GEOG 456
Richard Rothstein
20th century segregation took the form of black central cities surrounded by white suburbs 21st century segregation is in transition —> to whiter central cities with adjoining black suburbs, while father out, white suburbs encircle black ones believed government is racist ex) Ferguson, Missouri
good
According to Logan and Molotch, growth is good
a process in which capital is invested to produce a space for more affluent classes
According to Neil Smith, gentrification is best described as?
balancing the attractive powers of the country and city
According to ebenezer howard, garden cities would address the problem of rural depopulation and urban overcrowding by
Pruitt Igoe
Architectural historian, Charles Jencks described demolition of what example of high modernist planning "as the day modern architecture died"?
Richard Florida
"The urbanologist who launched a thousand loft districts" believes thats during the 1970's, the stability that characterized the American economy after WWII began to break down why? Growing international competition, stagflation (high level of inflation and unemployment), labor unrest, slowing economic growth, falling state revenues "new economy" more flexible labor markets and processes, greater customization of production, new ways to finance consumption, rise of service sector "the world is spikey" certain economies agglomerate because of economic benefits Human Capital- generally the level of educational attainment Florida argues its is better to use proxies that capture "what people actually do" rather than "what people study", focusing on particular occupational categories also emphasizes a particular variant of human capital—>"creative capital" creative capital- certain people who's presence is highly correlated with certain indicators of economic strength, who have particular locational preferences The creative class is moving away from traditional cities. To develop cities we must create environments that creatives want to inhabit Habitat- the creative class takes root in places that posses the 3 T's: technology, talent, tolerance 3 T's make it theoretically cheaper for an economy to compete, rather than tax breaks and major debt-finance development projects RF assumes that creativity is the root cause of the growth that he observes in cities
Ta-Nehisi Coates
Focuses on inequalities towards african americans getting mortgages, gentrification, etc. (mainly in Chicago) Getting a mortgage thru "Contract"- a predatory agreement that combines all of the responsibilities of homeownership with all the disadvantages of renting, while offering the benefits of neither In a contract sale, the seller keeps the deed until the contact is paid in full many contract sellers sells homes at inflated prices and then evict families who cannot afford it Redlining- the process of selectively granting loans and insisting that any property it insured to be covered by a restrictive covenant- a clause in the deed forbidding the sale of property to anyone other than whites Greenlining- subprime loans that also effectively stripped the wealth of minority communities and household across the US
are shaped to a large degree by efforts to absorb surpluses caused by over-accumulation and under-consumption through renovations of the built environment
For david harvey, what is the central process that shapes patterns of urbanization in capitalist societies?
Logan and Molotch
who said this- In many cases, probably in most, additional local growth under current arrangements is a transfer of wealth and life chances from the general public to the rentier groups and their associates
if there was anything to the theory of the Creative Class, it was the package it came in. Florida just told us we were creative and valuable, and we wanted to believe it. He sold us to ourselves." (Bures). No one wants their skepticism to be perceived as resistance to certain values: Creativity à Growth, but such a correlation could also be interpreted the opposite way...that growth causes creativity.
Identify and describe thee different critques of Richard Floridas Idea of the 'creative class'
Inner suburban devaloraziation and disenvestment, investment in the inncer core, continued growth in the outer suburbs
In recent decades patterns of investment and disenvestment in the city have produced a donut shape marked by
Freidrich Engels
Karl Marx's writing partner son of wealthy factory owner Wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1845 and the Communist Manifesto with Marx 3 years later Lessons from Great Towns- —>The modern industrial city comes with a cost. (sacrifice) —>The built form of cities reflects the inequalities of their populations. —>The shape of cities reflects tensions between the universal and the particular. —>Lack of planning and reliance on profit motive are to blame for the squalor of workers' quarters.
Lydia Otero (Spatial Conflicts and Urban Renewal in a Southwest City)
La Calle was a name of affection given to the center of Spanish-speaking life, South of downtown Tucson (slum in South Tucson) Housing Act of 1937- "slum clearance" Otero argues that city officials accelerated La Calle's decline in order to secure outside money for clearance and redevelopment also argues that the city provided inadequate services to the barrio: plumbing, sanitation, electricity were all below the standard for the city as a whole 1966 approval of Pueblo Center of Development displaced La Calle, to attract tourism
David Harvey
Laws of motion of the capitalist mode of production" Harvey is arguing that today's capitalist cities are shaped to a large degree by efforts to absorb surpluses caused by over-accumulation and under-consumption through renovations of the built environment Capitalism- as defined by Harvey is a mode of production (MoP). it is a term used to describe a certain structure of social relations through which production is carried out and social life is reproduced. capital is value in motion (can refer to any resources used in the pursuit of profit) talks about tension between the drive to produce surpluses and the need to absorb them Overaccumulation- according to Harvey is important to capitalist urbanization because surpluses are often absorbed through renovations of urban space can be avoided by switching investment from the "primary circuit of capital" into the urban built environment believes that the process of urbanization exhibit a degree of autonomy from patterns of accumulation and the cycles of capitalist development "Right to the City"- the right to change ourselves by changing the city... it is a common rather than an individual right since this transformation inevitably depends upon the exercise of a collective power to reshape the process of urbanization
The three magnet model
Town, Country, Town-Country represents the
encouraging gentrification through zoning
One of the distinguishing features of "3rd Wave" gentrification is...
Jane Jacobs
Safe City Neighborhoods" must have three main qualities clear demarcation of public and private space Eyes on the street Sidewalks in continuous use by giving educated professionals a new set of eyes through which to view crowded urban neighborhoods, she has helped make the core a more desirable place to live in this way she successfully contributed to the successful gentrification of the cores of American cities _____________'s externalities- productivity improvements that come from the clustering of human capital, smart and creative people connected through "weak ties", sharing ideas and inspiring one another
an unconscious tacit agreement
The creation of seperate entrances for higher-rent and lower-rent residents of the same building- so called "poor doors" is a contemporary example of what engels described as
Can make complex open systems behave, or at least appear to behave more like closed systems, and are exemplified by bid-rent models of more mono-centric cities and grid street layouts
The processes of abstraction and standardization
Logan and Molotch
Urban Growth Coalition- composed to elites (business people, politicians, the media and cultural elites) Argues that despite the differences and diversity of elite groups there is one matter on which they are united—>growth: in terms of both "the economy" (GDP) and in terms of population is good. This growth consensus has consequences for the way that cities are developed and the dynamics of urban politics "For those who count" the city is a machine designed to increase rents and funnel wealth toward elites" Best opportunities for poor to influence cities are built occur when growth consensus doesn't hold Rent Seeking- used to describe attempts to secure rents by manipulating the social, political, and spacial environment in which economic activity occurs, rather than in the production of new wealth (ex. lobbying for convention centers, highways, airports, etc) L & M argue: in order to understand city growth, and how urban life is ordered, we should look at the rent seeking behavior of elites Growth Machine includes Politicians- land owners themselves, state investments make urbanization possible Local Media- dependent on advertising dollars from local businesses Universities- important for branding the city (ex. UofA is responsible for a lot of Tucson's growth) Corporations- they want more: customers, employees, infrastructure The Growth Machine is an ideological assumption: Growth is good for the majority. Better lives for everyone De-emphasizing the downside growth—> everything gets more expensive, congested and more exclusive Focus maximization of exchange values (sometimes at the expense of use-values)
clear demarcation between public space. must be eyes on the street sidewalk must have consistent use
What are Jane Jacob's 3 main qualities
The creative class is a cohesive entity, with unified economic interests
What distinguishes people with high levels of human capital from members of the creative class?
the creative class has particularly strong locational preferences
What distinguishes people with high levels of human capital from members of the creative class?
efforts to increase the exchange value of a property without investing in the property itself, (Taxi licensing is a textbook example of rent-seeking.)
What is a good example of rent seeking behavior
None of the above
What would be considered to be a benefit of social mixing brought by gentrification?
not sure figure out answer
Which of these is not true- 1. Since the mid 2000s more poor people as defined by the federal poverty line live in suburbs than in cities. 2. The rate at which poverty has increased in the suburbs has remained constant since the 1960s 3. The poverty rate is higher in cities than in suburbs. 4. None of the Above
Engels
Who Said this: The town itself is particularly built so that a person may live in it for years and go in and out daily without coming into contact with a working peoples quarter or even with workers: that is so long as he confines himself to his business and to pleasure walks
Bures
Who critiques Richard Florida's idea of the creative class?
Ebenezer howard
Who invented the 3 magnet model?
James Scott
Who said this- The historic diversity of the city- the source of its value and magnetism- is an unplanned creation of many hands and long historical practices. Most cities are the outcome, the vector sum, of innumerable small acts bearing no discernible overall intention. Despite the best efforts of monarchs, planning bodies and capitalist speculators, most city diversity is the creation of incredible numbers of different people and different private organizations, with vastly different ideas and purposes, planning and contriving outside the formal framework of public action.
Florida
Who said this: it is not because high tech industries are poulated by great numbers of bohemian gay people. Rather, artists, musicians, gay people, and the members of the creative classes in general prefer places that are open and diverse. such low- entry barriers are especially important because today places grow not just through higher birthrates but by their ability to attract people from the outside
1949 Housing Act, permitted local authorities to design separate projects for blacks and whites, or to segregate blacks and whites within projects. La Calle was a name of affection given to the center of Spanish-speaking life South of downtown Tucson. As soon as funding was available from the federal gov't - as early as the 1930s - for "slum clearance" members of the Tucson Chamber of Commerce were lobbying to have La Calle - the old barrio cleared (the first version of Housing Act pass 1937, and subsequently amended). AZ law gave municipalities the power to undertake slum clearance projects Otero argues that city officials accelerated la calle's decline in order to secure outside money for clearance and redevelopment. In addition to uncertain scaring off investment, Otero argues that the city provided inadequate services to the barrio: plumbingin, sanitation, garbage collection, electricity, etc were all below the standard for the city as a whole.
Why does the local state often play an active role in facilitating the displacement of certain groups from parts of a city? In your answer refer to Oteros description of urban renewal in Tucson and at least one other reading or documentary (either Pruitt Igoe Myth or Flag Wars).
James C Scott
concerned about how and why we move from a messy "open-system" reality to simplified "close-system" model of the city not just social scientists have a role to play in the process of simplifying the city. For Scott, the key actor is the state best known for his research on peasant resistance to colonial rule, especially in Malaysia suspicious of big business and the state, though he believes the state will never disappear Civil society needs to be kept strong to resist the top-down efforts of large corporate interests and the state to impose their will Believed the grid is an almost utopian vision—>plots of land can be easily subdivided, standardized and sold (easy to establish a market in urban land)—>the grid is easy for outsiders and law enforcement to navigate—>the building of infrastructure below ground (laying pipes, sewage, etc.) ***gride pays no attention to unique physical characteristics of the place or to the ways in which people move through space. it is ideal imposed on an unruly landscape "the depot is not a man. it is the plan" all decisions are made hierarchically (top-down) Do we look at the city from a birds eye view where patterns are easier to see and the illusion of controllable order can be created (top-down) or from street level where complexity of urban life can seem messy and order can be harder to see(bottom-up)
Jane Jacobs
who said this- In real life, to be sure, something is always going on, the ballet is never at a halt, bu the general effect is peaceful and the general tenor even leisurely. People who know well such animated city streets will know how it is. I am afraid those who do not will always have it a little wrong in their heads- like the old prints of rhinoceroses made from traveler's descriptions of rhinocereses.
George Simmel...
metropolital mental health is based on intellect, not emotion (lacks personal investment) concerned about the implications of industrial urbanism for the wellbeing of people living in cities turns inward and asks what effects the city has on our mental health How can an individual resist being leveled by the social technological mechanism? He says the individual produces a shell of rationality to protect his or her inner emotional life Metropolis creates what he describes as a "psychological condition" Trade off: for him there is a trade off associated with urban life. The preservation of our inner, emotional life is "obtained at the cost devaluing the entire objective world" suggests that cities have a life of their own, and can create value independently of the individual intentions of their inhabitants ex.) what he calls "unearned increment of ground rent"- the increase in profits that accrue to landowner, not because of improvements they have made or actions they have taken, but simply because of change in the character of the surrounding area (more foot traffic, new attractions, etc.)
Brett Christopher
re-channeling of investment into the build-in environment in response to over accumulation in the productive sphere analysis (1) of different categories of annual expenditure demonstrates shifts in where the private sector as a whole has directed its ongoing spending- the spending that serves to reproduce and grow this private sector and the earnings it generates analysis (2) of pension fund investment focused on a particular segment of the private sector. invest money in assets that will hopefully increase in price and thus deliver a positive return to investors.
Ebenezer Howard
solution to the problems of the industrial city was to marry the best of the country and the town (the Garden City—>balance of town and country) problems of the city: congestion, overcrowding, and public health—>were mirrored by threats to life in the countryside (depopulation and economic decline) argues that cities become overcrowded because of their "attractions" (places of amusement, employment, wages) had grown to strong for the attractions of the countryside Howard's solution—> required the relationship between country and city to be balanced
Frank Bures
talks about Richard Florida's idea of "creative economy"- place-centered marketing with real effects on the shape of American cities He argues that RF's argument is wrong, but it is appealing for a variety of political and economic reasons "if there was anything to the theory of the Creative Class, it was the package it came in. Florida just told us we were creative and valuable, and we wanted to believe it. Creativity= Growth according to RF, but such a correlation could also be interpreted the opposite (Growth leads to Creativity) __________: "it is easy to manipulate your arguments about correlation when things happen in the same place"
Rent-seeking behavior
what do you call the use of the resources of a company, an organization or an individual to obtain economic gain from others without reciprocating any benefits to society through wealth creation.
Howard
who said this- But neither the town magnet nor the country magnet represents the full plan and purpose of nature. Human society and the beauty of nature are meant to be enjoyed together. The two magnets must be made one.
Lydia Otero
who said this- That city officials and policies accelerated la calle's decline for more than two decades has gone all but unrecognized. the destructive consequences for this intentional neglect made it easier for the city to sell its urban renewal plan both to the federal housing authorities and the local electorate. By the 1960's the neighborhoods in and near la calle met all the institutional guidelines that qualified them to be designated as slums.
Simmel
who said this- This psychich mood is the correct subjective reflection of a complete money economy to the extent that money takes the place of all the manifoldness of things and expresses all qualitative distinctions between them in the distinction of how much. To the extent that money, with its colorlessness and its indifferent quality, can become a common denominator of all values. It becomes the frightful leveler, it hollows out the core of things, their peculiarities, their specific values and their uniqueness and incomparability in a way which is beyond repair.
David Harvey
who said this- Though suburbanization had a long history, it marked post-war urbanization to an extraordinary degree. It meant that the mobilization of effective demand through the total restructuring of space so as to make the consumption of the products of the auto, oil, rubber, and construction industries a necessity rather than a luxury. For Nearly a generation after 1945, suburbanization was part of a package of moves (the global ecpansion of world trade, the reconstruction of the war torn urban systems of western europe and japan, and the more or less permanent arms race being the other elements) to insulate capitalism against the threat of crises of underconsumption. It is now hard to imageine that postwar capitalism could have survived or imagine what it would have now been like, without suburbanization
Frank Bures
who said this- What was missing, however, was any actual proof that the presence of artists, gays, and lesbians or immigrants was causing economic growth, rather than the economic growth causing the presence of artists, gays, and lesbians or immigrants. some more recent work has tried to get the bottom of these questions, and the findings don't bode well for florida's theory
