Geoscience in Cinema - Homework #2 (1/13/24)

In Wikipedia, look up "Stick-slip phenomenon" and answer this question: Which of these statements applies to stick-slip behaviour?

- If an applied force is large enough to overcome the static friction between two surfaces, they will slide relative to each other. - Surfaces alternating between sticking to each other and sliding over each other. - It explains the behavior of seismically active faults.

In Wikipedia, look up "Elastic-rebound theory" and answer this question: In the context of earthquake, what does elastic rebound accomplish?

- It allows rocks to deform between earthquakes without breaking. - It allows for the release of accumulated energy during an earthquake. - It allows the two sides of a fault to move with respect to each other during an earthquake.

In Wikipedia, look up "Seismic tomography", read the intro then scroll down to "Applications", and answer this question: Seismic tomography, also known as earthquake seismology, uses earthquake to map the deep interior. Which of the following can be imaged by seismic tomography?

- Subduction zones - High velocity (cold) structures beneath continental shields (thick centers of continents). - Low velocity (warm) structures beneath ocean spreading centers.

In Wikipedia, look up "Rayleigh wave", read the intro then scroll down to the "Generation from earthquakes", and answer this question: Which of the following is a property of Rayleigh waves?

- They can travel around the Earth several times before dissipating. - They are the slowest moving seismic wave. - They tend to cause more damage than P and S waves.

In Wikipedia, look up "Earthquake" and answer this question: Which of the following can earthquakes trigger?

- Tsunami - Landslides - Volcanic eruptions

In Wikipedia, look up "Lists of earthquakes", read the intro then scroll down to "Largest earthquakes by magnitude", and answer this question: What is the largest earthquake by magnitude to ever be recorded?

.The 1960 Valdivia, Chile earthquake.

In Wikipedia, look up "Hypocenter" and answer this question: What is the difference between a hypocenter and an epicenter?

A hypocenter is the location an earthquake initiates at depth, while an epicenter is the location above the hypocenter at the surface.

In Wikipedia, look up "Earthquake" and answer this question: Look at the figure showing earthquake epicenters: where do most earthquakes occur?

Along the boundaries between tectonics plates

In Wikipedia, look up "Reflection seismology" and answer this question: Reflection seismology images the subsurface (meaning shallow surface). Which of the following is not used in these experiments?

Earthquakes

In Wikipedia, look up "Seismogram" and answer this question: What does a single seismogram record?.

Ground motion at a measuring station as a function of time.

In Wikipedia, look up "Earthquake", read the intro then scroll down to "Earthquake fault types", and answer this question: Where do normal faults occur?

In areas where the crust is being extended such as a divergent boundary.

In Wikipedia, look up "Earthquake", read the intro then scroll down to "Earthquake fault types", and answer this question: Where do reverse faults (also known as thrust faults) occur?

In areas where the crust is being shortened such as at a convergent boundary.

In Wikipedia, look up "Seismic magnitude scales" and answer this question: What is the difference between an earthquake magnitude and its intensity?

Magnitude describes the size of an earthquake and intensity describes the severity of shaking.

In Wikipedia, look up "Shadow zone" and answer this question: Look at the figure which shows some of the paths that P waves travel from an earthquake that occurs at 0 degrees through the Earth and explain what causes the P-wave shadow zone (region where no direct P waves are observed)?

P-waves are refracted (their direction is altered) because they slow down when they encounter the liquid outer core.

In Wikipedia, look up "San Andreas Fault" and answer this question: The San Andreas Fault is the boundary between which tectonics plates?

The Pacific and North American plates

In Wikipedia, look up "Epicenter" and answer this question: How can seismograms be used to locate an earthquake?

The time difference between the P wave and S wave arrival times indicated distance.

In Wikipedia, look up "P wave" and answer this question: Which of the following is a property of P waves?

They are the first signal from an earthquake to arrive at any affected location.

In Wikipedia, look up "S wave" and answer this question: Which of the following is a property of S waves?

They cannot travel through liquids (assume low viscosity).

In Wikipedia, look up "Earthquake", read the intro then scroll down to "Earthquake fault types", and answer this question: True or False: Rocks hotter than about 300 °C (572 °F) flow in response to stress; they do not rupture in earthquakes.

True.

In Wikipedia, look up "Earthquake", read the intro then scroll down to "Earthquake fault types", and answer this question: Where do strike-slip faults occur?

Where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other, such as at transform boundaries.