GEOG 101 TEST 1-CH 2
ESSAYS&SA
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LOOK AT 63-82
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The gas argon accounts for about _____ of dry air.
1%
The bright white surfaces of thick low clouds reflect about _______ of incoming radiation back into space.
30-60%
The gas nitrogen accounts for about _____ of dry air.
78%
Which of the following is a type of electromagnetic radiation?
ALL 3: A) light B) gamma rays C) ultraviolet rays
In the southern hemisphere mid-latitudes, the sun will reach its highest position in the sky on the:
December solstice
On the Tropic of Capricorn, the sun will reach its highest position in the sky on the:
December solstice
On the equator, the sun will reach its highest position in the sky on the:
Equinoxes
Counterradiation is the longwave energy that the earth radiates in to space to balance the shortwave energy it receives from the sun.
F
Daily insolation in New York City will be larger at the equinoxes than at the June solstice.
F
The most common gas in the atmosphere is oxygen.
F
At the Arctic Circle, the sun will reach its highest position in the sky on the:
June solstice
Hotter objects radiate energy at shorter wavelengths.
T
On a clear day, about 80% of incoming solar radiation passes through the atmosphere to reach the earth's surface.
T
The amount of energy radiated by the earth peaks in the ________ portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
infrared
The flow rate of incoming solar energy, as measured at the top of the atmosphere is called:
insolation
Fields, forest, and bare ground. tend to have albedos that are __________ .
intermediate (0.03 to 0.25)
The flow of solar radiation from the sun to the earth as a whole:
is constant
Cold objects emit ______ energy than hot objects, and it is of _______ wavelengths.
less;longer
Which of the following types of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength?
microwaves
Hot objects emit ______ energy than cold objects, and it is of _______ wavelengths.
more; shorter
Which of the following is not a type of electromagnetic radiation?
ocean waves
Electromagnetic radiation is a wavelike form of energy:
radiated by any substance possessing heat
Energy with wavelengths in the range of 0.2 to 3 micrometers is known as:
shortwave
Relatively hot objects, like the sun, primarily radiate _______ energy.
shortwave
The latitudinal zones known as the tropics are separated from the equatorial zone by the ________ zones.
tropic
Which of the following types of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength?
ultraviolet
Black pavement surfaces tend to have albedos that are __________.
very low (0.03 or less)
The gas carbon dioxide accounts for about _____ of dry air.
0.035%
Estimates of the Earth's average albedo range between:
0.29 to 0.34
On a clear day, about ____ of insolation is scattered and diffused back to space before reaching the ground.
3%
Clouds can absorb as much as _______ of incoming solar radiation.
3-20%
Which of the following processes may occur when solar energy passes through the atmosphere?
ALL: A) absorption B) scattering C) reflection back to space
________ is/are the air pollutant that is thought to have caused the ozone hole over Antarctica.
Chlorofluorocarbons
The energy radiated by the sun is referred to as longwave radiation.
F
The north and south polar regions receive lower annual isolation levels with the earth's axis tilted than they would if the axis were perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic.
F
The ozone layer in the upper atmosphere absorbs dangerous infrared radiation from the sun.
F
The subtropical latitude zones separate the equatorial zone from the tropics.
F
In the northern hemisphere mid-latitudes, the sun will reach its highest position in the sky on the:
June solstice
_______ is a common gas in the atmosphere that does not easily react with other substances
Nitrogen
_______ is a common gas in the atmosphere that is highly chemically active and combines readily with other elements.
Oxygen
_______ is a gas in the atmosphere that absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
Ozone
The process in which incoming solar radiation is deflected in different directions by atmospheric molecules and particles is called scattering.
T
Ultraviolet radiation and visible light are examples of shortwave radiation.
T
Unlike nitrogen and oxygen, the proportion of water vapor found in the atmosphere varies significantly from place to place and over time.
T
Ozone in the upper atmosphere is important to life on Earth because it:
absorbs dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the sun
The process in which electromagnetic energy is transferred into heat energy when radiation strikes some form of matter is called:
absorption
The proportion of solar radiation reflected upward from a surface is the _________ of a surface.
albedo
If the amount of insolation absorbed by the earth was consistently larger than the amount of longwave energy emitted by the earth, we would expect:
global temperatures to increase
Snow and ice tend to have albedos that are _________.
high (0.45 to 0.85)
Air temperatures above low-albedo surfaces tend to be ______ than those over high-albedo surfaces.
higher (warmer)
Counterradiation refers to:
longwave radiation moving downward towards the earth's surface
Air temperatures above high-albedo surfaces tend to be ______ than those over high-albedo surfaces.
lower (cooler)
The process in which solar radiation is deflected in different directions when it strikes some form of matter is called:
scattering
Which of the following factors most strongly affects the amount of insolation received at a given location at a given time?
the angle of the sun's rays
The accumulation of heat in the lower atmosphere that results from the absorption of longwave radiation from the Earth's surface is known as _________.
the greenhouse effect
If the earth's axis was perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, insolation would be:
the same at 45o north and south latitude
Which of the following colors of visible light has the shortest wavelength?
violet
Visible light and infrared radiation differ in terms of their ________ .
wavelengths
Diffuse radiation is caused by:
atmospheric scattering
The ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is essential for life on the planet becausethe full intensity of the sun's ultraviolet rays would:
destroy bacteria and damage animal tissue
Energy with wavelengths in the range of 3 to 5 micrometers is known as:
longwave
Relatively cool objects, like the Earth's surface, primarily radiate _______ energy.
longwave
The greenhouse effect results from the absorption of ________ in the atmosphere.
longwave radiation
On average, the Earth reflects about _______ of the solar radiation it receives back to space.
1/3
On a clear day, about ____ of insolation is absorbed by gas molecules and dust before reaching the ground.
17%
The gas oxygen accounts for about _____ of dry air.
21%
The tilt of the earth's axis with respect to the plane of the ecliptic cause insolation levels to be:
ALL: A) larger at the poles B) smaller at the equator C) the same at 45o north and south latitude
Which of the following factors affects the amount of insolation received at a given location at a given time?
ALL: A) latitude B) the length of day C) the angle of the sun's rays D) all of the above
Which of the following phenomena are powered by solar energy?
ALL: A) weather B) the movement of sand dunes C) ocean waves
Gamma rays and X-rays are two forms of longwave radiation emitted by the earth.
F
In its gas form, oxygen does not react with other elements very easily.
F
Insolation refers to the average amount of longwave radiation emitted by the earth.
F
The 'ozone hole' that occurs over the continent of Antarctica is thought to be caused largely by human emissions of carbon dioxide.
F
The albedo of an object is the proportion incident longwave energy that it will reflect.
F
The albedo of light surfaces like snow and ice is relatively low, while that of dark surfaces like asphalt is relatively high.
F
The largest portion of the sun's energy output occurs in the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum.
F
As a general rule, the hotter an object is the more energy it will radiate.
T
As solar energy passes through the atmosphere, some of it is absorbed which helps to warm the atmosphere
T
As solar radiation passes through the atmosphere some of it gets scattered in all directions to create diffuse radiation.
T
Daily insolation levels at a given location are strongly influenced by the length of day.
T
Daily insolation levels tend to vary with latitude because the angle of the sun's rays and day length both vary with latitude.
T
Electromagnetic energy in the range from 0.2 to 3 micrometers is called shortwave radiation.
T
Energy from the sun is responsible for powering many of the natural phenomena on the earth's surface, including wind, waves, weather, and living organisms.
T
Insolation is the flow rate of incoming solar energy, as measured at the top of the atmosphere.
T
Most of the energy radiated by the earth is in the form of thermal infrared radiation.
T
On a cloudy day, generally less than 50% of the incoming solar radiation will pass through the atmosphere and reach the earth's surface.
T
Taken together, nitrogen and oxygen account for about 99% of the gases in our atmosphere.
T
The equatorial region receives lower annual isolation levels with the earth's axis tilted than they would if the axis were perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic.
T
The greenhouse effect is caused by counter-radiation of longwave energy from gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor.
T
The ozone layer in the upper atmosphere absorbs dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
T
The industrial chemical compounds known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are thought to have played the key role in the development of:
The ozone hole
The Earth's annual net radiation budget is:
positive from the equator to about 40o north and south
The amount of energy radiated by the sun peaks in the ________ portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
visible light
Of the following gases, only ______ varies significantly in terms of its concentration in the lower atmosphere
water vapor