GHY Exam questions
Cylindrical Equal Area!
Peters Projection
Emphasis on location Earliest known maps Purpose is to show a variety of features of the world Define the basic geographic structure of a place - will serve as base maps Topographic maps: prime source of general-purpose spatial info
Reference map
value
number of things represented by the dot
Part-spectral:
use a few adjacent colors on the color wheel
Full-spectral
use a wide range of colors arranged sequentially on color wheel
Tone
value (degree of grayness in a color)
base map, symbology
what are the main components of a thematic map
Real world Map maker Map map user
Four major components of the communication pathways model?
Cylindrical Conformal Scale increases with distance from the equator
mercator projection
Monochromatic (single hue)
- different values of one hue
Advance and Retreat
Colors achieve different levels in the hierarchy Longer wavelength colors advance more
Additive process:
Combine colors to produce other colors Primary colors are (red,green, blue)
Robinson Projection
Compromise Pseudo-cylindrical
Process color
Digital processing allows many more color options
Subtractive process:
Filters are used to subtract light Primary colors are cyan, magenta, yellow Used for color printing (CYMK)
Determine dot size and dot value a) Select a dot value that is small enough to have a dot in all areas that have data b) Select dot values that are easy to work with c) Select dot value and size that are appropriate to the scale of the map d) Method for calculating dot size and value e) Attempt to find the right balance between low and high density areas
How do dot value and dot size affect the design of a dot map?
Figure ground distinctions: make important features stand out from the background Hierarchy: levels of importance Balance: visual impact of the arrangement and contrast of the map elements
How do figure ground distinctions, hierarchy, and balance affect map design?
Receptors in the eye Cones - color receptors Rods - black/white receptors Physiological and psychological components interact Color Blindness
How do the ways people perceive color affect map design?
Thematic maps: base information is often very generalized Reference map: provide more information
How does basemap information differ on thematic map and on a reference map?
Maps remain important tools for geographers and planners Sources of data for GIS analysis Final product of that analysis typically is a map Allow cartographers to expand their activities- modelling, planning, predicting
How is democratization affecting the use of maps and spatial data?
Joel Morrison: a period of democratization Access to spatial information and map-making tools Greater interest in geography and the uses of geography for solving problems Non-cartographically trained individuals will be using images and making maps Allows for more people to make lousy maps
How is the use of maps changing in response to the digital revolution in cartography and geography?
Linear and Non linear gradients calculate positions of the lines from the control points
Interpolation of Isolines
Simultaneous Contrast
Involuntary response Adjacent colors modify each other perceptually
Limited numbers of color Pantone matching system
Spot color
projection
The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.
eatures of places and patterns Symbols used to emphasize geographical patterns Began to appear in the 17th century Components of thematic maps: base map and thematic overlay
Thematic maps:
Qualitative Data
Use different hues Use similar chroma and value Illustrator color ramp is called HSB Hue, Saturation, Brightness
The words in a graphic language that allow a map to communicate something about a place or the relationships between places point symbols, line symbols, area symbols
What are map symbols?
Advantages: Can improve appearance Attention-grabbing Helps create visually hierarchy and figure ground distinction Can show more information on your maps
What are the advantages of using color on maps?
Advantages Easy to understand Recover original data Show more than one data set Few reproduction problems
What are the advantages of using dot symbolization?
Basic elements of map aesthetics Harmony: relationship b/w the map elements Composition: arrangements of the elements within the space Clarity: ease of recognition of map elements Map elements: Title Legend Scale Source Base map Neatline Symbols Place Names or labels
What are the basic elements of a map? What role does each element plays in the design of a map?
ariable characteristics: Shape - distinctiveness of form or outline Size - dimensional extent of the inked area Complexity - amount of detail in the outline Value - light reflected from the surface Color hue - red, orange, green, blue, etc. Color chroma - weak or intense color Pattern - arrangement of marks in an area Orientation - arrangement with respect to border Association - connection with other symbols
What are the characteristics of map symbols?
Disadvantages: Expensive (used to be the biggest drawback Requires a good knowledge of how color works
What are the disadvantages of using color on maps?
Disadvantages: Time consuming to construct with accuracy Additional research is required to make them Human perception of density is not linear
What are the disadvantages of using dot symbolization?
eneral Objectives: Recognize natural breaks (if any Minimize differences within a class Maximize differences between classes Make the exception stand out Major methods: Quantile: equal frequency (same number of states or observations in each group) Equal interval: same range of values within each group, different number of observations or states in each group Highlighted: data are divided to emphasize a part of the data set Jenks: natural breaks (grouped together) Multistep: cumulative frequency
What are the general objectives for classifying data? Describe the major methods that cartographers use to classify data for mapping.
Equal area: preserves general size Equidistant: preserves general distances Azimuthal: preserves general direction Conformal: preserves general shape (by preserving angles)
What are the general properties of a map projection?
Data: collection and manipulation Design: symbolization and arrangement Production: Layout elements in adobe illustrator
What are the general steps followed by a cartographer when making a map?
Helps differentiate the groups Gray shades described in terms of percent black and lines per inch
What are the impacts of different patterns (gray shades, line patterns) on the design of a choropleth map? How are gray shades described?
Steps: selection Classification: objects placed in groups Simplification Symbolization: devising a set of symbols to represent real world things
What are the processes of generalization?
Dimension, presence, continuity, temporality, tangibility, scaling
What are the six characteristics of data? Be able to identify the characteristics of a given data set
Accept new technology Replicate the old ways Develop new procedures
What are the stages of technological change described by Joel Morrison?
Intellectual and technical changes that altered the practice of cartography in the west
What are the three cartographic revolutions described by Arthur Robinson?
Size Font: arial, Times new roman Case: capitals, lowercase Orientation: normal, italics Serif : Serif, Sans Serif Weight : normal, light, bold Set: normal, condensed, extended Spacing: tight, increased
What characteristics of lettering can be manipulated to improve map design? Provide some examples of how changing lettering
Dot placement - attempt to show actual pattern of the distribution a) Consult outside sources b) Avoid lining up dots in linear patterns c) Be aware of boundary lines
What guidelines are appropriate for placing dots on a map?
Provides a graphic picture of the distribution and aids in the selection of a classification method
What is a histogram? Why would a cartographer make a histogram before designing a choropleth map?
connects points of equal value
What is an isoline
Distinguishable gray shades Sequence of grey shades Legend
What is choropleth symbolization?
continuous
What is the key data characteristic for determining that a data set is appropriately represented using isoline symbolization?
Helps the map reader understand the pattern of thematic information
What is the role of basemap information on a thematic map
Reduces specific detail that is carried out on the map
What role does generalization play in map design?
1st cartographic revolution Exploration and navigation Technology: printing processes Paradigm: reduced image of the world 2nd Cartographic revolution Thematic mapping Technology: photographic processes Paradigm: cartographic theory 3rd cartographic revolution Digital revolution Technology: computer mapping Paradigm: data analysis
What type of map, technological innovation, and paradigm (way of thinking about map making) are associated with each of the three revolutions?
Data collected for predefined areas, areas vary by color, pattern or both to differentiate between areas with qualitative or quantitative differences Adjusted values (counts, amounts, measurements)
What types of data are best represented with choropleth symbolization? Why is it generally a good idea to transform "cook" data for a choropleth map?
Legend - can compensate for perceptual problems by carefully constructing the legend 1) Provide several examples of circle sizes for comparison 2) Layout -nested or string
Why should the legend of a graduated symbol map provide several examples of circle sizes?
Standard line
a line on a projection that has identical dimensions to its corresponding line on the globe
Datum
base line for the data
Intensity
chroma (brightness; the density of ink or light)
Absolute:
circle area is proportional to data
Polychromatic (multi-hue)
combine hue and value differences to create a continuum
Color:
hue (based on the wavelength)
conical projection
map of the earth projected onto a cone covering the globe
cylindrical projection
map of the earth projected onto a cylinder or tube that surrounds the globe
Azimuthal Projection
map of the earth projected onto a plane surface
Azimuthal:
preserves general directions from a point
Equidistant:
preserves the general distances between things
Conformal
preserves the general shape of things
Equal area:
preserves the general size of things
Show relationships between places Best representation of a region Focus attention on a place
selecting a projection
Psychological
systematically increase circle size to adjust for perceptual difference
Interval
the difference between isoline values
Diverging (double ended bipolar)
third color used as middle category
Diverging (double ended balance):
two hues, mixed to indicate intermediate category
match between reality of the world and the image the map user generates Importance: Consider the purpose of the map and the intended audience Cartographers jobs is to communicate spatial information
what impacts do communication models have on cartographic design?
Cartographers must have a way to transfer the spherical coordinates of the earth's patterns onto a flat surface
what is map projection?
Rainbow or jet palette doesn't follow any rules
what pallet doesn't follow any rules
