GEOG 1030 Exam 2
Generally know examples of infectious diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa and how they differ from chronic illnesses.
-"Infectious diseases are caused by microscopic germs (such as bacteria or viruses) that get into the body and cause problems. Some- but not all- infectious diseases spread directly from one person to another" -While "a chronic condition is a human health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or disease that comes with time" -Affects people and livestock -Vectors: tsetse fly, mosquitoes, snails, worms -Malaria, river blindness, sleeping sickness, yellow fever, and intestinal parasites, dengue, Ebola -Climate change exacerbates problems -Guinea Worm Disease -Improvement -Ebola -First identified in the 1970's -2014-15 outbreak= largest in history -70% mortality -Approximately 11,300 cases
What is the Columbian exchange? Be able to describe its major impacts?
-"The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage" -Pests brought over -Weeds -Cats, rat -Competed with local species -Exchange of produce -Goods went to Europe to be grown there and elsewhere -Crops brought to Latin America -Animals -Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep -Overgrazing -Soil erosion -Deforestation -Demographic collapse -Population plummets after European arrival- they fall because of disease -Virgin soil epidemic because there is no immunity -Europeans brought diseases, such as smallpox, influenza, dengue, yellow fever, malaria, and plague, over with them -Only syphilis goes back to Europe -Slavery -Sugar and rubber transformed Latin America and required slave labor and brought about tremendous European demand -Europe looks to Africa for slave labor as there is no labor force in the New World due to the demographic collapse of the indigenous people -Change in class structure after conquest- Castas
Describe how most Sub-Saharan Africa economies are characterized?
-1% of world's wealth and 12.5% of world's population -Often many 3rd world countries -They are in a recovery state and are working on growth- by diversifying the economy -Many raw materials and primary economies still big exporters -Some of the fastest growing economies in the world emerged in Sub-Saharan Africa
Be able to broadly discuss the state of many African economies today both in terms of how colonialism impacted them, and in how they are doing currently.
-Currently, there has been GDP growth in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Ghana -Many are beginning Mobile Banking, which helps small business owners -There is also foreign direct investment growth -A deepening trade relationship has developed between Africa and China because of a desire for raw materials, even oil -Cellphone use has grown immensely -There is still a strong trade relationship between Africa and Europe
What was Apartheid? What was District 6's (in Cape Town) experience with it?
-Apartheid was a policy that governed relations between South Africa's white minority and nonwhite majority and sanctioned racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against nonwhites -It kept the two populations apart and the South African government controlled the movement, employment, and residences of blacks. Also, blacks were not allowed to vote -Stemmed from Dutch and British colonization and settlers who imposed strict racial segregation -Separate development -Pass laws -Segregationist policies -Homelands -International Sanctions -Boycotts -Trade embargoes -Ended in 1994 -Nelson Mandela -District 6 -Diverse society; segregationist government forced people out of the district and whites moved in (very shameful even to this day)- received a lot of condemnation; kicked all of the blacks out and more whites came in -"Over 60,000 of its inhabitants were forcibly removed during the 1970s by the apartheid regime"
What were the initial environmental impacts of early human civilization in the region?
-At one time, dense forests existed throughout Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, and Iran- thousands of years of woodcutting and overgrazing has left only a few small areas of forests. For example, Lebanon's famous cedars only survive in a few high-mountain areas -Also a wide variety of large mammals used to inhabit the region but now in their place you can find domesticated camels, donkeys, and buffalo -Also the first humans domesticated plants such as wheat, lentils, chickpeas, and animals, such as pigs, sheep, and camels -Technological advances created systems of irrigation so they could minimize dependence on rainfall- this resulted in hydraulic civilizations that used control over water as a weapon of control -Signaled transition from hunting and gathering to agricultural and pastoral
Understand the diverse experience of religion in Latin America/Carib. What are the dominant religions represented in Latin America? How is this changing?
-Catholicism is very strong because it was pushed during the colonial period by the crowns of Portugal and Spain (but it is not really growing now) -Latino Catholicism is a fusion of customs of Europeans and indigenous belief systems -Virgin Mary is highly revered and important -Tepanapa- church built on Aztec pyramid -Mexico Day of the Dead -Voodoo (30 million)- big in Haiti because it was a religion of West Africa -Ancient Mayan- 10 million -Liberation Theology- takes stuff from Marxism about helping the poor -Evangelical Protestantism- seeing major growth (40 million) -Rastafarian Movement (up to 10% of Jamaicans)- 1930's Black Power Movement -Rejection of Babylon -Spiritual use of Cannabis -Dreadlocks and international fame of reggae music -Overall, there is definitely a growing Protestant movement throughout the region as Catholicism has become stagnant
What have been some of the major impacts of colonialism? What is some evidence of it today?
-Change in crops -From subsistence to cash crops -Change in land tenure -Land went from being owned by the tribe to being private property where individuals own it -Imposition of taxes -European languages/ European people- Lingua Franca -Ethnic boundaries vs. national boundaries- Berlin Conference -Infrastructure geared for export, not internal -Railways bring things to the coast
What was the Akosombo Dam project? What were some of the project's impacts?
-Dam located in southeastern Ghana->Akosombo gorge -After the dam was constructed, the Volta River basin flooded, which lead to the creation of Lake Volta -Largest man-made lake by surface area, third largest man-made lake by volume -Covers 3.6% of Ghana's land area -Primary purpose to provide electricity for the aluminum industry -Called "the largest single investment in the economic development plans of Ghana" -Flooding that created Lake Volta displaced many villages, people, and hurt the environment -Increased incidence of malaria and water borne illness
What are the major religions in the Middle East including their various sects and where are they located?
-Christianity- universalizing religion -c-Egyptian and largest group (also Sudan and Libya) -Assyrian -Maronites- in Lebanon also one of the largest -Armenians -Islam -"Islam is the dominant religion in all of the Middle Eastern states except Israel and Palestinian areas" -Sunni-940 million (majority of people in the middle east), those in charge don't have to be related to Muhammad -"dominate the Muslim world, from West Africa to Indonesia" -Shi'i- those in charge need to be related to Muhammad; 120 million; Iran, Iraq, Yemen, Bahrain, Syria, Lebanon -Sufi- mystical tradition (can be Sunni or Shi'i- tried to interpret and personalize) -Wahhabism- ultra conservative Sunni sect- mainly in Saudi Arabia -Ibadism- very tolerant and liberal version of Islam (Oman) -Judaism -Orthodox and Ultra Orthodox (ultra conservative) -Hasidic (look Amish) -Reformed
Describe the class structure of the colonial period. How does this still have an impact today?
-Class structure during colonial period: Castas -Peninsulares: European born Spanish -Criollos: Spanish born in the Americas -Mestizo: Mixture of European and indigenous peoples -Mulatto: Spanish and African -Zambo: African and Indigenous peoples -"Whiteness" and European cultural values favored, which extends into today -Today, the class structures are determined by the social basis of economic activity. Some groups of people may be confined to certain jobs or discriminated against on the basis of gender, race, and ethnicity -"Colonialism also changed the demographic profile of Latin America through the intermixing of European and Indian peoples and the importation of slaves from Africa to the Americas. Racial mixing occurred (by force and by choice) among European, Indian, and African populations, especially in Brazil and Mexico. The resulting mixed-race populations were classified according to their racial mix" -"Brazil has promoted an image of racial democracy and equality, and musical, religious, and dietary traditions merge into a uniquely Brazilian culture. This myth of racial democracy is contradicted by evidence of continuing racism in Brazil and other Latin American countries. For example, Indigenous people face multiple forms of prejudice across the region. Furthermore, studies show that race and class correlate strongly"
How does this relate to cultural syncretism?
-Cultural syncretism is the fusion of cultures- "Syncretism is a combination of separate concepts into one new, unique idea. Cultural syncretism is when an aspect of two or more distinct cultures blend together to create a new custom, idea, practice, or philosophy" -It is evident that many of the religions present in Latin America have pieces and aspects of several different religions in beliefs. For example, the many gods of the Aztec and Mayans could easily be transitioned into the many saints of Catholicism -Also Voodoo, which is from Africa, has become important and transformed in the Haiti region of Latin America
What are El Niño and La Niña?
-El Niño -Periodic Warming of Ocean Surface -Warmer water off of Peru's coast -Global climate effects -Droughts in Brazil, Central America, and Australia -Flooding in Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay -Changes in North American Climate -La Niña -Creates colder conditions and is the reverse of El Niño
What are some of the major ethnic groups found in the Middle East and where are they located?
-Ethnic Groups -Turks, Persian, Kurds, Jews -Arab is the main ethnic group in the Middle East -"Originally, the term "Arab" referred to the peoples that inhabited the northern and central portions of the Arabian Peninsula. Following the spread of various Arab-Islamic empires throughout the Middle East and into Europe and south Asia, the term "Arab" has come to be synonymous with those who speak Arabic" -Jews is also an ethnic group and religion- reside mainly in Israel -Turkic- reside mainly in Turkey -Persian- reside mainly in Iran -Kurds- non-Arabic Islamic ethnic group occupy parts of Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran- no homeland
Know major landform areas like the various grasslands, Guiana higlands, yucutan peninsula.
-Guiana Highlands- Venezuela area- on tectonic shields and contains tabletop pillars of land -Angel Falls is the tallest in the world -Llanos in Venezuela- grassland famous for meat and cattle -The Gran Pantanal- World's largest wetland in Brazil and Paraguay -Pampas- grasslands in Argentina famous for Gouchos -Yucatan- Karst Landscape- Limestone and Caverns -Massive underground river system -Only river system in this area -Cenote- natural sinkhole or pit from the collapse of limestone revealing underwater caverns/water system -Chicxulub Crater- sinkhole
What makes hurricanes especially problematic for the Latin America and the Caribbean?
-Hurricanes are especially problematic because of poor infrastructure and poorer people have more hillside dangerous locations- which are very vulnerable -Also, these countries are heavily agriculturally based so hurricanes can wipe out their exports and economy
What are Islam and Islamism? How do they differ?
-Islam -96% of the population (in the Middle East) -Qur'an -The 5 Pillars -The Hajj -Muhammad -Mecca -Sunni -940 million people -Shi'i -120 million people -Iran, Iraq, Yemen, Bahrain, Syria, Lebanon -Sufi -Mystical tradition -Wahhabism -Saudi Arabia -Ultra-conservative Sunni sect -A Universal religion -Looking for new adherents -Universal applicability -No necessary conflict between Islam and the Judeo-Christian traditions -Islamism -Anti-colonialism, anti-imperial political movement -Resists globalization -Resists secularization and modernization
Broadly understand the conflict between Israel and Palestine, including the political differences between the Gaza strip and the West Bank, how/why they both are odds with Israel, and how settlement building affects the prospects of a peaceful solution to the issue.
-Israel/Palestine -British partitioning -Zionism: homeland for the Jewish people -1948: UN Mandate -56% to Israel -43% to Palestine -1949: 1st Arab-Israeli War -Israel declares Jerusalem as its capital -1967: Six Day War -Israel occupies: -The Sinai -The Golan Heights -The West Bank -1978- Sinai returned -Israeli settlements -Intifada (1987-1993; 2000-2005) -PLO -Hamas -Gaza Strip -August 2005-Ariel Sharon orders evacuation of 8500 Jewish settlers -2007- Hamas elected into power -Doesn't recognize legitimacy of Israel and is officially labeled a terrorist group -Spilt between Fatah and Hamas -Fatah- West Bank -Hamas- Gaza -Brief wars with Hamas in 2012 and 2014 -Ongoing blockade -Tunnels -Israel constructing a sensor-equipped underground wall -West Bank -Israel took control of it in 1967 and has allowed Jewish settlers to move in, but Palestinians (and most of the international community) consider it illegally occupied Palestinian land. In 1967, Israel fought a war with Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. Israel fired the first shot, but claims it was preempting an imminent Egyptian attack; Arabs disagree, casting Israel as an aggressor. In six days, Israel routed the Arab powers, taking the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan. Israel has controlled the West Bank since the Six-Day War (as it's called). For many Jews, this is wonderful news in theory: The West Bank was the heartland of the ancient Jewish state. It's home to many Jewish holy sites, like the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, that Jews were previously cut off from. In practice, Israeli control of the West Bank means military administration of a territory full of Palestinians who aren't exactly excited about living under Israeli authority -1967 (6 Day War) left Israel in control of the Gaza Strip and West Bank- today the West Bank is under Palestinian authority but under Israeli occupation -Gaza is controlled by Hamas an Islamic Fundamentalist and is under Israeli blockade -Palestinian Authority governs some territories in the West Bank, but Israel is mainly in control -Peace remains in doubt as Israel refused to negotiate with Hamas which is committed to the abolition of the Israeli state
Be able to describe various cultural contributions Africa has made to the rest of the world.
-Language and food -Gumbo (okra) -Black-eyed peas -Rice -Music -Blues -Jazz -Rock and roll -All Latino music -Reggae -All polyrhythmic forms -Banjos come from Africa -Art- masks and wooden sculptures -Film- Nollywood in Nigeria produces film industry -Religion- Voodoo -Gula language -Many of these things were brought to the rest of the world through slavery -The tie to the land is connected to traditional forms of land tenure in Africa were land was viewed as given by the spirits or held in trust for ancestors and future generations
How did the indigenous populations of Latin America manage the land?
-Mayans -Slash and burn -Swidden -Environmental degradation -Raised fields -Incas -Mountain environment -Pioneers of terracing and irrigation -Aztecs -Dams, irrigation systems, drainage canals -Chinampa- controlled the water -Used channels to create land
Was the Rwandan genocide the result of "ancient ethnic hatred"? Why or why not? What role did Belgium play in the Rwandan genocide? How did the international community respond to the genocide?
-No because ethnic hatreds are not natural and this genocide was not ancient but a product of colonial history -Role of Belgium -Pre-colonial history: Hutu in place and Tutsi arrive in the 14th century. The Tutsi establish dominance -Colonial era: German control, then Belgian -Establishment of 2-class system with Tutsi (14%) over the Hutu (85%) -1950's -Hutu rebel against the system -Supported by the Belgians -Elite Tutsi wanted independence -Belgians encouraged Hutu violence -1961: Hutu overthrow the Tutsi king -Belgians withdraw in 1962 and Hutu gain control, leading to backlash and persecution against the Tutsi->left the Hutu to fend for themselves -In 1986, the Tutsi fought back (Rwandan Patriotic Front) and in 1990, 6 month civil war and in 1994, there was another civil war and the Hutu's were defeated -International community -Did nothing -UN peacemakers asked for backup -US blocked efforts of calling it genocide and used "ancient ethnic hatred" instead -Clinton later claimed they didn't know, which was proven to be false as they knew within a day but were afraid to send in troops due to negative response from the population for intervening in Somalia -UN refugee camps -Dealing with 1-2 million people -Fighting -Eventually Hutu soldiers defeated
Where is HIV/AIDS the worst?
-The South and the East -In 2013, the highest rates were in Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland and the largest absolute numbers in South Africa and Nigeria
Where and when did agriculture first begin? Why did it begin then and there?
-The fertile crescent (geographic center of sophisticated empires)- this region is one of the first places in the world where plants and animals were domesticated by humans. Historically, the Fertile Crescent has been an important center for the spread of agricultural technologies as well as writing, mathematics, and religious systems -Tigris and Euphrates Rivers have been the lifeblood for the region's inhabitants over thousands of years -The region's aridity demands adaptations on the part of all living inhabitations of the region
Understand the recent history of Iran and why is it at odds with the United States?
-Nukes & Israel -Ahmadinejad -Legacy of US & UK involvement -2012- threat of embargo on Iranian oil prompts threat of blockage of Strait of Hormuz -Israel -Iran maintains policy that Israel is an illegitimate state -U.S. -"The Great Satan" -Historical resentment -Populace is often pro-USA -Nuclear power or nuclear weapons -Uranium enrichment? -Power generation? -International inspections -Stuxnet -Government structure is part autocracy (theocracy), part democracy -2013: -2015: Nuclear deal -Decommissioning 15,000 centrifuges -Reducing stockpile 98% -Limited enrichment -Fuel grade -Removal of sanctions -Now possibly in danger with Trump Administration
What is slash and burn agriculture? Why is it traditionally important to Sub-Saharan Africa? Is it sustainable?
-Slash and burn agriculture is where after an area is burned, the ash is used to fertilize new crops in the same area -Often used in tropical forests that involves cutting trees and brush and burning them so that crops can benefit from cleared ground and nutrients in the ash- after nutrients is used up, they move to another area to let it lie fallow -It is important because indigenous people had to adapt to the poor soil and find ways to cultivate the land- less than 30% of sub-Saharan Africa is suitable for agriculture -It is sustainable on a small scale because it does not depend on outside inputs of fossil fuels for energy
What are the major ways the oil producing nations are attempting to diversify their economies?
-Some of these states have begun to diversify their economies through tourism, trade, and urban development -Some are introducing new industries such as textile production and food processing plants, while others are developing port facilities to increase their role in global trade -Others are attempting to promote agriculture even though there is scarce water -Countries such as Saudi Arabia have established a plan to build four new "Economic Cities" with information industries as the economy of our world changes to a more energy economy over the next 20 years -Many of the Maghreb countries are also agricultural producers despite the oil industry providing nearly 90% of its export revenues -There is also a fast-growing tourism economy -Also, Islamic Banking -Trying to promote other aspects of the economy so there is not a monoeconomy -Also, Islamic Banking -Trying to promote other aspects of the economy so there is not a monoeconomy
Why is the Atacama desert so dry?
Atacama desert is the driest place on Earth because it sits on the Tropic of Capricorn and is located in a rain shadow (on the other side of a mountain so it rains in front of the mountain and produces drought in the desert); also it is located by a cold ocean current with no moisture than can collect to form precipitation
How is HIV/AIDS impacting sub-Saharan Africa?
-Sub-Saharan Africa is the most severely affected region in the world -25.5% infected (2016) -70% of the world total -More females than males -South and East hardest hit -Poverty exacerbates as healthcare is expensive and education levels
Why did Europeans first begin trading with Africa? Why and where were the first European outposts in Africa built? How did this change the local power structures in Sub-Saharan Africa?
-They began trading with Africa because it is mineraly wealthy and also, they now had unlimited access to slaves -1482 Castle Sao Jorge de Mina was the first permanent European settlement (outpost) -Slave trade was a big trade -Europeans completely reshaped the West African Politics -Demise of Sahelian Kingdoms (middle person)- controlling trade routes south of the Sahara -Europeans now can sail straight to the trade instead of going through Saharan Sahelian Kingdoms (gold, diamonds, copper)
How were gender relations traditionally constructed in Latin America, in contrast to the status of women in the political world of Latin America today?
-Traditions of Machismo and Marianismo are common in this region where rules are created for women and men are given dominance and more control -They are sometimes viewed as Latino Lovers -But their status is improving and many have positions in government now -Machismo- Spanish word that constructs the ideal Latin American man as fathering many children, dominant within the family, and proud and fearless -"Marianismo constructs the ideal woman in the image of the Virgin Mary; she is chaste, submissive, maternal, dependent on men, and closeted within the family. Latin American and Caribbean society has been generally patriarchal, and institutions have prohibited or limited women's right to own land, vote, get a divorce, and secure a decent education" -"Men's and women's role are changing as fertility rates decline, women enter the workforce and politics, and migration and divorce lead to many women-lead households. Latin American and Caribbean feminists have organized to obtain the right to vote; to effect changes in divorce, rape, and property laws; to gain access to education and jobs; and to elect women to political office. Women head (or recently led) governments in Argentina (Cristina Fernández de Kirchner), Brazil (Dilma Rousseff), Chile (Michelle Bachelet), and Costa Rica (Laura Chinchilla)" -"Still gender inequality is prevalent in Latin America. Female literacy, on average, is 2% to 15% lower than that of male populations, although among youth average female literacy now exceeds male literacy. In 2014, women held 27.4% of the seats in Latin America and the Caribbean's national parliaments. The employment ratio for adult women is 50%, while for men this number is 75%. Women tend to earn much less money on average than men and hold traditionally female jobs such as domestic service and food processing. In Latin America and the Caribbean, women earned between 60% and 90% of the male wage in 2013"
Culture: How are social networks organized in the Middle East? How are gender relations constructed? How does the definition of gender allow us to understand how it is different depending where you go in the Middle East?
-Tribe is also central to the sociopolitical organization. A tribe is a form of social identity created by group members who share a common set of ideas about loyalty, political action, and cultural identity -Collective loyalties and a primary allegiance to the tribe over their nations -Berlin Conference divided up tribes and causes conflict with new nations -Berber- people belonging to many of the tribes who currently inhabit large sections of North Africa -Some government have sought to destabilize tribal leadership to control tribal communities and territories -Many in this region hold to the assumption that women should be subordinate to men and men regard women's subordination as natural and women view subordination as the product of the society in which they live and therefore something that can't be negotiated and manipulated -Gender is socially constructed and reflects social differences between men and women- therefore not spatially uniform -Men exercise control over women by restricting female access to public space and secluding women within private spaces -Throughout the region, there are differences in how women are view -The veil varies from all-encompassing full body garment (burqa or niqab) to a chador which shows the face, to the al-amira to the headscarf. In some areas, women do not wear them at all -Coverings allow women to operate in public yet remain in their personal space -Some societies such as Yemen and Bahrain exercise strict control while Turkey and Egypt women's public movement are less strictly regulated -Usually more freedom in more rural areas because they are around kin -Women have begun to have governmental participation and they exercise a significant household influence with family members -Gender relations are *culturally constructed* -Gender does not equal biological sex -Gender is a category reflecting social differences between men and women -Depends on religion -Different depending on where you go because it depends on the culture -In some places: required dress code for women in other places not (Turkey: strong pressure not to veil) -In other places: chador is the full covering worn by women (Sudan, Iraq)
Broadly understand traditional urban structure in MENA and why cities in the Gulf States are so different from that traditional pattern. How are these cities indicative of how the economies of the Gulf area have changed?
-Urban Structure- narrow streets and architecture that favors shade -Dominance of principal mosque -Privileging personal privacy and inner well-being- a lot of walls and less windows -Traditional urban cities had these three elements: city walls; a commercial district; and suburbs including houses, fields, groves, pastures, and cattle folds -During Roman empire- structures changed: large estates and theaters and Greco-Roman architectural forms -Islamic Cities have had the most impact on urban patterns in the region: distinct public and private spaces to parallel religious practice. Each city contained a central mosque as well as the citadel/government center, neighborhoods, market, and public bath for men -Few mega-cities; many medium cities and small villages -Poor infrastructure and squatter settlements out of shacks; poverty and crowding -Gulf States- hyper modern cities since they are oil states -Rapidly modernizing especially in the 70's and 80's -Using oil wealth to transform infrastructure -Ex: Dubai- has the tallest building in the world -They are beginning to invest this money in other areas->tourism and services -They have been diversifying their economies through tourism, trade, and urban development
What is intercropping (polyculture)?
Intercropping (polyculture) is growing two or more different crops at the same time on a plot. For example, a carbohydrate-rich grain that depletes soil nitrogen and a protein-rich legume that adds nitrogen to the soil may be intercropped
