Geography Exam II

core area

(1) the national or world districts of concentrated economic power, wealth, innovation, and advanced technology (2) the heartland or nucleus of a state, containing its most developed area, greatest wealth, densest populations, and clearest national identity Russia in reference to the North European Lowland

rus

(Most likely) Vikings who built forts along the riversides and settled among the Slavs. Russian legend states that the Slavs invited the Viking chief Rurik to be their king. Rurik founded Novgorod, Russia's first city.

TFR

(Total Fertility Rate) The number of births that 1,000 women would have if the current year's age-specific birth rate remained constant throughout their childbearing years

estuary

A broadened seaward end of a river, where the river's currents meet the ocean's tides

Eastern European Peripheries

Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, and Turkey

Alpine states

switzerland, austria, liechtenstein; absense of coasts, moutainous topography; speak different languages; austria with primate city; switzerland does not; switzerland has more trade

site

the internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting.

green line

the line that seperates the Greek communities from the Turkish communities in Cyprus -not just a regional border but a boundary between geographic realms

Centripetal forces

these types of forces bind together the people of a state, giving it strength. One of the most powerful centripetal forces is nationalism.

France and Germany

two dominate countries of Western Eurpore. France is territorily larger than Germany, but France does not have any good natural harbors.

complementarity

when two regions through an exchange of commodities can specifically satisfy each others demands

major European landform regions

1. Central Uplands 2. Alpine Mountains 3. Weatern Uplands 4. North European Lowland

Agrarian Revolution

A change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The result of this revolution was a population explosion due to the higher availability of food. It was one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution.

primate city

A country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy-most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital as well.

Alpine Mountains

A highland region named after the Alps. Comparable to the Rockies in terms of age relevance. Includes Appennines and the Carpathians.

shatter belt

A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals

supranaturalism

A venture involving three or more STATES-- political, economic, and\or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organization.

agglomerative forces

Alfred Webber/London dominated common labor pool

Gibraltar

Also known as "The Rock", Gibraltar was ceded by Spain to the British in perpetuity in 1713, and has been a British colony ever since. It has roughly 30000 residents that practice British customs and culture. The northern coast of Morocco is visible from Gibraltar. It is also a gateway to the Mediterranean Sea, and a outpost for trade for the British. Currently, Spain and England are trying to reach and agreement under which they would share control and administration of Gibraltar for the future, but since Gibraltar claimed that they had the right to vote on any transfer of sovereignty in the constitution they drafted in 1969, they are not letting these "joint custody" talks continue.

landlocked location

An interior state surrounded by land. Without coasts, such a country is disadvantafed in terms of accessibility to international trade routes, and in the scramble for possession of areas of the continental shelf and control of the exclusive economic zone beyond

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

CBD

Central Business District (CBD) is the commercial (and sometimes cultural) heart of a city. It is dominated shops and offices many of which are found in tall skyscrapers.

Western Uplands

Comparable to the Applachians in relevance to age. Older, lower, and more stable than the Alpines.

deglomerative forces

Dispersive forces -- ones that drive people away Ex. criminal over population

Effects of Soviet occupatioh in Germany

East and West Germany split. West Germany prospered while East Germany suffered.

immigration in Europe

Euros accuse the immagrants of taking jobs from the unemplyed and "somehow" undermining national unity. The idea that cultural and ethnic diversity could be a force for vitality and creativity ran counter to deep-stated beliefs. Current American discourse is that we preserve "U.S. freedom of action in world affairs".

Central Uplands

Forms the heart of Europe. The Industrial Revolution transformed this region. A region of hills and low plateaus loaded with raw materials.

Netherlands

Important economically because manufacturing textiles and non-corrupt government, a constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea

cultural insulation

Isolate themselves from other cultures

The Bolshevik Revolution

Led by the radical Lenin, the Bolsheviks took control of the Russian Revolution and by November, 1917, Russia was under "Communist" rule. Promising "Land, Bread, and Peace", Lenin appealed to the masses who wanted an end to the war as well as economic opportunity. Using assassination as well as overwhelming popularity among the masses, The Bolsheviks quickly consolidated power and eliminated all possible challenges to their power.

Greece

Located in southern Europe, Greece forms an irregular-shaped peninsula in the Mediterranean with two additional large peninsulas projecting from it: the Chalcidice and the Peloponnese. The Greek islands are generally subdivided into two groups, according to location: the Ionian islands (including Corfu, Cephalonia, and Leucas) west of the mainland and the Aegean islands (including Euboea, Samos, Chios, Lesbos, and Crete) to the east and south. North-central Greece, Epirus, and western Macedonia are all mountainous. The main chain of the Pindus Mountains extends from northwest Greece to the Peloponnese. Mount Olympus, rising to 9,570 ft (2,909 m), is the highest point in the country.

Nordic Europe

North of Western Europe is Europe's Northern region. Six nations comprise this region: Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Estonia. Because of its location, much of this region is sparsely inhabited. The overall population is only twenty-five million. There are few mineral resources, and much of the land cannot be used effectively for agriculture

lander

Reunified German states. (The country has its share of problems. The five lander(states) inherited from East Germany in 1990 remain far porrer than the rest of the country. It is there, too, that racist attacks have occurred most frequently and that neo-Nazi organiztions have enjoyed the most support.)

Roman influence on Europe

Roman empire/democracy

Russia

Russia is the largest country in the world,(still an empire) covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the world's ninth most populous nation with 143 million people as of 2012. Extending across the whole of northern Asia, Russia spans nine time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves. Its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water, 20% in Lake Baikal alone. Russia's natural population is shrinking. Development of Russia concentrated west of the Ural Mountains. It has few good, useable ports. Failure of communist system left Russia in economic disarray. It is highly dependent on exports of oil and gas.

Physiographic Regions of Russia

Russian Plain, Ural Mountains, West Siberian Plain (largest unbroken lowland), Central Siberian Plateau (formal region), Yakutsk Basin, Eastern Highlands(Deepest rift lake--Baykal/5,000ft deep), Central Asian Ranges, and Caucasus Mountains.

Czar

Russian word for Caesar

Ceuta

Spanish city on the tip of Morocco. Illegal immigration is an issue here, Spanish exclave on the Moroccan coast. Its border is demarcated with multiple rows of fences and concertina wire to prevent illegal immigration. Morocco claims the territory.

The British Isles

The Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingsom (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland)

The former soviet union

The USSR was the largest country in the world, covering approximately one sixth of the earth's land surface. It is two and a half times the size of the United States, and only slightly smaller in land area than the entire continent of North America.[1] It covered most of the northern half of Asia and a large part of Eastern Europe, extending even into the Middle East. About one quarter of its territory was in Europe, and the rest in Asia. The territory of the USSR was dominated by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic - having the same borders as contemporary Russia - which covered roughly three quarters of the surface area of the union.

Infrastructure

The basic foundations such as sufficient power supply, water supply, roads, public utilities, and sewage disposal needed to support and accommodate tourists.

Sweden

The capital of this country is built on 14 islands connected by bridges; maintains a large standing army, over 1/2 the nation is covered by forests. Today, Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy form of government and a highly developed economy. Sweden has the world's eighth highest per capita income. In 2011, it ranked fourth in the world in The Economist's Democracy Index and 7th in the 2013 United Nations' Human Development Index (third on the inequality-adjusted HDI).

situation

The external location attributes of a place; its relative location or regional position with reference to other non local places.

North European Lowland

The great european plain. An avenue for human migration. Many of Europe's major rivers and connecting waterways serve this populus region., Almost completely flat land, very green because rivers from central plateau go into lowlands, food basket of Europe- most agricultural production of Europe comes from here (Most of Northern Part of Europe, Belgium, Holland, North Germany, North France).

balkanization

The political term used when referring to the fragmentation or breakup of a region or country into smaller regions or countries. The term comes from the Balkan wars, where the country of Yugoslavia was broken up in to six countries between 1989 and 1992.

Population pattern of Russia

The primary causes of Russia's population decrease and loss of about 700,000 to 800,000 citizens each year are a high death rate, low birth rate, high rate of abortions, and a low level of immigration. Additionally, immigration into Russia is low - immigrants are primarily a trickle of ethnic Russians moving out of former republics (but now independent countries) of the Soviet Union. Brain drain and emigration from Russia to Western Europe and other parts of the world is high as native Russians seek to better their economic situation.

functional specialization

The production of a certain good or service as a dominant activity in a particular location. Particular goods made by particular people in particular places.

Industrial Revolution

The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications. ENGLAND WAS GROUND 0. Profoundly changed Manchester which was the 1st industrialized city.

Continentality

The variation of the continental effect on air temperatures in the interior portions of the world's landmasses. The greater the distance from the moderating influence of an ocean, the greater the extreme in summer and winter temperatures. Continental interiors also tend to be dry when the distance from oceanic moisture sources becomes considerable.

Taiga

The vast coniferous forest of Russia that stretches from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean. The main forest species are fir, spruce, and larch. "TIGA IN THE FORREST"

Denmark

This Scandinavian country is connected to the mainland by the Jutland peninsula.officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈd̥ɛnmɑɡ̊] ( listen)), is a Scandinavian sovereign state in Northern Europe, with Greenland and the Faroe Islands as additional overseas constituent countries, forming integral parts of the Danish Realm. Continental Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark consists of a large peninsula, Jutland, and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands, referred to as the Danish Archipelago.

Estonia

This is the smallest of the Baltic states. This former Soviet satellite enjoys the highest per capita gross domestic product of the three. A flat scenic country dotted with lakes, this country has oil-rich shale reserves., This country is the most northerly of the Blatic nations; people are closer to Finns than Russians; people are highly literate; it is the most prosperous and most economically stable of the former Soviet republics

Liechtenstein

This microscopic principality is on the Rhine River between Switzerland and Austria. Despite its size, it has a big economy, focused on industry and financial services. It's beautiful mountains and fairy-tale castles make it a popular tourist destination.

Catherine the Great

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

Balkans

Throughout the 1980s, Greece's relations with neighboring Balkan countries had generally continued on the friendly and mutually beneficial course that the Karamanlis government had initiated in the postjunta years. Greece desired stability in an area that had long suffered from conflicting territorial claims and political turmoil. Greece also hoped to win its neighbors' support for its position on Cyprus, the region of southeastern Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, the European part of Turkey, and the former republics of Yugoslavia

Tundra

Treeless arctic or alpine biome characterized by cold, harsh winters, a short growing season, and potential for frost any month of the year; vegetation includes low-growing perennial plants, mosses and lichens. "TUNDRESSED"

Mongol and Tatar Invasion of Russia

Under Genghis Kahan's influence, the Mongol people and Tatar armies rode westward on horseback into the domain of the Russes to challenge the power of the Slavs.Because of Russia's terrain, the armies had a hard time breaking through, and it ended as a standoff. Moscow never fell. The invasion, facilitated by the beginning breakup of Kievan Rus' in the 12th century, had incalculable ramifications for the history of Eastern Europe, including the division of the East Slavic people into three separate nations (modern day Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus) and the rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow

Norway

a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, fresh water, and hydropower. The country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world. On a per-capita basis, it is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside the Middle East, and the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the country's gross domestic product. The country maintains a Nordic welfare model with universal health care, subsidized higher education, and a comprehensive social security system. From 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 through 2011, Norway has had the highest human development index ranking in the world. In 2011, Norway also ranked the highest on the Democracy Index, and according to UNDP Norway is the world's best country

Luxembourg

a grand duchy (a constitutional monarchy) landlocked in northwestern Europe between France and Belgium and Germany

Switzerland

a landlocked federal republic in central Europe

lingua franca

a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.

metropolis

a large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area

Belgium

a monarchy in northwestern Europe. headquarters for the European Union and for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Austria

a mountainous republic in central Europe

Spain

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula

entrepot

a port where merchandise can be imported and re-exported without paying import duties

Italy

a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula that is most populous of the realm's southern states, best connected to the European core. A charter member of Europe's Common Market.

Iceland

a volcanic island in the North Atlantic near the Arctic Circle. , Known as the "Land if Fire and Ice" because glaciers and volcanoes exist side by side. The western most country of Europe.

microstate

an imprecise term for a state or territory small in both population and area. An informal definition accepted by the United Nations suggests a maximum of 1 million population combined with a territory of less than 270 sq mi.

Nation State

an independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity, An area of homogenous people that share a common feeling of nationality. The Key Components Are: 1. Single Language 2. Common history 3. Similar ethnic background 4. Sense of nationality 5, Legal membership

Forward Capital

capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention.

world cities

cities most closely integrated into the global economic system because they are in the center of the flow of information and capital. Business services concentrate in disproportionately large numbers in world cities, including law, banking, insurance, accounting, and advertising. Three cities stand out in a class of their own: London, New York, and Tokyo. A second tier of major world cities includes Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington, DC, Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris, Zurich,Sáo Paulo and Singapore. A third tier of secondary world cities includes Houston, Miami, San Francisco, Toronto, Bangkok, Bombay, Hong Kong, manila, Osaka, Seoul, Taipei, Berlin, Madrid, Milan, Rotterdam, Vienna, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Johannesburg, and Sydney.

United Kingdom

country in Northern Europe occupying most of the British Isles: England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland

Centrifugal forces

forces that divide a state - internal religious, political, economic, linguistic, or ethnic differences.

low relief

having a small difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points.

Finland

independent since 1917, only access to ocean is the Baltic Sea called "Land of Ten Thousand Lakes", This country's largest lake is Saimaa, and it is the farthest east of all the Scandinavian countries.

intelligentsia

intellectuals; members of the educated elite She preferred discussions about sports and politics to the literary conversations of the intelligentsia.

Mediterranean Europe

italy, spain, portugal, greece, cyprus, malta; peninsular region; somewaht detached from teh rest of europe; continuities of language, religion and culture

polders

land that the ingenious Dutch have wrested from the sea by building dikes and dams and draining the water from it with pumps driven by windmills

Indo-European languages

languages from the indo-european family. Spoken by half of the world's people, and includes, among others, the germanic, romance, and slavic subfamilies.

Benelux

name for the economic union formed by Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg to ensure the fast and efficient movement of people, goods, and services within these nations.

Supranationalism

occurs when states willingly relinquish some degree of sovereignty in order to gain the benefits of belonging to a larger political-economic entity.

Portugal

officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country located in Southwestern Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. Apart from continental Portugal, the Portuguese Republic holds sovereignty over the Atlantic archipelagos of Azores and Madeira, which are autonomous regions of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale. Portugal is a developed country with a very high Human Development Index, the world's 27th-highest quality of life as of 2010, and the 25th in Bloomberg's Global Innovation Index. It is one of the world's most globalized and peaceful nations, and a member of the European Union.

Melilla

overseas possesion; port city in Morocco, Africa (like Ceuta)

permafrost

permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground

Greek Influence on Europe

philoshophy/ math/architechiture/maps/astronomy/arts

Imperialism

policy of powerful countries seeking to control the economic and political affairs of weaker countries or regions

Europe

small, heavily populated, 40 states

ethnic mosaic

the Zulu nation still is largely concentrated in the province the Europeans called Natal, the Xhosa cluster in the eastern cape, from the city of East London to the Natal border and below the Great Escarpment. the Tswana still occupy amestral lands along the Bostwana border. cape town still is the core area of the coloured population Durban still has the strongest Indian Imprint

euro

the basic currency shared by the countries of the European Union since 1999

irrdentism

the doctrine that irredenta (territory) should be controlled by the country to which they are ethnically or historically related

transferability

the ease (or difficulty) in which a good may be transported from one area to another.

Eastern Europe

the eastern part of the European continent. The term has widely disparate and varying geopolitical, geographical, cultural and socioeconomic readings, which makes it highly context-dependent and even volatile, and there are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region". A related United Nations paper adds that "every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and cultural construct".

Land Hemisphere

the half of the globe, centered on Western Europe which contains the greatest amount of land surface

devolution

the process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government

Republic of Ireland

the southern part of Ireland; NOT part of the United Kingdom; known as the "Emerald Isle"

topography

the surface features of a place or region. The topography of a region includes hills, valleys, streams, lakes, bridges, tunnels, and roads.

East-Central Europe

§ East-Central Europe: □ Mainly Germanic, but separated by language and religion (Catholic vs. Protestant Germany) □ Lacks urban-foci; no great cities left after split (most in west) □ Focus is EU □ Kaliningrad anomaly: Russian port that is decrepit and poor, with illicit activities and smuggling --too poor of conditions for EU a term defining the countries located between German-speaking countries and Russia.Those lands are described as situated "between two": between two worlds, between two stages, between two futures. In the geopolitical sense, East-Central Europe may be opposed to the Western and Eastern Europe, as one of the "Three Europes". Differing from ideas of Central and Eastern Europe, the concept is based on different criteria of distinction and has different geographical spread. In addition, countries of Central and Eastern Europe belong to two different cultural and economic circles

Europe's location advantages

• Land and Sea Routes to Asia & Africa • Moderating Temps + Low Lying valley and good grazing lands • Peninsulas + Islands + Waterways • Large Coal Deposits

Russia's oil and natural gas reserves

•Russia holds the world's largest natural gas reserves, the second-largest coal reserves, and the ninth-largest crude oil reserves. •Russia was the largest producer of crude oil in 2011. During the year, crude oil production averaged about 9.8 million bbl/d. •Russia's Transneft holds a monopoly over Russia's pipeline network, however pipeline exports have been displaced somewhat by seaborne exports over the last year. •Russia holds the largest natural gas reserves in the world, and is the largest producer and exporter of dry natural gas. •Russia is one of the top producers and consumers of electric power in the world, with more than 220 million kilowatts of installed generation capacity. •Despite its sizeable reserves, production of coal in Russia is relatively low