geo test 2
Equalization Payment
A payment in cash or property made by the spouse with the greater net family property to the other spouse to make the division of property more equitable upon separation or divorce
Quebecs history
1608: first permanent French settlement established with Samuel de Champ vast fur trading empire was developed •France eventually lost their North American colony •Left cultural legacy in form of French language and Catholic religion
Ville-Marie, established
1642
why does Canada and USA have good trading
Continentalism •Complimenting economies •Trade agreements •A north-south transportation system
the quiet revolution
A period of rapid change experienced in Québec from 1960 to 1966. Transformed Québec's image of rural, inward-looking, Church-dominated society •Provincial government replaced Catholic Church as protector of French culture/language •Reforms hinged on: •State intervention in economy •Expansion of French-speaking provincial civil service
War of 1812
A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.
continentalism
Agreements or policies that favor the regionalization and/or cooperation between nations within a continent
Federal and Ontario governments provide capital to automobile companies for two reasons
As an incentive to expand operations or to remain in Ontario •In an effort to promote automotive research in Ontario
history British Colony (1760-1867)
British conquest of 1760 led to over 100 years of British rule • Fur trade continued to flourish and agricultural economy went unchanged • Land hunger caused French Canadians to migrate, mostly to US • Vast majority retained language and Catholic religion Rebellions broke out in 1837 and were crushed by the British army • Lord Durham's Report • English to be sole language of the new province of Canada • English-speaking settlers to create English majority in Lower Canada • French Canadians to be integrated into English majority • Act of Union (1841) united two colonies into Province of Canada and created single elected ass
why is manufacturing Canadian not doing so well
Canada has higher wages than most other countries • Automation has displaced workers. • Outsourcing sees jobs move overseas • Offshore relocation moves jobs out of the country • A high Canadian dollar (until 2014) has made exports more expensive
Ontario faces serious economic challenges for two reasons.
First, the shrinking of the US market has had an enormous negative impact on Ontario, especially for its manufacturing and forest industries. Second, the global economy has seen manufacturing shift to China and other low-wage countries, leaving Ontario's manu- facturing sector extremely vulnerable.
Best agricultural land in Quebec
Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowland
southern Ontarios physiographic regions
Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowlands Because of the physiographic regions and better soil there is higher agriculture activity
Trade agreements with the United States have three results
Greater trade A more integrated North American economy Trade conflicts
Fastest-growing cities on Ontario
Guelph, Oshawa, and yyz
Macdonald's National Policy produced measurable benefits, but it was not without some cost, especially in the context of the centralist/decentralist faultline discussed earlier in the course. Discuss.
Macdonald wanted a A railroad to link canada mainly in or order to transport products. his policy ensured Canada was divided into an economic core surrounded by a weaker periphery.The periphery was selling raw materials on the world market but buying domestic goods.This translated into "selling low" and buying high Implication: It strengthened manufacturing in the core and was seen as a great benefit to central canada. but the periphery continues to struggle economical and policatclly due to these decisions
North America's automobile manufacturing sector
Mexico has Lower wages
3 issues with the forest industry in Ontario
Old technology used in pre-WWII mills; fluctuations in US demand for softwood lumber and rising electrical cost
highest indebted province at $296 billion
Ontario
Economic Sectors
Primary sector : resource extraction, including minerals, farming, fishing, and logging Secondary sector: construction and manufacturing (e.g., the processing of extracted resources for commercial sale) •Tertiary sector : services, ranging from Walmart cashiers to health-care workers, truckers, and computer programmers Industrial Structure •The quaternary sector : made up of high-end knowledge-based workers and decision-makers
what are the main differences between the economy of southern Québec and that of southern Ontario
Quebec accounted for $394.8 billion or about 20 per cent of Canada's GDP, 23% of the population Quebec's manufacturing and agricultural sectors have benefited heavily from free trade with the United States. Quebec is experiencing faster growth of its R&D spending than other Canadian provinces. Industries including aerospace, information technologies and software and multimedia. Ontario, which has 39 per cent of Canada's population and 39 per cent of Canada's GDP. Southern Ontario Agricultural-industrial economy while Hamilton, with its steel plants, is the focus of heavy industry (Vignette 5.14), and Oshawa is Canada's leading automobile-manufacturing city
Currently the highest equalization payments is
Québec
will Québec
Québec has recognized the importance of the knowledge-based economy and is devoting more public funds for scientific research initiatives than any of the other five regions
innovative clusters are not spread evenly across the country why?
Tend to be located near major universities and in large cities •Often anchored by a university of public research agency •Members of the creative class want to live in "interesting" cities •Firms and centres situated in culturally rich cities have an advantage in recruiting/retaining a highly creative labour force
Auto Pact 1965
The Canada—United States Automotive Products Agreement, commonly known as the Auto Pact or APTA, was a trade agreement between Canada and the United States. he North American automobile industry was highly segregated; only three percent of vehicles sold in Canada were made in the United States, but most of the parts were manufactured in the U.S. and overall Canada was in a large trade deficit with the United States in the automobile sector. • It made Canada an important manufacturing country • It provided the Big Three manufacturers an advantage in the single market of Canada and th
The James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement
The Makivik Corporation and Kativik Regional Government both came into existence as a resu
Two reasons why the resource base is losing its economic strength in Canada
The most accessible mineral and timber resources have been exploited • New resource production is more costly 2.Resource companies are under pressure to modernize by employing more advanced technology •Results in a reduced labour force
The Super Cycle Theory
Theory based on two premises 1. that demand will tend to outstrip supply and thus keep prices high 2. that in a global economic downturn, demand from industrializing countries will keep price declines to a minimum.
Rostow's stages of economic grow
Traditional society (agricultural society) •Pre-conditions for take off (first signs of industrialization) •Take-off (industry dominates economy) •Drive to maturity (diverse economy) •Age of mass consumption (high economic output and wages, growth of middle class) •Globalization (reducing trade barriers, industrialization occurring in developing countries
Four climatic zone in Quebec
arctic •Subarctic •Atlantic •Great Lakes-St Lawrence
the staples thesis by Harold Innis
based his theory on resource development in the hinterland (Canada) and trade with the heartland (Great Britain). Over time, the exploitation of these staples led to regional economic diversification and the formation of institutions that defined the political culture of each region. The staples thesis accomplished
Caledonia
because of the The Royal Proclamation and the Haldimand Grant ownership over the forested lands they inhabited, and that therefore such lands could not be occupied by settlers but must be purchased from indigenous people but in in 1840 part of land was surrendered -Six Nations would challenge the 1840 surrender in a 1995 lawsuit and it is part of the basis for the current protest
In the context of the emerging knowledge-based economy, critically discuss the idea advanced by Richard Florida that Ontario is in an advantageous position.
creative class thesis: whereby urban economic development is driven by urban amenities. Ontario especially Southern Ontario has high dense populations and a also a lot of amenities which tend to keep creative people in the area
The federal government's strategy to stimulate the economy focuses on spending in three areas
defence • infrastructure • financial support to major manufacturers (e.g., automobile companies, knowledge-based firms
what was achieved from the quiet revolution
gov. achieved. Nationalization of private electrical companies under Hydro- Québec • Modernization/secularization of education • Stimulation of francophone business sector by investment of Québec Pension Plan funds in Québec firms • Establishment of Maisons du Québec (quasi-embassies) • Rising Québec nationalism and separatism
Haldimand Proclamation 1784
governor of Québec, signed a decree that granted a tract of land to the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), also known as the Six Nations, in compensation for their alliance with British forces during the American Revolution (1775-83).
Ipperwash
in Ontario, aboriginal people occupied land on a former army base that had been taken during the Second World War but never returned
issues with the mining industry in Ontario
limited lifespan of non-renewable resou
Ring of Fire
mineralized belt in northern Ontario is one of the most promising mineral development opportun- ities in Ontario in almost a century
Canadian Shield in Quebec
nearly 90% of province's territory •Noted for forestry and hydroelectric production •Home to Cree and Inuit com
Allophone
resident whose mother tongue or home language is neither French nor English.[1][2] The term parallels anglophone and francophone, which designate people whose mother tongues are English and French, respectively.
Identify and discuss critically the geographic, economic and legal considerations on which developing the resource potential of the "Ring of Fire" mineral belt depends
the area is a mineralized belt in northern Ontario, one of the most promising mineral development opportun- ities in Ontario. theses sedimentary rocks that produce diamonds, gold, nickel, and copper because the Canadian Shield provides ideal geological conditions. however this sector of resources extraction has a limited lifespan and hence is highly non renewable. Because of this there are greater big booms and crashes in the local economy. Not to mention the impact/damage on the local environment and having migrant worker that might flightier in and flight out might have on the local enviroemtn also what will happen after the
1960 quebec
the quiet revolution begins
seigneurial system
the system of landholding in New France; seigneurs were given estates and responsibilities to settle the land and oversee its administration
Northern Ontario is characterized as hinterland:
with sluggish economy, small and aging population, and distant from major market a remote and undeveloped area
how can Ottawa can help transition
—perhaps by shifting a portion of its financial support for the automobile industry to high-tech busi- nesses.
Two events took that advantage away of The Auto Pact (1965)
• NAFTA (1994) brought Mexico into the North America market • The WTO ruled that the Auto Pact gave Canada an unfair trade advantage with the US (2
Ontarios climatic zones
•Arctic •Subarctic •Great Lakes-St Lawren
northern Ontarios physiographic regions
•Consists of Canadian Shield and Hudson Bay Lowland Because of the physiographic regions there is Limited agriculture and more forestry, tourism, and mining -resources base
Four physiographic region of Quebec
•Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowlands •Appalachian Uplands •Canadian Shield (largest) •Hudson Bay Lowlands (smallest)
Three physiographic regions of Ontario
•Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowlands •Canadian Shield •Hudson Bay Lowlan
Canada has two economies
•Manufacturing •Resource development
Quebec now
•Modern industrial society operating within francophone environment •Globalization of trade squeezed the manufacturing sector and resulted in lost jobs •Signs of a weak economy: •Receives the largest share of equalization payments •Unemployment rate is above the national average •Its per capita debt is the highest in the country Knowledge-based Economy
Exports are important to Canada's economic well-being for many reason
•Resources •Global market •Economies of scale •Prosperity