GLG 101

On average, lithospheric plates are ______ thick.

100 kilometers

Most dry lands lie between what degrees north and south of the equator?

20 and 30 degrees

A minimum of ____ seismic stations is necessary to locate the source of an earthquake.

3

On the Richter Scale, a magnitude 6 earthquakes has ____ times more energy than a magnitude 5.

32

A lens of fresh groundwater in an unconfined aquifer overies deeper, salty ground water. If the water table drops by one foot how far will the interface between the freshwater and salty water rise?

40 feet

If the Antarctic Ice Sheet completely melted, sea level would rise how much?

60-70 meters

The Mississippi River channel is _____

A shift to the course of the current Atchafalaya River

Which the following applies to a valley glacier that lengthens (Extends its terminus down slope) over a period of many years?

Accumulation exceeds wastage

Lateral erosion results in _____

All the above

An oxbow lake is _____

An abandoned meander still holding water

When pumping at a well exceeds recharge _____

Answer a and c

A rock unit that transmits groundwater is called a/an ______

Aquifer

A well in which the water rises naturally above the aquifer is a/an ______ well.

Artesian

The lowest level that a stream may erode is called _____

Basic level

Coalescing alluvial fans form a what?

Bavada

When a groin is built ______.

Beaches upcurrent from the structure are replenished

Stream load consists of ______

Bed load, suspended load, dissolved load

Which one of the following statements regarding rock deformation and strength is correct?

Brittle and ductile deformation occur when stresses exceed the elastic limit of a material

Which common, rock-forming mineral or mineral group is most readily dissolved by groundwater?

Calcite

Correction of potential saltwater contamination of groundwater can be accomplished by ______

Collecting surface runoff into basins which allow seeping into the groundwater.

The maximum particle size that a stream is capable of transporting is ______

Competence

Movement over irregular terrain will result in the formation of what in the uppermost zone of a glacier?

Crevasses

The ______ is not the name of a Plierstocene glacial episode in North America

Dakotan

A stream pattern on granitic terrain is ______

Dendritic

A granular phase between show and glacial ice is called what?

Firn

The point at which an earthquake originates is called the _____.

Focus

Internal drainage results in the _____.

Formation of thick salt deposits

Which of the following are not joints?

Fractures formed by tensional stress and in which one side has moved up relative to the other.

Which of the following best describes the geology of the Pacific coastal regions of western North America, including Alaska?

Geologically different, microcontinent-sized fragments and terranes, formed elsewhere, were tectonically accreted to North America.

Which of the following may provide clues to the direction in which glacial ice flowed?

Glacial Striations

Low pressure experienced where a gaining stream exists, causes _____

Groundwater to follow curved paths

In glaciated areas, waterfalls often mark the existence of what?

Hanging Valleys

Stream lengthening unslope at the valley head is called ______

Headward erosion

Which of the following is not a possible effect of an earthquake?

Hydrolysis

During the last Ice Age, piuvial lakes formed abundantly ______.

In intermountain basins of the American Southwest

In waves, the water particles move ______.

In relatively stationary circular paths

Which of the following is determined by the angle of repose for dry sand?

Inclination angle of a dune slip face

As stream increases, velocity _____

Increases

Urbanization ______

Increases the likelihood of flash flooding

Late stage Basin and Range landscapes are not characterized by ______.

Individual alluvial fans

The ___ of the Earth did not exist early in Earth's history.

Inner core

Which of the following is not forming at a divergent boundary?

Japan

Velocity of a stream is greatest ______.

Just below the surface in the middle of the channel.

The hot springs deposits at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, are travertine. What rock probably lies somewhere beneath the hot springs?

Limestone

Why was the Marina District, San Francisco, heavily damaged in the 1906 and 19889 quakes.

Liquefaction and foundation failures were common.

An emergent coastline is characterized by ______.

Marine terraces

The _____ Intensity Scale is a measure of the damage and effects caused by an earthquake.

Mercalli

The ___ is the seismic discontinuity that forms the boundary between the crust and the mantle.

Moho

What are the depositional features produced by valley or alpine glaciers?

Moraines

Water is involved in wave motion to a depth of approximately ______.

One half wave length

Loess deposits in the central US ______.

Originated as rock flour in Pleistone glacial streams and rivers

The ____ of the Earth does not transmit S waves.

Outer core

Which of the following is correct?

P waves travel through liquids, but S waves do not.

The late Paleozoic super continent that began to break up about 180 million years ago is called ____.

Pangaea

Groundwater flows _____

Perpendicular to the contours of the water table

What is not what a characteristic of a stream on a broad flood plain?

Rapids

What is not a general characteristic of groundwater?

Rarely contains dissolved constituents

Permanent streams in arid deserts ______.

Result from streams originating outside the desert in areas of high water supply

Of all the repositories of fresh water in the hydrosphere, the smallest is ______

River Water

What was not formed by continental-continental convergence?

Rocky Mountains

Which of the following has the least permeability?

Shale

A ____an icicle-like speleothem that grows down from the roof of a cavern.

Stalactite

A stable shoreline will tend to become what?

Straighter

Stream valleys through which a glacier has moved are ______?

Straighter and U-Shaped

An earthquake occurs when ____.

Strain builds up and is released in elastic rebound.

Water gaps in the Appalachian Mountains are caused by _____

Stream erosion through folded terrain by superposed streams

Evidence of former flood plains on a downcutting stream is/are _______

Stream terraces

Which of the following can logically be concluded by speleothems/dripstone hanging from a cave roof?

The cave roof was above the water table when the speleothems formed

Emergent coastlines of Scandinavia and the Hudson Bay region of Canada result from what?

The rate of glacial rebound exceeds the rate of seal level rise

The level below which the soil and rock are saturated with water is called ______

The water table

In areas of abundant sand and steady winds, these kind of dunes form.

Transverse

An island may be connected to the mainland by a sandy what?

Tumbolo

An intermittent stream channel in the dry land areas of the western US.

Wash

The characteristics of offshore waves depend on all the following except what?

Water depth

As water depth decreases what happens?

Water height increases

Beach drift is the result of what?

Waves striking the shoreline at an angle

Flooding occurs _____

When discharge exceeds the channel capacity

Which of the following is not true of an anticline?

When eroded, the youngest rocks are exposed in the center.

A chaotic accumulation of ocean floor sediment and chunks of oceanic crust that forms at convergent boundaries is called a/an ____.

accretionary wedge

"Black smokers" are associated with ______.

all the above

The Black Hills of South Dakota are formed on _____.

an eroded structural dome with a core of crystalline rocks

Volcanism along a continental arc is dominated by the eruption of _____.

andesitic lavas and pyroclastic materials

The most damaging earthquakes _____.

are shallow focus

Topographically high-standing, mountainous areas generally _____.

are underlain by greater then average thicknesses of lower density, crustal rocks

Transform fault boundaries are _____.

boundaries where plates are sliding horizontally past one another

Spreading rates of 1 to 5 ______ per year are common along the Mid-Atlantic and the Mid-Indian ridges.

centimeters

Geologically, ______ are actually submerged parts of the continents.

continental shelves

Mount St. Helens is a part of a _____.

continental volcanic arc

What is thought to drive the motions of the Earth's crustal plates?

convection cells within the mantle.

What is not a characteristic of a continental-continental convergent boundary?

deep ocean trench

______ are not associated with a mid-ocean ridge.

deep ocean trenches

As faults move, they crush and pulverize the rocks on the opposing blocks. This ground up rock is called _____.

fault gouge

Horizontally directed, compressive stress will result in ________ within a sequence of flat-lying sedimentary rocks.

folding

The profile of Earth's temperature with depth is the ____.

geothermal gradient

Which of the following paleoclimatic evidence supports the idea of the late Paleozoic super continent in the Southern Hemisphere?

glacial deposits in South Africa and South America

Partial melting of a subducting oceanic plate produces batholiths with the composition of _____.

granodiorite

A ____ results from mantle plumes created by a long-lived magma source located deep in the mantle.

hot spot

The continental drift hypothesis was initially rejected primarily because Alfred Wegener could not _____.

identify a mechanism capable of moving continents

Oceanic ridges are elevated primarily because _____.

new oceanic crust is hot and less dense than cooler adjacent rocks.

A reverse fault is one in which _____.

one block has moved up, while the other has moved horizontally

The processes that produce mountains is called _____.

orogenesis

Magma at the mid-ocean ridge is the result of ______.

partial melting of the mantle as a result of decompression due to cracking at the ridge

The upper mantle is probably the rock _____.

peridotite

Seismic waves will _____ when the encounter plastic material.

slow down

The inner core is ___; while the outer core is ____.

solid; liquid

Which of the following would not be a characteristic of the San Andreas fault zone?

steep, near vertical, dip-slip fault scarps

Which of the following is not an example of an Isostatic movement?

stream downcutting following a drop in sea level

A circular outcrop pattern with the youngest rocks in the center is a _____.

structural basin

Which of the following statements is true apparent polar wandering?

the continents have changed position relative to the poles.

The complete picture of the composition and layers of the Earth's interior has been determined by ____.

the study of the behavior of seismic waves

Which of the following is not evidence that the seafloors are spreading?

thick ocean sediments at the rifts, thinning away from the rifts.

The most common type of faulting associated with convergent boundaries is ___.

thrust faulting

All of the following are layers that comprise oceanic crust except ______.

turbidites

The source of sediments making up the continental rise is/are ______.

turbidity currents depositing deep-sea fans

The thickest continental crust is found

under mountain ranges

Seismic gaps are ____

unusually quiet zones along known active faults

A ______ forms by abrasion by windblown sand.

ventifact

In an ocean-continent convergent boundary _____.

volcanic mountains form 100-300 kilometers from the trench

The Earth's magnetic field originates by ____.

weak electrical currents associated with fluid motions in the outer core.

The Hawaiian Islands are ______.

youngest in the east and progressively older to the west