GEOSC040 Quiz 1

One important connection between seawater chemistry and Earth's surface is rock weathering. a) True b) False

a) True

Rachel Carson suggested that rain and other factors weather the continents and that rivers deliver dissolved rock (including elements such as Na, Ca, and Cl) to the world ocean, which would cause changes in ocean chemistry through time. a) True b) False

a) True

Residence time of an element in seawater can be calculated from the total amount of the element and the input rate. a) True b) False

a) True

Seawater chemistry is influenced by rock weathering. a) True b) False

a) True

Seawater is essentially an NaCl solution. a) True b) False

a) True

Specific heat or heat capacity is the ability of materials to store heat, or the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of a given mass of H2O by 1 degree Celsius. a) True b) False

a) True

The thermocline, halocline, and pycnocline a) Are names of ocean currents b) Are names for the region between ocean surface water and deep water c) Refer to wind patterns d) B and C e) All of the Above

b) Are names for the region between ocean surface water and deep water

Which is the correct order of relative abundance of ions in seawater? a) Na, Cl, Mg, SO4, K, Ca b) Cl, Na, SO4, Mg, Ca, K c) K, Ca, Mg, SO4, Na, Cl d) Ca, K, SO4, Mg, Cl, Na e) none of the above

b) Cl, Na, SO4, Mg, Ca, K

Freshwater reaches maximum density at the freezing point. a) True b) False

b) False

Heat capacity is a measure of the temperature of water. a) True b) False

b) False

It is easier to prove a theory or hypothesis than it is to disprove a theory or hypothesis. a) True b) False

b) False

It is proven that the Earth formed by degassing of volatiles. a) True b) False

b) False

Marine animals break down water molecules to obtain O2. a) True b) False

b) False

River chemistry is virtually identical to that of the ocean. a) True b) False

b) False

Seawater salinity is the same in all parts of the world ocean. a) True b) False

b) False

The chemistry of ocean water is the same as river water. a) True b) False

b) False

The ocean has many more inputs then it does outputs. a) True b) False

b) False

The ocean is stratified (layered) with the densest water on top and less dense water below. a) True b) False

b) False

Water is extremely compressible as opposed to air. a) True b) False

b) False

We can prove a hypothesis. a) True b) False

b) False

Ocean water most likely formed. a) In the past 10,000 years b) From emission (degassing) of materials (volatiles) from Earth's interior c) From melting glaciers and polar ice caps d) A and C e) A and B

b) From emission (degassing) of materials (volatiles) from Earth's interior

The ocean is a) Well mixed and has the same temperature at all depths b) Stratified into layers, such that shallow water has different properties than deep water. c) Well mixed and has the same density at all depths. d) A and C e) None of the above

b) Stratified into layers, such that shallow water has different properties than deep water.

Which of the following has the LOWEST viscosity? a) Honey b) Water c) Ketchup d) a and c e) a and b

b) Water

Sigma_t is a measure of a) salinity. b) density. c) temperature.

b) density.

Surface tension ________ as water cools and ______ with increasing salinity. a) increases; remains constant b) decreases; increases c) increases; decreases d) remains constant; decreases

c) increases; decreases

_________ is a key factor in hurricane development and sustainability. a) heat capacity b) the molecular structure of water c) latent heat d) a and c e) b and c

c) latent heat

How much hear energy is required to melt 10 grams of ice? a. 80 Calories b. 540 Calories c. 800 Calories d. 54 Calories e. 5400 Calories

c. 800 Calories

It takes more heat to warm up water than it does to warm up rocks and soil (Earth). a) True b) False

a) True

Which of the following is/are true about residence time for an element in seawater. A. It can be calculated from the total amount of the element present in coral reefs. B. It can be calculated from the amount in Earth's interior. C. It is given by the ratio of the total amount of the element in seawater divided by the input rate. D. None of the above.

C. It is given by the ratio of the total amount of the element in seawater divided by the input rate.

Land heats and cools more rapidly than bodies of water. a) True b) False

a) True

More gas can be dissolved in cold seawater than in warm seawater. a) True b) False

a) True

The latent heat of fusion for water is ________ and the latent heat of vaporization is ________. a) 80 calories/ gram; 540 calories/ gram b) 80 calories/ gram; 600 calories/ gram c) 60 calories/ gram; 540 calories/ gram d) 75 calories/ gram; 535 calories/ gram 2) none of the above

a) 80 calories/ gram; 540 calories/ gram

Nearly all of Earth's surface water is contained in: a) The oceans b) Rivers, glaciers and ice caps c) Holding tanks at the Pepsi Bottling Company in Marion, Illinois

a) The oceans

A water molecule may evaporate from the ocean, become part of a cloud and then become a rain drop that becomes part of a river and flows back into the Ocean. The average "residence" time for a molecule to make this trip is ~ 4,000 years. a) True b) False

a) True

Gases dissolve more readily in cold seawater than in warm seawater. a) True b) False

a) True

Oceans cover about 2/3 of the Earth's surface: a) True b) False

a) True

The "Goldilocks Principle," as applied to the origin of water on Earth suggests that: 1) Earth has just the right position in the solar system- not too close to the Sun and not too far away and 2) When it was forming, Earth had just the right mass, large enough to retain water vapor. a) True b) False

a) True

The "Goldilocks Principle," in part, suggests that Earth has just the right position in the solar system to allow retention of liquid water and habitability for life. a) True b) False

a) True

The Goldilocks Principle suggests that Earth has just the right position in the solar system to allow retention of liquid water and habitability. a) True b) False

a) True

The course web site has an article about a violent storm in 1992 that tossed 20 containers of rubber duckies overboard. a) True b) False

a) True

The empirical approach uses scientific principles and is tested and retested rigorously a) True b) False

a) True

The oceans represent far less water than the water (H2O) that is bound to minerals in Earth's interior: a) True b) False

a) True

The residence time of an element in seawater is an indication of how rapidly it is cycled. Long residence times indicate low demand and/or infrequent precipitation as a mineral. a) True b) False

a) True

Water molecules have polar (unequally distributed) charge that leads to many of water's unusual characteristics. a) True b) False

a) True

Regardless of actual salinity, all of the elements in seawater are in a _________ to chloride. a) constant proportion b) relative percentage c) mixture similar d) a and b e) a and c

a) constant proportion

In which kind of system is truth based on the application of a standardized method and repeated tests to confirm a result? a) science- based b) faith- based c) authority- based d) b and c e) all of the above

a) science- based

Latent heat is a) the energy need to change the phase of a substance (i.e. ice to liquid water) b) the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celcius c) not important in energy transfer to hurricanes. d) energy used in heating water from 0-100 deg. C

a) the energy need to change the phase of a substance (i.e. ice to liquid water)

Why don't the tropics boil and the poles freeze over? a. Heat is transferred from the tropics to the poles! b. Heat is received only in the tropics and not at the poles! c. Polar regions do not radiate heat. d. All of the above e. None of the above

a. Heat is transferred from the tropics to the poles!

Hurricanes strengthen and gain energy by: a. Release of latent heat at high elevation within the eye which cause air to warm- up and rise b. Release of latent heat associated with melting of ice particles, which makes air heavier c. Using their lion card d. Absorbing hear from the sun e. None of the above

a. Release of latent heat at high elevation within the eye which cause air to warm- up and rise

Consider: two identical pots, filled with equal masses of fluid, on identical burners on a stove. Pot A is filled with a fluid of low heat capacity. Pot B is filled with a fluid of high heat capacity. After a time... a. The material in pot A has reached higher temperature b. The material in pot B has reached higher temperature c. Both pots are at the same temperature

a. The material in pot A has reached higher temperature

Ocean Chemistry is a balance between inputs and outputs: a. True b. False

a. True

Which is the best answer: a. Viscosity is a measure of resistance to shear motion b. A low viscosity liquid pours more slowly than a high viscosity liquid c. The viscosity of water is zero d. Water is highly compressible which means that 1kg of if occupies a much, much smaller volume at the bottom of the ocean than near the ocean surface e. A & D

a. Viscosity is a measure of resistance to shear motion

The density of liquid water is: a) constant, independent of temp. over the range 0-100 deg. C b) higher than that of ice, which is why ice floats in water c) lower than that of ice, which is why ice sinks in water d) (a) and (b) e) none of the above

b) higher than that of ice, which is why ice floats in water

What is a testable statement about the natural world? a) fact b) hypothesis c) law d) theory

b) hypothesis

The Scientific method: a) is a belief based approach b) is an empirical approach based on observations and facts c) leads to Laws and Theories that do not change d) can only be used by licensed scientists e) none of the above

b) is an empirical approach based on observations and facts

The ocean is a) well mixed and has the same temperature at all depths b) stratified into layers, such that shallow water has different properties than deep water. c) well mixed and has the same density at all depths d) (a) and (c) e) none of the above

b) stratified into layers, such that shallow water has different properties than deep water.

For Coconuts on the beach: 10 coconuts fall on the beach each day, there are generally 20 coconuts on the beach. The residence time for coconuts on the beach is: a. 1 day b. 2 days c. .5 days d. 20 days

b. 2 days

Solubility of Gases in Seawater a. Gas dissolve more readily in warmer water b. Cold freshwater can dissolve more gas than warm saltwater c. Fishes need oxygen to live and they get that by breaking O molecules from H2O d. A and B e. B and C

b. Cold freshwater can dissolve more gas than warm saltwater

Solar energy received at Earth's surface is high in the zones centered around about 20 degrees N and S because: a. It is always summer there b. These areas are generally clear and not covered by clouds c. High pressure forms at the equator d. All of the above e. A and C

b. These areas are generally clear and not covered by clouds

Melting ice requires how many cal/g of energy? a) 100 cal/g b) 2000 cal/g c) 80 cal/g d) 10 cal/g e) none of the above

c) 80 cal/g

The latent heat of fusion (melting) for water is 80 cal per gram. How much heat energy is required to melt 10 grams of ice? a) 80 calories b) 540 calories c) 800 calories d) 54 calories e) 5400 calories

c) 800 calories

The latent heat of fusion (melting) for water is 80 cal per gram. How much heat energy is required to melt 10 grams of ice? a) 80 calories b) 540 calories c) 800 calories d) 54 calories e) 5400 calories

c) 800 calories

The oceans contain _________ of the Earth's surface water. a) 50% b) 20% c) 97% d) 90%

c) 97%

While the heat needed to form or melt ice is called latent heat of ___________, the heat needed to condense liquid to a gas state called latent heat of __________. a) Vaporization; fusion b) Fusion; melting c) Fusion; Vaporization d) Boiling; Vaporization

c) Fusion; Vaporization

Goldilocks and Water on Earth. Recently a team of astronomers announced that: a) A large body of liquid water is present on the dark side of the moon b) Earth-sized planets are uncommon, even after examining thousands of stars they have only found two Earth-sized worlds. c) They had detected two Earth-sized planets circling very close to a star called Kepler-20 d) All of the above

c) They had detected two Earth-sized planets circling very close to a star called Kepler-20

Which of the following are true: a. Evaporation reduces the salinity of seawater b. The average salinity of the seawater is 70% c. Mineral deposits, such as halite and gypsum represent outputs for chemicals in the ocean d. The geochemical cycle includes wash, spin, and rinse e. B and C

c. Mineral deposits, such as halite and gypsum represent outputs for chemicals in the ocean

Seawater salinity is a) 35 ppt on average b) 35 g/kg on average c) the same in all parts of the world ocean d) (a) and (b) e) none of the above

d) (a) and (b)

The thermocline, halocline, and pycnocline a) are unrelated b) are names for the region between surface water and deep water c) refer to changes in temperature, salinity and density. d) (b) and (c)

d) (b) and (c)

What is the boiling point of water in Celsius? a) 32 degrees b) 152 degrees c) 78 degrees d) 100 degrees e) none of the above

d) 100 degrees

The maximum density of fresh water is at about _______. a) 0 degrees b) 2 degrees c) 10 degrees d) 4 degrees

d) 4 degrees

Adding heat to water ____________. a) speeds up molecules b) breaks bonds c) condenses molecules d) a and b e) b and c

d) a and b

The Oceans came from ___________. a) the degassing of volatiles from the earth's interior. b) cometary or meteoritic impacts c) the initial accretion that led to Earth d) a and b e) b and c

d) a and b

Having high heat capacity means that water: a) cools and wams slowly relative to land b) has very extreme temperatures c) maintain relatively uniform body temperatures d) a and c e) a and b

d) a and c

Some unique characteristics of water include; a) high surface tension b) low heat capacity c) low viscosity d) a and c e) a and b

d) a and c

When energy is removed from water, energy release causes heating and, thus, temperature decrease is smaller than expected because ____. a) bonds form and restructure b) material condenses c) energy is released via bond formation d) all of the above e) none of the above

d) all of the above

The water cycle involves a) evaporation. b) precipitation. c) condensation. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

d) all of the above.

Extreme variation in the ocean's temperature is prevented by water's a) density. b) transparency. c) viscosity. d) heat capacity. e) compressibility.

d) heat capacity.

The density of seawater a) decreases as it cools from 30 deg C to 5 deg C. b) increases as salinity decreases from 35 to 33 ppt. c) is minimum at 4 deg C, independent of salinity. d) increases as temperature falls and salinity rises.

d) increases as temperature falls and salinity rises.

Where is most of the water on earth's surface located? a. Most of the earth's surface water is in the ocean b. Rivers and lakes account for more water than the Atlantic ocean c. Land ice (glaciers) account for most of the surface water that is not in the ocean d. A and C e. Rain and clouds contain as much water as the ocean

d. A and C

Which is/are True? a. The most abundant element dissolved in seawater is Cl b. The element sodium is present in table salt and it is dissolved in seawater c. We have a homework exercise due today and quiz on Feb. 7 d. All of the Above e. A and B

d. All of the Above

Which of the following statements is correct about the earth? a. Incoming energy from the sun is the primary means of heating the tropics b. Heat transfer from low to high latitudes plays an important role in the pattern of ocean currents and large-scale winds. c. Ocean currents and winds transfer heat from low to high latitudes d. All of the Above e. None of the above

d. All of the Above

Why is there generally low pressure over the equator and high pressure at 30 degrees N and 30 degrees south? a. Lots of solar energy reaches the equator and warms up the air, causing it to rise. b. The equator receives a surplus of energy relative to polar regions, and this causes winds, in the upper atmosphere, that blow North and South away from the equator c. Downward winds at 30° N and 30° S cause high pressure below them d. All of the above e. A and C

d. All of the above

Phosphate has a shorter residence time than most major elements in seawater because... a. It has an atomic mass that is much less than all other elements b. It preferentially forms inorganic minerals when seawater evaporates c. It is quite volatile and goes easily into the atmosphere d. It is cycled very rapidly by organisms because it is essential to their metabolism e. None of the above

d. It is cycled very rapidly by organisms because it is essential to their metabolism

Which of the following are correct associations? a. Salinity and thermocline, density and pycnocline, and temperature and halocline b. Salinity and halocline, density and thermocline, and temperature and pycnocline c. Salinity and pycnocline, density and thermocline, and temperature and halocline d. Salinity and halocline, density and Pycnocline and temperature and thermocline. e. None of the above

d. Salinity and halocline, density and Pycnocline and temperature and thermocline.

Water on Earth (and hence ocean water) most likely formed: a) During the first 0.5 x 10^9 (half billion) years of Earth's history b) From emission (degassing) of volatiles from Earth's interior c) From melting of glaciers and polar ice caps d) (a) and (c) e) (a) and (b)

e) (a) and (b)

Latent heat is the a) energy required to change ice to liquid water b) energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celcius c) important in energy transfer from the ocean to atmosphere d) energy required to heat liquid water from 10 to 100 degrees e) (a) and (c)

e) (a) and (c)

The density of ice is about ___________ of liquid water. a) 86% b) 75% c) 90% d) 68% e) 91%

e) 91%

Latent heat is a) The energy required to change ice to liquid water b) The energy required to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius c) The energy released when water vapor condenses to form rain d) The energy required to heat up liquid water from 0 to 100 degrees e) A and C

e) A and C

When scientists carry out investigations, they typically: a) Construct one or more hypotheses b) Make observations and collect data c) Test the hypothesis by trying to disprove it d) Evaluate and change hypotheses on the basis of results e) All of the Above

e) All of the Above

Which of the following list of elements or molecules represents the correct rank order from highest to lowest concentration in seawater? a) SO4, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, K b) Cl, Mg, SO4, Na, Ca, K c) Cl, k, SO4, Mg, Ca, Na d) Na, Cl, Mg, K, Ca, SO4 e) None of the above

e) None of the above

Which of the following is NOT an output of elements by the ocean? a) Sea salt aerosols b) Biogenic sediments c) inorganic sediments d) interaction of seawater with hot basalt e) all are outputs of elements by the ocean

e) all are outputs of elements by the ocean

Ocean chemistry is influenced by a) inputs such as river water and volcanic gases. b) outputs such as evaporates and interaction of seawater with the seafloor. c) rock weathering d) marine life including plants and animals e) all of the above.

e) all of the above.

Key physical properties of water include: a) viscosity, which is a measure of the mass per unit volume of water. b) surface tension, which is the property that makes water form into droplets when it's raining. c) heat capacity, which is a measure of the heat required to change the temperature of water. d) none of the above e) b & c.

e) b & c.

Ocean water most likely formed: a. During the first .5 x 10^9 years of Earth's history b. Largely from emission (degassing) of materials (volatiles) from Earth's interior c. From melting of glaciers and polar ice caps d. A and C e. A and B

e. A and B

Which is/are true? a. The most abundant element dissolved in seawater is Cl b. The element sodium is present in table salt and it is dissolved in seawater c. The salinity of ocean surface water is generally higher than that of deepwater d. All of the above e. A and B

e. A and B

Water in the world ocean came from Earth's interior a. This is a falsifiable, scientific hypothesis b. This is a know, proven fact c. This is a reasonable, based on what we know about Earth's composition and internal structure d. All of the above e. A and C

e. A and C

There is more dissolved carbon dioxide in deepwater of the ocean than in ocean's surface waters because: a. Photosynthesis occurs primarily in deepwater b. Organisms that respire produce CO2 in deep water c. Photosynthesis in surface water uses C02 d. Deepwater is colder than shallow water and the solubility of CO2 is higher for colder water. e. All but a

e. All but a

Ocean Chemistry is influence by: a. By water interacting with rocks (Earth's crust) at the mid- ocean ridges b. Evaporation of seawater c. River water d. Erosion and weathering of land e. All of the Above

e. All of the Above

The concentration of dissolved oxygen in seawater is in part, determined by: a. The water Temperature b. The water salinity c. The relative amount of respiration d. The relative amount of photosynthesis e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following is (are) correct? a. If more solar energy is retained by Earth than reflected or reradiated, Earth's atmosphere will warm. b. On average, about 30% of incoming solar radiation is reflected back to space without an impact on warmth surface temperature c. The sun radiates mostly short wave energy (visible light), whereas the earth radiates long wave energy (infrared). d. So called greenhouse gases absorb long wave energy in the atmosphere and cause temperature to increase. e. All of the above

e. All of the above