Geology

What were the elements after H and He

carbon and Iron but mostly iron

How did Nebulae form?

clouds and gas % dust in space

convergent boundary

colliding going towards each other two plates move towards each other

How do planets form?

colliesions cause dust, planetesimals , protoplanets, planets

Isostacy

concept that the lithosphere is floating on the asthenosphere in gravitational equilibrium

Ocean Convergent Boundary

continent - ocean plate sinks down into asthenosphere beneath continental plate

what type of lithosphere floats higher

continental lithosphere since its thicker and less dense

third step of the moon forming

debris condenses and forms the moon

third piece of wagerers evidence

distribution of fossils, restricted range of where animals are and plants

second piece of wegeners evidence

distribution of glacial deposits/ features

How do we know where plate boundaries are?

earthquake belts define positions of plate boundaries

first piece of wagerers evidence

fit of the continents

lithosphere (plates)

floats on asthenosphere

fifth piece of evidence for seafloor spreading

magnetic anomalies symmetric about MOR

1 piece of seafloor spreading evidence

ocean topography - mid ocean ridges - abyssal plains - trenches

how do divergent plate boundaries start?

rifting

what is the lithosphere like?

rigid, strong, brittle, outer layer

Scientific Method

sequence of steps used to analyze scientific methods

what are the inner planets like?

small, dense, and rocky

Is the crust solid or liquid?

solid

Is the mantle solid or liquid?

solid

what is rifting?

stretching/ thinning of continental lithosphere

What are the outter planets?

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

how old is the earth?

4.5 Ga

What is the core?

Center of the earth

What were the first elements to come from the big bang?

H & He

divergent boundary

two plates move away from each other

transform boundary

two plates slide past each other

earths volume

822

magnetic anomalies symmetric about MOR

- earth has a magnetic field w/ north and south poles - they can concede with geographic poles or they can flip

2nd piece of evidence of seafloor spreading

- sediment accumulation - no sediment at MOR - layer of sediment thickens away from MOR

What are the steps of the scientific method?

1. Make an observation 2. make hypothesis 3. test hypothesis 4. draw conclusions from data 5. reject or accept hypothesis

Doppler effect

An observed change in the frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving

How do you get a star?

Ball at the center of accretion disk grows hot and dense

How did the universe form?

Big Bang Theory

second step of the moon forming

Blasted debris forms a ring around earth

What compositions make up earth in order

Fe, O, Si, Mg

what produces heavier elements?

Fusion

What are the inner planets?

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

How do you get a spinning accretion disk?

Nebulae condenses into it

Are elements evenly distributed through out earth?

No not at all

Step 1 of the moon forming

Soon after the earth formed, a protoplanet collided with earth

what are the two groups of planets?

Terrestrial and Jovian

oceanic lithosphere

Topped by oceanic crust, thinner & more dense

when did the Big Bang theory occur

about 13.8 Ga

what is mantles density

about 4.5 g/cm

3 piece of evidence of seafloor spreading

age of crust - age of rocks - farther away from MOR

How is there a differentiation of elements?

as inside of earth heated, denser metal sank to the center and lighter materials rose to the surface

how does ocean crust form?

as plates spread, hot asthenosphere risies as it rises part of it melts producing magma magma goes to surface and cools

How does the doppler effect relate to the creation of earth

as time goes by space is expanding

what's the rock type for continental crust

granite

fourth piece of seafloor spreading

heat flow - heat at more - rocks cool farther from MOR

mantle plume:

heat source for hot spots, lithosphere plates are moving at this time and when they move the hot spot is carved off

continental drift

hypothesis that the continents were once joined together and then drifted to where they are now

what part of the core is solid

inner

Where are terrestrial planets located?

inner solar system

What part of the disk is filled with dust

inside

what are the outside planets like?

large, gassy, and ice giants, low density

What did Hubble discover?

light waves from stars were emitting lower frequencies

hot spots

location where hot molten rock rises through tectonic plates

Lithosphere

made of crust and upper part of mantle; broken into tectonic plates

Asthenosphere characteristics

made of hot mantle, flows, solid

fourth piece of wegeners evidence

matching geological units and mountain belts

Seafloor Spreading Theory

mechanism by which new oceanic crust is formed and destroyed

charcteristics of the core

most dense layer

How does seafloor spreading work?

new ocean crust forms at MORs, from rising magma - causes seafloor to spread/ move away from mor on both directions - old crust is destroyed at trenches where it sinks back down into mantle

continental-continental

no subduction, volcanoes or trench - crust compresses and thickens - forms mountains

what drives plate motion?

originally, hypothesized convection, not quite right

What part of the core is liquid?

outer core

Where are Jovian planets located?

outer solar system

what part of the disk is filled with ice

outside

what kind of rock is mantle?

peridotite rock

plates

pieces of the lithosphere

asthenosphere

plastic, weak, ductile layer of earth

What happens when dying stars explode?

produce even heavier elements such as elements greater than iron

Theory of Plate Tectonics

the outer layer of the earth is broken into separate plates that move around w/ respect to one another

Whats at the center of the solar system?

the sun

Big Bang Theory

the universe began by exploding all of energy and matter packed into a single point

ocean crust

thick basalt

Crust characteristics

thin and has lighter elements

continental crust

thin and less dense

what controls how high or low an object floats

to float an object needs to be less dense - its thickness - its density

continental lithosphere

topped by continental crust, thicker and less dense than oceanic lithosphere