all of Sub-Saharan Africa.

Gabon

Despite being the richest area in Russia, Moscow struggles with...

Garbage collection, adequate roads and parking, high pollution

The main European capital of the United Nations is...

Geneva

This country suffered greatly during an economic downturn in the 1970s and early 1980s. The World Bank helped them in 1983 by instituting neoliberal economic policies. It's economy has since turned around.

Ghana

What percent of Istanbul and Ciaro's populations live in temporary housing?

Half of Istanbul, 25-30% of Ciaro

The leader named Ceaucescu is known for what in 1989?

He ordered the destruction of about a fourth of the city to make room for his elaborate building and appartment blocks. Also 40,000 stray dogs

Who drew up the expansion plan of Barcelona in 1859?

Iledefrons Cerda

What is archipelago urbanization?

In the Soviet Union they placed cities in isolated places that are still like 'islands' that are isolated from the rest of country

Name some middle East and conflict ?

Iraqis not reuniting after Saddam Hussein, Israel/Pallestine

How was industrialization like in South Africa?

It didn't really happen much. The focus were on raw goods

Abuja in Nigeria has grown from what population in 2000 to what population in 2010?

It grew from 800,000 to 2 million residents in those 10 years

How does Nairobi s geography relate to it's poverty?

It was built for colonial convenience but it is in swampy area that makes sanitation difficult

Kazan (located on the Volga River) is know for what?

It's an important port city. Also known for building transportation equipment

Which of the following leaders finally conquered the Tatars in the middle of the 16th century? This victory allowed Russian forces to further colonize the Eastern Frontier.

Ivan the Terrible

What country has the lowest water per capita and what is it doing about it?

Jordan. Water desalination plants

The earliest Russian cities were established as military forts and trading outposts by the Vikings. Several cities became important but one stood above the rest, eventually having the region named after it. What city was this?

Kiev

European colonialism has impacted most of Sub-Saharan Africa. Which of the following cities was originally founded and named after the European leader Leopold? This city changed its name from Leopoldsville after independence.

Kinshasha

Which of the following cities has grown more rapidly in the last half century than the government's ability to provide political and economic needs?

Kinshasha

Collective communal farms were called...

Kolkhozi

Soviet Communal appartment s were called...

Kommunalka

What is the largest mega city in SSA?

Lagos Nigeria. 13 million people now, projected 18 million by 2025

This city is considered by some to be the most surveilled city in the world with almost a half million surveillance cameras.

London

How many of the top 500 companies do London and Paris host?

London: 21 Paris: 28

With the defeat of the Tatars in the late 15th century, which city rose to prominence? It is still the most important city in Russia.

Moscow

How did cities change once communists took over?

Moscow became the capital again and Russia RAPIDLY URBANIZED. (50% by 1979)

Although Rome probably had about a million people, how many did the average Roman city contain?

Most fewer than 5,000, but large cities had 15-20k

What is central place theory and how does it relate to Europe?

Most of each European countries cities are about the same distance apart. They are basically ranked by size (can change over time but as a general rule)

What is the top boy's name in London?

Muhamed

The city of Jur... Is divided into what four sections (in the Old City that is)

Muslim, Jewish, Christian, and Armenian. Mainly Jews and Muslims

In which of the following cities was the U.S. embassy bombed in 1998?

Nairobi

Which of the following cities was built primarily in wetlands and dense forests?

Nairobi

What has Istanbul been closed in the past?

New Rome and Constantinople

Is Mecca very good at historical preservation?

No. New things have replaced old things, for instance skyscrapers are for bigger than the central mosque

Why is population and urban growth occuring?

Nomatic lifestyles are declining. Also oil has high demand for employment so I draws in people (and lots of foreigners)

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is known for..

Oil. Second biggest foriegn investment area after Moscow

Kenya has what percent urbanization?

Only 24% in 2010 (expected to be 40% by 2040) East Africa is considered to be the least urbanized in the world

What is the urbanization rate in Tajikistan?

Only 30% (3 in 10)

What religions are allowed to enter Mecca?

Only Muslims exclusively

Dubai has a small population of actual UAE people with what percent of the overall?

Only about 10%. The biggest proportion is South Asians. *90% of the population is foriegn born*

A lot of trade from Asia comes through here. This has caused ____ crime.

Organized mafia type crime involving government officials

The Channel Tunnel connects London to...

Paris and Brussels

How are politics in the post-soviet time?

People are allowed to speak up, but if its against the Kremlin it often doesn't end too well.

How/what did people live in in the Soviet cities?

People lived in Microrayon (see next one). Cities were built in compact and using public transit

Who established Barcelona and how long ago?

Phoenicians about 2000 years ago.

Norilsk is Russia's most...

Polluted city

What type of city is particularly common in Africa?

Primate cities

Which of the following countries is the most urbanized at 99%?

Qatar

What is the Arab Spring?

Refers to the uprising and overthrowing of governments in the Middle East. Examples include Tunisia and Egypt

What is the reason Jerusalem has stuck around for so long?

Religion (duh). It actually is in a bad location (no trade routes, not centrally located). Did have a spring though

European cities average growth of just 0.2% per year because...

Rural migration has stopped. Low birth rate means growth is due to immigration

Due to the scarcity of a clean available water supply, which of the following cities is thought to be the first to go dry - in other words lose their available water?

Sana'a

What each of the ancient cities did

See page 282

One aspect missing from most Europena cities skylines are...

Skyscrapers and other large buildings. Cities used to have height limits and they have stuck with them

Architecture in Bucharest can be described as...

Some elegant (once known as Paris of the East), but communist influences are still seen todah

At the decline of the Soviet Union (end of the period) what happened to cites

Some rapidly decline and other increased. Cities associated with minerals and the military industrial complex were the first to disappear.

In SSA how much solid waste is estimated to make it to landfills?

Somewhere between 3-45%

What are some reasons for the high density of cities?

Strict urban sprawl restriction even long ago. Also the relatively late introduction of cars and high gas costs.

Housing costs are too high and housing demands outstrip the

Supply

London grew around two core areas, Thames and Westminister which were dedicated to what?

Thames - business Westminister - government and religon

What is the most distinct part of the city? Aka what is the most different?

The Citadel and Medina because they happened before outside influences. The other layers are pretty similar from city to city

The trim continental junction is called...

The Fertile Crescent

Core-periphery model relates to European cities how?

The center part of Europe is dominated by major cities. Individual countries also tend to be dominated by a large centralized city

How is Lagos divided essentially?

There is a wealthy population of people who live the European way, and then many people who live in large poverty (64% live in slums)

Why did cities stay relatively small until the end of World War 1?

There were many restrictions based on race and other things about living in the city

What is special about European cities and the global economy?

They are the HQ of many of the most powerful companies and also organizations like the UN, OPEC etc.

After the USSR collapsed what happened to most cities, bar a few?

They collapsed. Basically if they were associated with manufacturing they struggled, only the ones with natural resources could maintain. Arctic and Siberian cities in particular

Istanbul was a important city all throughout the past because...

They could control trade from all directions thanks to the fact that it is in Europe and Middle East, plus it controls the connection of Black sea to Mediterranean

What's special about London, Amsterdam, Paris and Frankfurt in regards to transportation?

They form one of the largest and busiest airport hubs in the world

During the renaissance what happened to cities?

They grew and trade between them as well. Began to look different due to new architecture

What did the Soviet Union prefer in regards to transportation? How does that impact modern times?

They preferred mass transit, specifically subways (over 20 developed way back). But now traffic is horrible on roads

In the West, describe what processes cities went through

They rebuilt after the war, gradually people left as industry declined and now poeople are back because of modern service industries in downtowns

How did Soviets distribute cities?

They spread them out evenly throughout the country (regardless of the climate) based on ideology

Why has Dubai became successful in a relatively short time?

They strategically used the modest oil money they had to invest in many non oil industries. They are now a hub for many things like banking, travel and some of the busiest airports, ports

What's different about the way Gulf cities developed?

They were largely built from the 60's on so they don't have the traditional stuff like the others. They developed from oil money (modern )

Another Big Industry besides oil is?

Tourism

Russia currently has a negative population growth which means more people are dying than being born. True or False?

True

True or false African countries lead the world in urbanization rates?

True

What are the three distinct periods of urban development in Russia?

Tsarist, Soviet, post Soviet

In which country did the Arab Spring begin?

Tunisa

The Jasmine Revolution took place is what country?

Tunisia

The word urban comes from...

Ur and Uruk the FIRST URBAN AREA IN THE WORLD

Most of Cairo's population growth occured after...

WW2

13 of the world's most _____ are in the middle East?

Water scarce cities

How much have Neighborhoods changed since the 1700's?

Wealthy areas have changed little and many families stay in the older wealthier areas

What are West and East Jerusalem?

West is the Israeli side and East is the part occupied by Arabs (both Muslim and Christian)

How are socialist cities different?

When they took over the cities were the same, but afterwards they liked to spread businesses and people into pod-like things.

In 1960 how was the city set up racially?

White's (5% of pop) controlled more than half land. Significant Asian population controlled the middle portion of land and Africans had the lowest worst land

St Petersburg is and was known as the ...

Window to the west

Johannesburg is considered the only ... In Africa?

World City. It is also called The Gold City

Which of the former Russian republics built a new capital (Astana) to renew economic growth and sociocultural importance?

kazakhstan

Ageing western cities are shifting towards K-economics which are

knowledge economics (away from Industrial)

Europe is known for working together on...

policies for environment and compact development. European cities are already some of the best thanks to great urban planning.