Geography Exam 2

Equatorial Sub Saharan Africa

6 Countries - Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Congo, Democratic Congo, Central African Republic. Astride the equator. Mainly lowland country, very humid Vast areas of rain forest Environment is a mixed blessing? Delineated from Nigeria by physiographic as well as cultural breaks Equatorial rain-forest Extensive resources: Copper (Democratic Republic of Congo) Timber, oil (Gabon, Cameroon) Gold, manganese and uranium. Astride the equator Mainly lowland country

Arab speaking realm

6 Turkestan countries (exclude North African People). Arabic dominant language in 16 states of the realm. Ethnic Arabs are dominant in Arabian Peninsula.

Countries in East Africa

6, but 3 touch Lake Victoria - Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya Lies astride the equator Mainly highlands Cooler and generally drier conditions Ethnic diversity. Swahili is the lingua franca. Muslim 'front' along the coast. 6 countries - Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Kenya, and Ethiopia.

____ of Egypt's 78 million people live within 12 miles (20 kms) of the Nile

95%

What divides West Africa and Equatorial Africa

Adamawa Highland

What are the 2 Empire States

Turkey (Ottoman Empire) and Iran (Persian Empire). Imperial Heritage. Arab ethnicity gives away. Islam political influence there is gone for 2 countries, but still important culturally. They live in mountain areas versus deserts.

Order for no. 1 oil rich country, producing country, and consuming country.

Venesuela - Saudia Arabia - US

No. One Oil Rich Country in the world.

Venezuela (Lake Maracaibo)

Wahhabism as an origin of Islam fundamentalism in Saudi Arabia

Wahhabism - fundamentalist - very conservative, rejected wersternism, They are in Saudi Arabia For more than two centuries, Wahhabism has been Saudi Arabia's dominant faith. It is an austere form of Islam that insists on a literal interpretation of the Koran. Strict Wahhabis believe that all those who don't practice their form of Islam are heathens and enemies.

The Boer War in *South Africa*

War between Dutch Africa and British Empire - 1899 - 1902. A war between British and Dutch settlers ( Boers ) in what is now South Africa and won by the British.

Countries in the Horn of Africa

Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia (SEED)

Geographic characteristics of the Maghreb

Dominated by the Atlas mountains Fertile coastline Rain shadow effect French colonialism Oil-rich Libya

- 5 Popular Labels:

Dry World Arab World Islamic World. Middle East Oil-Rich Region.

Kenya's economy with tourism

East Africa Kenya - Dominant state in region (East Afria). Capitalist approach to development. Economy: coffee, tea, flowers and vegetables for Europe, and tourism revenues. Swahilli is the lingua franca. Capital city is Nirobi.

Which is incorrect

Egypt's largest city, Cairo, is located on the shore of lake Nasser. (Blue Nile river lake Tana in Ethiopia and White Nile river begins in Lake No in South Sudan)

Independent states in Africa

Ethiopia - never colonized. South Africa between between 1950 - 1994 independent with white. Liberia 1822 US. 1847 Us sets it as independent.

Liberia and its history

Ethopia and Liberia have never colonized. Liberia established by African Americans. President Monroe said that if African Americans wanted to return to Africa, they could go. He sent them to Liberia. Liberia had been independent from US since 1847. All Africa independent after 1994. US had colonized Liberia in 1822.

Largest city in *South Africa*

Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and is one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. 50 million, with white minority

Which one is not a capital city of South Africa

Johannsberg largest but not capital

5 central asian states of former USSR

Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan

Which country is famous for tourism in Africa

Kenya

Grey striped area on Map 19

Kurds look at Map 19

Worlds largest urban city in Sub Saharan

Lagos Nigeria, but it is not its capitol city

Largest man made lake

Lake Nasser in Egypt

Africas is the most or least urbanized

Least

Countries which border Israel

Lebanon in the north, the Golan Heights and Syria in the northeast, the West Bank and Jordan in the east, the Gaza Strip and Egypt in the southwest.

Location, population, population growth rate and political boundary of Africa

Location - all Africa except Western Sahara, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, and Egypt Population - This is not an urban realm with relatively low overall urbanization (34%). It is changing rapidly as rate of urbanization is high. City living is harsh - informal sector. Most populated for all of SSA = Lagos Nigeria, and then Kinshasa in The Congo (Democratic)"

The relations between water, culture hearth, river and irrigation system

Look at slides

Congo Geography and resources

Lowland, rain forests, copper, oil, timber, Gold, Magnesium, Uranium

Countries in the Maghreb

MAT - Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Do not count Libya

Hydro Civilization Theory - best answer

cities able to control irrigated farming over large hinterlands hold power over the cities

*Communication* within Africa is impeded by

desert, dense forest, and lack of navigable rivers in certain regions. .

sleeping sickness

epidemic

Location and countries of Shia and Sunni

"Shia = Iran and Iraq (blood Relative of Muhammad to be next leader. Sunni = India, North Africa, Saudi Arabia, etc. 85% of Muslims are Sunni

Iran (ppt slide)

"Slide 39 - A country of mountains and deserts Iran worked with Soviet Union but US stopped until 1979 with Iranian revolution - Ayatollah Khomeini Population of 72 million 67% urbanized Nomadism Oil Reserves Iran was at war with Iraq from 1980-1990 Cultural ties with Iraq, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan *Predominantly Shi'ites* Nuclear power - there was a deal with US not to develop it in Iran International stand-off

A unique aspect of Madagascar

(1) Different from the other cultures of Africa (2) Cultural Infusion from Southeast Asia - Staple food is rice (not corn) - Cultural landscape of South East Asian (3) Unique flora and fauna - a discrete zoo-geographic realm (4) Capital: Antananarivo

HIV and AIDS in Africa - "What can be done about AIDS in SSA?

*Awareness* and acceptance of the problem. Political *will*. Lowering of *cost of drugs*. Success in lower rates in Uganda and Kenya

What caused the poverty in Africa?

*Berlin Conference in 1884* - borders were drawn and Sub Saharan was divided up into boundaries

Nigeria (West Africa) - its capital city

*Capital city moved from Lagos to Abuja* Abuja = Forward Capital. Population is small. A forward capital is a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons. A forward capital is sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state. Nigeria = Colonized by the British .

Difference between pandemic, epidemic and endemic

*Endemic* - Exists in equilibrium with the population. Many develop an immunity of sorts. Saps energy, lowers resistance, shortens lives. *Epidemic* - Sudden outbreak at local, regional scale. *Pandemic* - Worldwide spread

Uganda (In East Africa) - 1 important Fact

*Idi Amin* - He was the President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979, did ethnic cleansing in Uganda. Genocide against Acholi and Lango ethnic groups

The history of Israel (From Zionism, Balfour declaration, and Jerusalem)

*Zionism* is a Political movement founded by Theodor Herzl (1897) Objective: secure a homeland for the Jewish people *Balfour declaration (1917)* Supports the concept of a Jewish homeland Jewish immigration to Palestine 1922 - British mandate to govern Palestine Rising conflict between Arabs and Jews

Botswana life expectancy is

40 years

Africa realm is not most urbanized, relatively low urbanization percent at ____ %

40%, this means 60% not urbanized

Sub-Saharan Africa - List 9 facts

1. *plateau continent* 2. physiographically unique, 3. Entire continent lies 1000 feet above sea level, 4. Comprised of dozens of *nations* and hundreds of *ethnic groups*. 5. A realm of people dependent on *farming* for their livelihood. 6. State boundaries represent *colonial legacies*. 7. *Dislocated peoples and refugees*. It has the largest *refugee* population worldwide. 8. Africa's population is skyrocketing. 9. Ebola - West Africa.

Name the 3 Capital cities for *South Africa*

1. Bloem Fontein - Judicial. 2. Cape Town - Legislative. 3. Pretoria - Executive

Map and the location of 8 Early Culture Hearths

1. MesoAmerica - Central America 2. Andean America - South America 3. West Africa - West Africa 4. Nile Valley - North East Africa 5. Mesopotamia - West Asia 6. Indus Valley - South Asia 7. Ganges Delta - South Asia 8. Wei/Haung Rivers - China

Colonialism: the map of Colonization and Decolonization since 1885. European colonial objectives:

1. To have supply ports along the West African coast. 2. A water route to South Asia and Southeast Asia. 3. In the 1500's- looking for resources; Slaves. 4. In the 1850- industrial revolution occurs in Europe. Increased demand for mineral resources. Need to expand agricultural production. See Map on Excel sheet Constant decolonization from 1885 until complete decolonization in 1994

NASWA averages a natural population increase of _____%

1.8% - Growing populations increases stress on water sources

Countries in *Southern Africa*

10 Countries: Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Lesotho. 6 are landlocked (Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Swaziland, Lesotho). Northern zone of Southern Africa marks the limit of Congo basin. Greatest population along South Eastern Cape Plateau country Agricultural diversity. Population are African, whites, mixed, South Asian. Rich in natural resources, diamonds, gold, and copper.

Turkey ????? Kurdish Population

14 million- 1/5 of Turkey's 75.6 million Southeast Turkey (Iraq) - 3,000 BP; recently-Istanbul Islamic fundamentalism

West African Countries

16 - Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Gambia, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Togo. Numerous small countries

Apartheid in *South Africa*

1948 - 1994, almost 1/2 century. a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. *Nelson Mandela* ended it. Similar to Jim Crow laws from 1870 to 1965's

Countries which border Lake Victoria

3 Eastern African countries that boarder Lake Victoria - TUK - Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya.

Africa people can speak at least __ languages each with over ____ total languages

3, 2000. They can speak lingua franco, their own ethnic language, and their colonized language

Climate and vegetation for SSA Realm

Africa's Physiography - Plataue, Rift, Basin. Climate = Precipitation very dry in north, less dry in south, very wet in middle. Mostly Dry climate except in middle tropic region. *Saharan is a Desert, Congo River basin is a rain forest*

Cultural in SSA

African languages: Lingua franca - a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different. Multilingualism Religions (Christianity, Islam, Tribal religions)

Jerusalem - holy city for who?

All three religions

2 countries in SSA that are OPEC member states

Angola and Cameroon

In the North Africa and Southwest Asia realm, within the Arab states, what is the dominant language?

Arabic: dominant language in 16 states of the realm; ethnic Arabs are dominant in 2 of the 16

Environmental Degradation in Aral sea

Aral Sea is a Borderline between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, no longer as wide as it once was. Started getting smaller in 1970's. In 2008, the Eastern side is almost gone. Was the largest fresh water lake in the world. Soviet Union irrigation over used it. Almost 50% of the water is gone.

Nigeria (West Africa) - Civil War

At independence, Nigeria was composed of three regions (based on regional tribal bases of the 1.Hausa-Fulani, 2. Yoruba, and 3. Igbo). In 1967 inter-regional rivalries led to civil war when the eastern region tried to succeed as Biafra (this was the Yoruba and the Igbo). Biafra was later defeated. Regions were subdivided and rearranged to ensure a civil war did not occur again. Currently - a federal state under a military government

Major mountain range in North Africa

Atlas Mountains

Capital cities of Iraq, Iran, and Turkey

Baghdad, Tehran, Ankara

8 Countries facing the Persian Gulf

Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates.

Before independence, the Modern state of The Congo

Belgium

Blue Nile, White Nile

Blue(Lake Tana - Ethiopia), White (Lake No - South Sudan)

Difference between Shia (Shi'ite) and Sunni

Both sides agreed that Allah is the one true God and that Muhammad was his messenger, but one group (which eventually became the Shiites) felt Muhammad's successor should be someone in his bloodline, while the other (which became the Sunnis) felt a pious individual who would follow the Prophet's customs was acceptable.

What did they call British and Dutch before Boer War

British Empire and Dutch Afrikaners

Afghanistan's turbulent history

Buffer state between US and Russia Turbulent history - Russia did control it 1970's - 1992 Mujahedeen - 1992 - 1996 - guerrilla fighters in Islamic countries, especially those who are fighting against non-Muslim forces. Taliban era - 1996 - 2001 Operation enduring freedom in 2001. Northern alliance with US army.

____________ Cultural Capital of Egypt

Cairo

5 countries allowed to have Nuclear weapons in 70's

China, US, Russia, France, and UK

Languages of Africa

Congo = Niger-Congo Family, Nilo-Saharan Family (central above congo), Khoisan Family (south west), Afro Asiatic Family (North), Malay-Polynesian Family (Madagascar), Indo European Family (south west part of sout africa) Map

Congo v The Congo

Congo = Republic of Congo = French, cap = Brazzaville. The Congo = Demoratic Congo = Belgian, Cap = Kinshasa. Congo = poorest region in Africa

Egypt (Two Nile Rivers, Aswan Dam, Population pattern)

Continuous civilization > 5,000 years - White Nile (Lake No, South Sudan) and Blue Nile (Lake Tana & 60% of water in Nile, Ethiopia)

African Transition Zone (Countries and religions)

Countries in this zone include - Senegal, The Gambia, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, and Eritrea. The environment of the African Transition Zone is known as the Sahel, a semi-arid region of grasslands created by the collision of the Sahara Desert and central African rain forests. Majority Islamic

Cultural - North Africa and Southwest Asia

Culture Hearths there, Birth place of the 3 major world religions Lots of Conflict there. Population -Discontinuous clusters around infrequent water sources. Regional Imbalances -Oil and non-oil states ('haves' versus 'have-nots').

Berlin Conference in 1884

European states divided up Africa without consideration of indigenous cultures. Results of superimposed boundaries: 1. African peoples: divided. 2. Unified regions: ripped apart. 3. Hostile societies: thrown together. 4. Hinterlands: (uncharted) disrupted. 5. Migration routes: closed off. When independence returned to Africa after 1950, the realm had already acquired a legacy of political fragmentation.

North Africa and Southwest Asia have Dry/ arid climates which prevails throughout the realm - Exceptions:

Exceptions: are Peripheral regions of Turkey, Northwestern section of Iran, Oasis, Several great river valleys, e.g. the Nile)

T or F - The majority of the population in this realm (North Africa and Southwest Asia ) lives in the dry arid regions, but not around water resources such as the - Nile River; - Mediterranean Sea - Euphrates and Tigris

F

T or F - Lake Hartwell Dam - 1968 formed Lake Nasser. Egypt that gave 50% more arable land

F - Aswan high dam - Increased agricultural land by 50% - Provides 40% of electricity

T or F - Southern Africa is the most underdeveloped region in this realm

F - It is The Congo

T or F - Tunisia is the largest and the least westernized of the Maghreb s

F - Smallest and most westernized

T or F - This region (NASWA) has the most precipitation but the least population growth

F - least water, most population growth

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)

Father of modern Turkey Moved capital from Constantinople to Ankara He westernized Turkey and broke free from the Arab world

The Great Rift Valley

Forms when huge parallel cracks or faults appear in the Earth's crust and the strips of crust between them sink, or are pushed down, to form great, steep-sided, linear valleys. Western and Eastern Rift valleys are located on each side of Lake Victoria

Political Geography - North Africa and Southwest Asia

Fragmented due to colonial experience.

Differing colonial legacies:

Frequent north-south or west-east differences Islamic 'front'

Different colonial policies

Great Britain: *Indirect Rule* (Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe) Indigenous power structures were left intact to some degree and local rulers were made representatives of the crown. France: *Assimilationist* (Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, etc.) Enforced a direct rule which propagated the French culture through language, laws, education and dress (acculturation), Portugal: *Exploitation* (Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique) First to enslave and colonize and one of the last to grant independence. Maintained rigid control; raw resource oriented. Belgium: *Paternalistic* (Rwanda, Zaire, Burundi). Treated Africans as though they where children who needed to be tutored in western ways; did not try to make them Belgium. Raw resource oriented; ignored the development of natives

rectangle shaped area

Great Rift Valley

Impacts of oil.

High incomes Modernization Industrialization Inter-realm migration Intra-realm migration Regional disparities Foreign investment

East Sub Saharan Africa Geography and resources

Higher land, coffee, tea, flowers, vegetables, tourism

Big difference for East Africa is that it is higher or lower land

Higher, much cooler and drier conditions. Major lingua franca

Struggles for Jerusalem

Holy to Jews, Christians, and Muslims (all competitive due to them all being monotheistic) Judaism: Capital of Jewish kingdom 3000 years BP Faith took form in the first temple-destroyed by Babylonians in 586 BC; Rebuilt as second temple-destroyed by Romans in AD 70 Islam: Prophet Muhammad ascended into heaven 7th century ad from this site Christianity: Based on the teachings of Jesus Christ; crucifixion & ascent

In non-Arab States, what language is dominant?

Indigenous languages dominate: Exp = - Turkey - Turkish; Iran - Farsi, Israel - Hebrew; Niger - French; - Kazakhstan - Kazakh

Number one most populated islamic country is ____

Indonesia

Which country is not located in the Middle East

Iran

Map of Israel, which country is not neighboring

Iraq

Center of conflict for (middle of the Islamic Realm)

Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon

Westernization of Turkey

Islam lost official status Roman alphabet replaced Arabic Islamic law replaced by western code Monogamy became law Women gained rights Turkey separate from Arab world

In this region (NASWA) _____ is the most dominant religion

Islam, but Abraham is the beginning of all 3.

Golan Heights, Security Zone, Gaza Strip, Western Bank

Israel took over all of these. Golan was Syria, Security Zone was Lebanon, Gaza was Palestine, Western Bank was Palestine.

Importance of Farming in SS Africa

It is Still the main livelihood for the majority. Mostly subsistence. Vulnerable to famine. Green revolution by-passed this realm. Countries behind Green revolution were more concerned about population explosion in China and India. Increased production of wheat in Europe and US, rice in Asia by having better fertilizer - this was during 1960's 1970's. They were not concerned about Africa and its need for Millet and corn. Rice in Madagascar. Different crops. Difficult to compete with global commodities. Even today Europe can not produce tropical crops like coffee, sugar cane, and tobacco.

Fertile Crescent

Tigris and Euphrattes in Mesopotamia

Land between Tigris and Eupharates

Mesopotamia

Oldest place of civilization

Mesopotamia

Continental Drift

Millions of years ago, a continent named Pangaea broke into pieces forming separate continents, Laurasia and Gondwanaland (Tethys Ocean and Sea). Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous. Dwyka Ice Limit - Pangaea period and Antarctica was a part of it

Father of modern Turkey moved capital city to

Moved capital from Constantinople to Ankara

Which country is not in East Africa

Nigeria

Hydraulic Civilizations emerged here

Nile River; - Mediterranean Sea - Euphrates and Tigris- Lower mountain slopes of Iran, south of the Caspian Sea

Ottoman Turk in Southwest Asia

Nomadic peoples from the steppes and forests of Siberia. In the 6th century- they established an empire stretching from Mongolia to the black sea. Spread the Turkic language far and wide Declined in the early 1900's

Countries in this realm (North Africa and Southwest Asia)

North Africa = 6 - Western Sahara, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, and Egypt. Southwest Asia = Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, United Arab Emirates, Israel, Iraq, Qatar, Oman, Syria, Azerbaijan, Jordan, Yemen, Lebanon, Palestine, Kuwait, Bahrain, Georgia, Armenia

Which region is not heavily populated

North of the Red Sea (sinai)

OPEC

Oil Producing - 14 countries producing 40% of oil, own 70% of Oil in the world. 6 in Africa - Libya, Algeria, Nigeria, Angola, Cameron, Equatoria Guinea. 2 countries from Latin America (Venezuela and Equador). 6 others (Iran, Iraq, Saudia Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates)

One country that is not in the Maghreb area

Oil rich country that is not in Maghreb is Libya

1956 Suez Canal

On October 29, 1956, Israeli armed forces pushed into Egypt toward the Suez Canal after Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-70) nationalized the canal in July of that same year, initiating the Suez Crisis.

Major Geographical Quality of this realm

Physically its arid and it has Oil

Sudan's conflict (South Sudan and Darfur)

Prime example of conflict at the tension zone Cultural conflict Muslim North vs Non-Muslim South Genocide Split into 2 in 2011 - South Sudan and North Sudan

Composition and countries of Turkestan

Region not a country - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Autonomous Region of China (Xinjiang). Inhabited mostly by Turkic peoples speaking Turkic languages Mountains, deserts Oil, cotton, poppies (opium) Pastoralism Varying degrees of global engagement

What was the biggest environmental issue from the building of the Aswan Dam?

Salination is the biggest problem - they gained land, but lost rich land in Delta due to this.

Arabian Peninsula

Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, UAE, Yemen

Countries in the Arabian Peninsula

Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Oman, Yemen

No. One Oil Producing country

Saudia Arabia, US is number one consumer country, S, Korea and Japan just import oil, Use up all oil in 20 years (not true) Leonardo Maugeri

Countries in the Bulge of Africa (West Africa)

Senegal, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin, and Equatorial Guinea

The legacy of Colonialism

Several hundred languages are spoken. Antagonism between tribes (e.g., Rwanda). Low level of development is linked to colonization. *Transportation facilities* - Movement of goods is from the interior to coastal outlets.

What was the another environmental issue from the building of the Aswan Dam?

Shistosomiasis - Snail transmits river blindness

<North Africa and Southwest Asia: Chapter 7> What is an example of a Choke Point in this area?

Sinai Peninsula, Gibraltar strait. Levant

5 Regions of SSA Africa

Southern Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Equatorial Africa, and the African Transitional Zone

Congo River Basin is what type climate

Tropical Rain Forrest

Medical Geography of Sub-Saharian Africa

Studies spatial aspects of disease and health. Africa is an extraordinary laboratory. Disease incidence and diffusion. Widespread nutritional deficiencies. Millions suffer from: Malaria - River Blindness. Yellow Fever - Sleeping Sickness, AIDS - Bilharzia

T or F - Algeria is a secular republic with religious-political problems

T

T or F - French is predominant in most states except São Tome and Principe (Portuguese) and The Congo (Belgium)

T

T or F - Libya is oil rich desert state with a coastal orientation

T

T or F - Morocco is the last of the north African kingdoms

T

T or F - Nine out of 14 Southwest Asian states face water-short conditions

T

T or F - The Equatorial rain forest impeded in transportation and communication

T

T or F - The Nile has Basin irrigation and had Perennial irrigation - mid 1800s

T

T or F - This is the most concentrated region of water scarcity in the world

T

What separates the British Nigeria from the French Cameroon?

The Adamawa Highlands coincides with the border between British-influenced Nigeria and French- acculturated Cameroon. Dominated by Congo River and Basin

Arab-Israeli conflict

The Golan heights - Israel seized the Golan Heights from Syria in the closing stages of the 1967 Six-Day War. Most of the Syrian Arab inhabitants fled the area during the conflict. An armistice line was established and the region came under Israeli military control. Almost immediately Israel began to settle the Golan. Syria tried to retake the Golan Heights during the 1973 Middle East war. Despite inflicting heavy losses on Israeli forces, the surprise assault was thwarted. On October 6, 1973, hoping to win back territory lost to Israel during the third Arab-Israeli war, in 1967, Egyptian and Syrian forces launched a coordinated attack against Israel on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in the Jewish calendar. ... Israel counterattacked and recaptured the Golan Heights. Both countries signed an armistice in 1974 and a UN observer force has been in place on the ceasefire line since 1974. Israel unilaterally annexed the Golan Heights in 1981. The move was not recognized internationally. *The security zone - return to Lebanon from Israel?*

1993 Oslo Treaty

The Oslo Accords are a set of agreements between the Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): the Oslo I Accord, signed in Washington, D.C., in 1993; the Oslo II Accord, signed in Taba, Egypt, in 1995.

The West Bank- Palestinian homeland?

The Palestinians- refugee problem Arab/ Islamic disruption- impact of extremist groups

Salafism

The Salafi movement or Salafist movement or Salafism is an ultra-conservative reform branch or movement within Sunni Islam that developed in Arabia in the first half of the 18th century. It advocated a return to the traditions of the salaf, who are the first three generations of scholars after the Prophet Muhammad.

Desert storm

The first major foreign crisis for the United States after the end of the Cold War presented itself in August 1990. Saddam Hussein, the dictator of Iraq, ordered his army across the border into tiny Kuwait.

Location of Rivers such as Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, etc..) and their connection to the civilization

The majority of the population in this realm lives not in the dry arid regions, but around water resources such as the - Nile River in Egypt - Mediterranean Sea - Euphrates and Tigris - early Hydraulic Civilizations emerged here - Lower mountain slopes of Iran, south of the Caspian Sea

Hydraulic civilization theory

Theory that says if a city can control the water supply and irrigation, they hold political power. Water control was something these countries had in common.

North Africa and Southwest Asia realm - Spread of Islam

This region is the birthplace of the three major monotheistic religions of the world (Judaism, Islam, and Christianity). Islam - Muhammad (571- 632 AD) Quran is the holy book Five Pillars of Faith: 1) Repeated expressions of Creed 2) Frequent prayer (5 times per day) 3) Month of daytime fasting (Ramadan) 4) alms-giving 5) Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) Sunnis vs Shiites 85% of Muslims are Sunni Wahhabism - fundamentalist Islam is the dominant religion The Jewish faith dominates in Israel; minorities in other states Significant Christian minorities Druze in Lebanon; Bahais in Iran

Which is not a true statement not about sub-Saharan

african population is below world average, that is false since it is skyrocketing

Iraq is different from most of North Africa and Southwest Asia in that it is

predominately shitte

which is not a good description of Madagascar

staple food is corn

T or F - In SSA - *Dual economy* remains intact; most states rely on a single crop or mineral and are vulnerable to world markets

t