Globalisation Theory

Examine the changing global pattern of sociocultural interactions, referring to core regions and peripheral areas.

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. Global sociocultural interactions can encompass migration and diaspora, social networking, cultural shifts (in spoken language, music, fashion, cuisine, etc), the spread of global media and the diffusion of branded commodities (all [Guide 7]). The response should examine a range of such interactions and may address reasons for their growth over time (technology, TNCs) [Guide 2, Guide 5]. A sound examination of global sociocultural interactions may illustrate the ongoing role that "core" regions/countries have in bringing cultural change to other places. • concepts such as "cultural imperialism" or "soft power" may be employed and should be credited if used [Guide 5] • it may be argued that these interactions have intensified due to technology and TNCs [Guide 5] • done well, and with sufficient synthesis of themes, this approach, though simple, could reach the higher bands • perhaps a global core/hub and periphery/semi-periphery framework will be used [Guide 3]. Good answers may explicitly address the changing pattern / new locations of global cultural influence, notably emerging economies such as the BRIC nations (India's Bollywood film, Brazil's Bossa Nova music, etc). Some may even consider the extent to which a long-established US-EU (core) hegemony is under threat. Credit other valid interpretations, but material on financial interactions (eg remittance flows) should be marked as irrelevant or not answering the question. Some answers may lack conceptual grounding, but usefully employ a good range of anecdotal/documentary evidence that draws on a candidate's own lifestyle, eg familiarity with South Korea's K-pop phenomenon and Psy (a major music trend of 2012 that will be very familiar to the age group who will have sat the paper). At band D, expect either explanation of a wide, detailed range of sociocultural interactions, or a more critical examination of a changing pattern over time. For band E, expect both.

"Glocalization isthe most important reason why some transnational corporations (TNCs) have grown in size and influence over time." Discuss this statement.

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. Responses would be expected to define glocalization, providing examples of its effectiveness as a strategy for bridging/building new markets [Guide 5]. A fully synthetic and evaluative answer should debate the statement with reference to other, possibly more important factors. These could include growth in technology associated with globalization, for example, containers or ICT [Guide 2] or the growth of MGOs allowing easier access to markets, possibly triggering mergers and acquisitions (for example, Cemex and domestic cement companies within NAFTA trade bloc) [Guide 6]. The economic factors that triggered global shift (such as cheap labour) are important and the role of outsourcing could be discussed [Guide 3]. Other strategies employed by global brands may also be addressed that explain diffusion over time and space, such as the promotion of consumerism through brand advertising [Guide 5]. Some candidates may conceptualize TNCs as a broad category that includes energy companies and agribusinesses, which would not be expected to adopt glocalization to the same extent as branded commodity providers and the service industry (global banking). For band C, at least one glocalization strategy must be described and its effectiveness commented on. To access band D, expect: either other more detailed reasons for TNC growth (thereby allowing the truth of the statement to be discussed, using at least one other theme synthesized from the subject guide, probably the role of technology/transport) or some more explicit discussion of how glocalization helps some TNCs (perhaps not all) to develop their size and influence (eg cultural acceptance is gained in varied geographical contexts / new markets) over time. At band E, expect both of these elements.

Explain why the increasing needs of some countries for one or more raw materials are a cause of environmental concern.

AO1/2 Indicative content Raw material(s) can include timber, copper, soya, oil, shale gas etc. An account focused only on water should not progress beyond [6]. The environmental concerns should clearly relate to the raw material chosen. There may be local and global dimensions (deforestation causing local degradation in addition to rising global carbon emissions). The countries/markets for the raw material can be identified. Good answers may explain explicitly why there is concern over the increasing demand made by certain countries and may provide evidence to support this (eg China's predicted growth in demand). Another approach might be to structure the explanation carefully around different categories of environmental concern. For band C (4-6), an outline should be provided of either environmental problems/concerns linked with using raw material(s) or the needs of some countries. For band D (7-8), expect a structured, evidenced analysis of either detailed environmental concerns linked with raw material(s) use/demand or the increasing resource needs for specified countries. For band E (9-10), expect both band D traits.

Examine the relationship between a country's gross national income (GNI) and its level of participation in globalization.

. www.exam-mate.com - 7 - M14/3/GEOGR/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX/M (b) Examine the relationship between a country's gross national income (GNI) and its level of participation in globalization. [15] Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. Candidates will have studied global participation with reference to the Kearney or KOF globalization indices, which recognize economic, social and political strands of globalization. Therefore, accept a wide interpretation of what is meant by "participation" in globalization. Possible themes suggesting a positive relationship between GNI and participation: well-known indexes (eg, KOF index) show high globalization scores for countries with a high GNI, as a rule [Guide 1] foreign direct investment by TNCs can bring many financial benefits that lead in turn to greater global economic participation for businesses and citizens (if incomes grow, allowing people to consume more globally-produced services or participate in tourism) [Guide 3] levels of sociocultural participation (an aspect of KOF) may also be higher for high-income countries [Guide 5] the role of remittances can be explored, as flows often take place between richer and poorer countries [Guide 3] poorer societies remain "non-globalized" eg, Amazonian tribes [Guide 7] poorer nations only experience one-way interactions - their assets are stripped by powerful nations/TNCs (raw materials, landgrabs) [Guide 4]. A more critical, thoughtful or nuanced response might take the view that: there are many types of global participation/interactions. People may participate in economic globalization but not necessarily cultural globalization (eg, Chinese factory workers with limited internet freedoms) [Guide 1] scale/disparities may be important. Some nations with higher GNI are "two-speed" societies: elite groups participate globally, not poorer groups [Guide 1] the relationship could be complex in the case of a migratory "brain drain" - remittances may boost GNI, but out-migration could reduce GNI too [Guide 3] the role of other aid/loans can be discussed - low GNI nations may be major beneficiaries of certain types of global financial flow [Guide 3] there are other possible exceptions / anomalies to the rule that can help lift a response into bands D/E. At band C, some links between GNI/wealth and globalization should be described. Band D should either provide a wider, detailed explanation of different links between GNI and participation or offer a more critical examination of what is meant by a country's "participation in globalization". At band E, expect both.

Examine the growing need for environmental management at a global scale.

. www.exam-mate.com - 9 - M16/3/GEOGR/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX/M 3. (b) Examine the growing need for environmental management at a global scale. [15] Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. Any aspect of environmental management can be discussed: likely themes for discussion include "global commons" such as the atmosphere, tropical rainforest biome and the oceans. An account of the dangers posed by degradation/depletion of these resources is to be expected, thereby demonstrating the need for action. A detailed range of global or international environmental issues/problems is sufficient to reach band D, even if little is said about management (other than asserting that it is needed). Possible applied themes (AO2) include knowledge and understanding (AO1) of: • the need for climate change governance, possibly linked with issues such as the growth of food miles (air freight) [Guide 4] or the growth of polluting transport networks for people and commodities [Guide 2] • growing environmental awareness fostered via NGOs (eg Greenpeace); hence, civil society concerns suggest a growing need for management/action [Guide 4] • the political (inter-governmental) response to transboundary pollution [Guide 4] • EU environmental rules can be considered as "global" scale action [Guide 6] • some candidates may discuss the need for global action to prevent loss of tropical rainforest (linked with timber resource use) [Guide 4] • calls for the regulation of global agribusinesses, polluting industries and waste movements [Guide 4] • commercial need for branded commodities to adopt "green credentials" [Guide 5] • credit material dealing with the built environment / cultural environment (such as attempts to preserve architecture, language or other cultural traits). Good answers may synthesize (AO3) three of more of these themes in a well-structured (AO4) way. Good answers may additionally offer a critical evaluation (AO3) which discusses why isolated actions taken by individual countries may have limited effectiveness, and global-scale action is required. Another approach might be to discuss why problems such as transboundary movements become complex and require action to be taken at a global/regional scale by many different countries working in tandem together. Another approach might be to systematically discuss different aspects of environmental management and the global conventions, protocol and agreements which relate to them. Do not over-credit examples of local management of environmental problems (eg local ecotourism or local recycling) unless there is a "think global act local" link. For band C (5-8 marks), expect weakly-evidenced outlining of two or three relevant themes from the geography guide. For band D (9-12 marks), expect • either a structured synthesis which links together several well-evidenced and well-focused themes from the geography guide • or a critical conclusion (or ongoing evaluation). For band E (13-15 marks), expect both of these traits.

Using examples, explain the factors responsible for the global spread of consumer culture.

Consumer culture may be described and exemplified as the spread of purchasing habits (branded clothes, fast food, music), or analysed in greater depth as the spread of a capitalist worldview wherein everyday life is commoditized and branded. Multiple traits of consumer culture might be identified, including: • changing tastes in food (linked with retail and restaurant TNCs) • fashion (linked with global media corporations) • music purchasing (linked with online platforms such as iTunes and YouTube). The key factors that can be explained include: • the expansion of TNCs in a drive for new markets (may involve glocalization) • the growth of global media and ICT (operating either as an independent factor or as a byproduct of innovation by TNCs such as Microsoft and Apple) • the concept of cultural imperialism (linked either to the activities of TNCs or superpower states with "soft power" such as the USA). Good answers may note that the factors are interrelated and reinforce one another (TNCs drive innovation, for instance). Another approach might examine how different factors might be linked with different aspects/traits of consumer culture (the spread of designer clothes can be related to container shipping and TNCs; the purchasing of online games and music can be related to ICT). For band C, expect two factors to be described and linked with the spread of culture and/or commodities. At band D, expect either more detailed explanation of a range of factors linked with the spread of culture/commodities or greater explanation of what is meant by "the spread of consumer culture". By band E, expect both aspects to be addressed.

"All societies, wherever they are, enjoy the benefits of a shrinking world." Discuss this statement.

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. "Shrinking world" (time-space compression) should be explained and related to different ICT and transport technologies [Guide 2]. Increased migration can be credited as a symptom of a shrinking world (because migrants make use of transport). Trade blocs/MGOs, eg EU, can play a supporting role (because the removal of border controls removes intervening obstacles to migration/transport). Possible economic benefits derived from connectivity include: more profitable TNCs, with work opportunities for outsourcing locations and locations in receipt of FDI [Guide 3] especially when long view is taken (eg signs of factory reform in Bangladesh). A range of sociocultural benefits can be explored that relate to the sharing of global media, the growth of social networks, etc [Guide 5]. The ease with which migrant remittances can be wired home (or money transferred via mobiles) might be explored [Guide 5]. There are many other benefits that can be mentioned, for example, access to branded commodities [Guide 5]. There are, of course, cases where the statement may not be true and societies remain non-globalized/disconnected. Expect examples of indigenous people, isolated tribes, or variation within societies, for example, subsistence farmers [Guide 7]. Another counterargument would be the "one-sided" benefits of connectivity, wherein poorer connected places are exploited as low-wage production sites, possibly suffering environmental problems [Guide 4]; the sociocultural reaction against globalization, and movements aiming to limit shrinking world effects in some way, for example, increased food localism or the resurgence of nationalism [Guide 6, 7]. Indigenous people may be victims, not beneficiaries, of global interactions [Guide 5]. A current affairs focus might be on internet privacy/rights. For band C, the shrinking world/globalization (may not distinguish) must be described and its benefits commented on. To access band D, expect: either both sides of the argument are addressed (some societies/places benefit, some do not not), displaying some synthesis of a range of ideas, mostly (but not always) linked to the idea of a shrinking world/technology and transport or some more explicit discussion of how "benefits" are not enjoyed by all people within the same society/not everyone agrees what is beneficial (eg some perspectives see globalization as a sovereignty threat). At band E, expect both of these elements.

"National governments cannot control global interactions." Discuss this statement.

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. Management by national government may comprise migration controls, rules for FDI, terms attached to loans and aid, the issues of internet control and censorship. Successes and failure to control may be highlighted either between different countries, or different kinds of global interaction (trade/migration/information flows), or both. Possible themes include: • MGOs such as the EU and NAFTA as evidence the statement is correct and countries must now group together in order to try to manage global interactions in ways that reestablish some control [Guide 6] • cultural globalization as an unstoppable force (or not) and national attempts to control flows of media and information [Guide 5] • the power of global financial institutions eg IMF and its insistence that national governments institute reforms eg SAPs [Guide 3] • migration issues and controls [Guide 3, 6, 7] • government promotion of localism [Guide 7] • transboundary pollution [Guide 4] • government attitudes towards foreign direct investment and financial flows [Guide 2] • military conflicts eg ISIS in the Middle East [current affairs] Good answers may be structured around different kinds of global interactions (eg contrasts management of economic interactions and cultural globalization in the course of the essay). Another approach might be to discuss the effectiveness of the actions of different types of government (democracies and autocracies). For band D, expect a structured discussion of how national governments control/cannot control different kinds of global interaction. This should include either a synthesis of several well evidenced themes taken from the subject guide, or nuanced and evidenced conclusion/evaluation of the statement. At band E, expect both of these elements.

Examine the challenges that increased global adoption of information and communications technology (ICT) brings to different places.

Examine the challenges that increased global adoption of information and communications technology (ICT) brings to different places. [15] Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. ICT refers to internet, broadband, mobiles and smartphones used by citizens, businesses and governments. From this arise multiple contexts for possible local challenges to be examined. Countries/national governments are creditable as places in addition to more local areas and neighbourhoods. The growing global pattern of adoption shows rapid uptake in Asia, Latin America and Africa (though at a slower rate than in Asia). There are economic, social, cultural and political challenges and these vary according to the context. Possible AO1/2 indicative content: the challenges of the shrinking world effect including unchecked flows of culture [Guide 2] global diffusion of culture is lined with cultural imperialism/loss of identity [Guide 5] loss of sovereignty for states/governments unable to control citizens' internet access [Guide 6] the way ICT enables increased outsourcing and offshoring, which may have negative impacts [Guide 3] use of ICT by anti-globalization and terror groups (perspectives will vary on this) [Guide 7] the challenge of the digital divide and lack of participation in ICT (factors include income, age, literacy level), which in turn link to disparities in wealth at varying scales [Guide 3] e-waste is a product of growing ICT use [Guide 4]. Answers scoring highly according to the AO3 criteria for evaluation: might offer a carefully structured examination of different challenges in specific geographic contexts might offer a structured examination of the way different categories of ICT are affecting places and user groups might examine challenges from multiple perspectives, such as that of the state or its individual citizens (and in relation to people's age, culture and identity). Do not award AO1/2 credit for lengthy case studies of benefits derived from ICT, such as Kenya's M-Pesa scheme: this is not asked for. However, some AO3 credit may be gained for any ongoing evaluation of the way certain challenges can - in part - be alleviated/offset/ameliorated by the benefits ICT nonetheless brings. For band C (5-8 marks), expect weakly evidenced outlining of two or three relevant technology/shrinking world themes from the geography guide. For band D (9-12 marks), expect: either a structured synthesis which links together several well evidenced and well focused themes from the geography guide or a critical conclusion (or ongoing evaluation). For band E (13-15 marks), expect both of these traits.

Using examples, analyse how foreign direct investment and glocalization are used by transnational corporations (TNCs) to help their expansion.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) includes a range of different kinds of overseas investments made by transnational corporations (TNCs). These include: hiring outsourcing services (employing a third party to handle goods or services), establishing a "spatial division of labour" (building/buying company-owned branch plants or back offices in low-cost locations), mergers, acquisitions and franchises. Credit other possible financial outgoings (eg TNCs working alongside charities). Good answers should recognize more than one type of FDI, using examples. Glocalization describes the adapting of a "universal" product to meet the cultural requirements of local markets (religion, taste, legal requirements may all vary from territory to territory). Glocalization is also linked to local sourcing strategies (using local suppliers), which may have political dimensions too (TNCs may be required to work with local partners eg in India). Candidates could comment on how geographic expansion is achieved through use of these strategies. TNCs achieve greater profits/market share through their geographic strategies, and can win local acceptance by embracing local people's culture. Candidates may additionally analyse how different strategies suit different TNCs (oil companies may not glocalize to the extent retailers do), or may analyse the weaknesses and not just the strengths of strategies. Band C answers may describe examples of glocalization and/or FDI but with a lack of terminology and little mention of expansion (beyond asserting that it happens). At band D, expect either a more detailed, exemplified explanation of both strategies (but do not expect balance) or some explicit analysis of how market expansion is achieved by particular TNCs. For band E, expect both.

Analyse the increasing influence of one multi-governmental organization you have studied.

Likely examples include the EU, NAFTA or the BRICS group (which has had annual meetings since 2009). Also credit other examples of global governance with a multi-governmental character, such as the IMF, World Bank, G8, OPEC, NATO, OECD. Also credit the UN, or UN-sponsored agencies. An analysis of the influence of a specific global conference or agreement/protocol (climate change meetings in Kyoto, Doha, etc) could reach band D/E provided that it is explicitly shown to be the product of multi-governmental collaboration, organization or debate (if not, limit such responses to band C). Multi-governmental organizations (MGOs) influence the way citizens, civil society and businesses operate by relaxing barriers to certain types of global flow/movement (migrants, tourists, goods, capital, etc). A key issue is the diminishing effectiveness of political borders. Alternative approaches might analyse the political influence that MGOs have over the governance of sovereign states: • EU states must agree to adopt legislation from European Parliament (some may even know of the growing influence of Germany as a driver of EU policy affecting Greece during Eurozone crisis) • IMF insistence on economic reform/adjustments in countries seeking loans, sometimes critiqued as a neo-colonial form of influence • UN human rights rulings / war tribunals / peace-keeping operations • NATO or other military alliances and their actions • the macro-economic influence of OPEC during the 1970s (another approach might be to analyse why OPEC's influence has ceased to increase since) • the growing influence of the BRICS group (especially Chinese and Indian investment in African countries). At band D, expect either description of some range of ways in which an MGO is influential, or some chronology / explanation of why its influence is increasing. For band E, expect both.

Using examples, explain the growing need for environmental management at a global scale.

Likely examples of the need for management include topics/case studies of transboundary pollution, climate change, agribusiness and the environment, or oceanic pollution. For these themes, the explanation of need most likely will be linked with potential losses or "victims" (eg, harm to ocean life, homeless climate change refugees) either in particular local places or felt more universally (as a result of a global "failure" such as insufficient climate change mitigation). Other possibilities for exemplification include bio-conservation or resource management (eg, water or fossil fuels) linked with a sustainability agenda. Good answers may also explain how the growing need is linked to population and/or economic/consumption growth in emerging/BRIC economies; or to global consumerism and the power of media and advertising. Good answers may also distinguish between regional problems (for neighbour countries) or truly global-scale concerns (climate change; biodiversity). Do not over-credit recalled description of actual global governance actions (eg outcomes of the Kyoto, Paris, Montreal meetings, etc. This is not asked for by the question. The focus should be the growing need for management. For band C (4-6 marks), expect a weakly-evidenced outline of one or two environmental issue(s). The need for management may be asserted. For band D (7-8 marks), expect a structured, evidenced analysis of • either two detailed global environmental issue(s) that need managing • or reasons why this need is growing / becoming more urgent. For band E (9-10 marks), expect both band D traits

Examine the ways in which the world's cities and their societies are becoming increasingly uniform.

Possible AO1/2 Indicative content Uniformity in this context refers to global homogeneity, ie all places coming to resemble one another through the adoption of common visual styles and forms. While it can be argued that many cities are becoming increasingly uniform, the proposition needs to be examined more carefully in the context of societies (many of which now have record levels of diversity due to migration). Themes for synthesis from the geography guide include:urban landscape/styles migrants/diaspora/ethnic neighbourhoods presence of TNCs/logos/brands cultural uniformity (languages spoken, foods consumed, restaurants) technology and the "global village" and time-space compression. Do not over-credit answers that argue against the proposition that places are becoming uniform: this is not asked for. However, it is perfectly acceptable to reflect critically on the degree of uniformity as part of the examination of the statement. Answers scoring highly according to the AO3 criteria for evaluation: might be structured around an examination of different aspects and degrees of uniformity (eg contrasts entirely homogenous "clone towns" with cities that have retained a greater degree of including character/heritage, and some examination of the reasons for this) might examine more carefully the distinction between the city landscape and the actual societies that live there (which can be very diverse, despite an apparently "uniform" landscape). For band C (5-8), expect weakly-evidenced outlining of two or three relevant themes from the geography guide which focus on how cities/societies are becoming uniform. For band D (9-12), expect either a structured synthesis which links together several well-evidenced and well-focused themes from the geography guide or a critical conclusion (or ongoing evaluation). For band E (13-15), expect both of these traits.

"People living in the world's most peripheral regions do not experience a 'shrinking world'." To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Possible AO1/2 indicative content Peripheral regions: this is a contested term and is open to a variety of interpretations, ranging from isolated tribes, to landlocked African nations, to India and China (in relation to the G7/8 global "core"). Credit the "political periphery" of North Korea also. Each approach should be judged on its merits in terms of supporting evidence and argument. Shrinking world: this refers to the way distant places are perceived to be nearer due to falling transport times and the instantaneous nature of electronic communications and data transfers. Themes for synthesis from the geography guide include: Even peripheral places are connected to global/regional internet/mobile networks. Peripheral places are connected to the core via flows of aid (including internet donations following disasters). The global spread of consumerism affects even peripheral places through the availability of imported food and goods. Media corporations have fostered widespread consumption of films and TV. Peripheral societies are visited by tourists. Exposure to global movements of pollution/waste may foster the sense of a shrinking world. Answers scoring highly according to the AO3 criteria for evaluation: might be structured around different strands of the shrinking world effect, eg use of transport, arrival of tourists, exposure to information flows might reflect critically on what is meant by "most peripheral", who lives there, and the extent to which different groups of people in peripheral areas have differing experiences/perspectives on a shrinking world might reflect on the extent to which the world's poor are sometimes compelled to travel as refugees or economic migrants, often considerable distances; while poor places are visited by representatives of the wealthy (charities, agencies), which provides some sense of "shrinking world" to both parties. For band C (5-8), expect weakly-evidenced outlining of two or three relevant shrinking world/globalization themes from the geography guide. For band D (9-12), expect either a structured synthesis which links together several well-evidenced and well-focused themes from the geography guide or a critical conclusion (or ongoing evaluation). For band E (13-15), expect both of these traits.

Using examples, analyse the increasing uniformity of many of the world's urban landscapes.

The focus is the character of the urban landscape, not city size. "Uniformity" might relate to increased homogeneity of appearance, the growth of branded "commodityscapes" (clone towns), the trend towards a "global language" of modern architecture ("technoscapes"), the recurrence of some global diaspora groups in multiple world cities (eg, Chinatowns). The concept of landscape could also encompass the associated concept of soundscape (common music and languages that are heard in many places) and the ubiquity of English or Spanish words and brand names in advertising and public spaces in world cities and airports. The analysis should go beyond mere description to offer some analysis of why this is happening (this might encompass the power of TNCs, superpower states such as the USA, the influential role of some architects). Good answers may analyse the category of "urban landscapes" and might distinguish, using the concept of scale, between megacities, world cities and smaller towns. Another approach would be to analyse a trend towards uniformity in some - but not all - respects. There are many "mixed" urban landscapes, like London and Paris, which retain heritage alongside new technoscapes (in contrast to some cities, such as Doha and Dubai, which lack the same mix). Do not over-credit answers which compare the size, function and sustainability of cities unless there is some clear reference to the taught elements of the paper three course which deal with landscape characteristics. For band C (4-6 marks), expect a weakly-evidenced outline of one or two ways in which recognizable place(s) are becoming increasingly uniform (eg branded logos). For band D (7-8 marks), expect • either a more detailed and well-exemplified analysis of the increased uniformity of urban landscapes • or an analysis that contains explanatory elements (such as the power of planners and corporations, or demands of consumers). For band E (9-10 marks), expect both band D traits.

"Every country will eventually lose its distinctive national identity as a result of global interactions." Discuss this statement.

www.exam-mate.com - 5 - M14/3/GEOGR/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX/M (b) "Every country will eventually lose its distinctive national identity as a result of global interactions." Discuss this statement. [15] Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. The focus should be national (or group) identity although credit can be given for groups within a nation eg Amish (USA), Welsh (UK), tribes (Amazon). Discussion of a diaspora's "national" identity (eg the identity of the Chinese in USA) may also be credited. Expect candidates to take a range of approaches and to hold a range of views about what factors or processes make a place distinctive / less distinctive. Possible themes for discussion in agreement with the statement: a range of issues can be discussed pertaining to cultural dilution / cultural imperialism / immigration / multiculturalism [Guide 5]. Different cultural traits may be discussed eg language, diet, music, religion, etc evidence may be cited in support of the proposition that increasing cultural homogeneity is unavoidable/irreversible, for instance international migration or the spread of branded commodities [Guide 5] or the homogenization of urban/cultural landscapes [Guide 4] sovereign states risk losing political autonomy due to their membership of MGOs (especially the case for the EU) or in relation to wealth/leverage of TNCs [Guide 6], influence of IMF/World Bank [Guide 3]. Possible themes for discussion in disagreement with the statement: many countries have experienced a resurgence in nationalism/regionalism [Guide 6], for instance as evidenced by programmes of nationalization (Bolivia) or attempts to limit the dominance of English (in France's case) there are instances of states or societies opting out of globalization/isolationism (eg, China's stance on internet access; North Korea or until recently Myanmar; Amish communities in USA) [Guide 7] glocalized/hybrid outcomes can still be highly distinctive or unique [Guide 7]. A more critical, thoughtful or nuanced response might take the view that: national identity has many aspects, not all of which are threatened, eg, by MGO membership [Guide 6] other foci for identity may be becoming more important than national identity for many people, eg, diaspora identity. At band C, some impacts on national/group identity/culture should be described and linked with global interactions such as migration, information flow etc. Band D should either provide a wider and more balanced discussion of the statement or offer a more critical discussion of what is meant by "distinctive national identity". At band E, expect both.

"The barriers to global interactions are increasing, not decreasing." Discuss this statement.

www.exam-mate.com - 8 - N14/3/GEOGR/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX/M 3. (a) Explain how rising global demand for one raw material has led to environmental degradation. [10] Raw materials may include fossil fuels, ores, timber or food stuffs such as soya. Any unexpected interpretations, the validity of which is not clear, must be referred to a team leader. • Located impacts for degradation could include the Niger delta or Gulf of Mexico (oil), Brazil (timber/soya), shale gas (USA), oil sands (Canada). • Specific impacts might include loss of biodiversity or acid rain. A good account of impacts that lacks locational detail can still reach the higher band if the process details are good. • The idea of degradation might also be linked to the lifecycle of the raw material/product including waste disposal issues. • Good answers may be structured to show different scales of environmental degradation (local and global) or may look at transmission of effects (questioning whether degradation occurs at the source or destination/market eg coal burning). Details of rising demand are required for band E, or can help candidates to access band D if they are lacking details about environmental degradation. Rising demand could be linked specifically with the growth of emerging economies/rising affluence/growth of new consumer classes. Some credit can be given for suggesting population increases, although rising demand is in fact related far more to changing lifestyles in China, Brazil, Indonesia, etc. At band D, expect either a detailed description of some range of environmental degradation, or a clear explanation of how/why rising demand plays a role. For band E, expect both. www.exam-mate.com - 9 - N14/3/GEOGR/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX/M (b) "The barriers to global interactions are increasing, not decreasing." Discuss this statement. [15] Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. Global interactions may be defined as a diverse set of flows (economic, social, cultural, etc), potentially "setting the scene" for an essay which provides a nuanced conclusion that discusses the extent to which the statement is true for different types of global interaction. Likely themes and barriers include: • free trade versus protectionism (and the role trade blocs play); the focus will be loss of sovereignty and multi-governmental organizations (MGOs) [Guide 6] • information exchange versus censorship, linked to growing importance of technology/"shrinking world" theory [Guide 2] • "open-door" migration versus points systems and restrictions either in the context of economic migration or diaspora studies [Guide 3, Guide 5] • some possible considerations of the now well-documented and growing risks associated with outsourcing/offshoring [Guide 3] - perhaps an "end of globalization" argument • physical/environmental barriers may not be growing but are certainly falling due to overcoming of friction of distance [Guide 2] • developed further, the migration and offshoring debates can be linked with the resurgence of nationalism and anti-globalization movements [Guide 6, Guide 7]. The double-edged effect of MGOs may be remarked on - namely, that they reduce barriers to internal exchanges while erecting barriers to external trade (eg through the adoption of a common external tariff in the case of the EU, thereby excluding some producers from access to European markets). Good answers may conclude that the response to the question depends on the type of interaction that is being discussed (thus China is more open to flows of FDI than in the past, pre-1978; yet efforts to censor the internet have increased in line with its growing popularity). Some countries encourage economic interactions but attempt to curtail cultural ones. At band D, expect either a detailed explanation of a variety of ways in which barriers are changing, or a more critical discussion of different kinds of barriers and interactions. At band E, expect both.

Using examples, analyse the reasons why some places have become international outsourcing hubs.

www.exam-mate.com - 8 - N17/3/GEOGR/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX/M 3. (a) Using examples, analyse the reasons why some places have become international outsourcing hubs. [10] AO1/2 indicative content: The outsourcing definition is included in the subject guide. Hubs are wellnetworked places within global networks. Global information flows have helped some places, such as Bangalore and Manila, to become hubs for international outsourcing centres (call centres). ICT and information flows are also an important reason for the growth of outsourcing of manufacturing and agriculture (allowing complex networks of supply and demand to function). In addition to ICT, other factors play a role and may provide reasons for the growth of outsourcing in certain places, such as government incentives and human resources (including literacy and languages spoken). Good, structured (AO4) answers may provide detailed exemplification of outsourcing hubs (cities and districts rather than merely countries). They may analyse the reasons why particular locations have a comparative advantage over others in terms of ICT provision or other production costs compared with other places. Or they may be more selective in the way they analyse outsourcing by breaking this into constituent parts, such as manufacturing and services or agriculture sectors. For band C (4-6 marks), expect weak outlining of the reasons why international outsourcing happens in a recognizable country or city. For band D (7-8 marks), expect a structured, well evidenced analysis of: either the reasons for international outsourcing to specific places or different categories/sectors of international outsourcing. For band E (9-10 marks), expect both aspects to be addressed.

"Barriers to globalization are no longer falling but are rising instead." Discuss this statement.

"Barriers to globalization are no longer falling but are rising instead." Discuss this statement. [15] Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. Globalization is defined in the subject guide. Real barriers include border controls and walls (political barriers) and virtual firewalls (technological barriers). There are also the real or perceived cultural barriers of language and religion. The concept of a "barrier" is broad and may be interpreted in many ways and from different perspectives. Possible AO1/2 indicative content: falling barriers for data: the shrinking world and time-space convergence [Guide 2] falling barriers due to cultural exchange, diaspora growth [Guide 5] falling barriers due to the global diffusion of branded commodities [Guide 5] increasing barriers for international migration (barriers and/or policies) [Guide 3, 5] increasing barriers as governments react to the real or perceived loss of sovereignty through retreat from multigovernmental organizations or increased protectionism [Guide 6, 3] isolated societies for whom barriers neither rise nor fall [Guide 7]. Answers scoring highly according to the AO3 criteria for evaluation: might offer a structured discussion of different categories of barrier might systematically discuss both sides of the argument before arriving at a judgement that progresses beyond simply concluding the statement is both true and false (one approach could be to argue that the statement is more true for some types of global interaction than it is for others) might address the truth of the statement on different timescales (eg taking a long view rather than focusing on more recent events only). For band C (5-8 marks), expect weakly evidenced outlining of two or three relevant themes from the geography guide focused on whether or not there are barriers to globalization. For band D (9-12 marks), expect: either a structured synthesis which links together several well evidenced and well focused themes from the geography guide or a critical conclusion (or ongoing evaluation). For band E (13-15 marks), expect both of these traits.

Explain how the actions of world trading organizations and financial institutions (such as the International Monetary Fund) influence global financial flows.

(a) Explain how the actions of world trading organizations and financial institutions (such as the International Monetary Fund) influence global financial flows. [10] AO1/2 Indicative content Credit reference to the IMF, World Bank, WTO, New Development Bank (NDB), China Development Bank. Also credit trading blocs/MGOs such as ASEAN, APEC, NAFTA and EU/EEA. Financial flows may include: loans (with structural adjustment programmes) commodities (with the WTO encouraging free trade) remittances (linked with EU rules; or development policies of the World Bank) movements of capital and FDI (made easier by EU or NAFTA, etc) aid flows (providing this can be linked with the work of world trading organizations and financial institutions). Credit other valid flows and institutions. Good answers might provide data and evidence for financial flows or they may offer a structured (AO4) explanation of how different institutions influence different types of flow. Another approach might be to explain financial flows in ways that show they are sometimes interrelated and could influence one another (lending can help a country to develop, in turn attracting FDI; this in turn may encourage migration and remittances). For band C (4-6), two financial flows should be outlined and linked weakly with the influence/actions of one or more financial institutions. For band D (7-8), expect a structured, well-evidenced analysis of either two or more detailed financial flows or detailed actions/ influence of different named institutions For band E (9-10), expect both band D traits.

"Global interactions bring negative effects, rather than positive effects, to every part of the world." Discuss this statement.

(b) "Global interactions bring negative effects, rather than positive effects, to every part of the world." Discuss this statement. [15] Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. Three likely ways to discuss the statement (there may be others) are as follows: • one way is to assess the net effect for a range of generic global concerns ("every part of the world" is thus interpreted as "the world") • another way is to agree that there are few positives associated with global interactions, notably environmental effects, and to then address the extent to which particular places, especially isolated/wilderness regions [Guide 7], have suffered • alternatively, candidates may offer a place-by-place or regional audit eg compares/discusses South America, Africa, USA, etc. Likely themes for discussion include: • financial flows [Guide 3] and workplace exploitation, balanced against the alleviation of poverty • cultural interactions can bring homogeneity but also bring new forms of culture, and hybridity [Guide 5] but this must be balanced against the loss of authentic differences and the ways in which adopted cultural traits enable "exploitative" or consumerist TNCs to gain leverage to penetrate new markets, etc • migration brings a range of effects for host and source regions [Guide 5]; these should be carefully weighed and, ideally, a genuine evaluation given (rather than listed costs and benefits) • environmental harm is likely to be a major theme [Guide 4]; some may argue that accelerated climate change stems from accelerated global interactions (accept this view), opening the way for a thoughtful discussion of predicted changes (including some beneficial ones, eg thermal growing season). Good answers may provide some discussion of the extent of these effects (the interrogation of whether "every place" is affected) and may focus on "un-globalized" societies eg Amazonian tribes [Guide 7], ocean pathways for pollution and plasticstrewn coral atolls, Antarctic beaches, etc. At band D, there should be either a detailed explanation of a variety of effects or a more critical discussion of the net balance/spread of effects. For band E, expect both.

"International migration is the main reason for the loss of distinctive local cultures." Discuss this statement.

(b) "International migration is the main reason for the loss of distinctive local cultures." Discuss this statement. [15] Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. The focus might be how a range of reasons/factors, including migration, helps explain the loss (or not) of distinctive local cultures. Likely reasons include internet/media, tourism, rising wages in emerging economies and elsewhere / changing employment structures. Credit physical reasons too, such as suggested climate change refugees (Tuvalu, Maldives). Alternatively, candidates might discuss the extent to which migration brings loss/harm or benefits to the world's many local cultures in both source and host regions for migration. Rather than addressing other factors, the discussion can encompass a range of ways in which migration and diaspora growth impacts on local cultures, including their preservation (the cultural "fossilization" of diaspora source nations, for instance). Possible themes relating to migration and/or local culture include: • migration, diaspora and multiculturalism [Guide 5] • homogenous urban landscapes [Guide 4] • tourism and the tourist gaze [Guide 5] • cultural imperialism [Guide 5] • global media and TNCs as agents of change [Guide 5 and 7] • nationalist movements [Guide 6] • isolationism [Guide 7]. Good answers may discuss what is meant by "loss": culture comprises many traits, some of which may persist while others are lost or change. Another approach might be to discuss the emergence of new hybrid or "melting point" cultures eg in World Cities: these may replace previously homogenous cultures but they can be just as distinctive as the more homogenous cultures that were found there before. For band D, expect a structured discussion, the central elements of which are migration, local cultures and possibly some additional reasons/factors. This should include either a synthesis of several well evidenced themes taken from the subject guide, or nuanced and evidenced conclusion/ evaluation of the statement. At band E, expect both of these elements.

"Global interactions have brought only negative impacts to human landscapes and physical environments everywhere." Discuss this statement.

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. Some candidates may discuss "the positive and negative impacts of human activity for physical and human geography" (ie a far broader focus than the given title). Whilst benefit of doubt should be given where deserved, note that some impacts, are not necessarily a product of global interactions (Chernobyl), nor are all impacts of farming. Good candidates will stress the global dimensions of the case studies they use. Human impacts should relate to the landscape (so impacts such as "poverty alleviation" ideally need some link with a landscape change, such as housing improvement). Changes in ethnicity/language are perfectly valid as they form part of the cultural landscape. Accounts of global warming should be judged on their merits. Possible themes for discussion in agreement with the statement: there has been some homogenization of urban landscapes (uniform appearances, common activities, styles of construction, skyscrapers) [Guide 4] there are many physical themes that could be addressed, including degradation of the rainforest due to global demand eg, for soya, soil degradation (should be linked with global agribusiness), climate change (should be linked with international consumption of resources), transboundary pollution [Guide 4]. Possible themes for discussion in disagreement with the statement: global/local efforts for the protection of cultural landscapes eg, UNESCO sites or the resurgence of nationalism in relation to the protection of the built environment [Guide 6, Guide 7] global civil society organizations/NGOs have fostered environmental awareness [Guide 4]. A more critical, thoughtful or nuanced response might take the view that: not all countries participate in global interactions to the same extent so effects are highly variable in any case [Guide 1] different perspectives exist on what constitutes "negative" in relation to cultural landscapes (though there will be broader agreement on what constitutes a negative or positive impact on the physical environment). For band C, some impacts to human landscapes and physical environments should be described (do not expect balance) and linked with global interactions. Band D should either provide a wider, evidenced discussion of both impacts (do not expect perfect balance) or offer a more critical discussion of the statement, perhaps querying what is meant by "everywhere" or "negative". At band E, expect both.

Contrast the impact of global interactions on the quality of life of different groups of people

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. The focus here is on quality of life, which is a highly debatable concept in itself (expect some definition to be provided in a good answer). The merit of the answer is likely to depend on the variety of global interactions that are conceptualized and/or the contrasts that are offered. Possible applied themes (AO2) include knowledge and understanding (AO1) of: • isolated tribes and their quality of life [Guide 7] • issues of multiculturalism [Guide 5] • deindustrialization, labour flows and outsourcing and their impacts on employment in a range of different contexts [Guide 2 and 3] • the homogenizing power of global media and TNCs (cultural imperialism) and the reaction to this [Guide 5 and 7] • environmental concerns and the health concerns associated with waste dumping, transboundary pollution and some work eg e-waste harvesting [Guide 4]. Good answers may synthesize (AO3) three of more of these themes in a well-structured (AO4) way. Good answers may additionally offer a critical evaluation (AO3) which contrasts a wider range of groups (isolated tribes; people in deindustrialized regions; societies benefiting from inward investment or outsourcing; global citizens; conflict victims). Good answers might take a more nuanced view than simply listing "winners and losers". For example, one group might gain employment from global shift while also experiencing a negative change such as cultural dilution; this could make it hard to judge the net impact on their quality of life. Good answers might conclude that contrasts should be drawn carefully because "quality of life" and "global interactions" are complex ideas. Answers which deal mainly with "benefits" for people, rather than addressing quality of life explicitly, may still reach band D if sufficient relevant themes are synthesized. For band C (5-8 marks), expect weakly-evidenced outlining of two or three relevant themes from the Guide. For band D (9-12 marks), expect • either a structured synthesis which links together several well-evidenced and well-focused themes from the geography guide • or a critical conclusion (or ongoing evaluation). For band E (13-15 marks), expect both of these traits.

"International migration is the main cause of local opposition to global interactions." Discuss this statement.

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. The focus is on local opposition movements. The question suggests that multiple flows/interactions should be addressed, not just migration. International migration may be legal (EU), sometimes illegal (US-Mexico; North Africa-EU); it may involve skilled elites (sports/creative/skilled/professional) or the semi-skilled and low-skilled. Possible applied themes (AO2) include knowledge and understanding (AO1) of: • labour flows [Guide 3] • opposition to IMF / SAPs [Guide 3] • reaction against cultural imperialism [Guide 5] • resource nationalism [Guide 6] • EU migration issues [Guide 6] • food miles and local sourcing movements [Guide 7]. Good answers may synthesize (AO3) three of more of these themes in a well-structured (AO4) way. Good answers may additionally offer a critical evaluation (AO3) which discusses different local contexts: concerns with migration in the EU/US may not be shared equally in some LDCs, for instance. Instead, the "imperialistic" actions of TNCs/IMF/US may be of far greater concern eg opposition movements in Niger delta. Middle Eastern contexts could be discussed, including militant/jihadist campaigns against the West (ISIS/IS). Good answers may conclude that the veracity of the statement depends on the local context as much as it does on what aspect of globalization is under discussion. Some responses may discuss the statement by counter-arguing that migration is supported rather than opposed in some contexts. This may be credited. However, responses which deal only with migration are unlikely to progress beyond band C because they have not synthesized a range of themes from the geography guide. For band D, there should also be some mention of one alternative cause of opposition. For band C (5-8 marks), expect weakly-evidenced outlining of two or three relevant themes from the geography guide. For band D (9-12 marks), expect • either a structured synthesis which links together several well-evidenced and well-focused themes from the geography guide • or a critical conclusion (or on-going evaluation). For band E (13-15 marks), expect both of these traits.

Examine how economic, technological and political factors may all influence the growth of global diaspora populations.

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. The focus is on the growth of diasporas - globally dispersed populations of common ancestry/ethnicity/religion. An effective examination should give consideration to all three economic, technological and political factors. The factors give rise to migration which in turn generates diaspora growth. To achieve the highest band (a well-developed answer), details of diaspora populations must be included as part of the account (rather than just reasons for migration between different countries). Possible themes linked to diaspora growth include: • active role of diaspora source nations in the growth of diasporas [Guide 5] • shrinking world, including transnational family connectivity using ICT, or cheaper/easier means to disperse eg cheaper air flights [Guide 2] • many of the political controls on global interactions can discourage migration and thus diaspora growth eg nationalism, anti-immigration rhetoric/policies [Guide 6] or controls on technology eg internet censorship [Guide 2] • key role of economic labour flows as a global interaction [Guide 3] • growth of EU has aided growth of "instant" diasporas within Europe due to freedom of movement [Guide 5] • roots of globalization in empires of eighteenth and nineteenth centuries established patterns of post-colonial migration between global periphery and core [Guide 1] and eg growth of African diasporas in Europe/Americas • global homogenization of landscapes [Guide 4] and consumer culture [Guide 5] may make different places become more familiar, so becomes less of a wrench to migrate overseas • poverty might limit out-migration from the poorest countries of the global periphery [Guide 2]. Good answers that score highly at AO3 may additionally examine how the three different factors are interrelated (particularly within the context of the free movement of people within the EU), or may examine how the factors can both encourage or discourage migration. Another approach might be to examine explicitly the relative importance of the three factors in different contexts. For band D there should either be a structured synthesis of all three factors with supporting details (do not expect balance), or a properly evidenced conclusion (or ongoing evaluation) that critically examines the statement. At band E, expect both of these elements.

Discuss why anti-globalization movements/groups are found in most countries.

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. The focus is on the ubiquity of resistance to globalization. The statement is not intended as a challenge and no counter-argument is required. Different reasons for resistance need to be identified; the reasons are not the same for all countries. To achieve the highest band (a well-developed answer), details of one or more actual anti-globalization movements/groups must be included as part of the account (rather than just reasons why globalization might be resisted by people in general). Possible anti-globalization themes (expect examples of actual movements/groups for some but not all) include: • anti-globalization movements (named groups are expected) [Guide 6,7] • migration, diaspora and multiculturalism [Guide 5] • the homogenizing power of global media and TNCs [Guide 5, 7] • opposition to migration (may have names of political groups/parties) [Guide 6] • opposition to IMF/SAPs [Guide 3] • environmental concerns (example of civil society group/movement) [Guide 4] • cultural imperialism (may refer to indigenous movement/protest) [Guide 5] • resource nationalism (and populist/nationalist movements) [Guide 6] • deindustrialization and outsourcing [Guide 2,3] • food miles and local sourcing movements (may name organization) [Guide 7]. Good answers scoring highly at AO3 may discuss globalization as a complex process, the effects of which are felt everywhere, albeit in varying ways, giving rise to movements/groups. Another approach may be to discuss how the veracity of the statement depends on what local effects of globalization are most strongly felt/perceived in a different locale (and perspectives may vary on this, even within the same locale). For band D, there should either be a structured synthesis of several well-evidenced themes taken from the subject guide, or a properly evidenced conclusion (or ongoing evaluation) that critically discusses the statement. At band E, expect both of these elements.

"Geographical differences in wealth are increasing, not decreasing." Using examples, discuss this statement.

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. The focus is on wealth differences. The question presents the view that these are increasing between places, but also requires consideration of an opposing view (that they are decreasing). Both should be addressed with appropriate supporting evidence. The economic development of BRICs/semi-periphery nations might be contrasted with the struggles that still prevail in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. Possible themes from the geography guide include: • changes in the global core and periphery system/pattern [Guide 2] • financial flows/relationships such as remittances/aid/SAPs/outsourcing, and their varied effects on people and places [Guide 3] • the role of financial institutions (IMF, WTO) [Guide 3] • multi-governmental organizations and the way they both ameliorate and accentuate disparities through trade agreements (and, in the case of the EU, through migration) [Guide 6] • political isolationism and the effect of this on disparities [Guide 7] • various reactions against global interactions and their economic impacts (for instance, local sourcing of food is not in the immediate economic interest of farmers in distant countries) [Guide 7]. Good answers are likely to discuss the geographic scale of the differences. Differences have grown within some countries like India and China at the same time as the global development gap between India/China and high-income nations has narrowed. Good answers may also discuss the ongoing (or perhaps even increasing) exploitation of workers, women or other social groups within countries that are showing progress, in terms of wealth/GDP/GNI, when measured at the national/aggregate level. For band C (5-8 marks), expect a weakly-evidenced outline of two or three relevant themes from the geography guide. For band D (9-12 marks), expect • either a structured synthesis which links together several well-evidenced and well-focused themes from the geography guide • or a critical conclusion (or ongoing evaluation). For band E (13-15 marks), expect both of these traits.

) "The interdependence of countries has been greatly exaggerated." Using examples, discuss this statement.

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. The focus should be on interdependence (the core idea underpinning the concept of globalization, ie that countries are mutually dependent on one another). The dependency could be economic or political in nature. Creditable social/cultural/environmental interpretations may also be discussed (perhaps linked with a concept of "global sustainability"). The phrasing of the question also requires that there should be some evaluation of whether exemplified countries have retained a degree of independence/autonomy in some, or all, ways. Possible themes from the geography guide include: • economic interdependency due to outsourcing and FDI relationships [Guide 3] • financial flows, remittances and migration (for instance, western Europe depends on the labour of eastern Europe which, in turn, relies on remittances as a proportion of GDP [Guide 3] • multi-governmental organizations and the economic and political interdependency they foster [Guide 6] • how diaspora populations can help foster bilateral relationships between country of origin and countries of destination [Guide 5]. Themes in agreement of 'over-exaggeration' include: • the possibility of isolationism, protectionism and resource nationalism [Guide 6] • retreat from interdependent relations as a result of nationalism and antiglobalization movements [Guide 6] • local sourcing movements [Guide 7] • shrinking world barriers eg 'Great Firewall of China' [Guide 2]. Good answers may question the context, because some countries with highly developed economies may have developed more complex financial networks and outsourcing arrangements; or may belong to more MGOs. Equally some countries are interdependent in some respects (financially) but perhaps not others (China's relative cultural isolation). Good answers may also distinguish between dependency and connectivity, or may question whether the state of interdependency is unequal/asymmetric (one partner may be far more dependent on others than vice versa). For band C (5-8 marks), expect weakly-evidenced outlining of two or three relevant themes from the geography guide. For band D (9-12 marks), expect • either a structured synthesis which links together several well-evidenced and well-focused themes from the geography guide • or a critical conclusion (or ongoing evaluation). For band E (13-15 marks), expect both of these traits.

To what extent is environmental sustainability incompatible with the growth of globalization?

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. The focus should be whether environmental sustainability - the idea that future generations should enjoy the same landscapes, ecosystem services, resources, etc that are available for living generations - cannot be guaranteed if globalization continues along its current trajectory (with resulting environmental degradation). Globalization is the growing economic interdependence of the world, accompanied by increased global flows of goods, people, capital, information. The "growth" of globalization is associated with high economic growth rates in emerging economies / NICs / BRICs and this may be commented on / highlighted as an area of particular environmental concern, along with the already large footprint of the USA and, to a lesser extent, Japan, Australia, NZ and EU nations. Some answers may lack focus on globalization/sustainability and instead describe how human activity in general results in problems such as acid rain, eutrophication and nuclear accidents (to name but a few). Such partial answers may still reach the band C/D border if they are sufficiently synthetic (see below). Possible themes for synthesis linked to sustainability/globalization include: • growth of core regions [Guide 1] • growth of transport networks for people and commodities [Guide 2] • ICT and information flows (may have lower footprint) [Guide 3] • agribusinesses, polluting industries and waste movements [Guide 4] • environmental awareness and green messaging [Guide 4] • food miles and air freight [Guide 4] • globalization of branded commodities (and implications for resource use and waste) [Guide 5] • de-industrialization and outsourcing [Guide 2,3] • some local sourcing movements are rooted in anti-globalization/sustainability rhetoric [Guide 7]. Good answers scoring highly at AO3 may evaluate the extent to which some aspects of globalization are less harmful to the environment than others. Alternatively, a good inquiry of "to what extent" might take the view that growing global environmental awareness, or global cooperation on environmental issues and "technical fixes", can ameliorate environmental degradation and may yet mean that long-term environmental sustainability is possible. For band D there should either be a structured synthesis of several well-evidenced themes taken from the subject guide, or a properly evidenced conclusion (or ongoing evaluation) that considers the extent to which the statement is true. At band E, expect both of these elements.

Examine how different global flows are affected by the availability of information and communications technology (ICT) and transport.

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. The question requires that multiple global flows are addressed and linked with the availability of different facilitating technologies. Possible themes from the geography guide include: • the shrinking world (the combined outcome of ICT and transport) and how this affects multiple flows such as travel, tourism and social networking [Guide 2] • labour migration (transport), financial flows (electronic money transfers) and outsourcing (call centres; commodity movements using containerized shipping) [Guide 3] • diaspora growth and connectivity using social networking [Guide 5] • global environmental online messaging [Guide 4] • agribusinesses, raw materials and containerized transport [Guide 4]. Good answers might examine how availability varies spatially: there are still barriers to the actual use of ICT and transport even where it is theoretically available (poverty, censorship, conflict, etc). Another approach might be to examine how some global flows depend on either ICT or transport; whereas others, such as migration and tourism, involve both (physical movements of people using transport, online bookings and electronic remittances using ICT). For band C (5-8 marks), expect a weakly-evidenced outline of two or three relevant themes from the geography guide. For band D (9-12 marks), expect • either a structured synthesis which links together several well-evidenced and well-focused themes from the geography guide • or a critical conclusion (or ongoing evaluation). For band E (13-15 marks), expect both of these traits.

"Due to global interactions, there is no longer a global periphery." Discuss this statement.

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. The global periphery may be defined as regions outside/beyond the core. Historically, some states were identified as being peripheral due to their spatial distance/isolation or lack of integration into economic and political systems. In 2015, this idea of peripheral states is only a very basic/antiquated starting point. A contemporary account might acknowledge also the existence of semi-peripheral states (middle-income countries) or the presence of important global hubs/cores such as Lagos in states that some people might still view as being part of a global periphery. Another approach might be to discuss the extent to which various global flows and interactions (from international aid to social networks) have networked/connected the majority of the world's states and a large proportion of their peoples. To give a counterargument, examples might be cited of isolated states and regions, from which we can infer the existence of a "global periphery". Possible themes include: • economic globalization of low-income countries through trade, aid, loans [Guide 3] that may originate in EU/USA "core" countries but also emerging economies/BRICs/NICs [Guide 1 and 3] • cultural interactions between countries in the core and periphery [Guide 5] • isolated states eg North Korea, China (culturally); non-globalized tribal groups [Guide 6 and 7] • the "shrinking world" effect that brings connectivity to previously peripheral places [Guide 3] • branded commodities and global media that help to connect places through the growth of a common "core" culture (possibly modified by glocalization) which more and more places share [Guide 5]. Good answers may discuss differing degrees of "peripheral" states (perhaps including semiperiphery, non-globalized periphery). Another approach might be to discuss the multi-scale existence of core and periphery patterns (recognizing the global importance of world cities in Asia, Africa and Latin America). Another approach might be to discuss what is meant by "global interactions" in the context of this question (referring to a variety of trade flows, aid flows, migration flows, information flows, etc). For band D, expect a structured discussion of how global interactions have contributed to the disappearance/persistence/modification of a "global periphery" of places/people. This should include either a synthesis of several well evidenced themes taken from the subject guide, or nuanced and evidenced conclusion/evaluation of the statement. At band E, expect both of these elements.

Analyse how increased internet use has affected different global financial flows

Credit discussion of internet, broadband, email, television/radio (on demand). Also credit mobile phone uptake / network growth Candidates may write in depth about a single case study of network growth over time. This could obtain full marks provided the effect on a range of financial flows is analysed in sufficient depth and detail. • The internet also plays a role in enabling/accelerating a range of economic interactions and financial flows as part of the "shrinking world" effect. • These include peer to peer payments such as: migrant remittances; purchases using mobile phone credit systems eg M-Pesa in Kenya (do not expect candidates to fully distinguish between smartphones and mobiles); international aid and charity donations eg Philippines 2013; crowd-sourced financing; online shopping (Amazon, eBay, airline tickets etc); financial transactions including share dealing. Credit ideas about outsourcing provided some effect of internet use on financial flows is suggested (for instance, use of outsourcing may require companies to transfer funds to suppliers; or may enhance profitability of firm; or may involve customers making a financial transaction). Good answers may apply (AO2) a wider range of knowledge and understanding (AO1) in a well-structured way (AO4). One approach might be to systematically analyse a wide range of financial flows in a well-evidenced way. Another approach might be to analyse how financial flows in some localities are not affected, despite global growth in internet use, due to cost / prohibition / lack of access / other reasons. For band C (4-6 marks), expect either some weakly-evidenced outlining of internet use in one or two local contexts or brief listing of some financial flows and economic impacts linked with internet use. For band D (7-8 marks), expect a structured, evidenced analysis of • either a more detailed analysis of the increase in internet use over time, and its effect on two financial flows • or a broader analysis of the effects of internet use on a wider range of financial flows (perhaps in different places). For band E (9-10 marks), expect both band D traits.

Discuss the economic and environmental consequences of more people choosing to buy locally produced food and goods rather than globalized products.

Discuss the economic and environmental consequences of more people choosing to buy locally produced food and goods rather than globalized products. [15] Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. Possible AO1/2 indicative content Themes for synthesis from the geography guide include: fewer food miles reduced carbon/ecological footprint / climate change mitigation less trade/financial flows between core/periphery (de-globalization) renewed economic growth in localities where local production is renewed rejection of globalization production / TNCs / falling profits for agribusiness reduced interdependency between countries protectionism / isolation / less need for MGOs. Answers scoring highly according to the AO3 criteria for evaluation: might be structured around different kinds of geographical consequences (eg consequences for old producer and new producer regions; costs and benefits for different groups/places) might systematically discuss the effects of changes for different types of globalized product. For band C (5-8), expect weakly-evidenced outlining of two or three relevant economic and/or environmental themes from the geography guide. For band D (9-12), expect either a structured synthesis which links together several well-evidenced and well-focused themes from the geography guide (both economic and environmental) or a critical conclusion (or ongoing evaluation).

Discuss the reasons for the global diffusion of consumer culture

Discuss the reasons for the global diffusion of consumer culture. [15] Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant. Consumer culture can be understood as a lifestyle in capitalist societies wherein the consumption of goods and services occupies a central role, in terms of people's use of leisure time, aspirations, and even their personal identity construction. It is sometimes associated negatively with unsustainable/"throwaway" use of commodities/resources. It can also be associated positively with the progression of people beyond poverty and into the consumer classes. Global diffusion patterns include the growth of consumer classes in emerging economies. Possible AO1/2 indicative content: shrinking world technologies and the global diffusion of media/aspirations [Guide 3] financial flows from core to periphery regions [Guide 2] poverty alleviation, financial flows and the growth of new markets [Guide 3] branded commodities and the power of TNCs to build markets [Guide 5] migration, tourism and population movements [Guide 3, 5]. Answers scoring highly according to the AO3 criteria for evaluation might: critically discuss the relative importance of different reasons/global interactions which either aid diffusion of cultural traits or help to build incomes/markets discuss different traits of consumer culture, such as the diffusion of music, fast food, branded commodities, etc distinguish between the means of diffusion (eg TNCs) and the reasons why people are receptive to the arrival of "global culture" (eg state policies). Do not award AO1/2 credit for lengthy case studies of places/countries where consumer culture has not diffused to / has been blocked, such as North Korea. However, some AO3 credit could be awarded for briefly drawing a contrast between liberal states and non-liberal states (such as North Korea) in order to demonstrate the high importance of liberal government as a reason for cultural diffusion. For band C (5-8 marks), expect weakly evidenced outlining of two or three relevant reasons/themes from the geography guide. For band D (9-12 marks), expect: either a structured synthesis which links together several well evidenced and well focused themes/reasons from the geography guide or a critical conclusion (or on-going evaluation). For band E (13-15 marks), expect both of these traits.

Using examples, analyse how economic and political factors affect global migration flows.

Economic push or pull factors may be discussed. Political factors might be conceptualized either as push and/or pull factors (such as persecution or conflict and liberal/tolerant governments) or alternatively as barriers to movement (eg, the EU allows migration between members while attempting to limit migration from northern Africa). A good analysis may analyse global patterns instead of simply explaining a series of international case studies. Another approach may be to provide a structured analysis of flows being increased or decreased. Good answers might even analyse the timescale of movements, or the possibility of reversal (such as during the global financial crisis 2008-09, or in response to conflict). Extremely well-detailed analyses of selected international movements (eg USA- Mexico) are unlikely to access band E (9-10 marks) without some broader global analysis. For band C (4-6 marks), one weakly-evidenced economic and one weaklyevidenced political factor should be outlined, and a basic link established with migration flow(s) between some countries. For band D (7-8 marks), expect a structured, evidenced analysis of • either both types of factor, with more detailed national exemplification • or how these factors affect the characteristics of migration flows at a global scale. For band E (9-10 marks), expect both band D traits.

Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of one named globalization index.

Expect either the KOF or Kearney index to be selected. There are other possibilities, for example, Maastricht globalization index; CSGR (Warwick); Ernst & Young. Strengths include the multi-strand approach taken, recognizing that globalization comprises a range of processes that need to be measured, for example, KOF distinguishes between political, social and economic measures of globalization while Kearney uses four categories (economic, personal, technological or political integration). Weaknesses can be conceptual (what is not included) or empirical (difficulties in collecting data and accuracy issues), for example, KOF's measures of social globalization are easily critiqued, such as the "proximity" of data. For band C, one recognizable index of globalization should be described in a way that implies it has merit (has different strands) and may state one or two basic weaknesses. To access band D, expect: either more detailed knowledge of the chosen multi-strand index (with some attempt made to describe some weakness) or greater understanding of the weaknesses of economic and social data collection/comparisons in general (eg appreciates different perspectives on what is viewed as important; knows about flaws in survey methodology). At band E, expect both of these elements. Other approaches may be equally valid. Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Using examples, analyse how global financial flows can be affected by the actions of governments.

Financial flows include movements of money/credit/investment. Strictly, they should not include movements of goods/raw materials, although in reality there is some overlap (investments by TNCs underpin to flows of goods) and where appropriate the benefit of the doubt should be given. National governments may directly transfer money via international aid programmes (bilateral or multilateral contributions), loans (including sovereign wealth funds) and investment (state-owned companies may purchase assets abroad). They indirectly affect financial flows through their policy-making. This can impact on migration (and thus remittances) and the investment patterns of TNCs (and thus flows of FDI, including investment, acquisitions, outsourcing). National governments also protect their economy from financial currency inflows/outflows. Money laundering is another possible theme. Also credit use of multi-governmental organizations (and the way flows can accelerate with removal of tariffs/market expansion) and the intergovernmental nature of financial institutions / global governance (IMF and World Bank). For band C, at least two financial flows should be described with some exemplification and a link established with government(s) (do not expect balance). For band D, either more than two flows should be analysed and exemplified, or two flows analysed in a structured way that conceptualizes different types of influence (direct and indirect) or governments (national, MGOs, IGOs). For band E, expect both.

Using examples, explain the relationship between transport innovation and reduced friction of distance.

Friction of distance is the barrier to the exchange of goods, services, ideas created by slow/limited/expensive transport. Over time, increased connectivity through transport has reduced friction of distance (changing our perception of time/space barriers). Candidates may explore the relationship through the use of a timeline, and perhaps a diagram, showing how transport times have fallen as a result of successive transport "revolutions" (bicycle, boat, car train, 'plane, etc). Also credit accompanying technologies eg refrigeration for perishables and intermodal transport. Candidates may be familiar with the associated geographical concept of time-space convergence (in other words, we perceive that we inhabit a "shrinking world" as distant places "feel" nearer). Done well, this could be sufficient for the higher mark bands. A different approach might be to look at more detailed case studies of particular technologies and their application (eg the speed with which flowers from Kenya are flown to Europe; or the speed with which containers can bring manufactured goods from EPZs in China to the USA). This approach is sufficient for band D even if the "relationship" is not particularly clear. Finally, the subject guide specifies that candidates should have studied speed and capacity changes for two types of transport network. They might draw on this as part of their answer. However, they should be careful to focus on the reduced friction of distance as the network is modernized, or extended into areas that were previously "switched off" (and thus took a longer time to reach). Credit may be given for some discussion of the role that telecom networks play in transporting data and information, "eradicating" the friction of distance altogether. Band C answers are likely to describe some specific details of transport history, but with little/no development of "friction of distance" (besides saying it has lessened). At band D, expect either a clearer explanation of the changing relationship over time (may use the concept of time-space convergence) or effective use of detailed examples to explain how transport connects distant places together with reduced travel time. For band E, expect both.

Using located examples, analyse the importance of outsourcing for transnational corporations (TNCs).

Outsourcing is when a company hands internal functions to an outside company (a client relationship), for example US/EU clothing companies outsource to Bangladesh; ICT outsourcing to Bangalore/Philippines; BP outsourcing of Gulf of Mexico oil rig operation to Halliburton; McDonald's outsourcing the management of its restaurants to local companies in some states. Outsourcing overlaps with foreign direct investment to a large extent if the TNC invests or has an ownership stake in the company it outsources to. There is considerable overlap between outsourcing and other forms of FDI ("offshore" branch plant construction) in terms of the important factors that drive these practices: • cheap labour (and other low costs eg health and safety) • low taxes (including use of Export Processing Zones/SEZs) • local supplier's ability to source cheap parts/materials or greater familiarity with market (glocalization). These generic factors should be credited, even if the candidate's link to proper outsourcing (as opposed to other forms of FDI) is insecure. Good answers may show awareness that some companies may prefer to keep their operations inhouse or may only outsource non-essential operations, or are beginning to "re-shore" operations to reduce supply chain risks (Japanese tsunami, disturbances in Ukraine, Nigeria, Kenya, etc). Another approach might be to analyse how some types/sectors of TNCs (mining operations, agribusinesses) may be less reliant on outsourcing than manufacturers and retailers with large and complex supply chains. Another approach might be to analyse how some TNCs, such as Amazon and Starbucks, have been criticized by the governments of sovereign states for the claim that they have "outsourced" operations to different subsidiaries of their own company (in an attempt to avoid corporation tax). For band C, expect some description of the reasons why it is important for TNCs to have different operations/activities carried out in different places. At band D, expect either more detailed explanation of why different operations/activities are carried out in different places or a good attempt to analyse why out-sourcing is important for different TNCs. By band E, expect both aspects to be addressed.

Analyse how the growth of multi-governmental organizations (MGOs) can impact on the political borders of member states.

Political borders are potential barriers to flows of goods, capital or people. Likely examples of multi-governmental organizations include the European Union (EU), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), etc. Also credit discussion of WTO, IMF, UN, BRICS summit groups, OECD, G7/8/20, OPEC etc. Other possible analytical themes include: • Not all MGOs impact on the effectiveness of member states' borders to the same extent. Only the EU allows full freedom of movement. • Trade blocs like NAFTA allow movement of commodities across borders without the imposition of tariffs. • Illegal migration / smuggling may render borders ineffective. Good answers may apply (AO2) a wider range of knowledge and understanding (AO1) in a well-structured way (AO4). One approach might be to analyse how the word "can" is conditional and suggests other geographical influences should be considered too, such as the effectiveness of border controls (eg US-Mexico). Another approach might be to analyse how political borders remain in place for states at the supra-national scale. MGO formation might even strengthen external borders eg external tariff / customs union / border policing of migration from external states outside the MGO. For band C (4-6 marks), expect some weakly-evidenced outlining of the impact of one or two MGOs on national borders. For band D (7-8 marks), expect a structured, evidenced analysis of • either two or more detailed MGO contexts • or some variety of impacts on political borders (perhaps at varying scales). For band E (9-10 marks), expect both band D traits.

Explain the causes and consequences of the international relocation of polluting industries and/or waste disposal.

Polluting industries include manufacturing or mining operations with a large footprint and a polluting or dangerous character in the absence of regulation (examples might include Apple's contractors in China). There are also international movements of waste (for recycling or disposal), for example, UK wastes to China (recycling) and European waste taken by contractors to Ivory Coast (dumping). The oil industry has brought polluting operations to many territories. While this is not strictly a "relocation", the benefit of the doubt should be given to accounts of the expansion/diffusion of polluting industries (ie consequences of oil pollution in new deep water sites, for example, Gulf of Mexico, new sites in Niger delta, should be credited). Also credit eutrophication linked to agro-industry/agribusiness, etc. The causes might include a quest for cheap sites (thus higher profits) and expect explanations to include details of labour costs, lack of red tape, etc. Weaker answers are likely to neglect causes, or provide simple assertions only (eg "there's too much waste nowadays"). Consequences for both physical environments (landscape, ecosystems) and people should be addressed. Some may be positive (eg recycling waste as a resource; FDI and its multiplier effects). Long-term litigation and quest for justice could even be a theme that is explored. For band C, at least one cause and one consequence must be described (or a wider range of ideas listed) with some exemplification (of either one relocation or waste disposal example). To access band D, expect: either more detailed knowledge of the causes and consequences (do not expect balance; case study consequences are likely to be more detailed and may use more than one example/industry, though this is not required) or some explanation of how a single incidence of relocation/disposal can have more varied consequences for different places/people (eg origin and destination), though less supporting detail is given. At band E, expect both of these elements. Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Explain why it might be hard to observe and measure some types of global interaction.

The focus should be the challenge of collecting the data, rather than querying whether it should be included/used as a legitimate measure of global interactions/globalization. Many candidates, even at the band C/D border, may provide a general critique of the KOF/Kearney index, much of which is of marginal relevance to this particular question. These will need reading carefully for references to the difficulties in collecting/measuring/observing global interactions. Expect candidates to show some familiarity with the Kearney and/or the KOF multi strand indexes of globalization. These compartmentalize globalization in terms of personal, economic, political aspects, etc. Some may correctly answer this question by focusing on those strands of Kearney/KOF that are hard / subjective to observe, or monitor - for instance, KOF's "cultural proximity" measure. The focus should be on explaining why it is hard observe some movements (such as the diffusion of cultural traits) and/or measuring/quantifying them. Possible themes: informal remittances from legal and illegal migrants are hidden unknown content of private information / data exchange criminal/illegal flows (trafficking of people and drugs) are not recorded TNCs may hide the movement of profits through tax havens (transfer pricing) complexities of tracking economic data / trade figures hence possible inaccuracy people may be watching "local" or "global" TV and other media, it is hard to tell. Band C answers should describe difficulties associated with the collection of data for at least two types of global interaction (eg data flows, migration). At band D, expect either a wider, more detailed range of data collection difficulties or some explicit analysis of the distinction between observation and measurement. For band E, expect both.

Analyse recent growth trends in the use of ICT for one or more countries or regions you have studied.

There are many possible approaches to answering this question. The focus could be on: • actual ICT network growth/adoption trends (in terms of numbers of subscribers/device owners/intensity of use/places where there is uptake) • growth of a single/narrower aspect of ICT adoption (eg mobile phone use, social networking, broadband provision) • the growing uses of ICT in civil society (more people exchanging ideas, information, finance) and/or changing rates of social adoption. Weaker answers are likely to provide isolated fragments of information about different places, or may offer a technology timeline with little geographical content. Good answers may provide a clear geographical focus (perhaps named countries eg M-Pesa in Kenya or ICT outsourcing in India) and give some depth of analysis of how and why ICT uptake has changed, and who the users are. At band D, there should be either detailed description of ICT growth/adoption trends or explanation of ways in which ICT is being used by people/groups/TNCs. For band E, expect both

Using examples, distinguish between transboundary pollution and transnational waste movement.

Transboundary pollution (TBP) is pollution that crosses a national border accidently or inadvertently due to physical processes (atmosphere, currents, etc). Recent examples of transboundary pollution (TBP) include forest fires in Indonesia causing smog in Singapore; Chinese pollution reaching Japan; and radiation from Fukushima reaching the shores of the USA. Also credit acid rain (if clearly shown to be transboundary) and credit Chernobyl (1986). [The Gulf of Mexico oil spill was not a TBP event because only the USA was affected. Candidates using this example only may still attain band D according to other criteria, but ought not be awarded band E.] Transnational waste movement (TWM) includes landfill in China originating in USA; European e-waste arriving in Accra (Ghana); ship-breaking in Bangladesh; Trafigura's chemical waste from Europe arriving in Ivory Coast. This is a purposeful/intended global interaction / trade transaction. It is acceptable to view discarded household goods (eg clothes for charity) as a form of waste. Waste can also be a very valuable resource when recycled, so TWM can be seen as a positive interaction. Good answers are likely to provide detailed exemplification. They are also likely to make a better effort to distinguish (beyond simply employing comparative language such as "whereas"): eg TBP may involve the dispersal of point source pollution into multiple territories whereas TWM is a movement from one territory to another; TBP has negative impacts / costs money but TWM can also be positive / makes money; TBP is accidental but TWM is deliberate, etc). For band C, expect some description of a TBP event and a TWM (do not expect balance). At band D, expect either a detailed explanation of a TBP event and a TWM (do not expect balance) or a good attempt to distinguish between them. By band E, expect both aspects to be addressed.

Using examples, analyse the role civil societies play in national resistance to global interactions.

Using examples, analyse the role civil societies play in national resistance to global interactions. [10] AO1/2 Indicative content Civil society is defined in the geography guide as: "Any organization or movement that works in the area between the household, the private sector and the state to negotiate matters of public concern. Civil societies include non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community groups, trade unions, academic institutions and faith-based organizations." Citizens can: form anti-globalization movements and groups (eg Occupy) vote for/establish nationalist parties/policies (anti-immigration eg UKIP; resource nationalism) support local sourcing or other initiatives organize resistance movements against globalization/global capitalism/modernity which are informed by their ethnicity/identity (eg First Nations in Canada; Ogoni in Nigeria; Amish in USA). Credit other valid forms of civil society resistance in particular national contexts. Do not credit government or state actions. Do not credit actions of TNCs. Good answers are likely to provide detailed exemplification. They are also likely to make a better effort to analyse "the role" that citizens/organizations play in determining how a country/government responds to global interactions/globalization (direct and indirect, or lawful and illegal means, for example). Or they may be more selective in the way they analyse global interactions (eg by breaking this concept into constituent parts such as flows of migrants, imports, data, etc). For band C (4-6), an outline should be provided of either the general resistance role of civil society or two weakly-evidenced examples of civil society resistance. For band D (7-8), expect a structured, well-evidenced analysis of either two or more detailed examples of civil society resistance or the varied ways civil society plays a role in resisting global interactions.

Using examples, analyse the role of global interactions in the growth of environmental awareness.

Using examples, analyse the role of global interactions in the growth of environmental awareness. [10] AO1/2 indicative content: Relevant global interactions may include flows of data and information, such as internet campaigning by civil society organizations. Also credit other types of interaction playing a role, including migrants or tourists who help awareness of issues to diffuse to new places. Campaigning may be linked to specific issues, such as transboundary pollution. Environmental awareness is a blanket term covering many issues. Other examples could include global climate change, biodiversity, deforestation, etc. Credit the idea that global interactions/globalisation/global development has given rise to environmental challenges (climate change, resource security) and that people are now aware of these issues. Good answers might offer a structured (AO4) analysis of different types of global interaction (information, commodity flows) or different environmental causes (climate change, biodiversity). Another approach might be to analyse rising environmental awareness in specific contexts, eg the diffusion of environmental awareness to people in different or new contexts (new consumers in emerging economies). For band C (4-6 marks), an example of the growth of environmental awareness (such as an NGO campaign or film) will be be outlined and linked weakly with global interactions (such as ICT use, or the global trade flows which cause the issues). For band D (7-8 marks), expect a structured, well evidenced analysis of: either the role of a range of global interactions (such as data flows and trade flows) or two detailed examples of the growth of environmental awareness/ campaigns. For band E (9-10 marks), expect both band D traits.

Using examples, explain how financial flows transfer wealth between places.

Using examples, explain how financial flows transfer wealth between places. [10] Financial flows (based on geography subject guide) include loans, debt relief/repayment, international aid, FDI, profit leakage and remittances (do not credit "goods"). The spatial focus could be the global core and periphery (although these terms are dynamic and contested and a variety of interpretations are acceptable, so long as named examples are also included). Some answers may additionally explain that there are legal and illegal (criminal, informal) mechanisms of money transfer; or can explain how "transfer pricing" and offshore tax havens are used by TNCs to transfer money between places. Better answers may provide superior evidence/case study details of the wealth flows (quoting dollar values or percentage contributions to GDP, etc). They may also consider the varied directions of the flows (whether towards core/MEDCs or towards periphery/LDCs). They may even consider flows at the local scale too (eg may consider how international aid or FDI flows transfer wealth towards an LDC, yet do not necessarily reach the poorest people/parts of that state). For band C, at least two financial flows must be described with some exemplification of one flow (either of places or the size/scale of the flows). To access band D, expect: either more detailed knowledge of the major financial flows (may look at how a wider range operate; may provide much more detailed evidence for a smaller range) or some explanation of how some major financial flows can operate in different directions (may even consider different scales). At band E, expect both of these elements. Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Explain how rising global demand for one raw material has led to environmental degradation.

www.exam-mate.com - 8 - N14/3/GEOGR/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX/M 3. (a) Explain how rising global demand for one raw material has led to environmental degradation. [10] Raw materials may include fossil fuels, ores, timber or food stuffs such as soya. Any unexpected interpretations, the validity of which is not clear, must be referred to a team leader. • Located impacts for degradation could include the Niger delta or Gulf of Mexico (oil), Brazil (timber/soya), shale gas (USA), oil sands (Canada). • Specific impacts might include loss of biodiversity or acid rain. A good account of impacts that lacks locational detail can still reach the higher band if the process details are good. • The idea of degradation might also be linked to the lifecycle of the raw material/product including waste disposal issues. • Good answers may be structured to show different scales of environmental degradation (local and global) or may look at transmission of effects (questioning whether degradation occurs at the source or destination/market eg coal burning). Details of rising demand are required for band E, or can help candidates to access band D if they are lacking details about environmental degradation. Rising demand could be linked specifically with the growth of emerging economies/rising affluence/growth of new consumer classes. Some credit can be given for suggesting population increases, although rising demand is in fact related far more to changing lifestyles in China, Brazil, Indonesia, etc. At band D, expect either a detailed description of some range of environmental degradation, or a clear explanation of how/why rising demand plays a role. For band E, expect both.