GEO102 Final Zunka OSU
The letters AM stand for
ante meridiem
Incoming solar radiation is calledA) thermosphere.B) solar constant.C) solar wind.D) insolation.
d
A value for Earth's circumference was first calculated by
Eratosthenes.
A principal methodology governing geographic inquiry
involves spatial analysis
The realization that Earth was a sphere
was first made by Pythagoras, 580-‐‐500 BC.
An angular distance measured north or south of the equator from the center of Earth is termed
Latitude
A line connecting all points along the same longitudinal angle is called a
Meridian
Earth's magnetosphere is generated byA) nuclear fusion in Earth's core.B) dynamo-‐‐like motions in Earth's interior.C) gravitational accretion.D) nuclear fission in Earth's core.
b
Remote sensing isA) a subjective determination of temperature.B) the monitoring of a distant object without physical contact.C) an earthbound technique not used in modern satellites.D) based on the principle that surfaces must be physically handled and directly measured for study.
b
The basis for defining the length of a day is the fact that
Earth rotates on its axis in 24 hours, i.e., it rotates 15 degrees of longitude per hour.
The word spatial refers to
the nature and character of physical space
The inductive method of reasoning used by Earth scientists to discern patterns in nature involves reasoning from
the specific to the general
The Sun produces which of the following?A) Mainly visible light and infrared energyB) Only solar windC) Only radiant energy that is beneficial to lifeD) Mainly ultraviolet and X-‐‐rays
a
The Sun's altitude refers toA) the angular height of the Sun above the horizon.B) the angular distance from the equator to the latitude at which direct overhead insolation is received.C) the subsolar point.D) how far the Sun is from Earth.
a
The number of waves passing a fixed point in 1 second is known as theA) frequency.B) electromagnetic spectrum.C) Kelvin.D) wavelength.
a
The plane of Earth's orbit about the Sun is calledA) the plane of the ecliptic.B) a great circle.C) perihelion.D) aphelion.
a
Which of the following is characterized by the longest wavelengths?A) Radio waves. B) Gamma Rays.C) X-‐‐Rays.D) Thermal infrared.E) Visible.
a
________ is a supermassive black hole sitting in the galactic center of the Milky Way.A) Centaurus AB) Sagittarius A*C) The Orion SpurD) Messier 31
b
What type of feedback maintains stability in a system, i.e., what type of feedback keeps a system functioning properly?
negative
A battery can best be described as a/an ________ energy system and a/an ________ material system.
open; closed
If a system responds to a change in input by moving further away from its equilibrium condition, what type of feedback has occurred?
positive
The increase in meltponds in Arctic regions is an example of
positive feedback, because the melt ponds absorb more solar energy than the ice did.
The letters PM stand for
post meridiem
Which of the following most accurately characterizes the goal of geography?
understanding why a place has the characteristics that it does
If increased levels of carbon dioxide lead to further increases in temperature by promoting the release of even more carbon dioxide from the oceans, this means that ________ feedback has occurred and that the planet is ________.
Positive, out of equilibruim
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding daylength?A) The equator always receives equal hours of day and night.B) The range of daylength is shortest in the polar regions.C) Daylength is uniform at all latitudes throughout the year.D) The equator experiences six hours difference in daylength between the summer and winter.
a
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the seasons?A) The timing of Earth's perihelion and aphelionB) The shape of EarthC) Earth's axial tiltD) The revolution of Earth around the Sun
a
Which of the following is TRUE of the subsolar point?A) It only occurs at latitudes between the tropics (23.5° N/S).B) It never occurs beyond a few degrees of the equator.C) It occurs at all latitudes at least once throughout the year.D) The highest latitude at which it occurs is 60° N/S.
a
The solar constant is measured atA) sea level.B) the Sun's surface.C) the edge of the Sun's atmosphere.D) the thermopause.
d
The larger the scale of a map, the ________ the area covered by the map and the ________detail it provides.
smaller more
Geography is designed as a/an ________ science
spatial
Earth and the Sun formed specifically fromA) unknown origins.B) a nebula of dust and gases.C) the galaxy.D) other planets.
b
A map scale of 1:24,000 means that A) one inch on the map equals 24,000 inches on the ground.B) one centimeter on the map equals 24,000 centimeters on the ground.C) one foot on the map equals 24,000 feet on Earth.D) all of these E) none of these
d
On its way to Earth, the solar wind first encountersA) Earth's surface.B) the lower atmosphere.C) the atmosphere.D) the magnetosphere.
d
Which of the following best describes the direction of Earth's rotation?A) EastwardB) Clockwise.C) CounterclockwiseD) Counterclockwise when viewed from the North Pole; clockwise when viewed from the South Pole, eastward when viewed from the equator.
d
Earth's rotation is described asA) east to west.B) clockwise when viewed from above the North Pole.C) west to east.D) north to south.
c
Our planet and our lives are powered byA) shorter wavelengths of gamma rays, X-‐‐rays, and ultraviolet.B) energy derived from inside Earth.C) radiant energy from the Sun.D) utilities and oil companies.
c
The term "net radiation" refers toA) the total amount of energy radiated by Earth.B) radiation emitted by satellite networks.C) the difference in amount of incoming and outgoing radiation.D) the total amount of energy received by Earth.
c
What is the name of the location on the surface of Earth that receives insolation when the Sun is directly overhead? (When this occurs, the Sun's rays are perpendicular to this surface.)A) ZenithB) North Polar pointC) Subsolar pointD) Solar point
c
Standard time zones A) have yet to be generally established.B) are 15 degrees wide because Earth rotates through that distance in one hour.C) are only used in the developed countries.D) are spaced at 5 degree intervals of longitude in North America
b
The dominant wavelength emitted by Earth isA) gamma radiation.B) thermal infrared.C) X-‐‐ray radiation.D) visible light.
b
The elapsed time between two crossings of the equator by the Sun is known as the ________.A) summer.B) tropical year.C) parallelism.D) inter-‐‐equinox.
b
The planetesimal hypothesis pertains to the formation of theA) universe.B) planets.C) ocean basins.D) galaxy.
b
The sun's declination migrates through ________ of latitude annually.A) 66.5°.B) 47°.C) 30°.D) 133°.E) 23.5°.
b
The uneven distribution of insolation by latitude is primarily a result ofA) variability in the Sun's output.B) Earth's curvature, which presents varied angles to parallel solar rays.C) variation in the value of a watt.D) the changing distance of Earth from the Sun.
b
Which of the following is NOT true regarding rotational velocities at different latitudes?A) At 60° latitude, the rotational velocity is 838 kmph (521 mph).B) At 90° latitude, the rotational velocity is 1452 kmph (902 mph).C) At 30° latitude, the rotational velocity is 1452 kmph (902 mph).D) At 0° latitude, the rotational velocity is 1675 kmph (1040 mph).
b
Which of the following is easily determined using the position of the Sun or stars?
Latitude
How far north you live from the equator is measured as your ________, whereas an imaginary line marking all those places at that same distance north of the equator is called a ________.
Latitude, parallel
An angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian from the center of Earth is termed
Longitude
Which of the following best describes the condition of steady-‐‐state equilibrium?
System inputs and outputs fluctuate around a stable average so the system does not move far from its average condition.
A magnetic disturbance on the Sun's surface is calledA) a sunspot.B) a magnetospheric cyclone.C) the solar wind.D) the electromagnetic spectrum.
a
At all times during the year, the circle of illuminationA) divides Earth between equal halves of lightness and darkness.B) separates winter from summer.C) divides Earth between Northern and Southern Hemispheres.D) divides Earth into eastern and western halves.
a
Which of the following best describes the current emphasis in the field of physical geography?A) understanding soil developmentB) modeling economic interrelationships among countriesC) studying weatherD) understanding how Earth's systems interact to produce natural phenomena
D
The Sun's declination refers toA) the latitude of the subsolar point.B) its altitude, in thousands of feet, above the horizon.C) how far the Sun is from Earth.D) the angular height of the Sun above the horizon
a
The auroras in the upper atmosphere are caused byA) the interaction of the solar wind and upper layers of Earth's atmosphere.B) AM radio broadcasts.C) various weather phenomena.D) visible light interaction with the asthenosphere.
a
The average insolation received by the thermopause when Earth is at its average distance from the sun is known as theA) solar constant.B) energy balance.C) incoming solar radiation.D) solar wind input to the atmosphere.
a
The dominant wavelength of energy emitted by the Sun isA) shorter than that emitted by Earth.B) the same length as that emitted by Earth.C) longer than that emitted by Earth.
a
Which of the following does NOT accurately describe Earth's distance from the Sun?A) Earth's orbit around the sun is presently circular and, therefore Earth is always equidistant from the sun throughout the year.B) Earth is closer to the Sun in January (perihelion) and farther away in July (aphelion).C) The Earth-‐‐Sun distance averages 150 million kilometers (93 million miles).D) It takes light an average of 8 minutes and 20 seconds to travel from the Sun to Earth.
a
Which of the following is TRUE?A) The Sun produces energy through fusion processes.B) The Milky Way is part of our Solar System.C) The Sun is also a planet.D) The Sun is the largest star in the Milky Way Galaxy.
a
Which of the following is NOT true?A) Throughout the year, Earth's axis maintains the same alignment relative to the plane of the ecliptic.B) During the winter months, Earth's axis is aligned towards Southern Cross.C) The axis through Earth's two poles points just slightly off Polaris.D) Earth's axis is titled 23.5° relative to the plane of the ecliptic.
b
Which of the following is TRUE for the December Solstice?A) The subsolar point is at the equator.B) The Antarctic Circle is completely within the circle of illumination.C) The Arctic Circle is completely within the circle of illumination.D) The subsolar point is at the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N).
b
Which of the following sequences is arranged in order from shorter wavelength to longer wavelength?A) Gamma rays, microwaves, visible, X-‐‐raysB) X-‐‐rays, ultraviolet, visible, infraredC) Infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-‐‐raysD) Radio waves, light, heat, X-‐‐rays
b
Which of the following cannot be attributed to the effects of Earth's rotation?A) Deflection of the windsB) DaylengthC) Latitudinal variations in net radiationD) Deflection of the ocean currentsE) Rise and fall of tides
c
Which of the following characterizes Earth's revolution?A) It is responsible for creating the circle of illumination, and hence, day/night relationships.B) It takes approximately 24 hours.C) It determines the timing of seasons and length of the year.D) It is clockwise when viewed from above the North Pole.
c
Which of the following is TRUE of the Sun's electromagnetic spectrum?A) It consists exclusively of visible light and infrared energy.B) It consists exclusively of streams of charged particles.C) It consists of gamma ray, X-‐‐ray, ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths.D) It consists exclusively of radiant energy made of gamma ray, X-‐‐ray, and ultraviolet wavelengths.
c
Which of the following is TRUE of the number of hours of daylight?A) The number of hours of daylight includes the hours between dawn and twilight, not just the hours from sunrise to sunset.B) The number of hours of daylight varies the most along the equator.C) The number of hours of daylight varies depending on the latitude of the observer.D) The number of hours of daylight varies the least at higher latitudes.
c
Which of the following is TRUE regarding daylength?A) Daylength varies more at the equator than at higher latitudes.B) The equator experiences at least six-‐‐hours difference in daylength from winter to summer.C) The people living at 40° N or S latitude experience about six-‐‐hours difference in daylength from winter to summer.D) Nowhere on Earth does daylength vary by as much as 24 hours.
c
Which of the following is TRUE relative to insolation at the thermopause relative to latitude?A) Annually, insolation is evenly distributed with little change by latitude.B) Annually, higher latitudes receive more insolation than lower latitudes.C) Annually, lower latitudes receive more insolation than the higher latitudes.D) Insolation can only be measured longitudinally, not latitudinally.
c
Changes in daylength, the Sun's altitude above the horizon, and the Sun's declination over the course of the yearA) produce Earth's rotation.B) are factors that follow an irregular, random cycle.C) are phenomena that occur only at the equator.D) are responsible for the seasons.
d
Light travels at a speed of approximatelyA) 1,000,000,000 kilometers per second (621,118,012 miles per second).B) 300,000 kilometers per hour (186,336 mph).C) 80,500 kilometers per hour (50,000 mph).D) 300,000 kilometers per second (186,333 miles per second).
d
The Sun gives off electromagnetic radiation becauseA) matter and energy totally annihilate one another in matter-‐‐antimatter reactions.B) energy is converted into matter.C) kinetic energy is converted into potential energy.D) matter is converted into energy.
d
The distance between corresponding points on any two successive waves is known as theA) electromagnetic spectrum.B) frequency.C) Kelvin.D) wavelength.
d
The thermopause refers toA) Earth's magnetic field.B) the Sun's surface.C) the solar atmosphere that extends into space.D) the top of Earth's atmosphere.
d
When does Earth's perihelion position, the point of orbit when it is closest to the Sun, occur?A) During the Northern Hemisphere's summer.B) During the Northern Hemisphere's spring.C) During the Northern Hemisphere's autumn.D) During the Northern Hemisphere's winter.Answer: D
d
Which of the following is FALSE?A) Compared with other stars in the Galaxy, the Sun is average in temperature, size, and color.B) The Sun and Solar System are part of the Milky Way Galaxy.C) The Sun produces energy through fusion.D) The Sun is by far the largest star in the Milky Way Galaxy.
d
Which of the following is NOT true of sunspots?A) They can be several times larger than Earth.B) They can produce flares and prominences.C) They are surface disturbances caused by magnetic storms. D) They are brighter than the rest of the Sun's surface.
d
Which of the following is TRUE of Earth's orbit about the Sun?A) It takes approximately the same time for Earth as it does the rest of the planets in the solar system to orbit the Sun.B) It is perfectly circular.C) The orbit does not vary over millions of years.D) It is elliptical.
d
Which of the following is TRUE of the March equinox? A) Moving south of the equator, the daylength increases, while moving north of the equator the daylength decreases.B) The suns direct rays strike perpendicular at the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S).C) In the Southern Hemisphere, it is known as the vernal equinoxD) At all latitudes between the poles, day and night are of equal length
d
Which of the following is TRUE?A) Because the Sun is so far away, it is impossible to measure the wavelengths of its radiation.1B) The radiation emitted by the Sun and the are roughly the same wavelength. C) The Sun emits longwave radiation, whereas Earth emits shortwave radiation.D) The Sun emits shortwave radiation, whereas Earth emits longwave radiation.
d
Which of the following is a capability of a geographic information system (GIS)?A) data storageB) data manipulation and analysisC) map production with overlays of different information layersD) GIS systems can do all of these.E) data storage, manipulation, and analysis only
d
Which of the following is an example of a system?A) a leafB) a river drainage basinC) a midlatitude cyclonic stormD) All of these are examples of systems.E) None of these is an example of systems.
d
Which of the following is false?A) Earth represents a vast integrated system.B) Earth represents an open system in terms of energy.C) Earth represents a closed system in terms of matter.D) New resources and matter are being added to Earth's systems all the time.
d
Global Positioning System (GPS) unitsA) recently found the correct height of Mount Everest to be 8850 m (29,035 feet.)B) show your location accurate to 100 m.C) are used in Precision Agriculture.D) are used by surveyors and the military.E) are used for all of these.
e