Geology Chapter 19 - Review

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Acid runoff develops when precipitation flows through piles of silica-containing ores. B. The danger of the ozone hole is that it allows increased amounts of harmful infrared radiation to reach the Earth's surface. C. CFCs are produced by the action of sunlight on vehicle exhaust fumes. D. Human production of nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants, and radioactive medical materials has placed radioactive contaminants onto the Earth's surface

Which of the following statements about short-term climate change is true?

A. Changing ocean currents can affect global climate. B. Large volcanic eruptions generally accelerate global warming. C. Warming seas may release frozen seafloor methane, causing global cooling. D. The planet's albedo varies with the sunspot cycle.

According to this graph, which of the following statements is true?

A. Global sea-level change during the Paleozoic was on the order of 250 m. B. Sea level during the late Paleozoic/early Mesozoic was extremely high. C. Present-day sea level is the highest on record because of the current global warming trend. D. Cenozoic sea level fluctuates but, on average, has increased since the earliest part of the era.

What is true of the ozone hole?

A. It is caused by the destructive reaction of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) with ozone in the atmosphere. B. It is a zone at the equator where ozone has been completely removed from the atmosphere. C. It is the cause of global warming. D. All of the possible answers are correct.

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Plate-tectonic movements will not alter the global map significantly over the coming millions of years. B. The near-term future of the world depends heavily on human activities. C. Five million years from now, as scientists believe, the Sun will begin to collapse and then swell to encompass the Earth. D. Shallow seas cannot ever again cover continental interiors because there has been sufficient sediment deposition to raise the average land surface high enough to prevent this.

Which of the following statements is true?

A. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has ruled that all future research use the one computer climate model that it has concluded is the best. B. Most climate scientists believe that current temperature increases are due entirely to natural cycles of short-term climate changes. C. The worst-case scenario predicts that if global warming continues at its present rate, by 2050 the average annual temperature will have increased from 15°C to 20°C. D. Carbon dioxide concentration of the atmosphere has increased in the last century.

This graph shows which of the following?

A. The global climate has warmed by about 1.2°C since 1950. B. The Earth's average temperature is currently 1.2°C. C. All of the possible answers are correct. D. The global average temperature varies as much as 5°C from year to year.

Identify the statement that is true about mass extinctions.

A. The mass extinction of dinosaurs occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary. B. A mass extinction may happen when a comet or asteroid impact starts a chain of events that blocks sunlight for weeks or even years. C. The mass extinction of more than two-thirds of the species on the Earth was the result of large volcanic eruptions in Hawaii. D. Mass-extinction events are times in the Earth's history when few species evolve.

Which of the following is an accurate description of a method used to study short-term climate change?

A. The oxygen-isotope ratios of glacial ice record changes in global temperature for the past 800,000 years. B. Pollen is useful for studying modern-day climate but cannot be used to study ancient climate because pollen is not preserved in sediment. C. All of the possible answers are correct. D. The color of a tree ring indicates the rate of growth in a given year.

Which of the following is a line of evidence that supports the assertion of global warming, especially over the past 30 years?

A. The spatial area of permafrost regions in low latitudes has substantially increased. B. Large ice shelves, such as the Larsen B in Antarctica, are breaking up. C. Sea ice has increased substantially, at a rate of about 3% per decade. D. The rate of ice loss on the Greenland ice sheet has decreased.

Which of the following statements has been asserted in IPCC reports?

A. The warming trends observed in the past 50 years can be explained by natural forcing such as cosmic-ray flux. B. It is extremely likely that human activity has contributed significantly to global climate change. C. Sea level is falling. D. The Earth's climate system is cooling.

This graph shows

A. a calculated estimate of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere from 1960 to 2018. B. locally changing carbon dioxide levels due to volcanic activity in Hawaii. C. that atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have remained the same since 1960. D. that global carbon dioxide concentrations vary with the seasons.

If significant global warming happens, the consequences will include

A. a shift in climate belts, with temperate climates moving to lower latitudes. B. a drop in sea level. C. an interruption of ocean currents and the heat transfer they accomplish. D. weaker storms.

Sea-level changes

A. are reflected by blankets of marine sediment called clathrates. B. have been as great as 3,000 m during the Phanerozoic Eon. C. are termed eustatic if they affect only a local area. D. are cyclic, consisting of episodes of transgression and regression.

The Earth's atmosphere

A. gets warmer as its carbon dioxide concentration goes down. B. became more oxygen-rich during the Proterozoic, after the evolution of photosynthetic organisms in the Archean. C. began as nitrogen and oxygen, left over from the solar nebula. D. acquires its carbon dioxide from photosynthesis by green plants.

The greenhouse effect is caused by

A. greenhouse gases that absorb and re-radiate heat from the Earth's surface. B. the Earth's albedo. C. clouds reflecting light back into space. D. the ozone hole allowing more of the Sun's heat through the atmosphere.

The hydrologic cycle

A. is an example of a unidirectional change. B. never results in global change because it maintains a steady state. C. is the only biogeochemical cycle; all other element cycles are restricted to either the physical world or the biological world, but not both. D. is a biogeochemical cycle involving both physical and biological phenomena.

The Earth's internal heat does which of the following?

A. keeps the asthenosphere warm enough to flow B. all of the possible answers are correct. C. enables volcanism and mountain building D. permits plate tectonics

Which of the following elements is released into the atmosphere by volcanic outgassing, animal flatulence, production of cement, and metamorphism of limestone?

A. nitrogen B. phosphorus C. sulfur D. carbon

Which of the following changes is cyclic?

A. small continents merging to become a supercontinent B. ocean crust changing to continental crust by partial melting C. liquid iron alloy sinking into the Earth's interior D. life on the Earth evolving

Which of the following contributes to long-term climate change?

A. tectonic uplift B. changes to ocean currents C. large volcanic eruptions D. sunspot activity

Global human population

A. uses fewer resources per capita each year as it grows. B. has doubled at an accelerated rate since the industrial revolution. C. is currently shrinking due to higher death rates. D. has risen at a constant rate since the Middle Ages.

Select the statement(s) true of the relationship between glaciation and sea level.

A.During warmer climates, glaciers melt and sea level rises. B.During times of cooler climates, the amount of evaporation from the oceans decreases, causing sea level to rise. C.The amount of glacial ice stored on land affects global sea level. D.During times of cooler climates, glacial ice accumulates in the oceans, causing sea level to rise.

In the carbon cycle, carbon transfers between different reservoirs. Which of the following results in the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?

A.deposition of limestone B.animal respiration C.volcanism D.photosynthesis E.metamorphism of limestone F.burning fossil fuels G.deposition of coal

Use this graph to rank the sources of anthropogenic CO2 in 2010 based on their relative contribution

Coal --> Petroleum --> Natural Gas --> Cement Production

The images represent ecosystems in the eastern United States. Rank the ecosystems by their ability to remove and store carbon, from greatest to least.

Forested Area --> Marsh/Water --> Farm

Rank the following areas in order of largest to smallest change in average temperature since 1880.

Northern Canada --> Western Europe --> Australia --> Southern Africa --> Eastern Pacific Ocean --> Antarctic Ocean

Which regions have been most affected by rising temperatures?

Russia the Atlantic Ocean the Arctic Ocean Australia Antarctica Alaska

Use the graph above to answer the following question.Which of the following statements best describes what happened to sea level over the last 450 million years?

Sea level has risen and fallen multiple times. Sea level has risen consistently over time. Sea level has fallen consistently over time. Sea level has remained steady over time.

The graph below shows oxygen isotope ratios measured in an ice core. Which of the following statements best describe the climate during the time shown in the graph?

The periods between 28-36 Ka and 62-66 Ka had similar climates. The coldest period occurred around 75 Ka. The coldest period occurred around 41 Ka. There was a sharp decrease in temperatures at ~36 Ka. The periods between 36-42 Ka and 62-66 Ka had similar climates. There was a sharp increase in temperatures at ~36 Ka.

The maps above show the numbers of days with temperatures above 32ºC for 1961-1971 (left) and the projected numbers of days for 2080-2099 (right). Using the maps as a guide, select the possible consequences of the predicted change in the numbers of days with temperatures above 32ºC.

longer summers decreased snowpack more heat waves cooler summers more droughts shorter summers

This graph shows the CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere from 1750 to 2014. Of particular note is the sharp increase in CO2 in the atmosphere starting around 1850. What is the reason for this increase?

the destruction of the rainforests the industrial revolution widespread use of the automobile a volcanic eruption

Using the graph, determine which year humans first started producing more carbon than could be absorbed by carbon sinks.

1900 1850 1970 1905

For which year since 1985 does the animation show the greatest extent of Arctic sea ice coverage?

1996

Average sea ice coverage in 2015 was about ___________ million square kilometers less than it was in 1980.

3