Get the Gist 5

Which of the following would be considered a Jim Crow law?

A Louisville, KY, city law prohibiting the sale of real estate property to blacks

2003 Grutter v. Bollinger

Law School—race one of among many criteria—this was OK.

Which of the following conclusions about Alice Paul can be drawn from the newspaper article about her hunger strike? Choose the BEST answer.

The newspaper article reveals how Alice Paul was not afraid to go to extreme lengths in her dedication to her cause and her fellow suffragists.

civil rights act of 1968

forbade discrimination in housing

What percent of respondents do not support equal opportunity?

36

What percent of respondents support equal opportunity?

87

What was the significance of having a class action suit in dealing with segregation in public schools?

A class action suit meant that the Supreme Court was compelled to hear and decide on multiple cases dealing with segregation at once, thus issuing a broad ruling that would apply to all public schools in the nation.

In Kakutani's view, how much progress has been made on civil rights in the 50 years since Dr. King delivered his speech at the March on Washington? Choose the BEST answer.

A lot of progress has been made on civil rights in the past 50 years, according to Kakutani, as evinced by the election of the first African American president in 2008. But some troubling racial disparities and injustices still exist, such as the Trayvon Martin shooting and voter registration laws.

According to the video, what was unusual about the Supreme Court issuing this second decision in the Brown case?

According to Professor Howard, "For the Court to actually step in and say that this must be done and that they were going to oversee it and that they were going to have the plan to desegregate the schools and that it should be done with all deliberate speed, this was something that was unprecedented at the time."

Which of the following BEST describes why the Nixon administration was successful in its push to desegregate the final few states?

According to Shultz's article, the Nixon administration was successful in its push to desegregate Southern schools by delegating many of the responsibilities of overseeing desegregation to local community leaders while still providing strong leadership from a position of presidential authority.

According to the essay, why was this parade so important for the movement at this particular time?

According to the essay, this parade was so important for the movement at this particular time because it infused new life into the women's suffrage movement and renewed public interest in their cause.

Affirmative action represents an example of which of the following?

Affirmative action represents an example of guaranteeing equality of outcome.

Affirmative action represents an example of which of the following? governmental discrimination

Affirmative action represents an example of guaranteeing equality of outcome.

Given the information in the video, which of the following would the "unredeemed" states be likely to establish (or test) after the federal occupation of the South ended in 1877?

After the federal occupation ended, many Southern states sought to establish racial segregation in most facets of public life, and thus would be likely to pass laws prohibiting blacks and whites from eating together in the same section of a restaurant, for example.

Which of the following protest tactics do you NOT see Alice Paul and the suffragists use in the video?

Alice Paul and the suffragists are not shown participating in a boycott in the video.

Why was Alice Paul going on a hunger strike?

Alice Paul went on a hunger strike to protest the fact that her fellow imprisoned suffragists were being fed substandard food.

What happened about halfway through the speech?

At the urging of gospel singer Mahalia Jackson, King pushed aside his prepared remarks and began to improvise on the "dream" theme that would become the hallmark of the speech.

What does Dr. King tell the marchers to remember when they return to their homes in the South and North?

Dr. King wants the marchers to remember that "somehow this situation can and will be changed."

Where did Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. give the "I Have a Dream" speech and why is this location significant?

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gave the "I Have a Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C., which is significant because Lincoln passed the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed the slaves.

What was the impetus for Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott to call together a women's rights convention and issue the Declaration of Sentiments?

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia called together a women's rights convention after Mott was refused permission to speak at the world anti-slavery convention in London.

During Reconstruction, the civil rights protections of the 14th and 15th Amendments were enforced by which of the following?

Federal troops occupied the South during Reconstruction, in part to enforce the civil rights protections of the 14th and 15th Amendments for African Americans.

Which of the following represents an accurate description of what transpired in 1808?

In 1808, the slave population numbered over one million.

Which of the following represents an accurate statement of what occurred in 1808?

In 1808, the slave population numbered over one million.

According to the population distribution map, in which region of the country did most African Americans live in 1890?

In 1890, most of the United States' African American population still lived in the Southeast.

Even though the Supreme Court struck down school segregation in 1954, how many states still had yet to desegregate as of 1970?

In 1970, seven states had yet to desegregate their schools: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina.

Which of the following BEST describes why Dr. King's speech was so effective, according to Kakutani's analysis?

In Kakutani's words, "The entire March on Washington speech reverberates with biblical rhythms and parallels, and bristles with a panoply of references to other historical and literary texts that would have resonated with his listeners."

How does Justice Harlan most notably differ from the opinion of the rest of the Court on the decision to allow separate but equal facilities?

In contrast to the majority opinion, Justice Harlan believes that the constitution does not and should not support a racial hierarchy among citizens

What must the government prove to satisfy the intermediate standard of review?

In order to satisfy the intermediate standard of review, the government must prove that the policy in question is substantially related to a legitimate government objective.

What does the Court say with regard to racial desegregation (or the interaction between races)?

In the majority opinion, Justice Brown argues that it is not the government's job to force people to give up their prejudices.

Based on Justice Harlan's comments on the Dred Scott decision, what do you think the Court likely allowed or protected in that case? Choose the BEST answer

Justice Harlan's negative description of the Dred Scott decision would seem to indicate that the Supreme Court protected racial inequality in that case, and in fact, the Court ruled in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) that African Americans, whether slave or free, cannot be U.S. citizens.

Which of the following was NOT part of Dr. King's "dream" as outlined in his speech?

King did not state in his speech that his "dream" included all Americans voting without consideration of a candidate's skin color.

Which of the following does Dr. King NOT suggest to the crowd?

King does not tell the crowd to resort to violence if the police attack demonstrators participating in the March on Washington.

Korematsu v. United States generated which standard of review?

Korematsu v. United States generated the "compelling state interest test."

How did members of the Nixon administration go about desegregating the remaining states?

Labor Secretary Shultz and other advisors to President Nixon formed committees headed by both white and black community leaders to help work out the processes for integrating the schools in their states.

Whom did Martin Luther King, Jr., allege had written a "bad check" to African Americans?

Martin Luther King, Jr., alleged that the Founding Fathers had written a "bad check" to African Americans.

To whom did Martin Luther King, Jr., direct his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail"?

Martin Luther King, Jr., directed his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" to white clergymen.

Where did Alice Paul learn to engage in this form of protest?

Paul had previously participated in a hunger strike while imprisoned in England.

Who was involved in the passage of national civil rights legislation?

President Kennedy, President Johnson, the U.S. Congress, and Martin Luther King were all involved in the passage of national civil rights legislation.

Which of the following BEST summarizes Wilson's response to the suffragists' plea for presidential support for the passage of the Susan B. Anthony amendment?

President Wilson responded to the suffragists by claiming that he personally believed in their cause, but as party leader, he was obligated first and foremost to follow the orders of his party.

What event prompted the "silent sentinels" to picket in front of the White House?

President Wilson's disappointingly noncommittal response to their delegation prompted the "silent sentinels" to picket in front of the White House.

What are civil rights?

Protections made possible WITH government power Guarantee individuals freedom from discrimination

Protective legislation was concerned with which of the following?

Protective legislation was concerned with accounting for the ways in which women differed from men, policies that addressed women's biological differences from men, legislation concerned with the exploitation of women, and policies designed to promote women's health.

Which state had failed to ban the slave trade by the deadline specified in the Constitution?

South Carolina was the only state that had failed to ban the slave trade by the deadline specified in the Constitution.

Which of the following provides the BEST explanation for why Stanton patterned her document so closely after the Declaration of Independence?

Stanton most likely patterned her document so closely to the Declaration of Independence to emphasize the parallel between the American colonists and contemporary women as oppressed groups standing up for their natural rights.

Who drafted the 19th Amendment to the Constitution?

Susan B. Anthony drafted the 19th Amendment to the Constitution.

According to the text, which of the following drew national attention to the issue of racial inequality?

Television coverage of police brutality against civil rights protestors in Birmingham drew national attention to the issue of racial inequality.

Which of the following drew national attention to the issue of racial inequality?

Television coverage of police brutality drew national attention to the issue of racial inequality.

The "Doll Study" was used as evidence in which of the following cases?

The "Doll Study" was used as evidence in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.

Read the following case summary for Brown v. Board II. Essentially what question was asked of the Court?

The Court asked what means should be used to implement the principles announced in the first Brown decision—i.e., how the schools should be desegregated.

The Court met again one year after the initial ruling, in the case of Brown v. Board II, in order to check the progress of desegregation in schools. When they met, what did they find had happened?

The Court met again to address the problem that very little had been done to implement the initial decision, and public schools were still segregated.

What was the Court's rationale in reaching this decision?

The Court reasoned that mandating separate facilities for whites and blacks was fine as long as those facilities were equal;this established the "separate but equal" doctrine that would sanction policies of racial segregation in the South for decades to come.

What does the Court seem to feel about the state of American race relations in 1896?

The Court seems to feel that there is a social hierarchy of race that cannot be dissolved through legislative action or judicial decision.

Compare the text of the Declaration of Sentiments to the United States Declaration of Independence, which can be viewed here. Which of the following is an example of a difference between the two documents?

The Declaration of Sentiments and the Declaration of Independence differ in that the Declaration of Sentiments claims that "all men and women are created equal," while the Declaration of Independence merely states that "all men are created equal."

The video opens with a depiction of the National Women's Party headquarters as a dark and strange place. Which of the following provides the BEST explanation for why the filmmakers chose to represent it in this light?

The National Women's Party headquarters is presented as a dark and strange place to illustrate how the idea of women leaving the home and convening for political reasons was viewed as strange and unnatural to many people at the time.

What did the headquarters of the Woman's Party say about Alice Paul's hunger strike?

The headquarters of the Women's Party predicted that Alice Paul would hold out for a long time, possibly longer than people expected.

What was the immediate effect of Abraham Lincoln's election to the presidency?

The immediate effect of Abraham Lincoln's election to the presidency was South Carolina's secession from the Union.

What was the immediate effect of Rosa Parks' arrest?

The immediate effect of Rosa Parks' arrest was a yearlong bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama

What was the immediate effect of Rosa Parks's arrest?

The immediate effect of Rosa Parks's arrest was a yearlong bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama.

In which of the following standards of review are the interests of the individual given the most weight?

The interests of the individual are given the most weight in the strict scrutiny standard of review.

What was the significance of the Missouri Compromise?

The significance of the Missouri Compromise was that it granted freedom to any slave whose master established residence in a free territory.

Why did the suffragists who picketed the White House call themselves "silent sentinels"?

The suffragists who picketed the White House called themselves "silent sentinels" because although they were not boisterous, they positioned themselves in such a way during their picketing that President Wilson would not be able enter the White House without walking past them.

Why did the parade organizers schedule their demonstration to coincide with the inauguration of Woodrow Wilson?

They hoped to maximize the amount of media coverage of the event, since reporters and photographers would already be there for the inauguration.

In what year was the Equal Rights Amendment added to the Constitution?

Though proposed numerous times and ratified by many states, the Equal Rights Amendment was never fully adopted and added to the Constitution.

What happened during Reconstruction?

Union forces occupied the South during Reconstruction.

When Alice Paul leads the "silent sentinels" picketing in front of the White House, how does the video portray President Woodrow Wilson's response?

When Alice Paul leads the "silent sentinels" picketing in front of the White House, Woodrow Wilson is watching them but does not appear to act immediately.

What is Dr. King referencing when he refers to "our creative protest" and "veterans of creative suffering"?

When Dr. King refers to "our creative protest" and "veterans of creative suffering," he is referencing the practices of non-violent civil disobedience he encourages and those who engage in them.

Early on in his speech, Dr. King states, "In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check." What does he mean by this?

When Dr. King states that "In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check," he is referring to how the ideals upon which the United States was founded promised justice and equality for all its people, and the African American community is gathered here today to "collect" that justice that has long been denied to them.

What does Dr. King mean when he states that it would be "fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment"?

When Dr. King states that it would be "fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment," he means that the African American community will continue its protest until justice is achieved, and prolonging this civil unrest would be harmful to the country.

What happened when Oliver Brown tried to enroll his daughter in the all-white school?

When Linda Brown was denied admission to the all-white school, this enabled the NAACP to proceed with its case challenging the "separate but equal" doctrine.

What was the legal issue before the Louisiana Supreme Court and the U.S. Supreme Court?

Whether state laws that treated blacks and whites differently were constitutional

other areas of civil rights

Women Disabled Elderly Homosexuals Hispanics

What groups were represented in the parade?

Working women, men who supported suffrage, state delegations, and women from other countries who enjoyed the right to vote were all represented in the parade.

De facto segregation

actions or circumstances that occur outside the law

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

agreed U of Texas couldn't create black-only facility

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

allowed separate but equal—said didn't violate 14th amendment

Johnson strengthened the term affirmative action by....

correct the effects of the past and present discrimination—assure that protected class underutilized applicant will be employed when available.

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007)

court said public school systems cannot seek to achieve or maintain integration through measures that take explicit account of a student's race

civil rights act of 1964

forbade discrminination in voter registration—created EEOC, barred discrimination in employment, an schools

13th amendment

formal emancipation (1865)—banned slavery

15th amendment

guaranteed the right to vote for all races (1870

civil rights act of 1960

increased sanctions for prohibiting people to vote

According to Dr. King, which of the following is a specific example of an injustice endured by African Americans that needs to be addressed?

lack of voting rights inequity of housing options police violence segregation

voting rights act of 1965

more depth—can send federal officiers in; state clerance before changing electoral laws; Justice Dept. could suspend restrictive electoral tests

Brown vs. board of education (1955)

orders desegregation with all deliberate speed—want to end segregation root and branch.—said "in education, separate is inherently unequal."

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

overturned Plessy

Which group has notably taken advantage of media relations in order to further its cause of obtaining full civil rights?

the LGBT community

which group has notably taken advantage of media relations in order to further its cause of obtaining full civil rights?

the homosexual community has notably taken advantage of media relations in order to further its cause of obtaining full civil rights.

JFK coined the term affirmative action...

to ensure applications are employed without regard to race, creed etc.

2003 Gratz v. Bollinger affirmative action

undergrad point system did not provide individualized assessment for undergraduates at the University of Michigan; Grutter—Law School—race one of among many criteria—this was OK.

Based on his views expressed here, to what other type of law might Justice Harlan strongly object?

Justice Harlan would most likely object to a state law prohibiting interracial marriage.

Which of the following standards of review are used to evaluate government action in relation to the equal protection clause?

Intermediate scrutiny, rational basis, and strict scrutiny are all standards of review designed to evaluate government action in relation to the equal protection clause.

Which group did President Kennedy task with the investigation of the treatment of women in American society?

President Kennedy tasked the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women with the investigation of the treatment of women in American society.

How might a group of citizens test the constitutionality of a state law prohibiting people from reciting Bible verses in public spaces? Choose the BEST answer.

Select a person to recite Bible verses in public with the intention of being arrested by a conspiring police officer.

Which of the following states had slaves that were not freed by the Emancipation Proclamation?

Slaves in Missouri were not freed by the Emancipation Proclamation.

Which amendment guaranteed African Americans the right to vote?

The 15th Amendment guaranteed all male citizens the right to vote regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

The American Indian Movement is noted for its use of which of the following types of tactics?

The American Indian Movement is noted for its occupation of symbolic properties to raise awareness for its cause.

The American Woman Suffrage Association differed from the National Woman Suffrage Association in which of the following ways?

The American Woman Suffrage Association differed from the National Woman Suffrage Association in that it targeted amendments to state constitutions.

Which clause of the Constitution ultimately rendered the "separate but equal" doctrine unconstitutional?

The Court decided that the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution rendered the "separate but equal" doctrine unconstitutional.

What is the "first right of a citizen" that has been denied to women, according to the Declaration of Sentiments?

The first right of a citizen, according to the Declaration of Sentiments, is the elective franchise, or the right to vote.

14th amendment

prohibits states from abridging rights of citizens of due process and equal protection (1868)

Which of the following tactics has frequently been employed by Latino civil rights groups?

rallies

De jure segregation

relating to actions or circumstances that occur by law

civil rights act of 1991

right to sue for monetary damages if are victims of discrimination based on sex, religion, or disability

civil rights act of 1957

sponsored by Sen. Lyndon Johnson—allowed African Americans to sue in federal court if their right to vote had been denied due to race.

What was the first major political party to include women's suffrage in its platform?

the Progressive Party

Which of the following was a major achievement of the disability rights movement?

the passage of the Americans with disabilities act of 1990

Who led the procession of the national suffrage parade of 1913?

Inez Milholland, a lawyer, led the parade while riding on a white horse.

According to President Wilson, change is effected through which of the following means?

"In this country," Wilson declared, "as in every other self-governing country, it is only through the instrumentality of parties that things can be accomplished."

Who were "The Little Rock Nine"?

"The Little Rock Nine" refers to the group of students attempting to attend Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.

The Court decided that it was of utmost importance to render a unanimous decision regarding desegregation in the case of Brown v. Board. Why might they have done so?

A unanimous decision by the Court was important because it would facilitate implementation of the ruling by sending a strong message of complete agreement in opposition to segregation.

How did the doll test demonstrate that separate was not equal?

Because the majority of children chose the white baby dolls and demonstrated anger toward the black baby dolls, the study showed that segregation had the psychological effect of causing children to see blacks as inferior to whites.

Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)

Black man wanted to go to law school—court said to state to build one or let him go to the white law school

Which of the following used radical protest tactics such as sit-ins and freedom rides

Both CORE and SNCC used radical protest tactics such as sit-ins and freedom rides.

The Brown v. Board case focused on racial segregation practiced against African Americans in which of the following places?

Brown v. Board focused on racial segregation in public schools.

The ruling in which case established the doctrine of "separate but equal"?

Brown v. Board of Education

For which of the following do civil rights require equal protection?

Civil rights require equal protection regardless of gender.

Which of the following have enjoyed legislative success in obtaining at least partial protection of their civil rights?

Disabled Americans, American Indians, Mexican Americans, and women have all enjoyed legislative success in obtaining at least partial protection of their civil rights.

To whom did Martin Luther King Jr. direct his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail"?

Dr. King directed his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" to white clergymen.

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes a sentiment expressed by Dr. King regarding white Americans?

Dr. King encourages his listeners not to let their hatred of racial injustice turn into a hatred of all white people, because they are all Americans, and many of them are fighting for the same ideals.

Throughout his speech, Dr. King alludes to Abraham Lincoln, quotes the Declaration of Independence, and recites a portion of the patriotic song "My Country, 'Tis of Thee." Which of the following BEST explains why Dr. King incorporated these pieces of Americana into his speech?

Dr. King incorporated these references to pieces of Americana have on his speech to bolster his argument that securing the fundamental rights that African Americans are demanding is fundamentally tied to the principles that this nation was founded on.

When, according to Dr. King, is the appropriate time to achieve all of the goals of the civil rights movement?

King asserts that the "fierce urgency of now" requires the United States to realize its historical promises of democracy and civil rights to all of its citizens, including African Americans.

Which of the following is NOT among the gender paradoxes in American society that the Declaration of Sentiments criticizes?

The Declaration of Sentiments does not discuss alimony being paid to women. Rather, the document points out how all aspects of divorce law put all the power into the hands of men and pay little regard to the happiness or well-being of women.

The Equal Protection Clause prohibits which type of discrimination?

The Equal Protection Clause prohibits unreasonable discrimination.

Whom did the Framers include in their conception of civil rights?

The Framers included only white males in their conception of civil rights.

Why did the Louisiana courts rule that the Separate Car Act was constitutional?

The Louisiana courts upheld the act as constitutional because the train was only traveling within Louisiana, and the state was free to set its own policies on the matter.

What important piece of legislation did the March on Washington and the "Dream" speech help to pass?

The March and Washington and Dr. King's speech helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

The NAACP primarily targeted inequities in what educational institutions?

The NAACP primarily targeted inequities in graduate and professional programs.

The NAACP primarily targeted inequities in which educational institutions?

The NAACP primarily targeted inequities in graduate and professional programs.

The NAACP was founded primarily to do which of the following?

The NAACP was founded primarily to combat violence against African Americans.

The speakers in the video describe the role played by the NAACP in the Brown v. Board case. Looking at the NAACP's mission on its website, which of the following BEST summarizes the organization's mission?

The NAACP's mission is to ensure the equality of the rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination.

Which of the following used radical protest tactics such as sit-ins and Freedom Rides?

The SNCC used radical protest tactics such as sit-ins and Freedom Rides.

Which U.S. Supreme Court case initially established the constitutionality of the doctrine of "separate but equal"?

The Supreme Court established the "separate but equal" doctrine in the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, reasoning that state-mandated segregation did not violate the 14th Amendment as long as the separate facilities provided for whites and blacks were basically equal.

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court rule that schools must desegregate "with all deliberate speed"?

The Supreme Court rule that schools must desegregate "with all deliberate speed" in Brown v. Board II.

The ruling in which of the following cases established the "separate but equal" doctrine?

The Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) established the "separate but equal" doctrine, which provided a legal justification for racial segregation in the ensuing decades.

The U.S. Supreme Court decided which of the following with regard to the Separate Car Act?

The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Separate Car Act as constitutional, finding it consistent with the requirements of the 14th Amendment

at which point did the concept of equality arise in U.S. political debate?

The concept of equality arose in U.S. political debate with the ratification of the 14th Amendment.

At what point was the concept of equality enshrined in the U.S. Constitution?

The concept of equality was enshrined in the Constitution with the ratification of the 14th Amendment.

What did the New Orleans Citizens' Committee intend to test?

The constitutionality of the Separate Car Act

Which of the following BEST describes how the crowd's behavior exemplifies the protest methods Dr. King suggests?

The crowd exemplifies Dr. King's philosophy to "forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline" by demonstrating its enthusiasm in a respectful manner, free of rioting and property damage.

Which of the following BEST describes how the crowds of onlookers reacted to the suffrage parade?

The crowds of onlookers verbally abused the marchers and sometimes impeded their movement.

The equal protection clause prohibits which type of discrimination?

The equal protection clause prohibits unreasonable discrimination.

What factor made Homer Plessy a particularly interesting candidate for the test case?

The fact that Homer Plessy was only one-eighth black made him an interesting candidate for the test case.

What enabled to Court to finally reach consensus on the issue of segregation and the case of Brown v. Board?

The justices struggled to reach consensus on the issue with Chief Justice Vinson presiding over the Court, but when Vinson died and Warren was appointed to the position, they were able to come to a unanimous decision.

Which of the following became referred to as "Bloody Sunday"?

The police attack on participants in a march from Selma to Montgomery was referred to as "Bloody Sunday."