GEOG 101 Final

Ecological succession is a process usually associated with which subdivision of the biosphere?

A community

If you eat a cow that has eaten a field of grain, rather than eating the field of grain directly, approximately how much of the potential energy (calories) in the grain have you lost?

90%

Which of the following is necessary for the formation of well-developed karst landscapes? Select all that apply. A. a high proportion of calcium carbonate in the rock B. the presence of joints in the rock C. an aerated zone above the water table

All of these

A self-regulating, interacting association of living plants and animals and their nonliving physical environment is known as

An ecosystem

Which of the following is a glacio-fluvial landform?

An esker

Which of the following landforms is produced by streams running underneath a continental glacier?

An esker

Which of the following accurately defines the relationship between watershed size and location along a stream?

As you move upstream, the watershed gets smaller.

Which of the following accurately describes permafrost? Select all that apply. A. any soil underneath an active glacier B. any soil immediately adjacent to an active glacier C. soil that is below 32°F (0°C) for at least two years D. soil that has at least 50% of pore space occupied by ice

C. soil that is below 32°F (0°C) for at least two years

Which of the following is the dominant weathering process involved in the development of karst topography?

Carbonation

Which of the following karst features is produced by carbonation and solution, not precipitation?

Caves

Which of the following is an erosional landform?

Cutbank

Ecosystems with higher biodiversity also tend to have higher A. productivity. B. stability. C. resilience. D. levels of all of these.

D. levels of all of these.

Which of the following karst features is produced by precipitation, not solution? Select all that apply. A. sinkholes B. disappearing streams C. caverns D. stalactites

D. stalactites

What is the most familiar and common drainage pattern, forming treelike structures?

Dendritic

In which of the following locations would you be most likely to find a continental glacier today?

Greenland

Suppose you are a water molecule in a raindrop that just fell into a stream east of the Rocky Mountain continental divide in Colorado. Which of the following drainages will you flow into?

Gulf/Atlantic drainage

What is the term for the physical location of an organism?

Habitat

What is the term for small, tributary cirques that are cut off by a larger, deeper glacial valley?

Hanging valleys

Which of the following is true regarding construction in periglacial environments?

Houses must be built above ground to allow air circulation beneath.

Which of the following is a chemical weathering process?

Hydration

What is the term for the combination of water with another substance to produce a new compound?

Hydrolysis

Which drainage pattern would you most likely find on a single peak or dome structure, such as a volcano?

Radial

Which mass movement process is both the fastest and driest?

Rockfall

What is the term for the process of stream transportation in which particles jump or bounce along the stream bed?

Saltation

The solution of limestone can create circular depressions on the landscape known as

Sinkholes

Which of the following is a common surface feature in limestone regions with little relief like Florida?

Sinkholes

Which mass movement type is the slowest?

Soil creep

What is the most limiting factor to plant growth at high elevations?

Temperature

What is the primary adaptation of most animals living in desert and semidesert biomes?

They are active primarily at night.

What do tundra and desert biomes have in common?

They both lack trees.

What is the term for unsorted debris deposited directly by glaciers?

Till

Which drainage pattern would you most likely find in an area with folded topography producing alternating ridges and valleys, as in the Appalachian Mountain region?

Trellis

True or False: A receding glacier can deposit material.

True

True or False: Alpine glaciers produce a greater variety of erosional landforms than continental glaciers.

True

True or False: Ecosystems with a greater number of species are also usually more resilient to disturbances.

True

True or False: Karst features are produced principally through chemical weathering.

True

Which of the following forms of moving water would produce the greatest erosion?

Water in channels

Which of the following is true regarding our knowledge of the number of species on the earth?

We are not very certain how many species remain to be identified.

Which of the following geomorphic processes must happen before a mass movement event can take place?

Weathering

Which of the following would suggest the presence of soil creep?

a tilted retaining wall

Which of the following are incorrectly matched?

abrasion — a hydraulic squeeze-and-release action

Which of the following conditions represents a glacier that is advancing?

accumulation > ablation

What is the term for a zone of transition between different ecosystems?

an ecotone

What is the term for a large boulder resting on a completely different type of bedrock in glacial regions?

an erratic

What explains the characteristics of the Mediterranean shrubland biome?

influence of the westerlies in winter and subtropical highs in summer

Which of the following is true regarding the Mediterranean shrubland biome?

it is characterized by a winter-wet, summer-dry climate

Which of the following is a major component or process in the nitrogen cycle?

bacteria

Which biome has been the most modified by human activity?

midlatitude grassland

Carbon dioxide is produced by all of the following except

photosynthesis

Which of the following weathering processes does not involve water?

pressure-release jointing

Which physical weathering process produces rock features that are most similar to those due to spheroidal weathering?

pressure-release jointing

Which component of a food chain could be considered the most important because they provide energy to the rest of the system?

producers

Which of the following invasive species is a fast-growing plant that has spread through many of the wetlands in North America?

purple loosestrife

Which weathering process is particularly common in arid climates?

salt crystal growth

What is the principal climatic control over the tropical savanna and tropical seasonal forest and scrub biomes?

shifting influence of the ITCZ and subtropical highs

Which of the following would be produced by both alpine and continental glaciers?

terminal moraines

Which of the following accurately defines angle of repose?

the slope steepness at which driving and resisting forces are balanced

Which of the following are denudation processes? Select all that apply. A. weathering B. mass movement C. erosion

All of these

Which of the following contributed to the massive 1959 Madison River landslide in Montana? Select all that apply. A. an earthquake B. an oversteepened slope C. heavily-weathered material

All of these

Which of the following is created by freeze-thaw cycles? Select all that apply. A. ice wedges B. patterned ground C. stone polygon nets D. stone stripes

All of these

Which of the following landforms is produced when a continental glacier deposits till, then retreats and readvances over the deposits?

A drumlin

What feature is produced when three or more alpine glaciers erode different sides of a mountain peak?

A horn

Which of the following disturbances would most likely be followed by primary succession?

A lava flow

The interaction between weathering and rock surface area is an example of

A positive feedback

Which of the following features is frequently found at the bottom of a deglaciated cirque? Select all that apply.

A tarn

What shape (usually) are valleys carved by glaciers? Select all that apply. A. U shaped B. V shaped C. W shaped D. Narrow

A. U shaped

The lower part of a glacier where there is a net annual loss of ice from melting and sublimation is known as what kind of zone?

Ablation

Which of the following is not a process of glacial weathering and erosion?

Ablation

Which of the following is an accurate statement about fire and the biosphere? A. Some plant species are dependent on fire for their survival. B. Suppressing fires (putting them out) may lead to more severe fires in the future. C. Fire often increases biodiversity. D. Fire is an important process in many ecosystems. E. All of these are accurate statements.

E. All of these are accurate statements.

Which of the following is a major component or process in the oxygen and carbon cycles? A. respiration B. photosynthesis C. fossil fuel combustion D. volcanic activity E. all of these are components or process in the oxygen and carbon cycles

E. all of these are components or process in the oxygen and carbon cycles

Which of the following contributes to the diversity of life? A. genetic mutations B. evolution via natural selection C. climatic changes D. plate tectonics E. all of these contribute to life's diversity

E. all of these contribute to life's diversity

True or False: Humans rarely influence mass movement.

False

True or False: If you have a strong fear of sinkholes, you should move to Florida.

False

True or False: In a meandering stream, maximum erosion occurs on the inner edge of meanders.

False

If a mass movement event involves large quantities of water, what class does it belong to?

Flow

Which of the following accurately describes how ice wedges are produced?

Freezing and thawing works ice deep into cracks in the soil.

What features are produced when large blocks of ice break off from a retreating continental glacier and slowly melt in place?

Kettles

Which of the following types of moraines would be produced by alpine glaciers, but not continental glaciers?

Medial

What is the term for a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit?

Mutualism

In which of the following locations would deposition be the dominant fluvial process?

Near base level

Which of the following is a chemical weathering process?

Oxidation

What drainage pattern would be most likely on a steep slope with moderate topographic variation across the slope?

Parallel

Which glacial erosional process produces the steeper side of a roche moutonnée?

Plucking

If a lava flow completely destroys preexisting plant communities, what type of succession will occur first?

Primary

Which component of a food chain could be considered the most important because they provide energy to the rest of the system?

Producers

What is the principal climatic control over the tropical rainforest biome?

constant influence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone

Which of the following correctly describes the role of energy and nutrients in an ecosystem?

energy flows and nutrients cycle

What drives the process of ecological succession?

existing plants modify the local environment

In which of the following biomes is fire an important disturbance agent?

fire is an important disturbance agent in all of these

What term encompasses all glacial deposits, both direct and glacio-fluvial?

glacial drift

Which of the following processes causes stream capture?

headward erosion

Which of the following best defines a "niche?"

the specific role of an organism in an ecosystem

In which biome are epiphytes particularly common?

tropical rainforest

In which biome is competition for light particularly strong because of the dense canopy?

tropical rainforest

In which biome is fire not an important disturbance agent?

tropical rainforest

In which biome would you be most likely to find a semideciduous tree?

tropical seasonal forest and savanna

Which biome is found at the highest latitudes and elevations?

tundra

Which of the following lists of processes is in the correct sequence as they occur in nature?

weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition

Which of the following correctly describes a savanna?

widely spaced trees within a grassland