Geog final

When water freezes, its density A. Increase B. Decreases C. Remains the same as in the liquid state

B. Decreases

Three types of rock-forming processes comprise the A. Tectonic cycle B. Rock cycle C. Hydrologic cycle D. Mineral cycle

B. Rock cycle

The boundary between the crust and the rest of the lithospheric upper mantle is discontinuity as the A. Gutenberg B. Mantle C. Moho D. Lithospheric layer

C. Moho

Bed load is moved by A) saltation. B) traction. C) suspension. D) all of the above E) A and B only

E) A and B only

Which of the following lists, in proper sequential order, the steps leading to the the formation of clastic sedimentary rock? A. Weathering, transportation, deposition, cementation B. Weathering, deposition, transportation, cementation C. weathering, transportation, deposition, metamorphism D. Chemical reactions in sea water to form a precipitate, settling out of the precipitate followed by cementation

A. Weathering, transportation, deposition, cementation

Orogenesis refers to A. A general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust. B. General thinning of the crust. C. The beginning of extensive faulting. D. The formation of mountains without faulting, folding, or the capture of migrating terranes

A. A general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust.

When rock is broken and disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation is A. Physical weathering B. Chemical weathering C. Hydrolysis D. Carbonation

A. Physical weathering

Compressional stress along a fault can result in a dropped footwall block relative to the hanging-wall side, producing a A. Reverse Fault B. Lateral Fault C. Normal fault D. Strike-slip fault

A. Reverse Fault

Fault types are defined by A. The relative motion of the hanging wall and footwall B. The amount of energy liberated during movement C. The amount of movement along hanging wall and footwall D. All of the above

A. The relative motion of the hanging wall and footwall

The area at the surface directly above the subsurface location where seismic waves are initiated is termed the A. epicenter B. fault area C. Richter zone D. focus, or hypocenter

A. epicenter

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the mantle, bottom (inside) to top (surface) A. lower mantle, upper mantle, aesthenosphere B. aesthenosphere, mantle, upper mantle C. upper mantle, aesthenosphere, mantle D. mantle, aesthenosphere, upper mantle

A. lower mantle, upper mantle, aesthenosphere

What type of rock is derived from the bits and pieces of former rocks? A. sedimentary B. metamorphic C. igneous D. hydrothermal

A. sedimentary

The nucleus of old crystalline rock in each of the principle continental masses is called a A. Basalt mass B. Continental shield, or craton. C. Mountain mass D. Composite Zone

B. Continental shield, or craton.

When rock strata are strained beyond their ability to remain an intact unit, displacement occurs in a process known as A. Folding B. Faulting C. Broad Warping D. Stressing

B. Faulting

Which of the following is not a type of physical weathering process? A. Exfoliation B. Hydrolysis C. Salt crystal growth D. Frost wedging

B. Hydrolysis

Marble is a familiar example of which type of rock? A. Intrusive igneous B. Metamorphic C. Sedimentary D. Extrusive Igneous

B. Metamorphic

which of the following layers of the earths crust is liquid and is responsible for producing the earth's magnetic field? A. Inner core B. Outer core C. Lower mantle D. Aesthenosphere

B. Outer core

A brittle rock is likely to respond to stress by ________, whereas a ductile rock is likely to respond by ________. A. stretching; breaking B. breaking; bending C. isostatically uplifting; bending D. isostatically uplifting; breaking

B. breaking; bending

convergant plate boundaries are characteristics of A. sea-floor spreading centers B. collison zones between plates C. Lateral motions of plates D. all plate boundaries

B. collison zones between plates

Transform faults along plate boundaries are characteristic of A. Subduction Zone B. Collision zones between plates C. Lateral motions of plates D. All plate boundaries

C. Lateral motions of plates

Molten rock that pours forth on Earth's surface is called A. Intrusive. B. Metamorphic. C. Lava. D. Magma

C. Lava.

Tensional stress along a fault can result in a dropped hanging-wall block relative to the footwall side, producing a A. Reverse fault. B. Thrust fault C. Normal fault. D. Strike-slip fault

C. Normal fault.

Human-induced mass movements produce a category of processes known as A. Debris flow B. Mass wasting C. Scarification D. Translational slides

C. Scarification

The construction of a dam across a river is likely to cause ________ upstream and ________ downstream. A. erosion; aggradation B. aggradation; aggradation C. aggradation; erosion D. erosion; erosion

C. aggradation; erosion

Explosive eruptions tend to build up A. shield-shaped valcanoes B. plateau basalts C. composite valcanoes D. many subsequent lava flows

C. composite valcanoes

Which of the following is true? A. the age of sea floor is the same in most areas of the ocean B. the age of sea floor does not follow a discernable pattern C. the age of the sea floor increases with increasing distance from midocean ridge D. the age of the sea floor increases with increasing distance from a trench E. the oldest sea floor material is several billion years old

C. the age of the sea floor increases with increasing distance from midocean ridge

A scale used to classify and describe the effects of earthquakes on terrain, construction, and local damage conditions is the A. Richter Scale B. Seismograph scale C. Seismic assessment scale D. Modified Mercalli scale

D. Modified Mercalli scale

The rate at which rocks weather depends upon A. the amount of vegetation in an area B. the type of rock C. the climate of an area D. all of the above E. A and B only

D. all of the above

stream drainage patterns are determined by which of the following? A. Climatic and hydrologic variability B. slope C. differing rock resistance D. all of the above

D. all of the above

The three most abundant elements in Earth's crust are A. Rock, water, and tectonics B. magnesium, potassium, and oxygen. C. iron, aluminum, and granite D. oxygen, silicon, and aluminum.

D. oxygen, silicon, and aluminum.

An assemblage of minerals bound together is called a A. granitic compound B. mineral C. molecule D. rock

D. rock

A persistent mass movement of surface soil is called A. debris avalanche. B. soil creep. C. soil Slide D. rockfall.

B. soil creep

Braided streams are characterized by A. sediment deposition in the channel resulting in the formation of sand and gravel bars and numerous small "channels" B. a heavy load in relation to its discharge C. severe erosion of the channel bed D. all of the above E. A and B only

E. A and B only

Plate boundaries are associated with A. Earthquakes B. Volcanoes C. Subduction D. Rifting E. All of the above

E. All of the above

The yellow-red stains that occur on some rock surfaces are the result of ________ which is a form of ________ weathering A. Hydration; physical B. Hydration; chemical C. solution; chemical D. Oxidation; physical E. Oxidation; chemical

E. Oxidation; chemical

The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is A. Geology B. Geography C. Geomorphology D. Environmental chemistry

C. Geomorphology

Which of the following is NOT true of the metamorphism process A. It can be accomplished by heat B. It can be accomplished by pressure C. It involves melting of the original rock D. It can be accomplished by chemical processes

C. It involves melting of the original rock

which of the following is NOT necessary for well-developed Karst to develop A. High proportion of calcium carbonate in the rock B. Joints in rock of low permeability C. Vegetation D. Arid Conditions

D. Arid Conditions

The motion of seismic waves is initiated in a subsurface area along the fault plane called the A. Epicenter B. Fault area C. Richter zone D. Focus

D. Focus

The fact that water expands as much as 9% of its volume as it freezes is the basis of A. Chemical-weathering process B. Pressure-release jointing C. Crystallization D. Frost wedging

D. Frost wedging