god set: apush

Stephen F. Austin

11.1 known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States.

bank run

21.4 widespread panic in which great numbers of people try to redeem their paper money

John Lewis

22.4 He was a miner known for creating the United Mine Workers. He helped found the CIO and was responsible for the Fair Labor Standards Act.

Brown v. Board of Education

26.1 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Oral culture

3.2 Old people were irreplaceable repositories of knowledge in Indian culture and they were very often victimized by European domination.

John Marshall

7.1 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams

American Renaissance

10.1 A literary explosion during the 1840s inspired in part by Emerson's ideas on the liberation of the individual.

Transcendentalism

10.1 A nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

Alien and Sedition Act

7.1 Expired in 1801

Brook Farm

10.1 A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

Freedom's Journal

10.2 First African American newspaper

"Under God"

25.1 The phrase was inserted into the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954.

John Tyler

9.2 elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

Tippecanoe and Tyler too

9.2 this was Tyler's slogan during his election, using his vicotry during the Battle of Tippecanoe as a "pro" for voting for him

Carpetbaggers

14.2 A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Andrew Mellon

22.1 Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs

Sam Houston

11.1 Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Davy Crockett

11.1 Famous frontiersman, left Tennessee to help Texas fight Mexico for independence. Died at the Alamo.

"rain follows the plow"

15.2 An unfounded theory that settlement of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.

Oregon Trail

11.3 Trail from independence Missouri to Oregon used by many pioneers during the 1840s

Pastoralist societies

11.3 groups of people who live by animal husbandry, which is the breeding, care, and use of domesticated herding animals such as cattle, camels, goats, horses, llamas, reindeer, and yaks The Comanche indians raised horses and mules and sold them to Euro-American farmers in MIssouri and Arkansas.

Jefferson Davis

12.1 Senator from Mississippi that persuaded Congress to restrict federal control over slavery in the territories

General Mining Act of 1872

15.2 U.S. law that legalized and promoted mining by private individuals on public lands for just $5 per acre, subject to local customs, with no government oversight.

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock

15.3 A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose, ignoring all existing treaties.

Sitting Bull

15.3 American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War

Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

15.3 An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska

Secret Six

12.3 was a group of men who secretly funded the 1859 raid on Harper's Ferry by abolitionist John Brown

Confederate's plan for winning the war

13.1 Defensive strategy; fully mobilize for total war; King Cotton would trade for supplies from abroad; attempt to attract support from Britain and France

Contrabands

13.1 Escaped slaves who fled to the Union lines for protection.

Trent Affair

13.1 In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release. Avoided war between USA and Britain.

April 14, 1865

14.1 Lincoln assassinated

McKinley's response to Cuban Rebellion

20.1 Taking office in 1897, President took a tough stance. He warned that if Spain didn't take an "early and certain peace," the US would step in. After the De Lome Letter and explosion on the USS Maine, he issued an ultimatum to Spain and eventually engaged in the War of 1898.

Native Son (1940)

22.4 Novel written by Richard Wright about urban ghettos during The Great Depression.

Geneva Accords

24.3 A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

24.3 An agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad. It became involved in intrigue, conspiracy, and meddling as well.

Vietminh

24.3 An organization of Vietnamese Communists and other nationalist groups that between 1946 and 1954 fought for Vietnamese independence from the French. Leader was Ho Chi Minh. This outweighed American and British commitment to self-determination.

Medicare

27.1 A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older. It is a surcharge on Social Security payroll taxes.

John C. Calhoun

7.2 South Carolina congressman - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification, war hawk

Voted For The War of 1812

7.2 South/West/Democrat-Republicans/War Hawks

Machine Tools/Interchangeable Parts

8.1 Initially invented for guns, allowed the owner to only fix the broken part of the machine, not forcing him to buy a whole new one.

strike

8.1 Nonviolent refusal to continue to work until a problem is resolved.

Henry Kissinger

27.4 United States diplomat who served under President Nixon and President Ford (born in 1923)

King Andrew the First

9.2 For ignoring the Supreme Court and often defying or dominating Congress, Andrew Jackson was given this nickname

Revenue Act

3.1 1673. It imposed a 'plantation duty' on American exports of sugar and tobacco. This was used to pay the custom officails who enforced the Navigation Acts.

War of Jenkin's Ear

3.4 Land squabble between Britain and Spain over Georgia and trading rights. Battles took place in the Caribbean and on the Florida/Georgia border. The name comes from a British captain named Jenkins, whose ear was cut off by the Spanish.

Woolen Act (1699), Hat Act (1732), Iron Act (1750)

3.4 Parliament prohibited America from manufacturing textiles, hats, and iron products. Despite these laws, American merchants soon controlled over 75% of the transatlantic trade in manufactures and 95% of the commerce between the mainland and British West Indies.

NATO

30.2 Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary were eager to become members. By 2010, 12 new nations, most of them in Eastern Europe, had been admitted to the alliance, 10 of which came from the former Warsaw Pact.

American Colonization Society (1817)

10.2 Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa

James G. Birney

10.2 kentucky anti-slavery leader; presidential candidate of liberty party in 1840, free soil platform

cabal

15.1 a secret group seeking to overturn something

Women's Strike for Equality

27.3 Strike in August of 1970 in which tens of thousands of women held demonstrations to demand legal abortions and the right to equal employment

Silent Majority

27.3 Term used by President Nixon to describe Americans who opposed the counterculture. He promised to represent the "silent voice" of "the great majority of Americans, the forgotten Americans, the nonshouters, the nondemonstrators."Here Nixon was not speaking just to the south, but to the many million of anxious suburban voters across the country concerned that social disorder had gripped the country.

Student for a Democratic Society (SDS)

27.2 a group of radical student led by Tom Hayden, issued a declaration of purposes known as the Port Huron Statement, it called for university decisions to be made through democracy

LSD

27.2 a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid. Recreational drug use (along with marijuana) was celebrated in popular music in the second half of the 1960s.

Greenwhich Village

27.2 a section of NYC where actors, artists and musicians displayed their work and developed their talents. symbolized counterculture.

Black Panther Party

27.3 A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.

Hubert Humphrey

27.3 A prominent liberal senator from Minnesota dedicated to the promotion of civil rights, he served as Johnson's vice-president from 1964-68 and ran an unsuccessful personal campaign for the presidency in 1968.

Doves

27.3 Americans who opposed the Vietnam War.

Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA)

27.3 The federal law that prohibits discrimination in the extension of credit because of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, or marital status.

Boris Yeltsin

29.3 President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.

Iran-Contra Affair

29.3 This involved high officials in the Reagan administration secretly selling arms to Iran (in return for the release of Western hostages in the Middle East) and illegally using the proceeds to finance the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

Family Values

29.3 Values promoted by the Religious Right, including support for the traditional nuclear family and opposition to same-sex marriage and abortion.

Second Hundred Years' War

3.2 Beginning with teh War of the League of Augsburg in 1689, ENgland embarked on an era of conflict which lasted until the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. In that time, England (Britain after 1707) fought in seven major wars; longest era of peace lasted only 26 years.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

22.2 1934 New Deal Legislation designed to reform Wall Street- Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading. With broad powers to set rules for margin credit transactions and to prevent insider trading.

Frances Perkins

22.4 U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet under FDR.

National Socialist Party

23.1 (Nazi Party) was a far-right, racist political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945. He was granted dictatorial power when he became in charge of the Reichstag. He outlawed rival political parties, arrested rivals, and declared himself absolute leader or Fuhrer.

Rome-Berlin Axis

23.1 1936; close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon Japan joined; resulted from Hitler; who had supported Ethiopia and Italy, he overcame Mussolini's lingering doubts about the Nazis.

Little League

25.3 a commercially sponsored baseball league for players between 8 and 12 years of age; started after WWII

National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)

26.3 Organization promoting the unity of all Native Americans as one ethnic group. The slogan was "For a Greater Indian America" which promoted the ideal of Native Americans as a single ethnic group.

Election of 1864: candidates, parties

13.2 Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. Lincoln won 212 electoral votes to 21, but the popular vote was much closer. (Lincoln had fired McClellan from his position in the war.)

Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

13.2 Meant to help heal and restore the country after four years of civil war. Named the sin of slavery as the central cause of the civil war. March 1865.

700,000

13.2 Number of people that died in the Civil War.

Headright System

2.2 Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50-100 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Standard Oil decision 1911

19.3 -1911 -supreme court ordered the dissolution of Standard Oil Company, ruling it was in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act

Triple Entente (Allied Powers)

20.3 Britain, France, Russia

18th Amendment

21.3 Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the United States.

Voted Against the War of 1812

7.2 Federalists/New Englanders/Mid-Atlantic Merchants

The Daughters of Bilitis

25.2 A lesbian organization founded in 1955. "The lesbian is a woman endowed with all the attributes of any other woman," wrote the pioneer lesbian activist Del Martin in 1956. "The salvation of the lesbian lies in her acceptance of herself without guilt or anxiety."

Benevolent Empire

10.1 A broad-ranging campaign of moral and institutional reforms inspired by evangelical Christian ideals and endorsed by upper-middle-class men and women in the 1820s and 1830s.

Second Great Awakening

10.1 A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Herman Melville

10.1 American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels. He explored the limits of individualism in even more extreme and tragic terms, becoming a scathing critic of transcendentalism.

Charles Grandison Finney

10.1 An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.

American Temperance Society

10.1 An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

Liberty Party, 1840

10.2 First antislavery political party in the United States.

Pre-Christian spirituality of slaves

11.2 Some practiced Islam; but the majority relied on African gods and spirits.

Conscience Whigs

12.1 Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.

The Fugitive Slave Act

12.2 (1850) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders; Part of the "Compromise of 1850"

The Mormon War

12.2 Democratic President James Buchanan sent an army after Brigham Young in Salt Lake City, Utah to restore order after Young started trying to take over Utah as Mormon territory. Young was eventually replaced as governor of the territory and all confrontation ended in negotiations]

Kansas Territory

12.2 Territory created in 1854 by the Kansas-Nebraska Act; became the state of Kansas; Thousands of settlers rushed into the territory.

Upper South States

12.4 The secessionist fervor was less intense in four states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas where there were fewer slaves. The legislators of Virginia and Tennessee refused to join the secessionist movement and urged a compromise.

Edmund Ruffin

12.4 a popular fire eater. Credited with firing the first shot of the civil war at Fort Sumter in 1861

Lucy Stone

14.1 American suffragist who founded the American Women Suffrage Association.

Largest Mass Execution in US History

15.3 38 Dakota men were hanged just after Xmas day in 1862 for the Dakota Sioux uprising

Ladies Home Journal

16.1 By the 1880s, advertising and new printing technology lead to this magazine which sold for only 10 cents.

Rock Springs Massacre

16.2 A riot in the town in Wyoming, in 1885 led to the deaths of 28 Chinese miners, the injury of 15 others, and the destruction of 75 Chinese homes. Had major consequences for US relations with China.

Pure-and-Simple Unionism

16.3 Advocated by Samuel Gompers; 1) strictly limited to workers, organized by craft and occupation, with no reliance on outside advisors or allies; 2) goals are only those that immediately benefited workers - better wages, hours, and working conditions. It distrusted politics and the aim was collective-bargaining with employers. It was successful at turning AFL into 2 million by 1904 and battled anti-union Congress and Supreme Court.

Producerism

16.3 The argument that real economic wealth is created by workers who make their living by physical labor, such as farmers and craftsmen, and that merchants, lawyers, bankers, and other middlemen unfairly gain their wealth from such "producers."

Niagra Creed

17.1 Disturbed by what they saw as rising secularism, conservative ministers and their allies held a series of Bible Conferences at Niagra Falls between 1876-1897 to reaffirm the literal truth of the Bible and the certain damnation of those not born again in Christ. By the 1910s, a network of churches and Bible institutions had emerged from these conferences and called their movement "Fundamentalism," based upon their belief in the fundamental truth of the Bible.

Literary Realism

17.1 the depiction of contemporary life emphasizing fidelity to everyday experience and the facts and conditions of everyday life. Inspired by the quest for facts, American authors rejected 19th century romanticism and what they saw as its unfortunate product, sentimentality. In the 1880s, editor/novelist William Dean Howells called for writers "to picture the daily life in the most exact terms possible," and dismissed stories always having "a happy ending"

Prohibitionist Party

17.3 a single-issue party who wanted to ban the sale and production of alcohol.

"Prisoners of Poverty"

18.3 Journalist Helen Campbell reported on tenement conditions and documented them in this periodical in 1887.

How the Other Half Lives (1890)

18.3 book by John Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements. Was very graphic and caused people to re-evaluate tenement houses. Riis had a profound affect on Teddy Roosevelt when the future president served as NYC's police commissioner, asking Riis to lead him on tours around the tenements, to help him better understand the problems of poverty, disease, and crime.

Meaningless hoopla

19.1 Gilded Age political period was corrupt and stagnant and elections centered on this.

1888 election

19.1 Tariffs were an issue, Democrat Cleveland (low tariffs) v. Republican Benjamin Harrison (high tariffs) 1st since the civil war to be focused on economic differences. corrupt, close. Harrison won.

Niagra principles

19.3 African Americans held meeting at Niagara Falls, Canada (because they couldn't stay at a hotel on New York side). Called for suffrage, an end to segregation, equality in justice system and education, jobs, health care, and military service; in 1905. This framework guided the civil rights movement throughout the 20th century.

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

19.3 First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.; stunning victory for labor given the decision in Lochner v. NY in 1905

Spanish-American War

19.3 In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Syndicalists

19.3 Members of the revolutionary movement that, like socialists, believed in the Marxist principle of class struggle and advocated the organization of society on the basis of industrial unionism. They belonged to the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) which had about 100,000 members by 1916.

Lord Baltimore (George Calvert)

2.2 He was a prominent English Catholic who was seeking a haven for other Catholics. In 1632, he received the land grant first promised to his father. He made Maryland into a haven for all Christians.

House of Burgesses

2.2 the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legislative acts.

French Catholic Missionaries

2.3 People who labored zealously to save the Indians for Christ and from the French Fur-Trappers.

New England

2.3 a region of northeastern United States comprising Maine and New Hampshire and Vermont and Massachusetts and Rhode Island and Connecticut

Pueblo Revolt

2.4 Native American revolt against the Spanish in 1680; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt. Also known as Pope's Revolt. The uprising liberated pueblo Indians and the capture of Santa Fe. 400 Spaniards were killed and 2,100 fled south. New Mexico was now in control by the Pueblo. Eventually in 1693-1696, the Spanish returned to retake Santa Fe and most of the Pueblo land in New Mexico. But the Spanish decreased their demands on the Pueblo.

Teller Amendment

20.1 This Amendment was drafter by Henry M. Teller which declared that the US had no desire for control in Cuba & pledged the US would leave the island alone.

"Speak softly and carry a big stick"

20.2 refers to Roosevelt Diplomacy, which allowed for aggressive foreign policy. "big stick" = the US Navy

Four-Minute Men

20.3 Men sent on tour by Pres. Wilson to present four minute propaganda speeches to the public

Balkans / Powder Keg

20.3 Region including all or part of present-day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and former Yugoslavia.

Fuel Administration Board

20.3 conserved fuel by sponsoring daylight savings time to conserve coal and oil.

League of Nations

20.4 A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946. It was designed to mediate disputes, supervise arms reduction, and curb aggressor nations through collective military action. It was designed to end all wars.

Welfare Capitalism

21.1 An approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes and keeping productivity high

National Origins Act of 1924

21.3 A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.

Sinclair Lewis

21.3 American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature. Mocked smalltown life for its religiocity, and as he saw it, hypocracy and lack of sophistication.

Anti-Saloon League

21.3 Founded in 1895, the league spearheaded the prohibition movement during the Progressive Era.

1936 election

22.3 In this election Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Alfred M. Landon in a reelection landslide.

Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)

22.3 Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), collective bargaining rights, closed shops permitted (where workers must join unions), outlawed anti-union tactics

National Youth Administration (NYA)

22.4 Provided job training for unemployed young people and part-time jobs for needy students.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

22.4 Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development. It reverse the Dawes Act of 1887 by promoting Indian self-government through formal constitutions and democratically elected tribal councils.

"Ballad for Americans"

22.4 Song by Earl Robinson (written by John La Touche) that calls for national unity and captures the democratic and egalitarian aspirations of the New Deal

Grand Coulee Dam

22.4 a dam on the Columbia River in the state of Washington and produces more hydroelectricity than any other dam in the U.S>

New Deal Coalition

22.4 coalition forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

23.2 An activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origin. It pressed the government and private employers to end anti-Mexican discrimination.

Tehran Conference

23.4 First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

The Vital Center

24.2 The center of the political spectrum; those who hold moderate political views. The center is vital because without it, it may be difficult, if not impossible, to reach the compromises that are necessary to a political system's continuity. Cold War liberalism was a practical centrist program for a turbulent era.

South Korea Mutual Defense Treaty

24.3 Signed 1953 with USA and South Korea as participants.

Homeownership

25.1 Greatly increased during the 1950s post war prosperity. Rose from 43%-62% from 1940-1960.

Baby Boomers

25.1 The 78 million people born during the baby boom, following World War II and lasting until the early 1960s

Beats

25.1 Young white writers and poets centered in New York and San Francisco who disdained middle-class materialism.

The Affluent Society

25.1 term used by economist John Kenneth Galbraith to describe the American economy in the 1950s, during which time many Americans became enraptured with appliances and homes in the suburbs

Mattachine Society

25.2 The first gay rights organization in the USA, founded in 1951.

White Flight

25.3 working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs. In the 1950s, the nations 12 largest cities lost 3.6 million whites while gaining 4.5 million nonwhites. These urban newcomers inherited a declining economy and a decaying infrastructure.

Japanese American Citizens League

26.1 founded in 1929 to protect Japanese Americans' civil rights, worked for decades to receive government compensation for property lost by Japanese Americans interned in camps during World War II.

Eugene "Bull" Connor

26.2 Birmingham police commissioner who arrested over 900 marching kids and directed the fire station to blast them with fire hoses and let police dogs loose on them.

New Urban Politics

26.3 Rise of competition between cities for investment, jobs, and fiscal resources

"End Poverty In Our Time"

27.1 More than civil rights, this concept drove LBJ hardest, calling it a national disgrace that in the midst of plenty, 1/5 of all Americans lived in Poverty.

Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)

27.1 VP under JFK who was sworn in as president after JFK's assassination; Great Society and "war on poverty"

Vietcong

27.2 The South Vietnam National Liberation Front (NLF). Kennedy had hoped that if Diem, reviled throughout the South because of his brutal repression of political opponents, could be replaced by a popular general or other military figure, it could successfully repel these forces.

Beatlemania

27.2 intense frenzy in the 1960s towards the Beatles

Combahee River Collective

27.3 A Black Feminist Statement

Endangered Species Act of 1973

28.1 A law requiring the federal government to protect all species listed as endangered.

Nixon's Pardon

28.2 President Gerald Ford pardoned Nixon Sept 1974 - lost much American support

Affirmative Action

28.3 A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

28.3 Upheld new Georgia death penalty laws requiring dual-phase trial and special circumstances; capital punishment does not constitute cruel & unusual punishment of 8th Amendment.

Save Our Children Campaign

28.3 an organization started by Anita Bryant to repeal ordinances guaranteeing LGBT rights. She claimed it discriminated against her right to teach her children biblical morality. Save our Children lead Briggs to introduce CA Prop 6.

Warren Burger

28.3 the Supreme Court justice during the Nixon administration. He was chosen by Nixon because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. He presided over the extremely controversial case of abortion in Roe vs. Wade.

An American Family

28.4 PBS's 1973 groundbreaking camera-as-witness (unscripted) series; a new kind of reality series produced by an unlikely prime time network.

The Conscience of a Conservative

29.1 A 1960 book that set forth an uncompromising conservatism and inspired a Republican grassroots movement in support of its author, Barry Goldwater. Goldwater attacked the New Deal state, arguing that "the natural tendency of government is to expand in the direction of absolutism."

National Review

29.1 A conservative magazine founded by editor William F. Buckley in 1955, who used it to criticize liberal policy. Convinced that "the growth of government must be fought relentlessly."

Saddam Hussein

29.1 President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.

Family Research Council

29.1 Promotes faith (religious) based work as it applies to freedom and family; dedicated to the promotion of marriage and family and the sanctity of human life in policy. Emerged in the 1980s.

Sunbelt

29.1 states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative

Oliver Cromwell

3.1 English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Maroon Communities

3.3 African refugees who had escaped slavery in the Americas and developed their own communities in Brazil and the Caribbean.

Southern gentry

3.3 Slave holders were considered the highest of the social class. The only way to achieve upward mobility was to own more slaves.

American merchant class

3.4 The West Indian trade created fortunes for the first urban industries. Businessmen from Boston, Newport, Providence, Philadelphia and New York invested their profits in new ships, set up manufacturing enterprises and refineries and distilleries, established fisheries.

Culture War

30.2 A split in the United States reflecting differences in people's beliefs about private and public morality, and regarding what standards ought to govern individual behavior and social arrangements.

Contract with America

30.2 In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut.

Melting Pot

30.2 the mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation. The United States, with its history of immigration, has often been called this.

Axis of Evil

30.3 Created in 2002 by George W. Bush to show the "bad guys" which include: Iran, Iraq, and N. Korea

Henry Paulson

30.3 Former CEO of Goldman Sachs and Treasury Secretary of US during collapse 2008

Benjamin Franklin

4.2 American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. He founded the Pennsylvania Gazette. He became a diest.

Revival

4.2 renewal of religious enthusiasm in Penn and NJ where many German and Dutch settlers resided. It spread with evangelical zeal.

Pontiac's Rebellion

4.3 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. Many native groups preferred the presence of a few French traders to an influx of thousands of Anglo-American settlers.

End of Salutary Neglect (1763)

5.1 Britain began taxing the colonies and enforcing taxes that had already been established prior to the French and Indian War.

Custom agents

5.1 In order to collect taxes, the British government doubled the size of the tax bureaucracy. Convicted smugglers faced heavy penalties, including death or forced 'transportation' as indentured servitude.

Repeal of the Townshend Acts

5.2 1770 - Prime Minister Lord North discontinues these duties, except for the tax on tea.

John Dickinson

5.2 Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

Riot Act (Boston, 1786)

6.3 Passed by the Massachussetts legislature to put down Shays's Rebellion.

Robert Livingston

7.1 American minister to Paris who joined James Monroe in making a magnificent real estate deal

US Capitol + White House

7.2 British burned the buildings when they invaded Washington D.C.

Eli Whitney

8.1 United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

wage earner

8.1 a person who is regularly paid for his or her labor or services

Presidential Election of 1828

9.2 Adams vs. Jackson Dirty Election - personal attacks on opposing candidate; Jackson (178 electoral votes) and JQA (83)

Old Hickory

9.2 Andrew Jackson's nickname

Tuskegee Institute

17.3 Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper. Founded in 1881, Washington both taught and exemplified the goal of self-help. He focused on industrial education, believing "book education" was a waste of time.

Mann Act (1910)

18.3 Antiprostitution measure; prohibits transporting a woman across state lines for "immoral purposes".

disenfranchisement

19.2 the removal of the rights of citizenship through economic, political, or legal means. Across the south, voter turnout plunged in the 1890s, from above 70% to 34% or lower due to poll taxes and literacy tests and segregation laws proliferated.

"Peace among equals"

20.4 Woodrow Wilson argued that no victor should be declared after WWI. Having won at an incredible price, Great Britain and France showed no interest in this plan.

President Calvin Coolidge's Business Policy

21.1 "The man who builds a factory builds a temple. The man who works there worships there."

Free Soil Movement

12.1 A political movement that opposed the expansion of slavery. In 1848 the free-soilers organized the Free-Soil Party, which depicted slavery as a threat to republicanism and to the Jeffersonian ideal of a freeholder society, arguments that won broad support among aspiring white farmers.

Joseph Smith

10.1 Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

10.1 Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".

Shakerism

10.1 a religious faith that believed in sexual equality, and a god that was not male or female

Benjamin Banneker

10.2 African-American scientist who taught himself calculus and trigonometry. He also helped design the capitol in Washington D.C.

Dr. William Sanger's Survey

10.2 Commissioned in 1855, the study found that 6,000 women engaged in commercial sex in New York City.

Minstrel Shows

10.2 Consisted of white actors in blackface. Consisted of comedy routines, dances, and instrumental solos. While today this is seen as racist, it does speak to the profound effect African American music had on American music

Angelina Grimke

10.2 Daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder that were antislavery. Controversial because they spoke to audiences of both men and women at a time when it was thought indelicate to address male audiences. Womens' rights advocates as well.

Appalachian Trail

22.4 longest marked footpath the world, goes from Springer Mountain, Georgia to Mount Katahdin, Maine; built from 1921-1937 by volunteers, more than 2000 miles long (>7 months of walking 10 miles/day); marked by white rectangles called blazes on trees. Built during the Great Depression.

Bathtub Gin

21.3 An alcoholic drink distilled in private homes, usually in the bathtub

States rights

29.2 the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government. Advocated by President Reagan.

Hezbollah

29.3 A radical Shiʿite Muslim organization in Lebanon engaged in guerrilla warfare against Israel. In 1985, Reagan sold arms to Iran without public or congressional knowledge to help win assistance in freeing two dozen American hostages held by this group in Lebanon.

Berlin Wall

29.3 A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West. Destroyed in 1989 which symbolized the end of Communist rule in Central Europe.

Michael Dukakis

29.3 American politician and lawyer, former governor of Massachusetts who was the Democratic Party's nominee for president in 1988.

Election of 1988

29.3 George Bush (winner) vs. Michael Dukakis. Bush was elected on the strength of his association with Reagan, seeming poised to confirm the ascendancy of his predecessor's conservative values.

John Locke

3.1 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

William Penn

3.1 A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Glorious Revolution

3.1 A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Quakers

3.1 English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania. Also called the Society of Friends.

"The era of big government is over"

30.2 Clinton 1996 State of the Unions message

Majority-minority

30.2 Demographers predict that at some point between 2040-2050, the USA will become this as a nation with no single ethnic or racial group that will be in the numerical majority.

Black Lives Matter Movement

30.3 An ideological and political intervention in a world where black lives are systematically and intentionally targeted for demise.

Great Recession

30.3 severe ongoing global economic problem that began in December 2007 and took a particularly sharp downward turn in September 2008; has affected the global economy, with higher detriment in some countries than others; sparked by the outbreak of the late-2000s financial crisis

9/11 Attacks

30.3 the U.S. was attacked by the Al Qaeda which resulted in the War on Terrorism and the Patriot Acts

Naval Blockade

6.1 The British cut off supplies of European manufacturers and disrupted the New England fishing industry. It also cut tobacco exports in the Chesapeake, so planters grew grain to sell to the contending armies.

Battle of Saratoga

6.1 This American victory in October 1777 proved to be the turning point in the war. The Patriots captured more than 5,000 British troops and ensured the diplomatic success of American representatives in Paris, who won a military alliance with France.

Articles of Confederation

6.3 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade).

The Election of 1824

9.1 Ended the "Era of Good Feelings"; Ended the Federalist Party; Republican party splintered into factions.

Speculators

9.1 Led to corruption; Won land grants by paying off the members of important committees.

North Carolina and Rhode Island

9.1 By 1830, most state legislatures had given the vote to all white men or to all men who paid taxes or served in the militia. These two states were the only ones that still required the possession of property by that year.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

9.2 Written in 1828 by Vice President Calhoun of S. Carolina to protest the the "Tariff of Abominations", which seemed to favor Northern industry; introduced the concept of state interposition & became the basis for S. Carolina's Nullification Doctrine of 1833.

Second Bank of the United States

9.2 a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.

Southern Strategy

27.3 Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Charles Darwin

17.1 English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Margaret Sanger

18.3 American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Environmental conservation

19.3 Natural resources are limited and their use needs to be saved for future generations.

Birth of a Nation, 1915

21.3 Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

Panic of 1893

19.2 A serious economic depression triggered over-speculation in the railroad industry and a run on the gold supply. *Historical Significance:* Led to *Coxey's Army* and a wave of strikes including he *Pullman Strike*.

20th Amendment

22.1 Congress begins on January 30th; President starts on January 20th; "Lame-duck" Amendment

Cross of Gold Speech

19.2 An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

Mugwumps

19.1 A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine. Liberal Republicans ridiculed their enemies as this name. Fence sitters who had their "mugs" on one side and their "wumps" on the other.

1932 election

22.1 FDR vs. Hoover. FDR and the Democrats carried 42 of the 48 states and won in a landslide

Bootlegger

21.3 Smugglers of illegal alcohol during the Prohibition era

Kamikaze

23.4 Japanese suicide pilots

Samuel Morse

8.1 invented the telegraph

Oliver North

29.3 National Security Council; headed the initiative in the Iran-Contra Scandal; convicted of perjury but later overturned

Thomas Paine

5.4 Author of Common Sense

unalienable rights

5.4 rights that cannot be taken away

war of attrition

6.2 A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses

Three-Fifths Compromise

6.4 Compromise between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.

Public Opinion about WWII

23.1 Americans had little enthusiasm for war, advocating for isolationism instead. Some (Robert Taft) distrusted Roosevelt and European nations with equal conviction; others (Charles Lindbergh) delivered impassioned speeches against intervention in Europe; others such as the National Legion of MOthers of America combined anti-communism, Christian morality and anti-Semitism. Most isolationists were conservatisves but some progressives opposed it on pacifist grounds.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

23.1 President of the US during Great Depression and World War II

Revenue Act of 1942

23.2 An act that expanded the number of people paying income taxes from 3.9 million to 42.6 million. These taxes on personal incomes and business profits paid half the cost of World War II.

A Phillip Randolph

23.2 Head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters whose threatened march on Washington opened job opportunities for blacks during WWII.

John Wayne

23.3 Biggest male actor of the 1940s and 1950s, generally known for westerns and war movies. Portrayed heroic American fighting men in numerous films such as Guadalcanal Diary (1943) and Thirty Seconds over Diary (1944)

Wartime migration

23.3 During World War II, over 1.5 million African-Americans migrated from the South to job opportunities in the North and the West. California experienced the largest share of wartime migration, welcoming 2.5 million new residents and grew by 35% during the war. Cities such as Los Angeles, San Diego and San Francisco Bay area grew rapidly.

Gay neighborhoods

23.3 During the war, cities such as NYC, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, etc developed vibrant urban centers and new opportunities for gay men and women to establish communities. The military had tried to screen out homosexuals but had limited success. Once in the service, many found opportunities to participate in gay culture often more extensive than in civilian life. Some "came out under fire" but most kept their sexuality hidden from authorities because army officers, doctors, and psychiatrists treated homosexuality as a psychological disorder that was grounds for honorable discharge.

Japanese Americans

23.3 Immediately after the attack of Pearl Harbor, the West Coast remained calm. But eventually fear of spies, sabatoge, and further attack was accentuated by California's long history of racial animosity towards Asian immigrants. Local politicians and newspapers whipped up hysteria against Japanese Americans, who number only about 112,000, had no political power, and lived primarily in small enclaves in the Pacific coast states.

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

23.3 Internment of Japanese-Americans during WWII does not violate 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause (gets strict scrutiny but national security is a good enough reason to justify the racial discrimination).. The "military necessity" underscores the fragility of civil liberties in wartime. Congress issued a public apology in 1988 and awarded $20,000 to each of the 82,000 surviving Japanese Americans who had once been interned.

Rationing

23.3 Restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during wartime to assure adequate supplies for the military. Beginning in 1942, federal agencies subjected almost every thing American ate, worse or used. The first major scarcity was rubber. The Japanese conquest of Malaysia and Dutch Indonesia cut off 97% of America's imports of that essential raw material. TO conserve the for the war, the government rationed tires, so many of the nation's 30 million car owners put their cars in storage. As more people walked, they wore out their shoes, in 1944, shoes were rationed to two pairs per person a year. By 1943, the government was rationing meat, butter, sugar, and other foods. Most citizens cooperated with the complicated rationing system, but at least 1/4 of the population bought items on the black market, especially meat, gasoline, cigarettes and nylon stockings.

European Americans

23.3 Unlike WWI, which evoked widespread harassment of German Americans, WWII produced relatively little condemnation of German Americans and Italian Americans, whose communities were left largely in peace during the war.

Concentration Camps

23.3 detention center for civilians considered enemies of the state; The War Relocation authority moved the prisoners to hastily built camps in desolate areas in California, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and Arkansas. Ironically, the Japanese Americans who made up 1/3 of the population of Hawaii, and presumably a bigger threat because of their proximity to Japan, were not imprisoned.

Atlantic Charter

23.4 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war. Stalin was not a party to this because he disagreed fundamentally with the capitalist trading system.

Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944)

23.4 A last ditch effort by Japan's navy to wipe out American supply ships. The Americans won.

Holocaust

23.4 A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Battle of Midway Island (1942)

23.4 A naval and air battle fought in World War II in which planes from American aircraft carriers blunted another assault on Hawaii and did enough damage to halt the Japanese advance. Was a major turning point in the war against Japan.

D-Day Invasion

23.4 Allied troops landed at Normandy Beach to start liberating France from German control. June 6, 1944. The largest armada ever assembled moved across the English Channel under the command of General Eisenhower. When American, British and Canadian soldiers hit the beaches of Normandy, they suffered terrible casualties but secured a beachhead. In August, Allied troops liberated Paris. By September, they'd driven the Germans out of France and Belgium.

Gen.Dwight D. Eisenhower

23.4 Allowing the General Patton, defeated the German Afrika Korps, led by General Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox in North Africa between November 1942-May 1943.

Manhattan Project

23.4 Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

Battle of the Bulge

23.4 December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Admiral Chester Nimitz

23.4 He was the commander of the Pacific Fleet during WW2, and he was the man who directed the U.S. victories at Midway, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

23.4 The last two strategically important islands held by the Japanese in the War in the Pacific. The Japanese lost more than 130,000 men defending the islands they considered as the gateway to their homeland, and the Americans lost more than 19,000 soldiers.

President Harry Truman

23.4 The president who presided over the end of World War II (ordered droppings of atomic bombs); "New Deal liberal" -> favored direct government intervention into economy; "Fair Deal"; National Housing Act; ended racism in government hiring and armed forces; Taft-Hartley Act; NATO; NSC-68

General Douglas MacArthur

23.4 Was an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army who was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the U.S. Army, and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army.

Jewish immigration

23.4 When Jews began to flee political persecution in Germany in the 1930s, the USA refused to relax its strict immigration laws to take them in.

Big Three

23.4 allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

23.4 nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman. August 6 and August 9, 1945. Secretary of War Stimson and Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall believed that Japan's military leaders would never surrender unless their country faced national ruin. To secure an unconditional surrender, Stimson and Marshall anticipated a Japanese invasion would produce 500,000-1million American casulaties. Military advisers rejected the obvious alternative: a nonlethal demonstration of the bomb's awesome power, pershaps on a remove Pacific island because of concerns of the bomb's failure. A controversial advance warning designed to scare Japan into surrender was rejected. The deaths of 100,000 people at Hiroshima and 60,000 at Nagasaki prompted the Japanese governement to surrender unconditionally on AUgust 15 and sign the agreement on September 2, 1945.

Guadalcanal

23.4 one of the Solomon Islands in southwest Pacific, Japanese building airstrip, August 1942 battle, Allies won; First U.S. land victory over the Japanese

SS St. Louis

23.4 ship that left germany in may 1939 with 936 jews on board it was bound for cuba where it was denied entry from there the ship tried to enter the US and Canada but was denied returned to europe where four nations took in refugees. Many would later be deported to Auschwitz and other extermination camps.

Enola Gay

23.4 the name of the American B-29 bomber, piloted by Col. Paul Tibbets, Jr., that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945.

Mao Zedong

24.1 (1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Chang Kai Shek and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Truman Doctrine

24.1 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey. In a speech on March 12, he asserted an American responsibility "to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."

Containment

24.1 A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances. It is a break of prior US policy of isolationism that had been consistent since George Washington's Farewell Address.

NSC-68

24.1 A US National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment. It called for US taxpayers to pay more to support the new military program and to accept whatever sacrifices were necessary to achieve national unity of purpose against the Soviet enemy.

Munich Analogy

24.1 A belief among post-World War II leaders, particularly Americans, that aggression must always be met firmly and that appeasement will only encourage an aggressor. Named for the concessions made to Hitler by Great Britain and France at Munich during the 1938 Czechoslovakian crisis.

Cold War

24.1 A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Marshall Plan

24.1 A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe. European industrial production increased by 64%, and the appeal of Communist parties waned in the West. Markets for American goods grew stronger and fostered economic interdependence between Europe and the US. It intensified Cold War tensions. US invited the Soviets to participate but insisted on restrictions that virtually guaranteed Stalin's refusal. The embittered Stalin rejected participation and ordered Soviet client states to do so as well.

Hydrogen Bomb

24.1 A thermonuclear bomb which uses the fusion of isotopes of hydrogen; 1000 times more destructive than the atomic bombs dropped on Japan.

Japanese Occupation

24.1 American occupation forces under General MacArthur drafted a democratic constitution and paved the way for restoration of Japanese sovereignty in 1951.

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

24.1 An economic organization of Communist states meant to help rebuild East Bloc countries under Soviet auspices.

United Nations

24.1 An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. Based on plans drawn up at the 1944 Dumbarton Oaks conference in Washingon DC.

German occupation zones

24.1 At the war's end, Germany had been seperated into four military occupation zones, each assigned to one of the Big Four powers. These were the bases for the formation of two seperate countries in 1949, when the British, French, and American zones became West Germany, and the Soviet zone became East Germany.

Kim Il Sung

24.1 Communist leader of North Korea; his attack on South Korea in 1950 started the Korean War. He remained in power until 1994. Supported by the Soviets.

Yalta Conference

24.1 FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

Chiang Kai-shek

24.1 General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. Fearing a Communist victory, the USA committed $2 billion to his army between 1945-1949. Unwilling to intervene militaristically, he cut off aid and left him and the Nationalists to their fate. The People's Republic of China was formally established under Mao on 10/1/49 and the remnants of Kai-Shek's army fled to Taiwan.

Oriental despotism

24.1 Keened argued that the USSR was this and that communism was merely a 'fig leaf' justifying Soviet aggression.

Germany

24.1 The biggest challenge of all at Potsdam. Americans believed that this country's economy was essential to ensuring prosperity of democratic regimes throughout Western Europe - and to keeping ordinary Germans from turning again to Nazism. Stalin hoped to extract reparations from this country in the form of industrial machines and goods. In exchange for a German/Polish border, Americans convinced Stalin to accept German reparations only from the Soviet Zone, which was largely rural and promised little wealth or German industry to plunder. The Yalta/Potsdam agreements paved the way for the division of Germany into East/West.

Alger Hiss case (1948)

24.2 Alger Hiss was a former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon. In 1948 committee member Richard m Nixon led the chase after Alger Hiss, a prominent ex-New Dealer and a distinguished member of the "eastern establishment." accused of being a communist agent in the 1930s, hiss demanded the right to defend himself. His dramatically met his chief accuser before the Un-American Activities Committee in august but was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Adlai Stevenson

24.2 An Illinois governor and the Democratic presidential nominee in 1952 and 1956. He lost both elections to Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon.

Martin Dies

24.2 Anti-Communist Deomcratic representative from texas who had a chaired a congressional committee on "un-American activities".

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

24.2 Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

Thomas Dewey

24.2 He was the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. As a leader of the liberal faction of the Republican party he fought the conservative faction led by Senator Robert A. Taft, and played a major role in nominating Dwight D. Eisenhower for the presidency in 1952.

Truman coalition

24.2 Occupied the center of FDR's sprawling New Deal coalition. On his left were progressives, civil rights activists and peace activists critical of the Cold War. On the right were segregationists southerners who opposed civil rights and allied with the Republicans on many economic and foreign policy issues. IN 1948, Truman performed a delicate balance of retaining black voters in the North, Jewish and Catholic voters in big cities, union voters across the country. But Strom Thurmond's 3rd party candidacy swung the election for Truman instead of Dewey.

Modern Republicanism

24.2 President Eisenhower's views. Claiming he was liberal toward people but conservative about spending money, he helped balance the federal budget and lower taxes without destroying existing social programs.

I like Ike! 1952 Election

24.2 Republican candidate was General Dwight D. Eisenhower, known popularly as "Ike". Dwight D. Eisenhower wins presidential election

Massive Retaliation

24.2 The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

24.2 leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

Nikita Khrushchev

24.2 ruled the USSR from 1958-1964; lessened government control of soviet citizens; seeked peaceful coexistence with the West instead of confrontation.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

24.3 He led the coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt. In 1952, his military coup overthrew a Egyptian monarchy which had gained independence from UK several decades earlier. Caught between the USA and USSR, he sought an independent route: a pan-Arab socialism designed to end the Middle East's colonial relationship with the West. When negotiations with the USA over his plan to build a massive hydroelectric dam on the Nile broke down in 1956, he nationalized the Suez Canal, which was the lifeline for Western Eurorpe's oil. UK and France, allied with Israel, attacked Egypt and seized the canal. Eisensenhower through the General Assembly persuaded UK/France/Israel to back down but Egypt reclaimed the Suez Canal and built the Aswan Damn on the Nile with Soviet support. Eisenhower avoided a larger war, but lost a potential ally in Egypt.

Fulgencio Batista

24.3 He was a pro-American dictator of Cuba before Castro. His overthrow led to Castro and communists taking over Cuba, who was now friendly to the Soviets.

Bay of Pigs

24.3 In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Mohammad Mossadegh and Iran

24.3 Iran's democratically elected nationalist premier. 1953: he seized British oil properties, CIA helped overthrow him + installed Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as Shah of Iran --> long time resentment of his coup led to the 1979 Iranian Revolution

space exploration

24.3 Kennedy made a commitment in 1962 to commit to land on the moon within the decade. Soviets had already beaten USA into space in 1957 with the Sputnik satalite and the 1961 flight of cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. Kennedy increased funding for the gov's space agency (NASA), enabling the USA to pull ahead of the Soviets. Kennedy's ambition was realized when US astronauts arrived on the moon in 1969.

Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)

24.3 Members were the U.S., Great Britain, Turkey, Iran and West Pakistan. Treaty to improve U.S. relations and cooperation with Latin and South America. Fairly successful, similar to ANZUS.

ANZUS

24.3 Pact Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the US, Signed in 1951, providing for their mutual defense against armed attack in the Pacific region.

Eisenhower Doctrine

24.3 Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country. American forces would assist any nation controlled by "International Communism". Invoking the doctrine, Eisenhower helped King Hussein of Jordan put down a Nasser-backed revolt and propped up a pro-American government in Lebanon. Further evidence of its extended global reach of Containment, in this instance accentuated by the strategic objective of protecting the West's access to steady supplies of oil.

Green Berets

24.3 President Kennedy gave enthusiastic support to the expansion of the Special Forces, soldiers who trained specifically to fight guerrilla conflicts and other limited wars. In 1961, he increased military aid to South Vietnam and expanded these special forces who would train the South Vietnamese army in unconventional, small-group warfare tactics.

Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty

24.3 Signed in 1951 with USA and Philippines as participants.

Third World

24.3 Term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment to either the Western capitalist countries led by the USA or the socialist states of Eastern Europe led by the USSR during the Cold War. Countries from Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East.

New Frontier

24.3 The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights. He wanted to explore uncharted terrain.

Domino Theory

24.3 the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control. Eisenhower argued that all non-communist governments in the region would fall if the French failed in Vietnam and the USA failed to intervene to stop its spread. This would be the theory that guides US Foreign Policy in Southeast Asia for the next 20 years.

suburban nation

25.1 55% of Americans live in suburbs. America became a suburban nation in 1970. Three elements together to create patterns of consumption that would endure for decades: houses, cars, and children.

Father Knows Best and Leave it to Beaver

25.1 Two shows that depicted the American lifestyle of the typical middle class family living the American dream of a suburban lifestyle. By the late 1950s, what Americans saw on television, both in the omnipresent commercials and in the programming, was an overwhelmingly white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant world of nuclear families, suburban homes, and middle-class life.

The Other America (1962)

25.1 Written by Michael Harrington. Compelling description of impoverished areas of America. Played a role in persuading President Johnson to make the War on Poverty the centerpiece of his Great Society.

planned obsolescence

25.1 the strategy of deliberately designing products to fail in order to shorten the time between purchases. this process encouraged consumers to replace appliances and cars every few years - the home became a site of perpetual human desire.

teen culture

25.1 • post-war 'baby boomers' matured into what would become this new culture of youth.

Baby Boom

25.2 A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Hugh Hefner

25.2 A magazine entrepreneur from Chicago. He played a leading role in the growing sexual frankness. He founded Playboy magazine in 1953, in which he created a countermorality to domesticity: a fictional world popularized by "hip" bachelor men and sexually available women. He imagined bachelors condemned marriages and lived in sophisticated apartments filled with the latest consumer products.

Automobile

25.3 In 1945, Americans owned 25 million cars; By 1965; Americans owned 75 million cars.

Anne Moody

26.2 became involved in the civil rights movement. She joined the NAACP and also worked with CORE and SNCC. She took part in the first sit-ins in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1963. Like so many other students in the 1960s, Was jailed for taking part in civil rights demonstrations

1964 Democratic National Convention

26.2 convention supporting Lyndon Johnson in which tension arose between an exclusively white party from MI and the racially mixed MI Freedom Dem. Party; Johnson attempted to hold convention together through compromise, but lost support of whites in the Deep South

Fannie Lou Hamer

26.2 spokesperson for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party at the 1964 Democratic Convention; a former sharecropper turned civil rights activist; she challenged the most powerful figures in the Democratic Party and Lyndon Johnson himself.

Bob Moses

26.2 the head of SNCC Chapter in Mississippi in 1964, he was in charge of "Freedom Summer" in which thousands of black mississipians were formally registered to vote despite constant threats from white supremist groups

La Raza Unida

26.3 A party organized in the late 1960s as a means of getting Mexican Americans to unite politically and to identify ethnically as one people.

Black Power

26.3 A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community. In addition to focusing on economic disadvantage, it emphasized black pride and self-determination. Those subscribing to those beliefs, wore African clothing, chose natural hairstyles, and celebrated black history, art, and literature.

Malcom X

26.3 African-American civil rights leader who encouraged violent responses to racial discrimination. After a power struggle with the Nation of Islam, he broke with Elijah Muhammad. He remained a black nationalist but moderated his anti-white views and began to talk of a class struggle uniting poor whites and blacks.

Young Lords Organization (YLO)

26.3 An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and on the island in the Caribbean. Though immediate victories for the YLO were few, their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.

Mexican American Political Association

26.3 Formed in Fresno, California, in 1960, this organization committed itself to aiding Mexican-American candidates in their efforts to get elected to public office.

United Farm Workers (UFW)

26.3 Is a union for agricultural laborers, primarily in California. Founded by charismatic leader, Cesar Chavez, UFW reached the peak of its influence in the 1970s, then declined until his death in 1993.

Betty Friedan

27.1 1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

Barry Goldwater

27.1 An American senator for Arizona who ran against Johnson for president in 1964. His extreme conservatism scared many into voting for Johnson. He ran on an anticommunist, antigovernment platform, offering "a choice, not an echo" meaning he represented a genuinely conservative alternative to liberalism rather than an echo of liberalism offered by the moderate wing of the Republican party. He campaigned against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and promised a more vigorous Cold War foreign policy.

Equal Pay Act of 1963

27.1 An amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act, this act requires equal pay for men and women doing equal work.

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964

27.1 An economic legislation that created many social programs to help provide funds for youth programs antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training; part of the Great Society. Also called the "War on Poverty"

Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

27.1 Commission appointed by President Kennedy in 1961, which issued a 1963 report documenting job and educational discrimination.

National Endowment for the Arts

27.1 Federally funded program that offers support and funding for projects that exhibit artistic excellence; founded in 1965

The Feminine Mystique

27.1 written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

27.2 1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam as he saw fit. To Johnson, it did not matter if the attack was real or imagined; the president believed a wider war was inevitable and issued a call to arms, sending his national approval from 42-72%.

Bob Dylan

27.2 60's musician. Part of counterculture revolution through music. anti-war and anti-government. His song "Blowin' in the Win" reflected the impatience of people whose faith in America was wearing thin.

Rolling Stones

27.2 A British rock group who cultivated an image as "bad boys" in deliberate contrast to the friendly public image projected by the Beatles.

Robert McNamara

27.2 The US Secretary of Defense during the battles in Vietnam. He was the architecht for the Vietnam war and promptly resigned after the US lost badly

Maddox

27.2 The alleged attack on this US vessel caused wide spread panic and led to giving the President blanket support for policies in Vietnam

Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)

27.2 The largest student political organization in the country, whose conservative members defended free enterprise and supported the war in Vietnam.

Operation Rolling Thunder

27.2 massive bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight. Began in 1965 and continued for three years. Over the entire course of the war, the US dropped twice as many tons of bombs on Vietnam as the Allies had dropped in both Europe and the Pacific during the whole of WWII. The bombings had little effect on the Vietcong's ability to wage war on the South. The North VIetnamese quickly built roads and bridges and moved munitions plans underground.

National Women's Political Caucus

27.3 Established by Betty Frieden, encouraged women to seek help or run for political office.

James Earl Ray

27.3 convicted of killing Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 and sentenced to 99 years in jail

SALT II

29.1 Additional arms limitations signings in 1979 which places limits on long-range missiles, bombers and nuclear warheads.

Steve Jobs

29.2 computer industry giant who started Apple Computers, Macintosh, I-Phone, etc.

Perestroika

29.3 A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society; means 'restructuring'

Realist

29.3 Nixon regarded himself as this in terms of foreign affairs. This meant advancing the national interest without regard to ideology.

South Carolina

3.1 Leading white settlers were migrants from overcrowded Barbados. Hoping to recreate that island's hierarchial slave society, they used enslaved workers - both Africans and Native Americans - to raise cattle and food crops for export to the West Indies. South Carolina planters hit upon rice and indigo cultivation.

Proprietorships

3.1 Settlements in America that were given to individuals who could govern and regulate the territory in any manner they desire. Charles I, for example, gave the Maryland territory to Lord Baltimore as a proprietorship. The Carolina and Jersey grantees, the Duke of York, and William Penn owned all the land in their new colonies and could rule they as they wished, provided that their laws conformed broadly to those of England.

Self-Governing Colonies

3.1 Taking advantage of the laxness and the English civil war, local 'big men' (Puritan magistrates and tobacco planters) ran societies as they wished before 1660 in New England and Chesapeake colonies. Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, royal bureaucrats tried to impose order on the unruly settlements and, enlisting the aid of Indian allies, warred with rival European powers.

North Carolina

3.1 The proprietors envisioned a traditional European society; they hoped to implement a manorial system, with a mass of serfs governing by a handful of powerful nobles. Yet, in reality the settlers were a mix of poor families and runaway servants from Virginia.

William and Mary of Orange

3.1 They signed the English Bill of Rights and began a new co-operation between the Parliament and the monarchs, leading to a greater measure of personal liberty and democracy in Britain. This action both signaled the end of several centuries of tension and conflict between the crown and parliament, and the end of the idea that England would be restored to Roman Catholicism.

Pennsylvania

3.1 designed by William Penn as a refuge for Quakers who were persecuted in England because they refused to serve in the army and would not pay taxes to support the Church of England. Arranged a treaty in 1682 to purchase the lands of Philadelphia and surrounding settlements from the Delaware Indians. It ensured religious freedom by prohibiting a legally established church, and it promoted political equality by allowing all property-owning men to vote and hold office.

Tribalization

3.2 The adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states. It occurred in catastrophic circumstances in North America. Eurasian diseases rapidly killed off broad swaths of Native people.

Slave trade exchange

3.3 At its height in the 1790s, Britain annually exported 300,000 guns to Africa, and a British ship carrying 300-350 slaves left African port every other day.

African slave trade

3.3 Between 1550-1870, this uprooted 11 million Africans, draning lands south of the Sahara of people and welath and changing African society.

Slave trade profit

3.3 The value of the guns, iron, rum and cloth that were used to buy slaves was about 1/10 (in 1680) to 1/3 (in 1780s) the value of the crops those slaves produced in America. This allowed English traders to sell slaves in the West Indies for 3-5 times what they paid for them in Africa.

African Kin groups

3.3 These slave groups passed on family names, traditions and knowledge to the next generation, and thus a distinct culture gradually developed.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

30.1 International treaty that committed signatories to lowering barriers to the free flow of goods across national borders and led to the WTO

World Trade Center Bombing 1993

30.2 A terrorist attack hosted by Ramzi Yousef, in which he set a truck filled with explosives in the garage of one of the towers trying to take down the towers. This attack was supposed to take down the North building, but failed only demolishing the underneath levels of both buildings.

Immigration and Nationality Act

30.2 Act passed in 1965 that abolished national origin quotas and established overall hemisphere quotas. Lesser known but one of the most influential pieces of the Great Society legislation.

Proposition 209

30.2 passed in CA, which banned state affirmative action programs based on race, ethnicity, gender in public hiring, contracting, and educational admissions

Ethnic cleansing (genocide)

30.2 the systematic killing, torturing, or removal of persons with the intention of eliminating a specific racial or ethnic group

Afghanistan War

30.3 (2001-Present) to find/kill Osama Bin Laden, destroy Al Qaeda, remove the Taliban from power and; help build a nation better for its citizens than what we found

Barack Obama

30.3 2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia

Islamic State

30.3 A radical Islamist militia in control of substantial parts of central Syria and Iraq, where it applies an extremist version of shari'a law.

Scots-Irish settlers

4.1 Many migrated to Philadelphia because of religious freedom; Irish Test Act of 1701 only allowed members of Church of England to vote in Ireland. Approximately 115,000 came. The most numerous of the incoming Europeans. Some were Irish and Catholic. But most were Scots and Presbyterian. Seeking cheap land they moved to the fertile Shenandoah Valley to the south. Like the Germans, they lived in ethnic communities and held firm to their Prysbyterian Church.

Ethnicity of middle colonies

4.1 Scots-Irish Presbyterians, English and Welsh Quakers, German Lutherans, Dutch Reformed Protestants predominantly lived in NY, NJ and Penn.

Improved transportation

4.2 British vessels increased in number, a road network began to take shape through expensive efforts at road building (The Great Wagon Road - carried migrating families down the Shenandoah Valley to the Carolina backcountry). All of these water and land routes carried people, produce, and finished merchandise. They also carried information as letters, newspapers, pamphlets, and crates of books began to circulate widely.

George Whitefield

4.2 Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights." English minister who attracted huge crowds from Georgia to Massachussetts. More like an actor than a theologian, he gestured elogquently, raised his voice for dramatic effect. The rise of print intersected with his enthusism as his sermons and journals were sold by subscription and helped to confirm and sustain the reviving piest movement.

New England Revivalism

4.2 In the 1730s, Johnathan Edwards encouraged a revival there that spread throughout the Connecticut River Valley.

New Lights

4.2 Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening.

Diesm

4.2 Natural Religion, the idea that god created a rational universe based on natural law and does not intervene. Rejecting the divinity of Christ and the authority of the Bible, they rely on natural reason, their innate moral sense, to define right and wrong. He wrote Poor Richard's Almanak and founded the American Philosophical Society to promote 'useful knowledge.'

Migration of pietism

4.2 Originating in Germany around 1700 and migrating with German migrants in the 1720s to America.

Old Lights

4.2 Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality.

Smugglers

5.1 Colonial merchants had evaded trade duties and customs enforcement for decades by bribing customs officials.

Second Continental Congress

5.4 Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.

Minutemen

5.4 Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds.

self-evident truth

5.4 Something that is objectively true in and of itself, and is true for all times, places, and persons.

Federalism

6.4 a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states; the US Constitution features this political concept

Ratification of the Constitution

6.4 required 9 out of 13 states to ratify (approve) it to become law. The Articles of Confederation required unanimous consent.

Violate Pickney's Treaty

7.1 Spain secretly returning Louisiana to France and restrict American access to New Orleans in 1801.

Midnight Judges

7.1 The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Judiciary Act of 1801

7.1 a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists

General James Wilkinson

7.1 the corrupt military governor of Louisiana Territory; made an allegiance with Burr to separate the western part of the United States from the East and expand their new confederacy with invasions of Spanish-controlled Mexico and Florida; betrayed Burr when he learned that Jefferson knew of the plot; Burr was acquitted of the charges of treason by James Madison and he fled to Europe.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

7.2 Supreme Court case that established the Court's power to invalidate state laws contrary to the Constitution; in this case, the Court prevented Georgia from rescinding a land grant even though it was fraudulently made.

June 12, 1812

7.2 The War of 1812 began

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

7.2 US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention; Encouraged by John Quincy Adams

Planter Aristocracy

8.1 was the head of the southern society. they determined the political, economic, and even the social life of their region. the wealthiest had home in towns or cities as well as summer homes, and they traveled widely, especially to europe. they were defined as the cotton magnates, the sugar, rice, and tobacco nabobs, the whites who owned at least 40 or 50 slaves and 800 or more acres

South Carolina's act of Nullification

9.2 -The Doctrine of Nullification -threatened to secede if officials tried to collect the tariffs of 1828

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

10.1 official name of the Mormon Church.

Millard Fillmore

12.1 13th President

36 30 line

12.2 As a part of the Missouri Compromise, this line was drawn in the Louisiana Territory, which divided the North and South

South's political support for Lincoln

12.3 Lincoln was not on the ballot in any Deep South state in 1860 and received less than 1% of the popular vote in the South.

Edwin Stanton

14.1 Popular Secretary of War who is fired by Johnson and leads to Johnson's impeachment

US Geological Survey

15.2 Established in (1879) A federal agency that studies landscapes and maps the land and its natural resources, looking for any possible natural hazards through the disciplines of biology, hydrology, geography, and geology. This is a non-regulatory agency of the Department of the Interior. Operates the famed "Board of Geographical Names".

Yellowstone National Park

15.2 Established in 1872 by Congress, Yellowstone was the United States's first national park.

Comstock Lode

15.2 First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

Nez Perce War

15.2 In this armed conflict between the Nez Perce and the US Gov. fought in 1877, the Indians refused to give up their lands to the US government and move to an Indian reservation when gold was discovered and they were ordered to leave. The Indians launched a valiant effort to maintain their land, but were ultimately defeated by the US Army.

Chief Joseph

15.2 Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Alexander Graham Bell

16.1 Invented the telephone (1876)

Jewish-Americans

16.2 The first American Jews, who numbered 50,000 in 1880, had been mostly German Jewish descent. In the next 4 decades, 3 million poverty-stricken Jews arrived from Russia, Ukraine, Poland, and other parts of Eastern Europe, transforming the Jewish presence in the USA. Like other immigrants, they sought economic opportunity but also came to escape religious repression.

Grover Cleveland

16.3 22nd and 24th president, Democrat; Hatch Act; Interstate Commerce Act

Samuel Gompers

16.3 He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers. Dutch-Jewish cigar maker had immigrated to NYC in 1863. He rejected the electoral strategy and critical approach to capitalism that had been the strategy of the Knights. Instead, he worked within the corporate system to advance a larger share of its rewards for workers. He advocated "pure-and-simple unionism".

National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry

16.3 This organization better known as the Grange, was organized in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley; its objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities; the Grangers gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvement of the farmer' collective plight

On the Origin of Species

17.1 1859: Charles Darwin's book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce. When individual members of a species are born with random genetic mutations that better suit them for their environment (eg camouflage coloring for a moth), these characteristics, since there are heritable or genetically transmissible, become dominant in future generations.

Bicycling

17.2 A craze of the 1890s. At its height in 1890s, U.S. manufacturers sold an astonishing 10 million bikes.

Electricity and Class Status

17.2 Elite houses used an array of new devices, from washing machines to vacuum cleaners to telephones for affluent women. Electricity changed etiquette and social relations for middle class suburban women while providing working class counterparts as telephone operators or "hello girls."

National Park Service Act

17.2 Established the National Park Service, which in 1916 President Woodrow Wilson signed as comprehensive oversight of national parks which in 1917 numbered 13 parks - including Maine's Acadia, the first east of the Mississippi River.

Jim Crow Laws

17.2 State laws in the South that legalized segregation. Named for a stereotypical black character who appeared in minstrel shows, clearly discriminated against blacks. The Supreme Court allowed them to stand through a variety of cases, upholding statutes in instances such as Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). They applied to public schools and parks and emerging commercial spaces like hotels, restaurants, streetcars, trains and eventually sports stadiums and movie theatres.

mutual aid societies

18.1 nonprofit organizations designed to provide their members with financial and social benefits, often including medical aid, life insurance, funeral costs, and disaster relief

National Municipal League

18.2 Organization founded in Philadelphia to bring about more honest and efficient government in response to machine politics. A political reform organization that advised cities to elect small councils and hire professional city managers who would direct operations like a corporate executive. Organized after a devastating hurricane in 1900 killed 6,000 people in Galveston, Texas and destroyed the city. Helped young, small cities like Phoenix, Arizona where the professional classes held political power.

Lincoln Steffens

18.2 United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Political Machine Successes

18.2 water pumping systems; electric-lit streets; sanitation projects; social services for urban immigrant workers and poor

Omaha Platform

19.1 Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

19.3 March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers. Created a sensation.

American Plan

21.1 Term that some U.S. employers in the 1920s used to describe their policy of refusing to negotiate with unions. Demonstrated laissez-faire economics.

increased productivity

21.2 The assembly line; mechanization; electrification

flapper

21.2 a fashionable young woman intent on enjoying herself and flouting conventional standards of behavior.

Universal Negro Improvement Association

21.3 A Harlem-based group, led by charismatic, Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey, that arose in the 1920s to mobilize African American workers and champion black separatism. Urging his followers to move to Africa, he felt people of African descent would never be treated justly in white-run countries.

Silver Legion

21.3 A Los Angeles fringe parliamentary group aligned with Hitler's Nazis that grew in the 1930s after the KKK's decline.

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

21.3 an organization founded in 1920 to defend Americans' rights and freedoms as given in the Constitution. Formed during the Red Scare to protect free speech rights and to challenge the Tennessee law's banning of schools teaching "any theory that denies the story of the Divine creation of man as taught in the Bible, [and teaches] instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals."

"America must be kept American"

21.3 declared by President Calvin Coolidge in 1924.

Drys

21.3 people who supported prohibition

Gangsters (Al Capone)

21.3 the 1920s saw a rise in organized crime. Gangsters like Capone were involved in the illegal sale of alcohol

Pan-Africanism

21.3 the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa.

overleveraged

21.4 a company that has difficulty in making payments on its debt

bank account insurance

21.4 government did not insure bank deposits, and accounts in failed banks simply vanished. Some people who had steady jobs and comfortable savings found themselves broke and out of work.

buying on margin

21.4 paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

22.1 One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high. Hoover believed that high tariffs had protected American manufacturing in good economic times but this proved damaging during the downturn. Despite a letter from thousands of economists advocating not to pass this Act, Hoover approved the legislation, triggering retaliatory tariff in other countries, which further hindered global trade and worsened economic contraction throughout the industrialized world.

Hoovervilles

22.1 a shantytown built by unemployed and destitute people during the Depression of the early 1930s. Named after the President who they behaved.

Brain Trust

22.2 Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression. Headed by Bernard Baruch and other professors from Columbia University, Harvard and other universities, FDR turned to his talented cabinet to attract thousands of talented and highly qualified recruits to Washington, inspired by New Deal optimism, willing to devote their lives to public service and the principles of social-welfare liberalism.

First New Deal

22.3 Established to serve the "three Rs" Relief for the people out of work, Recovery for business and the economy as a whole, and Reform of American economic institutions

Roosevelt recession, 1937-38

22.3 in an effort to reduce deficits, in 1937 FDR and Democrats cut back on New Deal spending, triggering a new recession as government spending stimulus was removed. Revealed that Great Depression wasn't over. Massive government spending for WWII would provide enormous stimulus that would finally get US out of Depression & provide strong support for Keynesian economic theory (government spending to get economy out of recession)

Dust Bowl

22.4 Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages. To grow wheat and other crops, they had pushed agriculture beyond the natural limits of the soil, making their land vulnerable to drought and wind erosion. The huge clouds of thick dust over the land turned day into night. It prompted a mass exodus.

Filipino-Americans and the New Deal

22.4 Since they came from a US territory, they were not affected by the ban on Asian immigration enacted in 1924.

Jacques Cartier

2.3 French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

SALT Treaty

27.4 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. US & USSR signed a treaty limiting the number of nuclear warheads & missiles they built. Nixon negotiated them.

Miranda v. Arizona

27.4 Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. 1966 Warren Court

Legislating from the bench

27.4 a judge whose rulings are more based on their personal feelings of what should be, rather than basing their decisions on interpretation and application of the law; conservative critics of the Warren Court accused him of this.

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

28.2 a federal statute that requires public agencies to provide certain types of information requested by citizens; 1974; response to Nixon's Dirty Tricks

Troop deployment

5.2 In response to American resistance, British determination increased. General Gage and 2,000 British troops were sent to Boston and by 1768, Boston was essentially in martial law.

Thomas Hutchinson

5.2 Lieutenant Governor of Boston. He was Andrew Oliver's brother in law and a prominent defender of imperial authority. He believed the tea tax was unjust, but disagreed that the colonists had a right to rebel. He angered Bostons radicals when he ordered the tea ships not to clear the Boston harbor until they had unloaded their cargoes

Daughters of Liberty

5.2 This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.

Boston Massacre

5.2 This violent confrontation between British troops and a Boston mob occurred on March 5, 1770. Five citizens were killed when the troops fired on the crowd that had been harassing them. The incident inflamed anti-British sentiment in the colony.

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

5.2 Written in response to the Townshend Acts by John Dickinson, this discourse asserted the idea that "no taxation without representation" was an essential part of English government, and that Parliament had no right to impose duties on British colonies.

The Revolution of 1800

7.1 Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Tribute

7.1 Money paid by the United States government to the Barbary States of North Africa since the 1780s.

Patriarchal ideology of planter class

11.1 male head of household had legal authority over wife, children and slaves. Under the laws of coverture, women lost their legal identities when they married.

Task System

11.2 A system of slave labor under which a slave had to complete a specific assignment each day. After they finished, their time was their own.

Techniques to prevent slave rebellion

11.2 Absolute power and brutal coercion and violence, especially the lash and sexual assault.

Attraction to Old Testiment

11.2 African American converts envisioned the deity as a biblical warrior who had liberated the Jews and so would liberate them. Many blacks saw themselves as the Chosen People.

The Union's plan to defeat the South

13.1 Anaconda Plan; more difficult job to bring the rebels back into the Union; peaceful persuasion through economic sanctions combined with a naval blockade

Gender Discrimination in the workforce

16.1 Men often resented women's presence in factories and male labor unions often worked to exclude women.

Utopia society

10.1 ideal communities in rural parts of the Northeast and Midwest.

John A. Quitman

12.2 was the Mississippi Governor who aided the filibusterers

Rough Riders

20.1 Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Second New Deal

22.3 A new set of programs and reforms launched by FDR in 1935

"In God We Trust"

25.1 U.S. coins carried the words after 1956.

John Quincy Adams

7.2 Negotiated the Treaty of Ghent

In April of 1844 president John Tyler signs a

11.3 Treaty of annexation with the nation of Texas. Texas is annexed to the US in 1845.

Hollywood

21.2 City in the Los Angeles area of California where, by the 1920s, nearly 90 percent of all films in the world were produced.

Daisy Bates

26.1 NAACP president of Little Rock chapter and key leader and community organizer in Little Rock Nine desegregation in 1957.

Adolph Zukor

21.2 Founded Paramount Pictures in the town of Los Angeles, Hollywood. Eastern European Jewish immigrant who arrived in the USA in the 1880s.

Ayatollah Khomeini

29.1 Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.

Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)

22.2 A New Deal program that provided refinancing of small homes to prevent foreclosures. In just two years, it helped more than a million Americans retain their homes.

Manumission Act of 1782

8.1 An act in Virginia that gave slave owners the right to free their slaves.

Failed Attempts to Take Richmond and Washington

13.1 Lincoln hoped a quick strike against the Confederate capital of Richmond, VA and Manassas (Bull Run) which would rail junction 30 miles southwest of Washington DC - would end the rebellion.

Lincoln's Inaugural Address

13.1 Lincoln stated he wasn't sure whether he would use military force, assured southerners he didn't want to interfere with slavery or other southern institutions, warned no state had the right to break up the Union

John Humphrey Noyes

10.1 Leader of a radical New York commune that practiced "complex marriage" and eugenic birth control; Founder of the Oneida Community

Geronimo

15.3 Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)

Sirhan Sirhan

27.3 assassinated Robert Kennedy

Bernie Sanders

30.3 US Senator from Vermont, polling in 2nd place in Democratic primary election

John Hay

20.2 Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

Panic of 1893 Causes

19.2 no federal surplus, gold hoarding, less european investment; Companies and individuals had borrowed too much, companies went bankrupt-many lost there jobs

General Thomas Gage

5.4 British general in the Revolution. He was commander in chief of the North American forces and military governor of the Province of MA Bay.

Yeoman society

2.3 (1630-1700)- American colonists who rejected the feudal practices in Europe. They had ownership of land, although without equal wealth or status. This would be a freehold farming society.

Walt Whitman

10.1 American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Mayflower Compact

2.3 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

American Women's Suffrage Association

14.1 group that focused on women's suffrage as the most important reform. Loyal to the Republican party, hoped that once Reconstruction was settled, it would be women's turn.

American Exceptionalism

20.1 The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage.

Henry David Thoreau

10.1 American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

middling planters

11.1 1/5 of the slave owning population; owned almost 40% of the enslaved population and 30% of the cotton produce; pursued dual careers as attorneys, doctors and other professions. Small

Population in Texas in 1835

11.1 27,000 white Americans with their 3,000 slaves; and 3,000 Mexican residents living mostly in southwest Texas near San Antonio.

Planter Elite

11.1 5% of the South's white population dominated the economy, owning over 50% of the entire slave population and growing 50% of the South's cotton.

Alamo

11.1 A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Poor Freemen

11.1 Property less whites who were stuck in perpetual poverty. Could not afford slaves;

April 15, 1861

12.4 President Lincoln issues a Proclamation calling for 75,000 militiamen, and summoning a special session of Congress for July 4. Robert E. Lee, son of a Revolutionary War hero, and a 25 year distinguished veteran of the United States Army and former Superintendent of West Point, is offered command of the Union Army. Lee declines.

Robert E. Lee

12.4 Recommended to Lincoln to lead the new Union Army; Refusing General Scott's offer of the Union command, Lee stated "Save in defense of my native state" prompting Arkansas, TEnnessee and North Carolina to join the Confederacy. Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Lincoln's Inaugural Address (1861)

12.4 Stated that, "no state...can lawfully get out of the Union" but pledged there would be no war unless the South started it. He intended to "hold, occupy, and possess" federal property in seceded states and "to collect duties and imposts" there. The choice for war would be the South's.

Equal Rights Association

14.1 Association of women working to get laws passed that would give women the right to vote.

Black Codes

14.1 laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit african american workers. They imposed severe penalties on blacks who did not hold full year labor contracts and set up procedures for taking black children away from their parents and apprenticing them to former slave masters.

Senaca Falls Convention

14.1 the first major meeting of women seeking equal rights like suffrage (the right to vote)

Scalawags

14.2 A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Sharecropping

14.2 A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Bruce Blanche

14.2 African American man who was elected to the Senate in 1874; former runaway slave; taught in an African American school

African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church

14.2 Founded in 1816 by Richard Allen as the first independent black-run Protestant church in the US. It was active in the promotion of abolition and the founding of educational institutions for free blacks.

Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876

15.3 Battle at which *Colonel George Custer*'s forces clashed with nearly 4000 well armed Sioux warriors led by *Crazy Horse* and *Sitting Bull*; Custer and more than 250 of his men were killed; U.S. reinforcements chased Sitting Bull to Canada where he received political asylum until hunger forced him to return.

Standard Oil

16.1 Established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation lead by Rockefeller

Jack London

17.1 A young California writer and adventurer who portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization in his novels. He wrote "To Build a Fire" and "The Call of the Wild." A Literary Realist. He dramatized what he saw as a harsh reality of an uncaring universe. American society, he said, was "a jungle wherein wild beasts eat and are eaten." He and Stephen Crane suggested that humans were not rational sharpers of their destiny as much as blind victims of forces beyond their control, including their own subconscious impulses.

Maternalism

17.3 The belief that women should contribute to civic and political life through their special talents as mothers, Christians, and moral guides. Maternalists put this ideology into action by creating dozens of social reform organizations. Starting in the 1880s and 1890s, it was an intermediate step between domesticity and modern arguments for women's equality.

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

17.3 Women's organization whose members visited schools to educate children about the evils of alcohol, addressed prisoners, and blanketed men's meetings with literature. Founded after a series of women's grassroots campaigns in 1874, spread rapidly in 1879 when Frances Willard became its leader. More than any group of the late 19th century, the WCTU launched women into the reform/civil/political role. The WCTU vividly described the plight of abused wives and children when men suffered from alcoholism. The first organization to identify and combat domestic violence.

National Baptist Church

17.3 largest African-American women's organization that dedicated themselves to funding programs that would benefit their communities; at peak, members were at 2.4 million members (1906)

Solitude of Self

17.3 term coined by women's activist, Elizabeth Cady Stanton; believed that the claim that women did not need equal rights because they were protected by men was false; believes that women are faced with obstacles, criticism, and oppression as much or more than men → more fatal to women, as men have received training to learn how to protect themselves

"The City's Perils" (1910)

18.3 Author Leona Prall Groetzinger wrote that young women arrived from the countryside "burning with high hope and filled with great resolve, but the remorselessness city takes them, grinds them, crushes them, and at last deposits them in unknown graves." She warned, in dramatic language, of the the threat of white slavery, alleging that large numbers of young white women were being kidnapped and forced into prostitution.

National Playground Association

18.3 Formed as a way to keep urban children safe and healthy, and helped cities to promote flower gardens, tree-lined paths, skating rinks, tennis courts, baseball fields and swimming pools, swing sets, and seesaws.

Progressivism

18.3 The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution. In the slums and tenements of the metropolis, reformers invented new forms of civic participation that shaped the course of national politics.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

19.1 First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Lodge Bill (1890)

19.1 Measure that called for federal intervention in the matter of black voting rights if 100 citizens of any district expressed need/desire for it; didn't pass, but it could have helped blacks get govt. intervention in elections

Western States Added to Union 1889-1896

19.1 Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah. House of Representatives counted 243 seats in 1875 and 356 seats in 1895.

James Garfield

19.1 20th President

Grover Cleveland (2nd Term)

19.2 24th U.S. President. 1893-1897. Democratic

Interstate Commerce Act and Sherman Antitrust Act

19.3 Roosevelt sought better enforcement of these laws.

Bureau of Corporations

19.3 part of the Department of Labor created in 1903. The Bureau was given authority to investigate corporations and issue reports of their activities. Created by Teddy Roosevelt. He used the department's capacity to mount an antitrust suit against Northern Securities Company, arguing that this combination of northwest railroads had created a monopoly in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. In a landmark decision in 1904, the Supreme Court ordered Northern Securities dissolved.

teddy bear

19.3 toy made in honor of Theodore Roosevelt; After the President went bear hunting in Mississippi in 1902, a Russian-Jewish immigrant couple in NYC started to sell them, eventually turning them into an American childhood tradition.

Sir Francis Drake

2.1 English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Disease

2.1 Smallpox, influenza, measles, yellow fever which were carried from Europe and Africa ravaged Indian communities, whose inhabitants had never encountered these diseased and had no immunities to them. Syphilis was the only significant illness that traveled in the opposite direction.

joint-stock company

2.2 A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Gentry

2.2 A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats. After 1650, a plantation class had grown in the New World. Exports of Tobacco had rose from 3 million to 10 million from 1630-40 due to the replacement of the freehold system to the consolidation of farms in the headright system.

California's Anti-Japanese law

21.3 In 1913, California's legislature had passed a law declaring that "aliens ineligible to citizenship" could not own "real property". Denied both citizenship and land rights, Japanese Americans would be vulnerable at the outbreak of WWII, when anti-Japanese hysteria swept the USA.

KKK

21.3 Ku Klux Klan--Against Blacks, Jews, Catholics. Used terror to control them. At the height of its influence in the early 1920s, it counted more than 3 million members and wielded considerable political clout, particularly at the local level.

Louis Armstrong

21.3 Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians. Brought culture of New Orleans to the Harlem Rennaissance.

Casablanca Conference (1943)

23.4 The Germany first policy; In the middle of the North African campaign, Roosevelt and Churchill met at Casablanca and resolved to attack Italy before invading France. They also vowed to pursue the war until the unconditional surrender of the Axis power, and tried to reduce Soviet mistrust of the west.

Fire Bombing of Japan

23.4 USA killed between 300,000 and 900,000 civilians and crippled the nation's economy in the lead up to the dropping of the Atomic Bombs.

urban crisis

25.3 When more people live in a city than its infrastructure can support, the living conditions deteriorate. Unwelcome in the shiny new suburbs by men such as William J. Levitt, African Americans found low-paying jobs in the city and lived in aging, slumlike apartment buildings. Upward mobility remained elusive. Institutional racism frustrated American Americans at every turn: housing restrictions, increasingly segregated schools, urban infrastructure that was underfunded and decaying as whites left for the suburbs.

Tom Hayden

27.2 Civil rights activist who supported the New Left movement and drafted the Port Huron Statement.

Billy Graham

28.4 An Evangelist fundamentalism preacher who gained a wide following in the 1950s with his appearances across the country and overseas during and after the war. He would commonly appear at religious rallies and allowed people to connect with and appreciate religion even more, causing thousands to attend his sermons. His prominence was so large that in 1996, he was also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.

Cato Institute

29.1 Libertarian think-tank ideological interest group.

planter elite

3.3 rich plantation owners who owned 20 or more slaves

ARPANET

30.1 A defense-related computer network that was the precursor to the internet. During the 1960s, the US DOD, in conjunction with MIT, began developing a decentralized computer network.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

30.1 Agreement that created a free-trade area among the United States, Canada, and Mexico. It envisioned an eventual free trade zone covering all of North America.

Group of Eight (G8)

30.1 An international organization of the leading capitalist industrial nations: the United States, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Canada, and Russia. The G8 largely controlled the world's major international financial organizations: the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

Continental Army

5.4 Army formed in 1775 by the Second Continental Congress and led by General George Washington after the Patriot militia fought bravely at Bunker Hill in Boston.

The Well-Ordered Family

4.1 1712. Reverend Benjamin Wadsworth of Boston advised women "Since he is they Husband, God has made him the head and set him above thee." His publication also stated it was the wife's duty "to love and reverence" her husband.

coverture

4.1 A common-law doctrine under which the legal personality of the husband covered the wife and he made all legally binding decisions. A bride would relinquish to her husband the legal ownership of her property.

redemptioner system

4.1 A flexible form of indentured servitude that allowed families to negotiate their own terms upon arrival. German immigrants pioneered this in Pennsylvania. Families often indentured 1 or more children while their parents set up a household of their own.

peaceable kingdom

4.1 Painting by Edward Hicks illustrating Quaker ideals

Fort Duquesne

4.3 French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict. He found that most of the Ohio Indians had decided to side with the French; only the Iroquois half-kings had a few of their followers supported his efforts.

Cajuns

4.3 French-speaking Acadians who were moved to Louisiana to protect Britain from being overthrown in the newly acquired Canadian territory- Roman Catholic.

French and Indian War

5.1 (1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Colonial Assemblies

5.1 Shared power with the royal governors.

Lord Dunmore's War

5.4 War between Virginians and the Shawnee and Mingo Indians in 1774. The two forces met at Point Pleasant on the Virginia side of the Ohio River, and the Indians were defeated. During the peace conference that followed, Virginia gained uncontested rights to lands south of the Ohio in exchange for its claims on the northern side.

Declaration of Independence

5.4 the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Baron von Steuben

6.1 A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British during Valley Forge. Thanks to his system, the smaller army that emerged from Valley Forge in spring of 1778 was much tougher and better disciplined.

William Marbury

7.1 "Midnight Judge" appointed in the Judiciary Act of 1801. Sued government because he was never appointed, which resulted in Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review.

Louisiana Purchase

7.1 1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

8.1 (1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

water frame

8.1 1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

Erie Canal (1817-1825)

8.1 350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)

Steamboat

8.1 A boat that moves by the power of a steam engine, made it easier and quicker to travel goods

telegraph

8.1 A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

manumission

8.1 A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave.

self-made man

8.1 A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits

Lend-Lease Act

23.1 1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security. It allowed FDR to led or lease arms and equipment to Britain or any other country whose defense was considered vital to the security of the USA.

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

23.1 A group of interventionists who believed in engaging with, rather than withdrawing from, international developments. Interventionists became increasingly vocal in 1940 as war escalated in Europe.

Fascism

23.1 A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, centralized state a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule. Originated in Italy during the 1920s, developed in Germany and Spain and Japan. By the mid-1930s, these nations had instituted authoritarian, militaristic governments with powerful dictators demanding complete loyalty to the state. They disparaged parlimentary governments, independent labor movements, and individual rights. They opposed economic collectivism of the USSR and competitive capitalism of the USA and Western Europe.

Rhineland

23.1 A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936. The League of Nations did not stop it.

Four Freedoms Speech

23.1 A speech by FDR that outlined the four principles of freedom (speech, religion, from want, and from fear) This helped inspire Americans into patriotism.

Popular Front

23.1 An alliance between the Communists, the Socialists, and the Radicals formed for the May 1936 French elections. It was largely successful, increasing the Communists in parliament from 10 to 72, and the Socials up to 146, making them the largest party in France. Some Americans were supportive of US involvement to help out their French comrades.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

23.1 As announced in 1940 by Japan's prime minister, the area extending from Manchuria to the Dutch East Indies in which Japan would expand its influence

Adolf Hitler

23.1 Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Pearl Harbor Attack

23.1 Dec 7 1941; Japanese attack American naval base and airforces in Oahu; US declares war on japan, Italy and Germany declare war on US. Killed more than 2,400 Americans. The Japanese destroyed/heavily damaged 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 3 destroyers, 200 airplanes. In his speech to congress the next day, FDR called the event "a day that will live in infamy" and asked Congress to declare war on Japan. Three days after declaring war on Japan, Germany and Italy declared war on the USA.

1940 election

23.1 Democrat - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Republican - Wendel Wrillkie (lost by almost 5 million votes). The issue was the New Deal, about which there was a major debate.

Ethiopia

23.1 Desiring overseas colonies for raw materials, markets and national prestige, in 1935, Mussolini and Italy invaded this country, one of the few remaining independent countries left in Africa. Emperor Haile Selassie appealed to the League of Nations but the League's verbal condemnation and limited sanctions did not stop Italy form taking control in 1936.

America First Committee (AFC)

23.1 Group formed in 1940 by isolationists to block further aid to Great Britain. They were the response to the emergence of the "Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies."

Anti-Semitism

23.1 Hitler's goal was European domination and world power but also the removal of Jews, Gypsies and Slavs from the "lebenstraum" or living space for the "master race" of the German people as Hitler saw it. He blamed Germany's problems in the inter-war period on the Jews which evolved into a campaign of extermination in the 1940s. His plan was articulated in his Mein Kampf (My Struggle) and evolved into the Final Solution when he sent European Jews to death camps for slaughter.

Atlantic Charter (1941)

23.1 Pledge signed by US president FDR and British PM Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war. Also to set up new international organization to mediate disputes between nations that would come in the form of the United Nations. Similar to Wilson's 14 Points after WWI, but this time it was much more successful.

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

23.1 Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 in order to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents.

Merchants of Death

23.1 Term used by Senator Gerald P. Nye to describe the munitions-makers whom he blamed for forcing the United States into World War 1. Nye headed a committee that investigated the industry from 1934 to 1936.

Benito Mussolini (Il Duce)

23.1 The Italian founder of the Fascist party who came to power in Italy in 1922 and allied himself with Adolf Hitler and the Axis powers during the Second World War.

Hideki Tojo

23.1 This general was premier of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944

Manchuria

23.1 in 1931, the Japanese invaded and within several months took all of this area. It was an industrial province in northern China, eventually launching a full scale attack on China in 1937. In both instances, the League of Nations did nothing to stop it.

Rosie the Riveter

23.2 A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part. Norman Rockwell's famous illustration beckoned to women, speaking directly to housewives and other low-wage women workers to seek jobs in the defense industry. Suddenly, the nation's factories were full of women working as airplane riveters, ship welders, and drill-press operators. Women made up 36% of the labor force in 1945, compared to 24% at the beginning of the war. Women earned considerably less for the same work performed by men. Women typically lost their jobs and were given to men when they returned from war.

Women in the Military

23.2 Approximately 350,000 American women enlisted in the military. About 140,000 served in the Women's Army Corp (WAC) and 100,000 served in the navy's Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES). 1/3 of the nation's registered nurses, almost 75,000 overall, volunteered for military duty. Women pilots also ferried planes and supplies in non-combat zones. Female officers could not command men and they were barred from combat zones but nurses risked capture and death while serving on the front lines. Most of the jobs performed by women - clerical work communications, and health care - resembled women's jobs in civilian life.

War Spending

23.2 Defense mobilization, not the New Deal of the 1930s, ended the Great Depression. Federal spending on war production powered the advance of doubling the gross national product and after-tax profits of American businesses from 1940-1945. War-related production jumped from 2%-40% GNP and 2/3 of the economy was directly involved in the war effort. The government paid for these military expenditures by raising taxes and borrowing money.

Enlisted Members

23.2 During WWII, the armed forces of the USA enlisted more than 16 million men and women. This is the greatest number of any conflict in US history.

Code Talkers

23.2 Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language. In the Pacific theatre, they communicated orders to fleet commanders. Since fewer than 50 non-Navajos in the world understood the language, the Japanese intelligence could not decipher the code. They sent and received more than 800 messages without error. The Comanche, Choctaw, and CHerokee speekers helped thwart the Nazis an exchange crucial military commands on the battlefield. No Axis nation ever broke the Native American codes.

Bracero Program (1942)

23.2 Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. Paid little and treated poorly. The program persisted until 1964, by when it had sponsored 4.5 million border crossings. After the war, while the federal government was continuing to participate in labor exploitation, bringing hundreds of thousands of Mexicans into the country to perform low-wage agricultural work. Future Mexican American civil rights leaders Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez began to fight this labor system in the 1950s.

War Productions Board (1942)

23.2 Set up by FDR to regulate the use of raw materials here in the US. It awarded defense contracts, allocated scarce resources for military use, and persuaded businesses to convert to military production. For example, it encouraged Ford and GM to build tanks rather than cars by granting generous tax advantages for reequpping existing factories and building new ones.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944

23.2 Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 22, 1944, this act, also known as the GI Bill, provided veterans of the Second World War funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing loans.

Segregation

23.2 The American army segregated the nearly 1 million African Americans in uniform during WWII. Native Americans and Mexican Americans, on the other hand, were never officially segregated.

Defense contracts

23.2 The nation's 56 largest corporations received 3/4 of the war contracts; the top 10% received 1/3 of them.

cost-plus contracts

23.2 the government agreed to pay a company whatever it cost to make a product plus a guaranteed percentage of the costs as profit. Set up by the WPB to allow them to keep new steel mills, factories and shipyards after the war. Such government subsidies of defense industries would intensify during the Cold War and continue through today.

Executive Order 9066

23.3 2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion. More than 2/3 were Nisei (their parents were Isei or immigrants) but they were native born. Army officials gave them only a few days to dispose of their property. Businesses that had taken a lifetime to build were liquidated overnight.

"Why We Fight"

23.3 A series of seven films by Frank Capra that were designed for recruits but were also shown to the general public. The series also featured animated sections by the Disney company. It was a compilation series that featrued documentary footage as well as archival (older, stock) footage.

Cracks in Relocation Policy

23.3 An agricultural labor shortage led the government to furlough seasonal farmworkers from the camps as early as 1942; about 4,300 students were allowed to attend colleges outside of the West Coast Military Zone; Internees were able to join the armed services, including the 442 Regimental Combat Team, a unit comprised almost entirely of Nisei volunteers, served with distinction in Europe.

Victory Gardens

23.3 Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort. Produced 40% of the nation's vegetables.

Zoot Suits

23.3 Oversized suits of clothing in fashion in the 1940s, particularly among young male African Americans and Mexican Americans. In June 1943, a group of white sailors and soldiers in Los Angeles, seeking revenge for an alleged earlier skirmish with Mexican American youths, attacked anyone they found wearing a zoot suit in what became known as the zoot suit riots. Los Angeles police officers arrested only Mexican American youth and the City Council passed an ordinance outlawing the wearing of the zoot suit.

Edward Murrow

23.3 Radio commentator during WWII, opposed McCarthyism, created TV shows going to homes of celebrities for interviews.. On the Spot

Office of War Information

23.3 established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort. Disseminated news and promoted patriotism.

Japanese Success in the Pacific

23.4 After crippling the American battle fleet at Pearl Harbor, the Japanese quickly expanded into the South Pacific, invading Hong Kong, Wake Island and Guam. They conquered the Solomon Islands, Burma, and Malaya and threatened Australia and India. By May 1942, they had forced the surrender of US forces in the Philippine Islands.

Dresden bombing

23.4 Allied bombing of German city with hundreds of thousands of civilians dead. The air campaign killed some 305,000 civilians and soldiers and injured another 780,000 - a grisly reminder of the war's brutality.

Battle of the Coral Sea (1942)

23.4 Allied naval and air power stopped the Japanese advance and also relieved Australia from the threat of invasion. This victory was followed by the Battle of Midway Island.

J. Robert Oppenheimer

23.4 American physicist who directed the Los Alamos, New Mexico, laboratory during the development of the first atomic bomb (1942-1945).

Yalta Conference (1945)

23.4 FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

24.1 1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved. In April 1948, for the first time since the end of the American Revolution, the USA entered into this peacetime alliance. They agreed that 'an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all.'

Harry Truman

24.1 33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.

Chinese Civil War

24.1 Fearing a Communist victory, the USA committed $2 billion to the Nationalists' army between 1945-1949. Unwilling to intervene militaristically, he cut off aid and left him and the Nationalists to their fate. The People's Republic of China was formally established under Mao on 10/1/49 and the remnants of Kai-Shek's army fled to Taiwan.

Iron Curtain Speech

24.1 Given by the former Prime Minister of Britain, Winston Churchill, in Missouri, in 1946 in which he talks about the dangers of communism engulfing Europe. He claims that a veil around Eastern Europe would allow 'police governement' to rule people. He went further claiming that 'a fraternal association of English speaking people' and not Russians ought to set terms for the postwar world.

George Kennan

24.1 He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

Berlin Blockade/Airlift

24.1 In 1948, Berlin was blocked off by the Soviet Union in order to strangle the Allied forces. In order to combat this, the United States began to airlift supplies into Berlin. For over a year, American and British pilots flew 2.5 million tons of food and fuel into Western zones of the city - nearly a ton for each resident. Stalin eventually backed down and USA/UK lifted the airlift.

Potsdam Conference

24.1 July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Syngman Rhee

24.1 Korean leader who became president of South Korea after World War II and led Korea during Korean War. Right wing Nationalist.

George C. Marshall

24.1 Originator of a massive program for the economic relief and recovery of devastated Europe

Warsaw Pact (1955)

24.1 Soviet Union formed this in 1955. It included the Soviet Union and seven of its satellites (countries alligned with them) in Eastern Europe. This was also a defensive alliance, promising mutual military cooperation.

Truman's Fears in 1946-1947

24.1 The Soviet Union was pressing Iran for access to oil and Turkey for access to the Mediterranean; A Civil War was roiling in Greece, between monarchists backed by England and insurgents supported by the Greek and Yugoslavian Communist parties; As European nations suffered through terrible privation in 1946-1947, Communist parties gained strength, particularly in France and Italy. All three developments, as seen from the USA, threatened to expand the influence of the Soviet Union beyond Eastern Europe.

Long Telegram

24.1 The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war. He called for a long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Containment, the key word, came to define America's evolving strategy towards the USSR.

General Assembly

24.1 This is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions.

Federal Republic of Germany

24.1 West Germany; Under the influence of the US; Joined NATO in 1955

Self-Determination

24.1 Yalta and Potsdam hardened relations between the Soviets and the Americans/British. It set the stage for communist rule to descend over Eastern Europe. The elections for at Yalta called for Finland, Hungary, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia to take place. Yet, Stalin got the regimes he wished in those countries. And his unwillingness to honor self-determination for nations in Eastern Europe was, from the American point of view, the precipitating event of the Cold War.

Korean War (1950-1953)

24.1 began as a civil war between North and South Korea (which had been established by the USSR and US respectively), but the conflict soon became international when, under U.S. leadership, the United Nations joined to support South Korea and China entered to aid North Korea. The war left Korea divided along the 38th parallel. The Korean War was an example of the U.S. Cold War policies of containment and militarization, setting the stage for the further enlargement of the U.S. defense perimeter in Asia (Vietnam). US committed troops without congressional approval which set a precedent for future undeclared wars. Defense expenditures grew from $13 billion in 1950, roughly 1/3 of the federal budget, to $50 billion in 1953, nearly 2/3 of the federal budget. American foreign policy had become more global, more militarized, and more expensive.

satalite state

24.1 independent nation under the control of a more powerful nation; STalin was intent on establishing them in Eastern Europe and the US was equally intent on reviving Germany and ensuring collective security throughout Europe. The points of agreement between US/USSR were few during WWII but the anxiety about Nazi victory in WWII had been quickly replaced by fear of a potentially cataclysmic war with the USSR.

38th Parallel

24.1 line of latitude that separated North and South Korea; demarcation line

Joseph McCarthy

24.2 1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Cold War Liberalism

24.2 A combination of moderate liberal policies that preserved the programs of the New Deal welfare state and forthright anticommunism that vilified the Soviet Union abroad and radicalism at home. Adopted by President Truman and the Democratic Party during the late 1940s and early 1950s.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

24.2 A congressional committee that investigated Communist influence inside and outside the U.S. government in the years following World War II.

Blacklist

24.2 A list of about 500 actors, writers, producers and directors who were not allowed to work on Hollywood films because of their alleged Communist connections.

Loyalty-Security Program

24.2 A program created in 1947 by President Truman that permitted officials to investigate any employee of the federal government for "subversive" activities. It was broad enough to allow anyone to be accused of subversion for the slightest reason.

Taft-Hartley Act

24.2 Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA). Republicans responded to the pro-union post-war era and gained control of the House in 1946, passing this law over Truman's veto. This law will eventually weaken the right of workers to organize and engage in collective bargaining. It allowed states to pass "right to work" laws prohibiting the union shop, forced unions to purge the communists from its ranks. It effectively contained the labor movement.

Fair Deal

24.2 An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress. It called for national health insurance, civil rights legislation, aid to education, a housing program, expansion of Social Security, a higher minimum wage, a new agricultural program. Congress rejected much of Truman's attempts in the Fair Deal. The nation's growing paranoia over internal subversion weakened support for bold extensions of the welfare state. Despite having strong support throughout the country, the national health insurance was dubbed 'socialized medicine' by the American Medical Association and the insurance industries which caught hold of the media and the public imagination and fears and did not pass through Congress.

New Look Policy

24.2 Eisenhower Foreign Policy that emphasized reliance on strategic nuclear weapons to deter potential threats, both conventional and nuclear, from the Eastern Bloc of nations headed by the Soviet Union

Hollywood Ten

24.2 Group of people in the film industry who were jailed for refusing to answer congressional questions regarding Communist influence in Hollywood. Investigated by HUAC.

Spies

24.2 Harry Dexter White; Laughlin Currie (FDR's administrative aide); midlevel group in the State Department; key scientists and technicians working on the Manhattan Project; severl hundred more, some identified only by code name, working on a range of government departments and agencies.

intercontinental ballistic missiles

24.2 The longest-range ballistic missiles, able to travel 5,000 miles; ICBMs. By 1958, both USSR and USA had them.

McCarthyism

24.2 The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Loyalty oaths

24.2 Truman orders background checks on 3 millon federal employees, and loyalty oaths were demanded, especially from teachers. Many citizens feared that communist spies were undermining the government.

1948 election

24.2 Truman pulled out an unlikely victory due to intense stumping, despite what you may have read in the Chicago Tribune

Harry Dexter White

24.2 US Treasury official, In charge of Bretton Woods Conference that created the World Bank, Member of the CFR, later exposed as Soviet Agent

espionage

24.2 spying; a few high-level scandals and the Communist victories in Eastern Europe and China reenergized the Republican party, which forced Truman and the Democrats to retreat to what historian Arthur Schlesinger called the "vital center" of American politics.

Dixicrats

24.2 was a segregationist, socially conservative political party in the United States. It originated as a breakaway faction of the Democratic Party in 1948, determined to protect what they portrayed as the Southern way of life beset by an oppressive federal government. When norther liberals such as Mayor Hubert Humphrey of Minneapolis pushed strong for civil rights platform at the Democratic Convention, the southern delegates bolted. They nominated ardent supporter of racial segregation, Strom Thurmond.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

24.3 1954-1977 *Created to oppose the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia after France's withdrawal from Indochina *Original members included the US, Britain, France, Pakistan, Thailand, and the Philippines, Australia, New Zealand. *The organization was meant to justify an American presence in Vietnam, though some members did not support America in this effort *Dismantled in 1977

Dien Bien Phu

24.3 A town of northwest Vietnam near the Laos border. The French military base here fell to Vietminh troops on May 7, 1954, after a 56-day siege, leading to the end of France's involvement in Indochina.

Kennedy Coalition

24.3 Attracted Catholics, African Americans and the labor vote. His VP was Texas senator Lyndon Baines Johnson, helped bring in southern Democrats.

Fidel Castro

24.3 Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Anti-Communist governments

24.3 Despite American rhetoric, the USA was often concerned less with democracy than stability. The Truman/Eisenhower administrations tended to support governments, no matter how repressive, that were overtly anticommunist. Some of USA's staunchest allies - the Phillipines, South Korea, Iran, Cuba, South Vietnam, Nicaragua - were governed by dictatorships or right-wing regimes that lacked broad-based support.

Jacobo Arbenz Guzman

24.3 He became Guatemala's president in 1951. The U.S. opposed his land redistrubution plan, and forced him out of power in 1954. This set off a period of Civil war that lasted until 1996. The CIA engineered a coup. He offered to pay the United Fruit Company the declared value of the land, but the company rejected the offer and sought help from the US. Eisenhower approved the efforts and expanded the agency's mandate from gathering intelligence to intervening in the affairs of sovereign states.

Cold Warrior

24.3 Kennedy had come of age politically in the era of Munich, Yalta, McCarthyism. He projected an air of idealism, but his years in the Senate had proved him to be a conventional Cold War politician. Once elected, he would shape the nation's foreign policy by drawing both on his ingenuity and old-style Cold War politics.

National Liberation Front (NLF)

24.3 Official title of the Viet Cong. Created in 1960, they lead an uprising against Diem's repressive regime in the South. It had allies among peasants who were alienated by Diem's "strategic hamlet" program which had uprooted entire villages and moved villagers into barbed-wire compounds. Furthermore, Buddhists charged DIem, a Catholic, with religious persecution. Starting in May 1963, militant Buddhists staged dramatic demonsrations, including self-immolations (burning to death) recording by reporters covering the activities of the more than 16,000 US military personnel then in Vietnam.

Nixon-Kennedy Debate

24.3 Radio listeners thought Nixon won, television viewers thought Kennedy won, changes the role of television in campaigns and elevates the importance of the media

Rio Treaty (Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance)

24.3 Signed 1947 between USA and most members of Latin America and South America.

Self-determination

24.3 The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will; FDR favored the idea at the contempt of British/French allies. But he expected emerging democracies to be new partners in an American-led, free-market world system. But colonial revolts produced many independent- or socialist-minded regimes in the so called "Third World".

Palestinian Partition

24.3 United Nations divided Palestine among the Jews and Arabs, and made Jerusalem an international zone; Jews accepted, Arabs rejected. The UN made this decision on November 29, 1947. When the British mandate ended in 1948, Palestinian leaders rejected the partition as a violation of their right to self-determination. When Zionist leaders proclaimed the state of Israel, a coalition of Arab nations known as the Arab League invaded, but Israel survived. Many Palestinians fled or were driven from their homes during the fighting. The Arab defeat left these people permanaently stranded in refugee camps. President Truman recognized the new state of Israel immediately, which won him crucial support from Jewish voters in the 1948 election but alienated the Arab world.

Zionist Movement

24.3 a movement of world Jewry that arose late in the 19th century with the aim of creating a Jewish state in Palestine

Peace Corps

24.3 an agency established in 1961 to provide volunteer assistance to developing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Embodied a call to public service put forth in Kennedy's inagural address ("Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.") The Peace Corps was a low-cost Cold War weapon - and an extension of American "soft power" - intended to show the developing world that there was an alternative to communism.

John F. Kennedy

24.3 president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war. First Catholic president

Covert operations

24.3 secret activities undertaken by a state outside its borders through clandestine means to achieve specific political or military goals with respect to another state; USA Sec of State Dulles often took these operations against government that, in his opinion, were too closely alligned with the Soviets. Helped to set up the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

Space Race

25.1 A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

bebop

25.1 A powerful new experimental project in a remarkably flowering of intensely personal art forms. Just after WWII, black muscians developed a hard-driving improvisational style. Whether the "hot" version of saxophonists Charlie Parker or the more "cool" sound of influential trumpeter Miles Davis, postwar jazz was cerebral, intimate, and individualistic. As such, it stood as a stark contrast to the commercialized, dance-oriented "swing" bands of the 1930s-1940s.

World Bank

25.1 A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Created as part of the Bretton Woods conference in July 1944.

teenager

25.1 A term popularized about 50 years ago to refer to young people; it connoted a more frivolous and lighthearted image than did "adolescent." Advertisers increasingly targeted the young, both to capture their spending money and to exploit their influence on family purchases.

The Corporation Take-Over

25.1 Andrew Hacker in 1964 argued that few individuals have the power to spend a lot of money to impact a lot of people.

Arms Race

25.1 Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons

Sputnik (1957)

25.1 First man-made satellite put into orbit by the USSR. This caused fear in the US that the Soviets had passed them by in science & technology and the arms race. Democrats scorched the Republican administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower for allowing the United States to fall so far behind the communists. Eisenhower responded by speeding up the U.S. space program (NASA), which resulted in the launching of the satellite Explorer I on January 31, 1958. The "space race" had begun. In 1969, the US would land men on the moon, a major victory.

Jack Kerouac

25.1 In his novel "On the Road" (1957), the Beats glorified spontaneity, sexual adventurism, drug use, and spirituality. The Beats were apolitical, but their cultural rebellion would, in the 1960s, inspire a new generation of young rebels disenchanged with both the political and cultural status quo.

Allen Ginsberg

25.1 In his poem "Howl" (1956), which became a manifesto to the Beat generation, he lamented "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix."

Godless communism

25.1 In the age of anxiety about this and nuclear annihilation, Americans yearned for a reaffirmation of faith. Church membership jumped from 49% in 1940 to 70% in 1960. People flocked to the evangelical denominations, beneficiaries of a remarkable new crop of preachers.

The Bretton Woods System

25.1 Named for a conference held in New Hampshire, in 1944, this system provided the foundation for postwar economic globalization, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; based on the promotion of free trade, stable currencies, and high levels of capital investment.

Military contracts

25.1 Over 60% of income of Boeing, General Dynamics, and Raytheon, for example, cam from these, and the percentages were even higher for Lockheed and Republic Aviation. In previous peacetime years, military spending had constituted 1% of GDP; not it represetned 10%. Economic growth was increasingly dependent upon a robust defense sector.

collective bargaining

25.1 Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract. By the beginning of the 1950s, the nation's major industries, including auto, steel, clothing, chemicals, and virtually all consumer product manufacturing were operating with union contracts.

Rock 'n' roll music

25.1 Signified the development of a consumer-oriented, middle-class youth culture in the United States. Rejecting the romantic ballads of the 1940s, teenagers discovered a form of music that originated in African American rhythm and blues.

Kitchen Debate

25.1 Televised exchange in 1959 between Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and American Vice President Richard Nixon. Meeting at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, the two leaders sparred over the relative merits of capitalist consumer culture versus Soviet state planning. Nixon won applause for his staunch defense of American capitalism, helping lead him to the Republican nomination for president in 1960.

National Defense Education Act

25.1 The act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

The Wild One (1953); Blackboard Jungle (1955); Rebel Without A Cause (1955)

25.1 The success of films staring Marlon Brando, Sidney Poitier, and James Dean convinced movie executives that films directed at teenagers were worthy investments.

Elvis Presley

25.1 United States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music (1935-1977). His hit records "Hound Dog" and "Heartbreak Hotel" covered songs originally recorded by black artists such as Big Mama Thorton.

The American Century

25.1 a characterization of the period since the middle of the 20th century as being largely dominated by the United States in political, economic, and cultural terms. Term issued by Life magazine publisher Henry Luce given how confident in the nation's growing power that during WWII.

nuclear family

25.1 a couple and their dependent children, regarded as a basic social unit.

Norman Vincent Peale

25.1 minister and author. Wrote the best-selling book "The Power of Positive Thinking" (1952) which embodied the therapeutic use of religion as an antidote to life's trials and tribulations. Peale taught that with faith in God and "positive thinking", anyone could overcome obstacles and become a success. He and Graham and other 1950s evangelists laid the foundation for the rise of televangelists who created popular television ministries in the 1970s.

Consumer Republic

25.1 occurred in post WWII, increase in manufacturing and production of consumer goods, idea that a bigger american economy means a bigger share for everyone

commercial television

25.1 television programs broadcast by local stations whose income is derived from selling time on their facilities to advertisers. In the realm of technology, only the automobile and the personal computer were its equal in transforming everyday life in the 20th century. In 1947, there were 7,000 TV sets in American homes. A year later, the CBS and NBC radio networks began offering regular programming, and by 1950 Americans owned 7.3 million sets. It would become the principal mediator between consumer and the marketplace.

Defense Department

25.1 the executive department charged with managing the country's military personnel, equipment, and operations. Based out of the Pentagon in Arlington, VA. In the name of national security, defense-related industries entered into long-term relationships with the Pentagon.

Homophile Movement

25.2 Organizations demanding respect and equal rights for people regardless of gender identity or sexual orientation emerged in the United States in the 1950s. Early groups used the term "homophile," meaning "loving the same," to describe themselves. Although the American Psychiatric Association officially defined homosexuality as a mental illness, Kinsey's research found that 37% of men had engaged in some form of homosexual activity by early adulthood, as had 13% of women. His research claimed that 10% of American men were exclusively homosexual.

Family life

25.2 Post WWII was governed by the notions of gender inequality, in which men provided economic support and controlled the family's financial resources, while women cared for the children and occupied a secondary position in public life.

Women's Jobs

25.2 Professions that were traditionally reserved for females included teaching, nursing, and other areas of a growing service sector which had little room for advancement.

Career-minded women

25.2 Psychologists equated motherhood with "normal" female identity and suggested that career-minded mothers needed therapy. "A mother who runs out on her children to work - except in cases of absolute necessity - betrays a deep satisfaction with motherhood or with her marriage," wrote one leading psychiatrist. Television shows and movies depicted career women as social misfits. Despite the social norms and contrary to steretypes, women's paid work often helped lift many families into the middle class as 40% of wives worked by 1970.

Miracle drugs

25.2 antibiotics are sometimes given this name because of the rapid relief they bring to many infectious diseases. Penicillin (1943), streptomycin (1945), cortisone (1946). Free distribution of Salk's vaccine in the nation's schools, followed by the oral polio vaccine, demonstrated the potential of government sponsored public health programs.

Middle Class

25.2 preoccupied with the virtues of a paternalist, patriarchial vision of family life. Professional pscyholigists to television advertisers and every organization from schools to the popular press celebrated nuclear families. Women's caregiving roles were valorized. The view of family life in this class were especially iin its emphasis of female domesticity which was bolstered by Cold War politics. Americans who deviated from prevailing gender and family norms were not only viewed with scorn but were also sometimes thought to be subersive and politically dangerous.

Alfred Kinsey

25.2 regarded by some as the father of the scientific study of human sexuality. Published a series of reports which described common sexual behaviors in the US. Known as the "sex doctor" he documented the full range of sexual experiences of thousands of Americans. He broke numerous taboos, discussing such topics as homosexuality and marital infidelity in the detached language of science. His studies confirmed that a sexual revolution, although a largely hidden one, had already begun to transform American society by the early 1950s. He estimated that 85% of men had sex prior to marriage and that more than 25% of married women had sex outside of marriage by the age of 40.

Double day

25.2 the longer workday of women with jobs outside the home who also work as caretakers, housekeepers, and/or cooks for their families

The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care

25.2 written by Dr. Benjamin Spock; instructed millions of parents during the ensuing decades in the kind of homely wisdom that was once transmitted naturally from grandparent to parent.

National Interstate and Defense Highways Act

25.3 1956 act that provided funds for construction of 42,500 miles of roads throughout the US. It authorized $26 billion over a 10-year period for the construction of a nationally integrated highway system. Cast as a Cold War necessity because broad highways made evacuating crowded cities easier in the event of a nuclear attack. This was part of a massive public works program endorsed by President Eisenhower, surpassing anything undertaken during the New Deal. It made possible the massive suburbanization of the nation in the 1960s.

Shelley v. Kraemer

25.3 A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans, Asian Americans, and other minorities. Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing, unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.

William J. Levitt

25.3 Built new communities in the suburbs after WWII, using mass-production techniques. He revolutionized suburban homes

Displaced Persons Act of 1948

25.3 Facilitated the admission of more than 400,000 persons from Europe, many of them Jewish refugees. WWII and the Cold War slowly started to open up immigration policy that had been closed since the 1920s.

Walt Disney

25.3 Film maker, cartoonist, visionary. He developed many famous characters as well as amusement theme parks. Casting his eye of all the develpment in Orange County after WWII, he chose Anaheim as the place for a massive new amusement park. It was the new generations of suburbanites what Coney Island had been an earlier generation for urbanites.

Levittown

25.3 In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.

urban renewal

25.3 Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers. Between 1949 and 1967, these projects demolished almost 400,000 buildings and displaced 1.4 million people, most of them minorities.

Cubans

25.3 Refugees constituted the third largest group of SPanish-speaking immigrants. In the six years after Castro's seize of power in 1959, an estimated 180,000 people fled Cuba for the USA, many of them to Miami, Florida where the community quickly prospered, in large part because they arrived with money and middle-class skills.

Suburbs

25.3 Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people. Housing tracts belong according to a uniform designed community surrounded by shopping malls. Entire counties once rural went to this model. By 1960, 1/3 of Americans lived here. Home construction surged after the war. 1/4 of the country's entire housing stock in 1960 had not even existed a decade earlier.

Puerto Ricans

25.3 Spanish speaking immigrants who settled in large numbers in New York City in the 1920's. Migration increased dramatically after WWII, when mechanization of sugarcane left many jobless. Airlines began offering cheap flights to the island.

McCarran-Walter Act of 1952

25.3 The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 restricted immigration to the U.S., particularly immigrants from Eastern Europe. It retained a quota system for nationalities and regions. But it ended the exclusion of Japanese, Koreans and Southeast Asians.

Bracero Program

25.3 United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico. After the national-origins quota system went into effect in 1924, Mexico replaced Eastern and Southern Europe as the nation's labor reservoir. It was instituted during WWII and then revived in 1951, during the Korean War. The federal government's ability to force works to Mexico was strictly limited. By the time the program ended in 1964, an estimated 350,000 Mexicans had settled permanently in the USA. Well established Mexican-American communities were established in cities whose populations were escaping poverty or to earn money to return home and purchase land for farming.

National Origins Act

25.3 Very restrictive immigration legislation passed in 1924, which lowered immigration to 2 percent of each nationality as found in the 1890 census. This lowered immigration dramatically and, quite intentionally, almost eliminated immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.

Kerner Commission

25.3 created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States. To those enjoying prosperity, the "other America" as social critical Michael Harrington called it, remained largely invisible. This report warned that "our nation is moving towards two societies, one black, one white, separate and unequal."

Fast Food

25.3 edibles that can be prepared and served very quickly, sold in a restaurant, and served to customers in packaged form. In addition to the shopping mall, it profoundly shaped the rest of subrbanization. It became a staple of American diet.

shopping malls

25.3 enclosed, climate-controlled, lighted shopping centers with retail stores on one or both sides of an enclosed walkway. Brought the market to the people instead of the people to the market.

Mendez v. Westminster School District

26.1 1947 law suits from Californian fathers whose children had been placed in separate "Mexican" schools. The case didn't make it to the supreme court, but laid groundwork

State's Rights Democratic Party

26.1 A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South, formed for the 1948 election. Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats. It was known popularly as the Dixicrats.

American GI Forum

26.1 A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi, Texas, in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.

"To Secure These Rights"

26.1 A report by the President's Committee on Civil Rights, it was given a year after the Committee was formed, and helped pave the way for the civil rights era. It recommended that the government start an anti-lynching campaign and ensure that Blacks got to vote. It called for robust federal action to ensure black equality.

A. Philip Randolph

26.1 America's leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries.

Thurgood Marshall

26.1 American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Black Monday

26.1 Calling this of the Brown v. Board of Education decision. The Mississippi Governor Tom P. Brady said of this and invoked Cold War language to discredit the decision, assailing the "totalitarian government" that had rendered the decision in the name of "socialism and communism."

Fair Employment Practices Committee

26.1 Enacted by executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941 to prohibit discrimination in the armed forces.

GI Bill

26.1 Hundreds of thousands of African American veterans used this to go to college, trade school, or graduate school, placing themselves in a position to push against segregation.

Executive Order 8802

26.1 In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

Little Rock Nine

26.1 In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.

Caste system

26.1 In the Southwest, from Texas to California, during the 1940s, Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans endured this class system not unlike the Jim Crow system in the South. In Texas, for instance, poll taxes kept most Mexican American citizens from voting. Many lived in colonias or barrios, neighborhoods separated from Anglos and often lacking sidewalks, reliable electricity and water, and public transportation.

California's Alien Land Law

26.1 Prohibited Japanese immigrants from owning land, and successfully lobbied Congress to enable those same immigrants to become citizens. The Japanese American Citizens League challenged the constitutionality of this law which had been on the books for over 50 years. These efforts led Japanese Americans to enlarge the sphere of civil rights and laid the foundation for broader notion of racial equality in the postwar years.

Double V Campaign

26.1 The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

Jackie Robinson

26.1 The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Southern Manifesto

26.1 The manifesto was a document written in 1956 by legislators opposed to integration. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, showing that they would stand in the way of integration, leading to another split/shift in the Democratic Party.

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

26.1 Union founded by A.Philip Randolph in 1925 to help African Americans who worked for the Pullman Company.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

26.1 an interracial group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to work against segregation in Northern cities

Community Services Organization (CSO)

26.1 formed in 1948 in L.A., included Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta

Disenfrachisement

26.1 the state of being deprived of a right or privilege, especially the right to vote. Politically, less than 20% of eligible black voters were allowed to vote, the result of poll taxes, literacy tests, intimidation, fraud, and the "white primary" (elections in which only whites could vote).

Voting Rights Act of 1965

26.2 1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

Ella Baker

26.2 55 year old executive director of the SCLC; urged student leaders who had encouraged sit-ins to create their own organization (the SNCC - Student Nonviolent Cooperating Committee)

Rosa Parks

26.2 A civil rights activist who refused to get off the white section of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. The incident sparked the Montgomery bus boycott. An example of nonviolent direct action.

Emmett Till

26.2 A fourteen year old black boy who was lynched by a Mississippi mob for leering at a woman. Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. Despite the boy's uncle's eyewitness testimony, the all-white jury found the defendants innocent. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

26.2 A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism. Grounding his appeal in equal parts Christian brotherhood and democratic liberalism, he argued that Americans confronted a moral choice: they could "preserve the evil system of segregation" or take the side of "those great wells of democracy... the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence."

Second Emancipation Proclamation

26.2 After newly elected Alabama Governor George Wallace barred two black students from the state university, Kennedy went on television in 1963 to denounce racism and promise a new civil rights bill. That night Medgar Evers, president of the Mississippi chapter of the NAACP, was shot in the back in his driveway in Jackson by a white supremacist. His martyrdom became a spur to further action.

Diane Nash

26.2 An African-American woman who was very involved in the civil rights movement, including the SCLC and the founding of SNCC. She was involved in planning the Freedom Rides and took over when CORE (who had originally organized the rides) bailed after the riders encountered severe violence, refusing to quit in the face of adversity. She also helped organize the voting movement in Selma, Alabama.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

26.2 An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation. Founded in 1957. The black church, long the center of American American social and cultural life, now lent its moral and organizational strength to the civil rights movement. It quickly joined the NAACP at the leading edge of the movement for racial justice.

Strom Thurmond

26.2 Between 1960-1980, southern whites and many conservative northern whites would respond by switching to the Republican Party. He was a segregationist senator from South Carolina who symbolically led this revolt by switching from the Democratic to Republican party in 1964. The New Deal Coalition (working-class whites, northern African Americasn, urban professionals, white southern segregationsist) was beginning to crumble.

Medgar Evers

26.2 Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan in 1963.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

26.2 Group that sent its own delegates to the Democratic National Convention in 1964 to protest discrimination against black voters in Mississippi. They were banned from the "whites only" Democratic Party, these new leaders were determined to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention as legitimate representatives of their state.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

26.2 In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Freedom Summer

26.2 In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote. The effort drew several thousand volunteers from across the country, including 1,000 white college students from the north. Led by Bob Moses, the four major civil rights organizations (SNCC, CORE, NAACP, and SCLC) spread out across the state. They established freedom schools for black children and conducted a major voter registration drive. Yet so determined was the opposition that onlly 1,200 black voters were registered that summer, at a cost of 4 murdered civil rights workers and 37 black churches bombed or burned.

Greensboro Sit-ins

26.2 Members of the SNCC organized "sit - in" of all-white lunch counters at the Woolworth. RESULT: Despite white harassment, it eventually led to the desegregation of lunch counters. NOTE: Dr. King DID NOT organize or lead these protests. SIGNIFICANCE: King did not cause the civil rights movement & large numbers of blacks were motivated to end racial segregation & discrimination.

Birmingham Campaign

26.2 Nonviolent protests for Civil Rights in Birmingham, AL during the late '50s and throughout the 60s. During one march, Birmingham Sheriff Bull Connor turned fire hoses on the peaceful protesters, shocking the public with a cruel act that gathered the media attention important to the success of the Civil Rights Movement

24th Amendment (1964)

26.2 Prohibits federal and state governments from charging poll tax; Along with the Civil Rights Act of 1965, it enabled millions of African Americans to vote for the first time since Reconstruction.

Selma March

26.2 Protest to register African American voters in the South, violence against protesters. Crossing over the Edmund Pettus Bridge, mounted state troopers attacked them with tear gas and clubs. The scen was shown on national television that night and the day became known as Bloody Sunday. Calling the episode "An American Tragedy", President Johnson went back to Congress.

James Bevel

26.2 SCLC minister who organized and called for a march from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital, Montgomery, to protest the murder of a voting rights activist.

Woolsworth Lunch Counter

26.2 Students in Greensboro, NC in 1960 took seats at a whites only drugstore, which had a dinner style lunch counter, as most southern drgustores in that era did. Although many were eventually arrested who followed the students' lead, they quickly spread to other southern cities .

Civil Rights Act of 1964

26.2 This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. It guaranteed equal access to public accommodations and schools. It granted new enforcement powers to the US Attorney General and established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to implement the prohibition against job discrimination.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

26.2 This person used non- violent protest with the GOAL of desegregation of bus service in Montgomery, Alabama. RESULT: ended with Court-ordered bus integration. IMPORTANCE: he took desire the for justice among blacks & channeled it into nonviolent protests

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

26.2 This took place on August 28, 1963 and was organized by A. Philip Randolph. The most talked-about speech from this event is Martin Luther King's "I have a dream" speech. The focus of this was to bring attention to the lack of jobs and freedom for African Americans in the United States and to bring national support for Kennedy's Civil Rights Bill.

Stokely Carmichael

26.2 a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Freedom Rides

26.2 a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961. The aim was to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings that had declared segregation in interestate commerce unconstitutional. Club-wielding KKK attacked buses when they stopped in small towns. Alabama Governor declared "I cannot guarantee protection for this bunch of rabble rousers." John F. Kennedy did not intervene to send Federal Troops and did not pass a civil rights bill. Eventually federal marshals were called into assist the violent white resistance.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

26.2 an organization formed in 1960 to coordinate sit-ins and other protests and to give young blacks a larger role in the civil rights movement. More than 50,000 people participated and 3,600 went to jail. It quickly emerged as the most important student protest organization in the country and inspired a generation of students on college campuses across the nation.

Nation of Islam

26.3 A religious group, popularly known as the Black Muslims, founded by Elijah Muhammad to promote black separatism and the Islamic religion. They adhered to a strict code of personal behavior; men were recognizeable by their dark suits and women wore long dresses and head coverings. Although its full converts numbered only about 10,000, it had a wide popular following among African Americans in northern cities.

National Black Political Convention

26.3 Meeting of civil rights activists in 1972 to ensure that African Americans would continue to gain political influence

Cesar Chavez

26.3 Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.

Black Nationalism

26.3 Spurred by Malcolm X and other black leaders, a call for black pride and advancement without the help of whites; this appeared to be a repudiation of the calls for peaceful integration urged by MLK.

Watts riots, 1965

26.3 a race riot that took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 17, 1965. The six-day unrest resulted in 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests, and over $40 million in property damage. It was the most severe riot in the city's history until the Los Angeles riots of 1992.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

26.3 led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre

Dolores Huerta

26.3 taught farmworkers how to become citizens and how to vote; earned more money to buy food and clothing for them; worked with Cesar Chavez to form the National Farm Workers Association

Kennedy Assassination

27.1 (JFK) , Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas 1963, LBJ took the oath of office

Medicaid

27.1 A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them. It is paid for by general tax revenues and administered by by the states.

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

27.1 A federal cabinet department active in national housing programs. Among its many programs are urban renewal, public housing, model cities, rehabilitation loans, FHA subsidies, fair housing enforcement, and water and sewer grants.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

27.1 Extended federal aid to private and parochial schools in addition to public schools and based the aid on the economic conditions of students rather than the need of the schools.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

27.1 Founded in 1966, it called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. It also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. Under Friedan's leadership, membership grew to 15,000 by 1971 and it became a powerful voice for equal rights.

1964 election

27.1 LBJ ran against Barry Goldwater, LBJ won ina landslide victory. In the long run, Goldwater's candidacy marked the beginning of a grassroots conservative revolt that would eventually transform the Republican Party. In the short run, however, Johnson's sweeping victory gave him a popular mandate and, equally important, congressional majorities that rivaled FDR's in 1935 - just what he and liberal Democrats needed to push the Great Society forward."

Jack Ruby

27.1 Night club owner assassinated Lee Harvey Oswald on November 24, 1963

Lee Harvey Oswald

27.1 On November 22, 1963, he assassinated President Kennedy who was riding downtown Dallas, Texas. Oswald was later shot in front of television cameras by Jack Ruby.

Great Society

27.1 President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

War on Poverty

27.1 President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

Jackie Kennedy

27.1 President's wife and fashion icon

Immigration Act of 1965

27.1 This act abolished the National Origins system; increased annual admission to 170,000 and put a population cap of 20,000 on immigrants from any single nation. Numerical limits instead of discrimination among nations. To promote family reunification, the law also stipulated that close relatives of legal residents in the United States could be admitted outside the numerical limits, an exception that especially benefited Asian and Latin American immigrants.

Labor feminists

27.1 Working women who campaigned for benefits like maternity leave and equal pay. Their concerns were kept alive in the 1950s and early 1960s by working women. They belonged to trade unions and fought for equality and dignity in the workplace. Their great success was pushing for passage of the 1963 Equal Pay Act, which established the principle of equal pay for equal work.

Ngo Dinh Diem

27.2 American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.

The New Left

27.2 Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.

Sharon Statement

27.2 Drafted by founding members of the Young Americans for Freedom (YAF), this manifesto outlined the group's principles and inspired young conservatives who would play important roles in the Reagan administration in the 1980s. Drafted two years before the Port Huron Statement. Young conservatives, many of whom would play important roles in the Reagan administration in the 1980s, rallied to the YAF's call.

Port Huron Statement

27.2 Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace.

Pete Seeger

27.2 United States folk singer who was largely responsible for the interest in folk music in the 1960s (born in 1919). He set the tone for the era's idealism with songs as the 1961 antiwar ballad "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?"

Counterculture

27.2 cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

Joan Baez

27.2 folk singer, protest song singer, introduced Bob Dylan at Newport Folk Festival- gave him the endorsement and credibility due to her central role in the peace movement during the Vietnam War. Alongside Judy Collins, pioneered a folk sound that inspired a generation of female musicians.

Summer of Love

27.2 the height of the hippie movement during the Summer of 1967 in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury, New York's East Village, Chicago's Uptown neighborhoods, and the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles, swelled with young dropouts, drifters, and teenage runawaways from the media dubbed "flower children." Although most young people had little interest in all-out revolt, media coverage made it seem as though all of American youth was rejecting the nation's social and cultural norms.

General William Westmoreland

27.2 was an American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak from 1964 to 1968 and who served as US Army Chief of Staff from 1968 to 1972.

Richard Nixon

27.3 1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

Tet Offensive

27.3 1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Title IX

27.3 A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." By requiring comparable funding for sports programs, it made women's athletics a real presence on college campuses.

New Left

27.3 Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.

Robert Kennedy

27.3 He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans.

Law and Order

27.3 Nixon promised during the 1968 campaign that he would restore this; the promise appealed many voters disgusted with radical protest movements of the 1960s

George Wallace

27.3 Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot. Although he lost, his candidacy established anti-Liberalism as a movement that would carry on in the coming generations: liberal elitism; welfare policies; and law and order.

Muhammad Ali

27.3 The most famous boxer in the world, refused his army induction. Sentenced to prison, he was eventually acquitted on appeal. But his actions cost him the heavyweight title, and for year he was not allowed to box in the United States. He claimed that fighting was immoral and claimed to be a conscientious objector.

Women's Liberation Movement

27.3 This refers to a series of campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence

Yippes

27.3 Youth International Party; led by Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman. They caused reckless hysteria at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in order to demonstrate media attention to their protests of American society and power politics.

Chicano Moratorium Committee

27.3 a movement of Chicano anti-war activists that built a broad-based coalition of Mexican-American groups to organize opposition to the Vietnam War.

Siege of Chicago

27.3 led by activists Rubin and Hoffman who descended on the city during the Democratic convention and called for an end to war, legalization of marijuana, and the abolition of money; called Yippies

male chauvinism

27.3 male prejudice against women; the belief that men are superior in terms of ability, intelligence, etc.

Stonewall Inn Riot

27.3 series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place on June 28, 1969. This was the first instance in American history when people in the homosexual community fought back government-sponsored system that persecuted sexual minorities. Males in the bar would be arrested for being in drag clothing and the people had enough and decided to riot against the police.

1968 Democratic National Convention

27.3 significant event in presidential election of 1968; demonstrated the confusion and lack of unity among Democrats; outside, protests and police brutality

National Black Feminist Organization

27.3 small group that was multifaceted and part of a group of many different organizations involving African American women

Sexual Politics

27.3 the link feminists argue exists between sexuality and power and between sexuality and race, class, and gender oppression; advocated by Kate Millet

populism

27.3 the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite; adopted by George Wallace with a racist element added in 1968

Detente

27.4 "A lessening of tensions" with the USSR and a new openness with China. A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

My Lai Massacre

27.4 1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

Cambodian Genocide

27.4 1975-1979 attempt to form Communist peasant farming society resulted in deaths by starvation, overwork, and executions.

Miller v. California

27.4 A 1973 Supreme Court decision that avoided defining obscenity by holding that community standards be used to determine whether material is obscene in terms of appealing to a "prurient interest" and being "patently offensive" and lacking in value. Warren Court decision

George McGovern

27.4 A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

27.4 A network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam

Peace with Honor

27.4 A phrase U.S. President Richard M. Nixon used in a speech , to describe the Paris Peace Accord to end the Vietnam War.

Silent Majority Speech

27.4 A speech by Nixon, given on November 3, 1969 which addressed his plans to win the war, and it called upon the silent majority of American's for their support in fighting the communist threat in Vietnam.

Vietnam moratorium (1969)

27.4 American "doves" and antiwar protestor were not satisfied with "vietnamization" and preferred a prompt withdral. Antiwar protesters did a Vietnam moratorium in October 1969 where 100,000 people went into the Boston Common and 50,000 people went by the white house with lighted candles.

Credibility Gap

27.4 American public's growing distrust of statements made by the government during the Vietnam War

Kent State

27.4 An Ohio university where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4, 1970, wounding nine and killing four

Swan v. Mecklenburg

27.4 Important 1971 Supreme Court decision; Upheld a county-wide busing program to comply with the Plessy decision. Despite local white opposition, the plan proceeded and other counties and states followed suit. However, post-war desegregation of schools saw in the North what law had mandated in the schools: entrenched racial segregation of schools.

Busing

27.4 In the context of civil rights, the transportation of public school students from areas where they live to schools in other areas to eliminate school segregation based on residential patterns. For 15 years, southern states had fended off the Court's mandate to desegregate "with all deliberate speed."

Cambodia

27.4 Nixon widened the Vietnam War by moving troops into this country to try and remove enemy camps.

Vietnamization

27.4 President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

William Calley

27.4 a lieutenant who's unit began shooting and killing unarmed civilians at My Lai. he later maintained that he was following orders, but many of the soldiers present did not participate in the massacre.

Warren Court

27.4 the Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech

Occupational Health and Safety Act

28.1 -requires employers to keep records about safety practices and incidents. -Keep track of all illnesses and injuries that occur at work -Must have records of the information they provide to teach employees about the health concerns and dangers present in the workplace - Conduct periodic inspections to make sure that the workplace is safe officers of the agency can enter and inspect factories, plants, or other worksites and issue citations to companies that are not in compliance with safety requirements. employers that do not follow OSHA can be fined.

Cuyahoga River Fire

28.1 1969 fire caused by the mass pollution in the Cuyahoga River in Ohio. Molten sparks from a passing rail car set fire to oil- and chemical-soaked debris floating on the Cuyahoga. The brief blaze only torched a railroad bridge but branded Cleveland as a dirty city where water burns. Helped launch several water pollution control activities, such as Clean Water Act, EPA, and the OEPA

Three Mile Island

28.1 1979 *A nuclear power plant located south of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, overheated, causing part of its uranium core to melt *The overheating was caused by human, design, and mechanical errors *Radioactive water and gases were released *Led to a slowdown in the construction of other reactors and changes in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission *Americans became more aware of environmental concerns

Earth Day

28.1 A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970

Water Pollution Control Act of 1972

28.1 A law intended to clean up the nation's rivers and lakes by enabling regulation of point sources of pollution.

Environmentalism

28.1 A social movement dedicated to protecting the earth's life support systems for us and other species.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

28.1 An economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.

Oil Embargo

28.1 Economic crisis of 1973 that occurred when OPEC nations refused to export oil to Western nations. Ensuing economic crisis plagued Gerald Ford's time in office.

Santa Barbara Oil Spill

28.1 In 1969 an oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara combined with strong winds defiled 20 miles of white sand beach in this affluent community. Environmentalist blamed the disaster on the ills of life in modern America. This incident, combined with the publication of Silent Spring and the burning of the Cuyahoga River, increased public awareness on the threats Americans posed to the environment, (1969) 200,000 gallons of crude oil spilled, and even though it ended up not being that big of a deal, at the time it was huge because of the new mindset to save the environment.

Clean Air Act of 1970

28.1 The law aimed at combating air pollution, by charging the EPA with protecting and improving the quality of the nation's air.

Friends of the Everglades

28.1 The name of the organization Marjory Stoneman started to help protect the Everglades in Florida from the construction of an airport that threatened plant and wildlife.

Yom Kippur War

28.1 This was a war fought by Israel and neighboring Arab nations in 1973 where the Arabs launched a surprise attack during Yom Kippur. U.S. support for Israel during the war led to OPEC boycotting the U.S., creating an energy crisis.

Rachel Carson

28.1 United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

28.1 an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment. Created by the National Environmental Policy Act. The law requires that developers file an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) which assesses the effect of their projects on ecosystems.

Era of Limits

28.1 name given to 1970s by Jerry Brown because of its status as the worst economic decade of the postwar period

Energy Crisis

28.1 when Carter entered office inflation soared, due to toe the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase. Facing pressure to act, Carter retreated to Camp David, the presidential retreat in the Maryland Mountains. Ten days later, Carter emerged with a speech including a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis.

Jimmy Carter

28.2 (1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Reagan in the next election.

War Powers Act

28.2 1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

Gerald Ford

28.2 1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon. He was the Republican minority leader in the House of Representatives who had replaced VP Spiro Agnew, who had himself resigned in 1973 for accepting kickbacks while governor of Maryland.

Crisis of Spirit

28.2 In a major TV address, Carter lectured Americans and called energy conservation "the moral equivalent of war" or, in the media's shorthand, "MEOW", which aptly cpatured the nation's assessment of Carter's sermonizing.

Dirty Tricks

28.2 Strategies used by CREEP against the Democratic Party. These strategies included planting bugs, forging damaging documents, using government agencies to harass enemies of Nixon, stealing from the psychiatrist treating the man who leaked the Pentagon Papers (Ellsberg), and "covering their tracks" with the FBI and CIA.

Watergate

28.2 The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.

Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP)

28.2 an organization formed to run Nixon's 1972 reelection campaign, which was linked to the Watergate scandal.

Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward

28.2 two Washington Post journalists who investigated the break-in and solved to mystery of Watergate

Roe v. Wade (1973)

28.3 (Burger) Certain state criminal abortion laws violate the Due Process clause of the 14th Amendment, which protects against state action the (implied) right to privacy in the Bill of Rights (9th amendment). Abortion cannot be banned in the 1st trimester (1st 3 months), states can regulate the 2nd trimester, 3rd trimester - abortion is illegal except to save the life of the mother

Bakke v. University of California

28.3 1978 Supreme Court case dealing with affirmative action that ruled that affirmative action programs in principle are constitutional, but a strict quota system wasn't.

Harvey Milk

28.3 1st openly gay politician in Calif.; one of only a very few in the US at the time. Assassinated while in office; Helped to erase the stigma of being openly homosexual.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

28.3 A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.

STOP ERA

28.3 An organization founded by Phyllis Schlafly in 1972 to fight the Equal Rights Amendment. As labels on baked goods at one anti-ERA rally expressed it: "My heart and hand went into this dough / For the sake of the family please vote no"

Bowers v. Hardwick

28.3 Court ruled that the constitution did not protect the practice of sodomy between homosexuals, and that the states could ban sodomy.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

28.3 Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that the Constitution implicitly guarantees citizens' right to privacy.

1964 Civil Rights Act

28.3 The law required only that employers hire without regard to "race, color, religion, sex, or national origin." But liberals did not believe nondiscrimination would occur and bring African Americans into the economic mainstream.

Lawrence v. Texas

28.3 Using right of privacy, struck down Texas law banning sodomy in 2003.

Our Bodies, Ourselves

28.3 a book put together by the Boston Women's Health Collective to tell women about their body's and health. Published in 1971

strict constructionist

28.3 a person who interprets the Constitution in a way that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take; once Nixon came into office he promised to appoint these types of judges in response to the Warren Court.

Anita Bryant

28.3 entertainer famous for her Florida orange juice commercials; initiated a campaign against homosexual rights beginning with her opposition to a local ordinance in Dade County, FL banning discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in 1977. Her "Save Our Children" campaign depicted homosexuals as perverted pedophiles and formed part of a renewed Christian Right movement. After success in Florida, she took her campaign nationwide and achieved a number of similar victories in other cities. Her campaigned inspired a number of gay rights organizations to galvanize in opposition. She is iconic of the reinvigorated religious right of the 1970s and 80s and their efforts to combat the new visible gay activism.

National Right to Life Committee

28.3 interest group which works through legislation and education to work against abortion, infanticide, euthanasia and assisted suicide

Dan White

28.3 shot and killed two men (a fellow councilman and the mayor) he said his diet of junk food contributed to his depression. convicted of a lesser offense of manslaughter

All in the Family

28.4 1971, Norman Lear the shows creator felt that TV comedy should not only funny, but provocative and stimulating. It was the first show to commonly used topics such as racism, sexism, and religious bigotry, as the basis for plots. Show attracted and held a large audience holding the number one spot for 5 years.

New Evangelicalism

28.4 A Historical movement intended to reform the fundamentalist movement; Evangelical Protestant churches emphasized an intimate, personal salvation (being "born again"); focusing on a literal interpretation of the Bible; and regarded the death and resurrection of Jesus as the central message of Christianity.

Encounter Groups

28.4 A group therapy technique in which people learn about their feelings and about how they relate to (or encounter) one another. Popular in the 1960s.

Beverly LaHaye

28.4 Christian evangelical; Believed that the family itself was organized along paternalist lines: father was breadwinner and disciplinarian; mother was nurturer and supporter. "Motherhood is the highest form of femininity." Other stated "A church, a family, a nation is only as strong as its men."

Bruce Springsteen

28.4 New Jersey rocker who represents quintessential mainstream rock and roll with his hard rocking band, raw unsophisticated voice and working class lyrics; star by turning the hard lives of people in small towns and working-class communities into rock anthems that filled arenas.

Blue Collar Blues

28.4 The decline of primary industries and the closing of factories with high paying union jobs in the Seventies--left formerly middle class blue collar workers without income and few job prospects

Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)

28.4 a trade organization that represents the major film studios; began a system of rating pictures (G, PG, R, and X) in tune with Hollywood's advancing sexual revolution.

Camp David

29.1 (1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.

Panama Canal Treaty

29.1 1978 - Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.

Phyllis Schlafly

29.1 A conservative female political activist. She stopped the ERA from being passed, seeing that it would hinder women more than it would help them. In her book "A Choice Not an Echo" accused moderate Republicans of being Democrats in disguise.

Richard Viguerie

29.1 Conservative fund-raiser who pioneered the mass-mailing list, including his computerized list of names and addresses of hundreds of thousands of individuals who contributed to conservative causes. A Louisiana-born Catholic and antiabortion activist, he applied new computer technology to political campaigning.

New Right

29.1 Conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that have arisen since the 1960's and stress "traditional values," often with a racist undertone. It merged Free-Market Economics with Religious Conservatism. It joined traditional anti-communist hard-liners. It included whites opposed to black civil rights, affirmative action, and busing. It was a broad coalition that attacked the welfare state liberalism, social permissiveness, and allegedly weak and defensive foreign policy.

Milton Friedman

29.1 He was a famous American economist. He strongly promoted the idea of free trade and condemned government regulation and socialism. In the publication "Capitalism and Freedom" in 1962, he argued that the "economic freedom is ... an indispensable means toward the achievement of political freedom."

Iranian Hostage Crisis

29.1 In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Jerry Falwell

29.1 Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools. Founded Liberty University and hosted the "Old Time Gospel Hour".

Election of 1980

29.1 Ronald Reagan won this presidential election, defeating Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation. It was significant because the Senate had Republican majority and more seats in the house allowing them to pass many key Republican programs. The 1980 election ended a half-century of Democratic dominance of Congress.

1980 Olympic Boycott

29.1 The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan spurred Jimmy Carter to issue an ultimatum on January 20, 1980 that the United States would boycott the Moscow Olympics if Soviet troops did not withdraw from Afghanistan within one month

Religious Right

29.1 United States political faction that advocates social and political conservativism, school prayer, condemned divorce, abortion, premarital sex, and feminism. It resisted federal aid for religious groups and schools.

Grassroots Republicans

29.1 Winning the 1964 nomination for Goldwater required conservative activists to build their campaign from the bottom up. They found thousands of Americans willing to hit the streets on behalf of their conservative hero.

A Time For Choosing

29.1 a speech presented during the 1964 U.S. presidential election campaign by future president Ronald Reagan on behalf of Republican candidate Barry Goldwater. Speaks on the importance of small government. Reagan warned that if we "trade our freedom for the soup kitchen of the welfare state," the nation would "take the first step into a thousand years of darkness."

The Heritage Foundation

29.1 conservative american think tank in washington D.C to promote conservative public policies. based the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional american values and a strong national defense.

American Enterprise Institute

29.1 neoconservative think tank, 70s, believed that welfare did more harm than good, supported cold war

Focus on the Family

29.1 religious organization that promotes socially conservative views on public policy. Founded in 1977.

Moral Majority

29.2 "Born-Again" Christians become politically active. The majority of Americans are moral people, and therefore are a political force. Platform called for a constitutional ban on abortion, voluntary prayer in public schools, and a mandatory death penalty for certain crimes. It demanded an end to court-mandated busing to achieve racial integration in schools, and opposed the Equal Rights Amendment.

supply-side economics

29.2 An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government. Another term for it is Reaganomics.

Computer Revolution

29.2 During the 1980s personal computers began to appear in many homes across the world. By the late 1990s, computers had become a staple in most industrialized country's homes.

Economic Recovery Tax Act (ERTA)

29.2 Legislation introduced by President Reagan and passed by Congress in 1981 that authorized the largest reduction in taxes in the nation's history. It reduced income tax rates for most Americans by 23% over three years. The wealthiest Americans, the highest marginal tax rate dropped from 70% to 50%. It shaved estate taxes, levies on inheritances instituted during the Progressive Era to prevent the transmission of huge fortuntes from one generation to the next. It trimmed the taxes paid by business corproations by $150 billion over the period of five years. By 1986, as a result, the federal government had been cut by $200 billion (nearly half a trillion in 2010 dollars).

William Rehnquist

29.2 Nominated by Regan in an attempt to push the Supreme Court in a more conservative direction. The Court's conservatives then took an active stance, limiting the reach of the federal laws, ending court-ordered busing, and endorsing constitutional protection of property rights.

Donald Trump

29.2 One of the most enthralling of the era's money moguels was this real estate developer who craved publicity. In 1983, he build two gold towers in New York City and charged high rates for access. TV reporters and magazines commented relentlessly on his marriages, divorces, and glitzy lifestyle. Trading on his celebrity as much as his business acumen, he would in later decades forge a career on reality television and, in one of the most unexpected developments of the early 21st century, win the Republican nomination for president in 2016 and ascend to the presidency itself.

Election of 1984

29.2 Reagan ran against Walter Mondale , who chose Geraldine Ferraro the 1st woman for VP. Reagan won by a landslide with 525 electoral votes

Reaganomics

29.2 The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

Deregulation

29.2 The lifting of government restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities. Reagan expanded the pledge to cut back on government protections for consumers, workers, and the environment. Reagan cut budgets of regulatory agencies by an average of 12%.

Reagan Democrats

29.2 The nickname given to southern and blue-collar workers who began to vote Republicans in 1980 due to their socially conservative values. Many saw these voters as the "silent majority" that Nixon had referenced and swung into the fold in 1968 and 1972. They lived heavily in the industrial midwest and had been part of the Democratic coalition for three decades.

Jack Kemp

29.2 architect of Reaganomics who ran in 1988 primary with the religious right

service industries

29.2 businesses that provide services for a fee, offer employment potential in coming years. It's been the leading sector for growth since the 1970s. The shift in the underlying foundation of the American economy, from manfucatruing to service would have long-term consequences for the global competitiveness of US industries and the value of the dollar.

Reagan Coalition

29.2 combination of economic and social conservatives, religious fundamentalists, and dense-minded anticommunists who rallied behind Republican President Ronald Reagan

Trickle Down Economics

29.2 economic theory that holds that money lent to banks and businesses will trickle down to consumers. Conservatives admitted that supply-side theory was based upon faith, not economics.

Sandra Day O'Connor

29.2 first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan. On controversial issues such as individual liberties, abortion rights, affirmative action, and the rights of criminal defendants, the presence of her ensured that the Rehnquist Court adopted more centrist opinions.

HIV/AIDS

29.2 the virus that causes AIDS, spread through bodily fluids rather than casual contact or airborne; By 2001 it had spread worldwide, infected more than 50 million people of both sexes, and killed more than 20 million.

Persian Gulf War

29.3 (1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.

John Paul II

29.3 20th century pope from Poland who is credited with helping end Communist rule in Europe and improving the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism and Islam

Velvet Revolution

29.3 A peaceful protest by the Czech people that led to the smooth end of communism in Czechoslovakia.

Mikhail Gorbachev

29.3 Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. Reform minded Russian Communist leader.

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START)

29.3 Initiated by Reagan; renamed arms-control talks to emphasize reductions in strategic nuclear weapons. This was designed to increase American advantage in sea- and air-based nuclear systems over the Soviet ground-based system.

UN Resolution 687

29.3 Iraq was to comply after losing the Gulf War, urged Iraq and Kuwait to respect the boundary between the two countries, had to remove and destroy all chemical weapons, couldn't develop nukes

Sandinistas

29.3 Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. They lost national elections in 1990.

Solidarity

29.3 Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

New World Order

29.3 President Bush's vision for world peace centering around the United States taking the lead to ensure that aggression be dealt with by a mutual agreement of the United Nations, NATO, and other countries acting in concert

CIA funding anticommunist forces

29.3 Reagan supported these efforts to roll back Soviet influence in the developing world by funding anticommunist movements in Angola, Mozambique, Afghanistan, and Central American countries like Guatemala, Nicaragua and El Salvador.

Dan Quayle

29.3 Republican vice-presidential nominee in the 1988 election; ridiculed for factual and linguistic mistakes; George H. Bush's running mate in 1988 and 1992 , who had a hard time spelling "potato"

Evil Empire

29.3 Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression.

Nicaragua

29.3 The US sided with military dictatorships and oligarchies if democratically elected governments or left-wing movements sought support from the USSR. In this country, Reagan actively encouraged a coup against the left-wing Sandinista government.

El Salvador

29.3 The US sided with military dictatorships and oligarchies if democratically elected governments or left-wing movements sought support from the USSR. In this country, the US backed government maintained secret "death squads," which murdered members of the opposition.

Guatemala

29.3 The US sided with military dictatorships and oligarchies if democratically elected governments or left-wing movements sought support from the USSR. In this country, this approach produced a brutal military rule - thousands of opponents of this government were executed or kidnapped.

Iran-Iraq War

29.3 The war began when Iraq invaded Iran on September 22 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long suppressed Shia majority influenced by Iran's Islamic revolution.

glasnost

29.3 a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems; means "openness"

George H.W. Bush

29.3 president during the Gulf War, ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in the second-highest approval rating of any president, 89%; won election in 1988

Fall of the Soviet Union

29.3 the soviet union's weakening economy along with great discrepancies between worker's wages and the privileges their leaders enjoyed, led the the breakup of the soviet union. On December 25, 1991, it formally dissolved to make way for the 11-member Commonwealth of Independent States.

Dominion of New England

3.1 1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. It extended to America the authoritarian model of colonial rule/absolute monarch that English government had imposed on Catholic Ireland.

Two Treatises on Government

3.1 Is a refutation of the divine rights of kings and the absolutist theory of government. A book written by John Locke which stated details about natural rights and that people were born with and entitled to life, liberty, and property. Written in 1690.

Navigation Acts

3.1 Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. Started in 1651. This was a shift from merchantalist policy to imperial domain. Since the 1560s, the English crown had used government subsidies and charters to stimulate English manufacturing and trade. Now it extended these strategies to the American settlements with this law.

Covenant chain

3.2 An alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes and thus put New York in an economically and politically dominant position among the other colonies

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)

3.2 Britain fought France and Spain. English settlers in the Carolinas armed the Creeks whos 15,000 members farmed the fertile lands along Georgia/Alabama (modern day). A joint English-Creek expedition attacked Spanish Florida, burning St. Augustine but failing to capture the fort.

South Atlantic System

3.3 A new agricultural and commercial order that produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and other tropical and subtropical products for an international market. Its plantation societies were ruled by European planter-merchants and worked by hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans.

Middle Passage

3.3 A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. Captives had little to eat or drink and many died from dehydration. The feces, urine and vomit below decks prompted outbreaks of dysentary. Many attempted to jump overboard and drown rather than endure suffering. Nearly 100,000 slaves died in the insurrections and nearly 1.5 millsion (14% of those transported) died of dease or illness on the month-long journey.

Stono Rebellion (1739)

3.3 South Carolina slave revolt that prompted the colonies to pass stricter laws regulating the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways. The slaves had hoped to seize their freedom when war between England and SPain broke out and they marched towards Florida.

Dahomey

3.3 Supplying slaves became a way of life here in the West African state, where the royal house monopolized the sale of slaves and used European guns to create a military despotism.

Molasses Act of 1733

3.4 A British law that established a tax on imports of molasses, sugar, and rum from non-British colonies. The law was loosely enforced and New England imported great quantities of West Indian sugar for manufacturing rum. Example of mercantilism. Colonists protested that it would cripple the distilling industry, cut farm exports and reduce mainland's purchases of British goods. American merchants responded by smuggling in French molasses by bribing customs officials.

Salutary Neglect

3.4 British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

Colonial elite

3.4 Expanding trade created the emergence of a powerful upper class of merchants. In the Chesapeake and Lower South, planters accumulated enormous wealth. America had no titled aristocracy or established social ranks.

China

30.1 A vast nation of 1.3 billion people that was the world's fastest rising economic power in the first decade of the 21st century, it quadrupled its GDP between 2000-2008. Growth rates were higher during that time than in the USA during the 1950s and 1960s. Although still governed by the Communist Party, it embraced capitalism, and its factories produced inexpensive products that Americans eagerly purchased. It has deliberately kept its currency weak against the US dollar to ensure its exports remain cheap in the USA and to purchase American debt (holding 7% of total US debt). As more goods that Americans buy are produce in China, the manufacturing base in the USA continues to shrink, costing jobs and affecting communities.

multinational corporation

30.1 An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management. Many of the most powerful continued to be based in the USA. Examples are Walmart, Apple, McDonalds. Many of them closed their factories in the USA and outsourced their factories and jobs to plants in Mexico, Eastern Europe, and Asia. By 2005, Nike had established 700 factories worldwide that employed more than 650,000 workers, most of whom received low wages, endured harsh working conditions, and had no health or pension benefits.

Seattle Protests

30.1 Protested the World Trade Organization and increasing globalization. In late 1999, more than 50,000 protesters took to the streets, immobilizing a wide swath of the city's downtown. A radical contingent joined the otherwise peaceful march, and a handful of them began breaking the windows of the chain stores they saw of symbols of global capitalism: Starbucks, Gap, Old Navy.

financial deregulation

30.1 The removal of or reduction in legal rules and regulations governing the activities of financial institutions. In the 1980s Pres. Reagan believed the economy would improve for everyone if major financial institutions were subject to much less governmental oversight. It has led to spectacular profits for investors but produced a more fragile, crash-prone global economy.

European Union (EU)

30.1 a free trade zone encompassing 27 European countries. It has been an economic juggernaut and trading rival with the USA, but following the Great Recession of 2007-2008, it pursued a policy of austerity largely unpopular outside of Germany, its dominant economic member.

World Wide Web (WWW)

30.1 a system of computers that share information by means of links on web pages. Like the computer itself, the Internet was a product of military based research. It is a collection of servers that allowed access to millions of documents, pictures, and other materials - enhanced by the appeal and commercial possibilities. By 2011, 78% of all Americans and more than 2 billion people worldwide used this to send messages, view information, and buy and sell products and services.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

30.1 a trade organization that replaced the old General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT);this institution pushed for unrestrained global trade.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

30.1 an international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation

Globalization

30.1 the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Bipolar World

30.1 world co-domination of two superpowers with opposing ideologies. This occurred during the Cold War

Monica Lewinsky

30.2 1990s; had affair with Clinton who denied it under oath, but there was physical evidence; he was impeached for perjury and his resulting political battles kept him from being productive in his final term paving way for the seemingly moral Bush in 2000

Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)

30.2 1996, Declares that states are not obligated to recognize any same sex marriages that might not be legally sanctioned in other states, defined marriage and spouse in heterosexual terms for federal law

Bill Clinton

30.2 42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached

Operation Rescue

30.2 A movement founded by religious activist Randall Terry in 1987 that mounted protests outside abortion clinics and harassed their staffs and clients.

Multiculturalism

30.2 A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

Patrick Buchanan

30.2 A television commentator and former White House aide who challenged Bush in the Republican primary. "We must take back our culture, and take back our country. There's a religious war going on for the soul of America."

Proposition 227

30.2 An initiative passed by California voters in 1998 that required all language minority students to be educated in sheltered English immersion programs, not normally intended to exceed one year. Although it has not completely succeeded, it was designed to eliminate bilingual education from California's schools.

Kosovo

30.2 Another province in the Serbian-dominated Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Led by the USA, NATO intervened with air strikes and military forces to preserve its automony. By 2008, 7 independent states had emerged from the wreckage of Yugoslavia.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)

30.2 Federal funds for children in families that fall below state standards of need. In 1996, Congress abolished AFDC, the largest federal cash transfer program, and replaced it with the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

30.2 Federal law requiring employers to verify and maintain records on applicants' legal rights to work in the United States. It granted citizenship to many of those who had arrived outside the law's numerical limits, providing incentives for employers not to hire undocumented immigrants, and increased surveillance along the border with Mexico.

New Democrats

30.2 Ideologically centrist faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election. They are identified with more pragmatic and centrist social/cultural/pluralist positions and neoliberal fiscal values

Slobodan Milosevic

30.2 President of Serbia from 1989 to 1997 and of Yugoslavia 1997 to 2000. A key figure in the ethnic conflicts in the Balkans in the 1990s. He was an uncompromising nationalist who refused to live in a Muslim-run multiethnic state that had been created in Bosnia-Herzegovina. US intervened in 1995 in a NATO-led bomibing campaign and peacekeeping effort where 20,000 American troops that ended the Serb's vicious expansionist drive.

Newt Gingrich

30.2 Representative from Georgia who led the "Contract with America" and eventually became the Speaker of the House; he and Clinton battled many times while he demanded tax cuts and a balancing of the budget

Clinton Impeachment

30.2 Result of a political sex scandal emerging from a sexual relationship between United States President Bill Clinton and a 22-year-old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. According to a CBS poll, 38% favored impeachment while 58% of Americans opposed the House's actions.

Windsor v. U.S. (2013)

30.2 Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, which federally defined marriage as a union between one man and one woman as husband and wife, is unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause's guarantee of equal protection. The federal government must recognize same-sex marriages that have been approved by the states.

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

30.2 State laws making sodomy (gay sex) a crime violate equal protection clause (fails rational basis test because only possible reason for law is homophobia)

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

30.2 States can regulate abortion, but not with regulations that impose "undue burden" upon women; did not overturn Roe v. Wade, but gave states more leeway in regulating abortion (e.g., 24-hour waiting period, parental consent for minors)

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

30.2 Struck down state bans on same sex marriage. The 14th Amendment requires States to license a marriage between two people of the same sex. States must recognize a marriage between two people of the same sex when their marriage was lawfully licensed and performed out-of-State. (Roberts Court)

Bakke v. Regents of the University of California

30.2 The Supreme Court upheld the university's use of race in its admissions decisions The Court also found that Bakke, a white, should have been admitted to the university's medical school. This holding banned the use of racial quotas

Ross Perot

30.2 This billionaire was a third-party candidate in the 1992 presidential election won 19 percent of the popular vote. His strong showing that year demonstrated voter disaffection with the two major parties.

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)

30.2 Upheld a Missouri law that imposed restrictions on the use of state funds, facilities and employees in performing, assisting with, or counseling on abortions.

Al Qaeda

30.2 a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

Hillary Rodham Clinton

30.2 first lady of bill clinton, senator for new york, closest a woman has come to presidential candidate; led Bill Clinton's task force on healthcare. It proposed a 'managed competition' for healthcare. Private insurance companies and market forces were to rein in health-care expenditures. Cost would fall to employers and man small businesses campaigned against this strongly along with the health care industry, American Medical Association (AMA) and powerful lobbies with considerable influence in Washington. By 1994, the proposal had died. But 40 million Americans (15% of American population) remained without health insurance coverage.

Reverse Discrimination

30.2 the practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously. Conservatives argued that such governmental programs were deeply flawed because they promoted this against white men and women and resulted in the selection and promotion of less qualified applicants for job and educational advancement.

24 hour cable news

30.2 •Begins with CNN in 1981 -"wall-to-wall" coverage •Joined by fox and MSNBC in the 1990s •Less focus on substance -more on opinion -And filling up time

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA)

30.3 2010 federal legislation designed for comprehensive health reform, with an intent to expand coverage, control health care costs, and improve the health care delivery system. Called derisively by his critics as Obamacare.

cap-and-trade program

30.3 A government strategy for reducing harmful emissions or discharges by placing a limit on their total amounts and then allowing firms to buy and sell the rights to emit or discharge specific amounts within the total limits.

Arab Spring

30.3 A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011). Demonstrations and protests toppled autocratic rulers in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, and Yemen.

Syrian Civil War

30.3 An ongoing armed conflict in Syria between forces loyal to the Syrian Ba'ath Party government and those seeking to oust it. The conflict began on 15 March 2011, with popular demonstrations that grew nationwide by April 2011. Protesters demanded the resignation of President Bashar al-Assad, whose family has held the presidency in Syria since 1971.

Dick Cheney

30.3 Bush's Vice President and a Wyoming representative who was attacked numerous times for his considerable power given to him by the President and his policy-making.

2016 Election

30.3 Candidates: (Republican): Donald Trump (Democrat): Hillary Clinton Issues: Obamacare (repeal or keep it), Russian interference in the election, Hillary Clinton's e-mails were hacked and released to the public. Outcome: Donald Trump defeated Hillary Clinton 304 to 227 in the Electoral College, but Hillary Clinton won the popular vote by almost 3 million votes (65.8 million to 62.9 million for Trump) (48.2% for Clinton to 46.1% for Trump)

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

30.3 Congress authorized a tax credit of up to $8,000 for qualified first-time home buyers purchasing homes on or after January 1, 2009 and before December 1, 2009.

Clean Power Plan

30.3 Establishes the first-ever federal limits on carbon emissions from U.S. power plants, establishing state-by-state targets for carbon emissions reductions and allowing states flexibility in how to meet these targets. Advanced by Obama. Blocked by the Supreme Court and further limited by President Trump.

Osama Bin Laden

30.3 Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

Economic Growth and Tax Relief Act

30.3 Legislation introduced by President George W. Bush and passed by Congress in 2001 that slashed income tax rates, extended the earned income credit for the poor, and marked the estate tax to be phased out by 2010.

Katrina

30.3 On August 29th this caused massive amounts of destruction on the gulf coast including over 80 billion dollars in damage. Name the hurricane that ravaged Louisiana in 2005.

Abu Ghraib

30.3 Prison in Iraq made famous by revelation of photos taken by Army Reserve MP guards in the acts of humiliating and torturing prisoners

Hillary Clinton

30.3 Prominent child care advocate and health care reformer in Clinton administration; won U.S. senate seat in 2000. Lost to Obama in the 2008 election for the democratic nominee for President. Defeated Bernie Sanders in the 2016 election for the democratic nominee for President. Lost to Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential election, having defeated him in the popular vote but losing in the Electoral College.

Al Gore

30.3 Served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Ran for President in 2000 and won popular vote but lost Electoral College

USA Patriot Act (2001)

30.3 Strengthens the federal government's power to conduct surveillance, perform searches, and detain individuals in order to combat terrorism.

John Kerry

30.3 The Democratic nominee for president in 2004 was this liberal Massachusetts senator. He tried to present himself to the public as being in the mold of Bill Clinton, but he could not escape his liberal record.

Birther Movement

30.3 The attempt on the part of a small, but loud, group of conservatives to assert that President Obama was not the "legitimate" president of the United States because he was not natural born.

Trayvon Martin

30.3 The fatal shooting of this teenager in Florida sparked controversy when the man responsible for the shooting, George Zimmerman, invoked a "Stand Your Ground" defense.

Drone Strikes

30.3 This is a controversial secret military policy to bomb suspected terrorists (including US citizens). Opposed by civil liberties interest groups as a violation of due process.

Build a wall

30.3 Trump secured ample media coverage with disparaging remarks about immigrants and his oft-recited promise to ________ along the US-Mexico border, alongside other nationalist slogans. His speeches, impromptu and off-the-cuff, railed against globalization, President Obama, the media, the political establishment, and the Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton.

Iraq War (2003)

30.3 USA forces overthrew Saddam Hussein. President George W. Bush believed Saddam held weapons of mass destruction.

Bush v. Gore

30.3 Use of 14th Amendment's equal protection clause to stop the Florida recount in the election of 2000. The decision allowed the Republican Secretary of State to resolve the voting discrepancy in the state which handed Florida's electors to Bush, which were enough for Bush to defeat Gore in the 2000 election.

Michael Brown

30.3 Was shot in an event that occurred on August 9, 2014, in Ferguson, Missouri, a northern suburb of St. Louis. He was an 18-year-old black man, was a suspect in a "strong-arm" robbery of a convenience store. He was fatally shot by Darren Wilson, a 28-year-old white police officer.

Karl Rove

30.3 White House Deputy Chief of Staff known for negative campaign ads that helped Bush get elected. Widely acknowledged as one of the first users of microtargeting, this person is also known as 'The Architect."

Tea Party

30.3 a political movement that largely began in 2009 with protests that were sponsored both locally and nationally. In general the movement is considered conservative, favoring decreased taxes & decreased spending by the government. The focus is on fiscal conservatism. So far it has endorsed Republican candidates.

Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008

30.3 federal legislation enacted in response to the subprime mortgage crisis that involved government bailouts of financial institutions in order to restore investor confidence in the market

The German Influx

4.1 A third wave of German/Swiss (Approximately 40,000) landed in Philadelphia between 1749-1756 which was supported by the redemptioner system.

Women's role

4.1 Subordinate throughout their lives. Courts prosecuted more women for men for the crime of fornication. They assumed the role of dutiful helpmates to their husbands. "Noteable women" those who excelled at domestic arts did win praise and high status. Women bore and raised children. Ministers praised women for their piety but excluded them from an equal role in church.

Household mode of production

4.1 The system of exchanging goods and labor that helped eighteenth-century New England freeholders survive on ever-shrinking farms as available land became more scarce.

Copernicus

4.2 1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

Higher Education

4.2 As religious enthusiasm spread, churches founded new colleges to educate their young men and train ministers. New Light Presbyterians established College of New Jersey (Princeton) in 1746, New York Anglicans founded King's College (Columbia) in 1754. Baptists set up the College of Rhode Island (Brown) in 1764, the Dutch Reformed Church subsidized Queen's College (Rutgers) in New Jersey.

Samuel Morris

4.2 In 1753, he led a group of Virginia Anglicans out of their congregation to seek a deeper religious experience. This sparked Presbyterian revivals across the Tidewater region, threatening the social authority of the Virginia gentry and their tax-supported status of the Anglican Church.

Print Revolution

4.2 Printing allowed for the broad transmission of new ideas. Until 1695, the British government had the power to censor all printed materials. Then the Licensing Act lapsed and dozens of printshops opened in UK. They printed newspapers and pamplets, poetry, sermons and advertisements. Larger booksellers printed scientific treatises, histories, travelers' accounts, and novels. Print was essential to the new ideas, both Enlightenment and Pietism.

The Great Awakening

4.2 Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. It undermined legally established churches and their tax-supported ministers.

Pietism

4.2 This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs After 1720, transatlantic shipping grew more frequent and Britain and its colonies more closely connected with a burgeoning print culture flooded the colonies with information and ideas from this movement.

The Baptist Insurgency

4.2 evangelical preachers came ti Virgina in the 1760s and succeed where the Presbyterian revival failed. Offered poor farmers solace and hope, "born again" baptisms were central feature, and welcomed slaves to their revivals. Native born African Americans in Virginia welcomed the message that all people were equal in God's eyes. In reaction, the House of Burgesses imposed heavy fines on Baptists who preached to slaves without their owner's permission. The movement threatened the gentry authority because they repudiated social distinctions and urged followers to call one another 'brother' and 'sister.' They condemned the planters decadent lifestyle.

Enlightenment principles

4.2 the lawlike order of the natural world, the power of human reason, the 'natural rights' of individuals (including the right to self-government), and the progressive improvement of society.

Seven Years War

4.3 (1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. It pitted UK and Prussia against France, Spain and Austria. When Britain mounted major offenses in India, West Africa, and the West Indies as well as North America, the conflict became the Great War for Empire.

Albany Congress

4.3 1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it. It proposed 'one general government...be formed in America, including all the said colonies.' It never received serious consideration, but that did not stop the push towards war.

Proclamation of 1763

4.3 A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. In the peace settlement following Pontiac's Rebellion, Pontiac and his allies accepted the British as their new political 'fathers.' But this also confirmed Indian control of the region and declared it off-limits to colonial settlement. It was an edict that many colonists would ignore.

Industrial Revolution

4.3 A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. British artisans designed and built water mills and steam engines that efficiently powered a wide array of machines. To market the abundant factory-produced goods, English and Scotts merchants extended credit to colonial shopkeepers for a full year instead of six months. Americans were soon purchasing 30% of all British exports. To pay for British manufactures, mainland colonists increased their exports of tobacco, rice, indigo, and wheat.

Regulators

4.3 After the righting ended in 1763, a group of land-owning vigilantes demanded that the eastern-conrolled government of South Carolina provide western districts with more courts, fairer taxation, and greater representation in the assembly. These were land-hungry Scott-Irish settlers who had regularly clashed with the CHerokees during the war with France. Like the Paxton Boys, they won attention to backcountry needs but failed to wrest power from the eastern elite.

Consumer Revolution of 18th Century

4.3 Although it raised living standards, it landed many consumers, and the colonies as a whole - in debt. Exports paid for only 80% of British imports and Britain financed the rest. Amercian's trade deficit as an extension of credit and Pitt's military expenditures caused an economic recession after the war ended in 1763.

Ohio Valley

4.3 Area claimed by French that had Indian tribes already living there. The English were expanding into it and the Iroquois wanted to trade there. Cause of tension.

War Hawks

4.3 British statesmen William Pitt and Lord Halifax persuaded UK prime minister Henry Pelham to launch an American war. In June 1755, British and New England troops captured disputed territory in Nova Scotia (which the French called Acadia).

Iroquois Confederacy

4.3 By mid 1700s, UK relied on this group as a partner in Indian relations throughout the NE. By extending the Covenant Chain, they had become a kind of Indian Empire in their own right.

General Edward Braddock

4.3 Commanded forces sent by Great Britain to support American colonists; In July 1755 he advanced on Fort Duquesne with 1500 British regulars and Virginia militiamen. They defeated and killed by French and Indian troops

Treaty of Paris of 1763

4.3 Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain. It also granted them control in Africa and India. It had forged a commercial and colonial empire that was nearly worldwide.

William Pitt

4.3 The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war. He was the archtect for the British war effort.

Paxton Boys

4.3 They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Ohio Company of Virginia

4.3 a large land investment in Ohio Valley, in 1745 attempted to break the French and Indian hold on the Ohio valley by sending an expedition against Fort Duquesne.

Vice-Admiralty Courts

5.1 A maritime tribunal presided over by a royally appointed judge, with no jury. Prior to the French and Indian War, merchants accused of Navigation Acts violations were tried by local common-law courts, where friendly juries often acquitted them. The Sugar Act instead extended jurisdiction of these new tribunals to all custom offenses. Led to increased colonial resentment.

Quartering Act of 1765

5.1 Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.

Imperial Reform

5.1 After the French and Indian War, George Grenville passes laws designed to increase revenue gained from the colonists.

John Hancock

5.1 American merchant who had made his fortune smuggling French molasses. Resisted the Sugar Act believing it would ruin the distilling industry. Privately, he vowed to continue to try to evade the duty by smuggling or bribing officials.

George Grenville

5.1 Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.

Military occupation

5.1 Britain's military victory in the French and Indian War also shifted the policy of having a new peacetime deployment of 15 royal battalions - some 7,500 troops - in North America. The troops would maintain Britain's vast new North American territory and prevent the colonists from defying the Proclamation Act of 1763, while managing relations with the Native Americans and 60,000 French residents in Canada, Britain's newly conquered colony. The move had costly financial implications and Britain determined that the colonists must bear the cost of empire.

Virtual Representation

5.1 British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members. It rejected the proposition of Ben Franklin who advocated for colonial representation in British Parliament.

Parliamentary Supremacy

5.1 Ending salutary neglect, Grenville decided to fashion the central imperial system in America much liked that in Ireland. British officials would govern the colonies with little regard for the local assemblies in America. The Prime Minister's plan would provoke a constitutional confrontation on the specific issues of taxation, jury trials, military quartering and the general question of representation of self-government.

Royal Governors

5.1 In theory these leaders had extensive political powers. But in reality, they shared power with colonial assemblies, which outraged British officials.

Revenue Act of 1762

5.1 Law that tightened collection of trade duties that merchants had evaded through bribery.

Sugar Act of 1764

5.1 Part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue program, the act replaced the Molasses Act of 1733, and actually lowered the tax on sugar and molasses (which the New England colonies imported to make rum as part of the triangular trade) from 6 cents to 3 cents a barrel, but for the first time adopted provisions that would insure that the tax was strictly enforced; created the vice-admiralty courts; and made it illegal for the colonies to buy goods from non-British Caribbean colonies.

National Debt

5.1 The Great War for Empire imposed an enormous cost for Great Britain. By the end of the French and Indian War, the debt consumed 60% of the national budget and the ministry had to raise taxes.

Currency Act of 1764

5.1 This act applied to all of the colonies. It banned the production of paper money in the colonies in an effort to combat the inflation caused by Virginia's decision to get itself out of debt by issuing more paper money.

Stamp Act of 1765

5.1 This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, when they bought paper items. It bore heavily on the rich, since it charged only a penny a sheet for newspapers and other common items but up to 10 British pounds for a lawyer's license. It also required no new bureacuracy; stamped paper would be delievered to colonial ports and sold to printers in lieu of unstamped stock.

Excise Tax

5.1 a tax on the production or sale of a good. In response to the French and Indian War, the British shifted away from land tax to raise money on the sale of ordinary goods in order to raise money. They included salt, beer, bricks, candles, paper. Most of these were consumed by middle and poor British citizens, amounting to approximately 20% of income on most families in 1760s.

Stamp Act Congress

5.2 A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance. They contested the violation of 'rights and liberties' such as the right to trial by jury, the constitutionality of the Stamp and Sugar Acts because only the colonists elected representatives could tax them (not England).

Sons of Liberty

5.2 A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Declaratory Act

5.2 Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Patriots

5.2 American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

nonimportation agreements

5.2 Boycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act and, later, the Townshend and Intolerable Acts. The agreements were the most effective form of protest against British policies in the colonies. American women, ordinarily excluded from public affairs, became crucial to political resistance by reducing their household consumption on imported goods and producing large quantities of homespun cloth. They eventually organized into the Daughters of Liberty.

Charles Townshed

5.2 Britain's Finance minister started the Townshed act after wrongly assuming that colonist would except it because the tax was collected in colonies. Grenville's success.

Patrick Henry

5.2 He was an orator and statesman and a member of the House of Burgesses where he introduced seven resolutions against the Stamp Act. Famous for his comment "Give me liberty or give me death", he also promoted revolutionary ideals. He is responsible for the Virginia Resolves.

Great Awakening

5.2 Helped inspire the Sons of Liberty to devote their resentment against arrogant British military officials and corrupt royal bureaucrats.

Andrew Oliver

5.2 commissioned to administer the unpopular Stamp Act in Massachusetts. On August 14, he was hanged in effigy from Boston's Liberty Tree in a protest organized by the Loyal Nine, a precursor to the Sons of Liberty. That night his house in Boston was ransacked by an angry crowd. On August 17, he was compelled to publicly resign his commission. On December 17, the Sons of Liberty again forced him to publicly swear that he would never act as stamp distributor

Townshend Acts (1767)

5.2 passed by Parliament, put a tax on glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts caused protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its little profits, they were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation.

Natural rights

5.2 the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property. Thomas Jefferson and other patriots drew on the writings of John Locke to advocate that governments must protect these things.

Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)

5.3 -1774 -Designed to punish the colonists -Shut down the port of Boston, ended self-rule in Massachusetts, tried colonists for high crimes in England, and created the New Quartering Act for all colonies. -Colonial reaction: "First Continental Congress" (convention of delegates from 12/13 colonies called in response to the Coercive Acts - not Georgia since it was a "convict state") met and called for (1) noncompliance with the Coercive Acts; (2) formation of militias; and (3) a boycott of and embargo on exports to Britain.

Tea Act

5.3 1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

Committee of Correspondence

5.3 A 21 member committee responsible for keeping the colonies and the rest of the world informed about the injustices Great Britain was making on her colonies. Started in 1772. By 1774, only Pennsylvania was without one.

Samuel Adams

5.3 American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Boston Tea Party (1773)

5.3 American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty, disguised as Mohawk Native Americans, boarded three British ships and dumped British tea into the Boston harbor on December 16, 1773.

Loyalists

5.3 American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence. Some believed that Patriot leaders wished to subvert British rule to advance their own selfish interests. Some feared that support for the Patriots meant support for anarchy, intimidation and violence to uphold the boycotts. Approximately 15-20% of the population.

Continental Association

5.3 Created by the First Continental Congress, it enforced the non-importation of British goods by empowering local Committees of Vigilence in each colony to fine or arrest violators. It was meant to pressure Britain to repeal the Coercive Acts.

Quebec Act

5.3 Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

Neutrals

5.3 Some colonists wished to stay out of the fray. Some didn't take sides on principle such as pacifism. Others were ambivalent or confused about the political crisis unfolding around them. Many prioritized the preservation of their families property and independence, whatever the outcome of the imperial crisis.

Continental Congress

5.3 The legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution. Reacted to the Intolerables Acts and met in Philadelphia in 1774.

Bunker Hill

5.4 (June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

Fort Pitt

5.4 A British fort that was built after the French burned Fort Duquesne down. This caused the British to win the French and Indian War. It is located in modern day Pittsburgh, PA.

Common Sense

5.4 A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation in January 1776.

Paul Revere

5.4 American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

Lexington and Concord

5.4 April 18, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adams and Hancock but Paul Revere warned Patriots in many towns, and at dawn, militia from neighboring towns repeatedly ambushed them.; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord). 12 years of economic and constitutional conflict had ended in violence.

Thomas Jefferson

5.4 Author of the Declaration of Independence

Olive Branch Petition

5.4 On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Battle of Princeton

6.1 A week after the Battle at Trenton, Washington left a few men to tend some campfires and fool the enemy again in January 1777. He quietly marched his army to Princeton, where they suprised and beat a British force. New Jersey turned Patriot. This battle helped the American morale.

Continental army

6.1 Army formed in 1775 by the Second Continental Congress and led by General George Washington. Consisted of 18,000 poorly trained and inexperienced recruits. This force went up against the most powerful navy in the world, a standing army of 48,000 Britons plus thousands of Hessian soldiers, the support of thousands of American loyalists and powerful Indian coalitions.

"Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne

6.1 British leader in the battle of Saratoga who planned the attack on Albany; underestimated needed supplies so they lost the battle.

Battle of Long Island

6.1 George Washington and his army are badly beaten at this battle on August 27, 1776. Sorely outnumbered and surrounded at Brooklyn Heights, the 9,500 troops that survived retreated under cover of night across the East River to Manhattan.

Hessians

6.1 German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty. A mercenary military force.

General William Howe

6.1 He took command of British troops in North America after the Battle of Bunker Hill. He captured New York and Philadelphia, but botched the plan to isolate the New England colonies in 1777. He resigned in 1778.

Battle of Valley Forge

6.1 Important revolutionary battle that is considered the key turning point in the Revolutionary War. In the winter of 1777, Washington's army retreated into the forest while British general Howe and his soldiers lived comfortably in Philadelphia. By the spring of 1778, more than 200 officers had resigned, 1,000 hungry soldiers had deserted, and another 3,000 had died from malnutrition and disease. That winter, this battle took as many American lives as had two years of fighting.

Paper currency

6.1 Testifying to their independent status, the new state governments printed their own currencies. Rejecting the English system of pounds and shillings, Virginia used the Spanish gold dollar as its basic unit of currency, although the equivalent in English pounds is also shown. By 1781, Virginia had printed so much paper money to pay its soldiers and wartime expenses that the value of its currency had depreciated.

Battle of Trenton

6.1 Washington's army surprised the Hessians on Christmas Day 1776. He crossed the Delaware River and staged a surprise attack where he forced 1,000 German soldiers to surrender.

Robert Morris

6.1 an American merchant and a signer to the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. Significance: He played an important role in personally financing the American side in the Revolutionary War from 1781 to 1784. Hence, he came to be known as the 'Financier of the Revolution'. Since Congress lacked the authority to impose taxes, he relied on requisitioned funds from the states, but the states paid late or not at all.

Treaty of Alliance

6.2 A defensive alliance between France and the United States of America, formed in the midst of the American Revolutionary War, which promised military support in case of attack by British forces indefinitely into the future. Signed in February 1778.

Currency Tax

6.2 A hidden tax on the farmers and artisans who accepted Continental bills in payment for supplies and on the thousands of soldiers who took them as pay. Because of rampant inflation, Continental currency lost much of its value during the war; thus, the implicit tax on those who accepted it as payment.

guerrilla warfare

6.2 A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes.

Benedict Arnold

6.2 American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Swamp Fox

6.2 Francis Marion won a series of small but fierce battles in the South utilizing guerilla warfare tactics.

Marquis de Lafayette

6.2 French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Repeal of Tea and Prohibitory Acts

6.2 In February 1778, well into the American Revolution, Britain renounced its power to tax the colonies in an effort to seek a negotiated settlement of the American Revolution. But the Patriots, now allied with France and committed to independence, rejected Britain's overture.

Battle of Yorktown

6.2 Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

pensions

6.2 Most officers in the Continental army were gentlemen who equipped themselves and raised volunteers, asking only for a lifetime military pay of half-pay. General Washington urged Congress to grant them which it reluctantly did to motivate officers, but only for seven years.

Triangular War

6.2 The large number of slaves in the South made the Revolution a problem for Britain because African Americans constituted a strategic problem for Patriots and a tempting. Britain actively recruited slaves to its cause.

Treaty of Paris of 1783

6.2 This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Philipsburg Proclamation

6.2 declared that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain. Declared in 1779, it led to some 30,000 African Americans to take refuge behind British lines. George Washington initially barred African Americans from enlisting in the Continental army, but he related after this event. By the war's end, all states but SC and GA permitted enlistment and some 5,000 slave and free African Americans fought for the Patriot cause.

Popular Sovereignty

6.3 A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. The Declaration of Independence advanced this principle.

Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776

6.3 A constitution that granted all taxpaying men the right to vote and hold office and created a unicameral (one-house) legislature with complete power; there was no governor to exercise a veto. Other provisions mandated a system of elementary education and protected citizens from imprisonment for debt. A coalition of Scotts-Irish farmers, Philadelphia artisans, and Enlightenment-influenced intellectuals.

Land Ordinance of 1785

6.3 A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. It mandated a rectangular-grid system of surveying and specified a minimum price of $1/acre. It also required that hald of the townships be sold in single blocks of 23,040 acres each, which only large-scale speculators could afford, and the rest in parcles of 640 acres each, which restricted their sale to well-to-do farmers.

Southwest Territory

6.3 A territory set up by the United States in 1790, which included Tennessee in what had attempted to called 'Franklin'. Because these cessions carried the stipulation that 'no regulation shall tend to emancipate slaves' these territories and all those south of the Ohio River allowed human bondage.

Shays's Rebellion (1786)

6.3 Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries.They resembled American resistance to the British Stamp Act.

Mississippi Territory

6.3 Created by Congress in what would be the future states of Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi. It was taken from lands ceded by North Carolina and Georgia. Because these cessions carried the stipulation that 'no regulation shall tend to emancipate slaves' these territories and all those south of the Ohio River allowed human bondage.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

6.3 Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery. It created the territories that would eventually become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It prohibited slavery and earmarked funds from land sales for the support of schools. When a population reached 60,000, the legislature could devise a republican constitution and apply to join the Confederation.

State Constitutions

6.3 During the Revolutionary war, most states had their own const. to spell out the rights of citizens and set limits on the gvns. power.

Franklin

6.3 In 1784, some 30,000 settlers had already moved into Kentucky and Tennessee, despite the uncertainties of frontier warfare, and after the ware their numbers grew rapidly. In that year, the residents of what is now Eastern Tennessee organized a new state, called this, and sought admission to the Confederation. To preserve its authority to the West, Congress refused to recognize this state.

"Remember the Ladies"

6.3 In a letter written by Abigail Adams to John Adams in 1776, Abigail was asking Adams to make laws that would offer rights for women, not only men, protecting them against abusive and tyrannical men.

Mixed Government

6.3 John Adams's theory from Thoughts on Government (1776), which called for three branches of government, each representing one function: executive, legislative, and judicial. This system of dispersed authority was devised to maintain a balance of power and ensure the legitimacy of governmental procedures.

Judith Sargent Murry

6.3 Perhaps the most accomplished female essayist of the Revolutionary era. Publishing under various pen names, she advocated for economic independence and better educational opportunities. She published "On the Equality of the Sexes" two years before Marry Wollstonecraft published "A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)"

Property interests

6.3 Southern slaveholders fought the Revolution to protect these and any sentiment favoring slave emancipation was met with objections.

Western land claims disputes

6.3 The Congress formed by the Articles of Confederation had to resolve conflicting state claims to western lands. For example, the territories claimed by NY and VA on the basis of their royal charters overlapped extensively. Both the Confederation Congress (beginning in 1781) and the US Congress (after 1789), persuaded all the states to cede their western claims, creating a 'national domain' open to all citizens.

war bonds

6.3 The fiscal condition of the state governments was dire because well-to-do merchants and landowners had invested in these during the war. Now creditors demanded that the state governments redeem them quickly and at full value, a policy that would require tax increases. Most legislatures refused and states issued new paper currencies which allowed these to be paid in installments.

On the Equality of Sexes

6.3 This book written by Judith Sargent Murry in 1790 attempted to prove that women were capable of tasks outside of the household

Abigail Adams

6.3 Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Thoughts on Government

6.3 Written by John Adams in 1776; insisted that the new state constitutions should create ''balanced governments.''

bicameral legislature

6.3 a lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts

unicameral legislature

6.3 a legislature with one chamber

The Ordinance of 1784

6.3 proposed by Thomas Jefferson, western territory divided into 10 self governing districts, each which could become a state when the population reached that of the smallest state.

James Madison

6.4 "Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

United States Constitution

6.4 1787, Continental Congress made a constitution after Articles of Confederation failed; It included a central government divided into three branches (president, Senate, House of Representatives, and Supreme Court) and controlled by checks and balances. The Bill of Rights were ten amendments to the new constitution that guaranteed rights of freedom to citizens; made a national gov't that controlled taxes, army, trade, and currency.

Nationalists

6.4 A coalition of legislators during the Articles of Confederation calling for a stronger central government due to Shays's Rebellion, the need to secure creditors rights, and enforce taxes.

The Federalist Papers

6.4 A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Federalist No. 10

6.4 An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable.

Virginia Plan

6.4 At the Philadelphia Convention, this was the "Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. It was devised by James Madison.

Philadelphia Convention

6.4 Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as president of the convention. The convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted largely by James Madison.

American

6.4 Constitutional Revolution of 1789 Created a national republic that enjoyed broad political support. Federalists celebrated their triumph by organizing great processions in the seaport cities. By marching in an orderly fashion, Federalist-minded citizens affirmed their allegiance to a self-governing but elite-ruled republican nation.

Bill of Rights

6.4 First ten amendments to the Constitution; major source of civil liberties; applies to states via selective incorporation doctrine; promised to Anti-Federalists to secure ratification of Constitution

Slave Trade Provision

6.4 Inserted into the US Constitution; Congress could not ban the import of slaves for 20 years; part of the Connecticut Compromise; many slaves imported during the 20 years; 1808 - slave importation was banned; internal slave trade growth resulted

Antifederalists

6.4 Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally. They had diverse backgrounds and motives. Some feared that state governments would lose power. Rural-minded feared that it lacked a declaration of individual rights and were concerned that government would be run by wealthy men.

Factions

6.4 Political groups that agree on objectives and policies; the origins of political parties. Madison argued that a free society should welcome all of these from becoming too dominant.

Federalists

6.4 Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.Advocated for a federal union. They launched a coordinated messaging campaign with pamphlets and newspapers to explain and justify the Philadelphia constitution.

New Jersey Plan

6.4 The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population. It would have a unicameral legislature. Delegates from more populous states vigorously opposed the plan.

Toussaint Charbonneau

7.1 A French Canadian explorer and trader, and a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

Mandans

7.1 A Native American people formerly living in villages along the Missouri River in south-central North Dakota, with present-day descendants on Lake Sakakawea in west-central North Dakota

Sacagawea

7.1 A Shoshone woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography helped Lewis and Clark

Judiciary Act of 1789

7.1 A law passed by the first Congress to establish the federal court system.

San Dominique

7.1 Caribbean island invaded by Napoleon in order to restore French rule. Once the richest sugar colony in the Americas, a civil war had ruined the economy and cost France a fortune.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

7.1 Established judicial review; "midnight judges;" John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.

loose construction

7.1 Federalist feeling that the government has certain powers not listed in the Constitution; policy used by Democrat/Republican Thomas Jefferson to justify ratification of the Louisiana Purchase

Secessionist Schemes

7.1 Federalists in New England, troubled by the new land purchases in the west and fearing that this would lead to the weakening of their party, suggested seceding and forming a confederacy of New England states. This was supported by Aaron Burr, the vice president. He also encouraged succession in the southwest, but was eventually tried of treason

The Virginia Dynasty

7.1 From 1801-1825, three Republicans from Virginia - Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and James Monroe - each served two terms as President.

Whiskey Tax

7.1 Jefferson abolished all excise taxes including this controversial one which sparked an uprising in 1794.

Tripoli

7.1 Jefferson bombarded this city to fight the Barbary States in response to piracy.

Louis and Clark Expedition

7.1 Jefferson commissioned Louis and Clarky to explore Louisiana Territory. They located several passages through the Rockies, established friendly relationships with the natives, and aquired a wealth of geographical and biological knowledge about the land.

The National Debt

7.1 Jefferson considered this to be "The evil of first magnitude" and limited expenditures and used custom revenue to redeem government bonds and lower this figure by nearly half by 1812.

Naturalization Act

7.1 Jefferson restored original waiting period of five years for aliens to become naturalized citizens (down from 14 years as set by Adams)

Bank of the United States

7.1 Jefferson tolerated Hamilton's creation, an institution he once considered unconstitutional.

Aaron Burr

7.1 was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, he tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

7.2 (1817) Agreement between the U.S. and Britain (which controlled Canada at that time) for mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. Later expanded to an unarmed U.S.-Canada border; Negotiated by John Quincy Adams

Adams-Onis Treaty

7.2 (1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory; In return, America agreed to Spain's claim of Texas as a border to the new state of Louisiana (1812); Negotiated by John Quincy Adams

William Henry Harrison

7.2 (1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe against Tenskwatawa and the Western Confederacy.

Reasons for British success in the War of 1812

7.2 Americans didn't have a strong army; Boston merchants and banks refused to lend money to Federal government; New England Federalists who opposed the war refused to allow conscription of their militias; British warships disrupting American merchant ships and commerce;

Impressment

7.2 British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Chesapeake Affair

7.2 Conflict between Britain and the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American naval ship off the coast of Virginia.

war hawks (1811-1812)

7.2 Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, the war hawks resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier.

Henry Clay

7.2 Distinguished legislator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser."

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

7.2 Ended the War of 1812. Did not address grievances that led to the war (stalemate for both sides).

Democratic-Republican Leader after War of 1812

7.2 Henry Clay; Pursued Federalist-like policies;

Detroit

7.2 Invasion of British Canada during War of 1812, quickly ended in a retreat to here.

Battle of New Orleans, 1815

7.2 Last major battle of the War of 1812; making Andrew Jackson a national hero and propelling him later to the presidency.

Democratic-Republicans split (National Faction)

7.2 Led by Clay and John Quincy Adams; supported public works projects and federal support for roads and canals (formerly Federalist policies)

Democratic-Republicans split (Jeffersonian Faction)

7.2 Led by by Martin Van Buren and Andrew Jackson

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

7.2 Marshall decision; The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

7.2 Marshall decision; the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

7.2 New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Contracts Clause Article I, §10, clause 1

7.2 No state shall ... pass any ... law impairing the obligation of contracts ... Translation: No state can interfere with the execution of contracts. For example, a state could not pass a law that declares all debts to be null and void.

Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24

7.2 Period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion under mostly the presidency of James Monroe. Only one major political party at the time (Republican)

Bonus Bill of 1817

7.2 Securing funding for roads and canals was hard. This bill was passed by Congress to give states $1.5 million for internal improvements, but it was immediately vetoed by Pres. Madison. In his opinion, he believed states should pay for their own improvements.

Tecumseh

7.2 a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)

Tenskwatawa

7.2 the Prophet; inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe; brother of Tecumseh

Western Confederacy

7.2 the group of Indian tribes that joined together to defend their lands (NWT) included Shawnee, Miami, and Pottawatomie tribes, ultimately defeated by Harrison at the battle of Tippecanoe

Abolitionist

8.1 A person who wanted to end slavery in the United States

Paternalism

8.1 A policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights. Despite the violence and chattel principle, many white planters considered themselves benevolent masters, committed to the "welfare of my family, black and white."

middle class

8.1 A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

Chattel Principle

8.1 A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.

Waltham-Lowell System

8.1 A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell, Chicopee, and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.

gang-labor system

8.1 A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.

New York Emancipation Act of 1799

8.1 Allowed slavery in New York to continue until 1828 and freed slave children only at the age of 25. Consequently, as late as 1810, almost 30,000 blacks in the northern states were still enslaved.

Unions

8.1 An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

Artisan Republicanism

8.1 An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers, men and women who owned their own shops (or farms). It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by, and dedicated to the welfare of, independent workers and citizens.

John Calhoun

8.1 Argued that the institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for a white elite and provided tutelage for what he believed were genetically inferior Africans.

Cotton South

8.1 As cotton plantations spread throught the south, demand for slave labor increase very quickly and strengthened the institution of slavery.

Guilds

8.1 Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

Market Revolution

8.1 Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

Singer Manufacturing Company

8.1 Electric sewing machine

Boston Manufacturing Company

8.1 Formed in Waltham by Francis Cabot Lowell. It was the first time that all the processes for making cloth took place under one roof. It was the first modern factory in the United States and history books have credited this as the beginning of America's industrial revolution.

Samuel Slater

8.1 He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Labor Theory of Value

8.1 The belief that human labor produces economic value. Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand) but by the amount of work required to make it, and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it.

Neomercantilism

8.1 The belief that states should seek a trade surplus. This focus on the balance of trade makes trade a zero-sum game, as it was for traditional merchantilists.

coastal trade

8.1 The domestic slave trade with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.

agrarian society

8.1 The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members engage primarily in the production of food, but increase their crop yields through technological innovations such as the plow.

cotton complex

8.1 The relationship between northern industry and southern agriculture that drove a major economic transformation.

Commonwealth System

8.1 The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820, whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.

inland system

8.1 The system that fed slaves to the cotton south was less visible than the Coastal Trade but much more extensive. Professional slave traders went from one rural village to another buying "young and likely Negroes."

Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851

8.1 This "Great Exhibition" demonstrated the superiority of British industrial technology during the First IR

Gibbons v. Ogden

8.1 This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

Spinning Jenny

8.1 This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727)

Gov. Dewitt Clinton

8.1 United States politician who as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal (1769-1828)

Irish Immigrants

8.1 Workforce that dug out millions of cubic yards of soil, quarried thousands of tons of rock for the huge locks that raised and lowered the boats, and constructed vast reservoirs to ensure a steady supply of water.

Slaves

8.1 a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them.

Canals

8.1 an artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland or to convey water for irrigation.

Gradual Emancipation

8.1 approach to ending slavery that called for the phasing out of slavery over a period of time; many gradual emancipation proposals were built around the granting of freedom to children of slaves who were born after a specified sate, usually when they attained a specified age; in this way, as existing slaves aged and dies, slavery would gradually die too. Many of the northern states, which abolished slavery following the American Revolution, adopted this method of ending the institution.

The Panic of 1819 was caused by

8.1 inflation and land speculation destabilizing the economy - people couldn't pay the loans they got from the national bank

10 Hours Act of 1847

8.1 limited labor of women and children in all industrial establishments to 10 hours a day

Southern Apologists

8.1 people who apologised for slavery as a necessary evil

speculators (speculation)

8.1 those who buy property, goods, or financial instruments not primarily for use but in anticipation of profitable resale after a general rise in value

Flying Shuttle

8.1 was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand

Constitutional Arguments made by Southerns in the Missouri Crisis

9.1 1) Equal rights - argued Congress could not impose conditions on Missouri that it had not imposed on other territories; 2) Constitution guarantees a state's sovereignty with respect to its internal affairs and domestic institutions (police powers) which they argued included slavery and marriage; 3) Congress had no authority infringe on the property rights of individual slaveholders.

Causes of the Demographic Transition

9.1 1) thousands of young men migrated to the Trans-Appalachian west which increased the number of never-married women in the East and delayed marriage for many more; 2) Women who married in their late 20s had fewer children; 3) White urban middle-class couples deliberately limited the size of their families; 4) Fathers wanted to leave children an adequate inheritance, while mothers, influenced by the new ideas of individualism and self-achievement, refused to spend their entire adulthood rearing children.; 5) Couples used birth control or abstained from sexual intercourse.

Richard Allen's Church

9.1 3,000 African Americans met in this congregation to condemn colonization and to claim American citizenship. They sounded the principles of democratic republicanism, vowing to defy racial prejudice and advance in American society using "those opportunities which the constitution and the laws allow to all."

Public Education

9.1 Although many state constitutions encouraged support for education, few legislators provided funding for this until the 1820s.

Thoughts on Female Education (1787)

9.1 Benjamin Rush argued in this publication that young women should ensure their husbands' "perseverance in the paths of rectitude' and called for loyal 'republican mothers' who would instruct their sons in the principles of liberty and government.

Henry Sipkins and Henry Johnson

9.1 Black abolitionists; pointed out that slavery was a "relentless tyranny" and was the central legacy of America's colonial history.

Alexis de Tocqueville

9.1 Came to the United States to report on its innovative penal system. Instead, he produced a brilliant analysis of the new republican society and politics called "Democracy in America"

Corrupt Bargain

9.1 Clay was appointed as the Speaker of the House to thwart Jackson's election. He assembled a coalition of representatives from New England and the Ohio River Valley that voted Adams into the Presidency. Jackson accused Clay and Adams of this and his supporters vowed to oppose Adams's policies and to prevent Clay's rise to the Presidency.

American Colonization Society

9.1 Group of prominent citizens that campaigned against slavery. Leaders argued for gradual emancipation plans such as the ones adopted in norther states after the Revolution. Most believed that emancipation should include compensation to masters and that freed people, "conceived as Alien Africans", should be deported from the US. Most free blacks strongly opposed the ideas of this group.

Inspiration for Black Abolitionists in the early 19th century

9.1 Haitian Revolution; natural declining of the Tobacco market; and secret societies such as Prince Hall's African Lodge of Freemasons in Boston;

American System

9.1 Henry Clay's integrated merchantalist program of national economic development. Clay wanted to strengthen the Second Bank of the United States, raise tariffs, and use tariff revenues to finance internal improvements or public works such as roads and canals. Supported by people in the Northwest.

Electoral College Results of 1824

9.1 John Quincy Adams - 84; Andrew Jackson - 99; Henry Clay - 37; William Crawford - 41. Only 356,000 Americans voted, about 27% of the eligible electorate.

Religious Arguments made by Southerners in the Missouri Crisis

9.1 Justify slavery on a distorted reading of the Bible, claiming "Christ himself gave a sanction to slavery" - Senator William Smith of South Carolina.

Bankers

9.1 Led to corruption; distributed share of stock only to key legislators.

Argus

9.1 Martin Van Buren purchased this newspaper to promote his policies and get out the vote.

Bucktails

9.1 Martin Van Buren's political supporters who wore a deer's tail on their hats; turning their patronage into a statewide political machine.

Missouri Crisis

9.1 Missouri applied for statehood and was blocked by the Tallmadge Amendments which required Missouri to be a non-slave state. The action sparked white outrage in the South.

Political Machines

9.1 Name for new political parties that behaved like the new power-driven textile looms that were efficiently woven together the interest of diverse social and economic groups.

James Tallmadge

9.1 New York Congressman who declared that he would support statehood for Missouri only if its constitution banned the entry of new slaves and provided for the emancipation of existing bonds-people. Missouri whites rejected this proposal and the northern majority in the House of Representatives blocked the territory's admission.

Martin Van Buren

9.1 New York legislator that was the chief architect of the emerging system of party government. He believed political party, not family connections should dominate political society and challenged the republican notion that political factions were dangerous, claiming the opposite was true.

Wealthy notables

9.1 Northern landlords, slave-owning planters, and seaport merchants - all of whom dominated the political system in the new republic.

Vermont and Pennsylvania

9.1 Only states that gave the vote to all male taxpayers after the American Revolution

The Three Rs

9.1 Public education focused on "Reading, 'riting, and 'rithmetic" so farmers, artisans and laborers would be literate enough to read the Bible.

12th Amendment

9.1 Ratified in 1804 set the rules for the 1824 Presidential Election: The House of Representatives would choose the President from among the three highest vote getters because no President received a majority.

The Missouri Compromise

9.1 Resolved for a generation the issue of slavery in the lands of the Louisiana Purchase. The agreement prohibited slavery north of the Missouri Comprise line (30/30 north latitude), with the exception of the State of Missouri. To maintain an equal number of senators from free and slave states in the U.S. Congress, the compromise provided for the nearly simultaneous admission to the Union of Missouri and Maine.

Peculiar Institution

9.1 Slavery; Southerners won approval of James Madison's resolution that "Congress have no authority to interfere in the emancipation of slaves, or in the treatment of them within any of the States."

Liberia

9.1 The American Colonial Society resettled about 6,000 African Americans to this country, its colony on the west coast of Africa.

Henry Clay - Missouri Comprise

9.1 The Great Compromiser - credited with brokering the Missouri Compromise; He was an American lawyer, planter, and statesman who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives.

Demographic transition

9.1 The United States was among the first nations to experience a sharp decline in the birthrate after 1800. Women now bore an average of six children when their grandmothers had usually given birth to eight or nine. In growing seaport cities, native-born white women now bore an average of only four children.

Patronage or "The Spoils System"

9.1 The power to appoint leaders of the party to key positions in the bureaucracy of judges, justices of peace, sheriffs, deed commissioners, and coroners.

1821:

9.1 Year: New York constitution imposed a property holding requirement on black voters.

Caucus

9.1 a meeting of party leaders to determine candidates for office; Martin Van Buren insisted on this form of selection to ensure party loyalty, discipline, organization and cohesion.

Indian Removal Act

9.2 (1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

9.2 (1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

Taney Court (1836-1864)

9.2 - many decisions during this Court favored states' rights over federal supremacy - controversial decisions made during a period of sectionalism - Roger B. Taney, a Democrat and states' rights enthusiast

Panic of 1837 and economic depression

9.2 -recession cause by president Jackson's drastic movement of federal deposits to state and local banks -led to relaxed credit policies and inflation -jackson demanded specie circular; required that land be paid for in hard money and not paper or credit -recession lasted into the 1840as

Tariff of Abominations

9.2 1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South/Jacksonians detested it.

Pet Banks

9.2 A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Specie Circular (1836)

9.2 An executive order issued by Andrew Jackson requiring payment for government land to be in gold and silver. *Historical Significance:* Led to inflation and rising prices; blamed for the *Panic of 1837*.

Bank Veto

9.2 Andrew Jackson's 1832 veto of the proposed charter renewal for the Second Bank of the United States. The veto marked the beginning of Jackson's five-year battle against the national bank.

Taney Decisions that partially reverse Marshall's decisions or gave constitutional legitimacy to Jackson's policies of states' rights/free enterprise.

9.2 Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co. (1837); Mayor of New York v. Miln (1837); Briscoe v. Bank of Kentucky (1837)

Roger B. Taney

9.2 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court that Jackson nominated (and was confirmed) to replace John Marshall in 1835.

Daniel Webster

9.2 Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

10.1 American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Fourierist Socialism

10.1 Leading disciple in America was Albert Brisbane who called for 'associated households' in which both sexes shared domestic labor, emancipating women from 'slavish domestic duties' and liberate workers from low wages and servitude to capitalist employers.

Female Charitable Society

10.1 Lydia Finney and other middle class women carried evangelical messages to the wives of the unconverted, set up Sunday schools for poor children, and formed this organization to assist the unemployed.

Prison Discipline Society and the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

10.1 Part of the Benevolent Empire, large scale organizations such as these stopped relying on church sermons and instituted reforms to encourage self-control and acquire 'regular habits'. They created homes for abandoned children and asylums for the insane.

Maine Law of 1851

10.1 Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.

Margaret Fuller

10.1 Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".

Nat Turner

10.1 United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia

interdenominational societies

10.1 dispatched hundreds of missionaries to the West and distributed thousands of Bibles and religious pamphlets. Examples: American Education Society; Bible Society; Sunday School Union; Tract Society; Home Missionary Society

Bringham Young

10.1 leader of Mormans moved them to Utah (not part of U.S.A. at that time) so Mormans could practice their religion without outside interference 1847 they settled near the Great Salt Lake.

William Lloyd Garrison

10.2 1805-1879. Prominent American white abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Brothels

10.2 A house of prostitution, typically run by a madam who sets prices and handles "business" arrangements.

The Liberator

10.2 An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.

Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society

10.2 Founded for women who wanted to become part of the abolitionist movement but couldn't join the American Anti-Slavery Society: created an open market that didn't sell "slave goods"

American Anti-Slavery Society (AA-SS)

10.2 Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

African Methodist Episcopal Church

10.2 Richard Allen founded this first independent black Protestant run church in 1816 in the US. It supported abolition and founded educational institutions for free blacks

John Dartmouth Rice- Jim Crow

10.2 The most famous Minstrel show that blended a shuffle dance and jump with unintelligible lyrics delivered in "Negro dialect."

Harriet Tubman

10.2 United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Frederick Douglass

10.2 United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)

Underground Railroad

10.2 a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

10.2 allowed government officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave; all that was needed to take away someone's freedoms was word of a white person; northerners required to help capture runaways if requested, suspects had no right to trial

Free African Societies

10.2 freed slaves founded schools, mutual-benefit organizations, and fellowship groups called

Lecretia Mott

10.2 one of the leaders of the women's right movement and organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

Godey's Lady's Book

10.2 popular magazine marketed specifically for women which contained art, poetry and articles; a place where women could get their works published and important topics could be discussed

Lynching

10.2 putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law

Thoreau, Civil Disobedience

10.2 written after Thoreau was jailed for refusing to pay taxes that would support the Mexican War, a war that was fought to expand slavery.

Battle of San Jacinto

11.1 (1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas; led by Sam Houston and defeated Santa Anna.

Slave Society

11.1 A society in which the institution of slavery affects all aspects of life.

Taxation Policy in the South

11.1 In some states, wealthy planters who controlled the state legislatures passed laws to exempt slave property from taxation or they shifted the burden to back country freeholders who owned low quality pastures. Used the funds to subsidize canals and railroads for planter elite areas, ignoring protests of yeoman farmers.

Effects of propertyless whites that suffered in south's Slave Society

11.1 Moved to Appalachian hill country or settled in Arkansas, Missouri or further West to the Rocky Mountains; goal was to own a small farm, control local government in newly settled areas and seek a life of dignity, knowing they were above slaves on the social pyramid.

Shortcomings of Southern Economy

11.1 Nearly all African Americans, nearly 40% of the population, lived in dire and permanent poverty. Although the average southern white man was 80% richer than average northerner in 1860, the southerner's nonslave wealth was 60% less than average northerners wealth. Industrialization of northeast was increasing faster than growth in the south. Southern exports dropped considerably between 1820-1860.

Strength of the Southern Economy

11.1 Ranked 4th in the world in 1860 (per capita income was higher than France and Germany);

Cotton Monoculture: Lack of Diversified Southern Economy

11.1 Rich southern planters blamed external forces for declining southern economy and neglected to invest in technological innovations of the 19th century such as water and steam powered factories, machine tools, steel plows, crushed gravel roads. Very few cities in the South other than New Orleans, St. Louis and Baltimore. Railroads only designed to extract cotton instead of plan infrastructure planning. Europeans deterred from moving to the South due to slavery.

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

11.1 Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854.

Reasons propertyless whites suffered in south's Slave's Society

11.1 Slave owners refused to pay taxes to fund public schools; wealthy planters bid up the prices of slaves; planter-dominated legislatures forced all white men (whether they owned slaves or not) to serve in the patrols and militias that deterred black uprisings.

Diplomacy with Mexico City

11.1 Stephen Austin negotiated with Mexico for greater political autonomy, winning significant concessions including an exemption from Mexico to permit slavery in Texas.

republican aristocracy

11.1 The Old South gentry that built impressive mansions, adopted the manners and values of the English landed gentry, and feared federal government interference with their slave property.

Coahuila y Tejas

11.1 The two former Spanish provinces that were united as one Mexican state

Wilmont Proviso (1846)

11.1 This proviso never became law but was endorsed by the state legislature of free states, and stated that slavery was prohibited in every state acquired in the Mexican War.

Great American Desert

11.1 Vast arid territory west of the Missouri River & east of the Rocky Mountains; encouraged westward expansion after Stephen Long's Expedition

smallholding

11.1 a very small farm; held 1-5 slaves; most worked alongside their slaves in the fields and struggled to make ends meet as their families grew, and most regularly in search of opportunity.

Black Protestantism

11.2 A form of Protestantism that was devised by Christian slaves in the Chesapeake and spread to the Cotton South as a result of the domestic slave trade. It emphasized the evangelical message of emotional conversion, ritual baptism, communal spirituality, and the idea that blacks were "children of God" and should be treated accordingly. One way to create a homogeneous African American culture in the rural South.

Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion

11.2 A literate black slave that lived in the Richmond area launched a large scale slave revolt. Governor Monroe quickly crushed the rebellion.

Gullah dialect

11.2 Creole language spoken by the Gullah people, an African American population living on the sea islands and the coastal regions of the U.S; spoken by blacks in the Carolina lowcountry well into the 20th century

Type of protestant worship

11.2 Joyous, singing, standing, clapping to rhythms, spontaneously deriving songs through collective creations of bible hymns and tunes.

passive resistance

11.2 Nonviolent opposition to authority, especially a refusal to cooperate with legal requirements. Slaves slowed the pace of work by feigning illness and losing or breaking tools. This prompted some positive reinforcement techniques instituted by slave masters.

Naming

11.2 Recently imported slaves frequently gave their children west African names; Many American-born parents chose names of British origin; those transported to the Cotton South often named their children after those family members from which they had been separated.

survival strategy

11.2 Since escape and rebellion were problematic or unrealistic, many 'took root' to build the best possible lives for themselves. They tried to negotiate a measly share of their labor for personal use and created an underground economy.

Slave marriage unions

11.2 not legally binding. Nonetheless, many African American slaves took marriage vows before Christian ministers or publicly marked their union in ceremonies.

fictive kin

11.2 someone who becomes accepted as part of a family to which he or she has no blood relation; The slave trade had destroyed their family but not their family values. One separated during slave trade, slaves often assigned 'aunts' or 'uncles' in their new slave communities.

Black English

11.2 uses double negatives and other African grammatical forms, but is consisted primarily of English words rendered with West African pronunciation (for example, with "th" pronounced "d" as in "de preacher"); spoken by most slaves who emigrated after slave auctions in the Chesapeake.

Oregon Conventions

11.3 -1843: Ohio River Valley settlements organized these that called on the federal government to end joint occupation of the Oregon Country with Britain. - Whigs and Democrats agreed on the issue. - A bipartisan national convention demanded that the U.S. seize the Oregon Territory from Britain and make the northern border 54 degrees 40' (border with Russian Alaska).

Oregon Fever

11.3 1842 - Many Eastern and Midwestern farmers and city dwellers were dissatisfied with their lives and began moving up the Oregon trail to the Willamette Valley. This free land was widely publicized.

Manifest Destiny

11.3 A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Californios

11.3 Descendents of Spanish and Mexican conquerors; Spanish speaking inhabitants of California they were culture of Mexico carried to California.

American migrants into California

11.3 Did not assimilate into Mexican society.

Effects of American settlement in the Plains on Indian life

11.3 Disease and guns reduced native american population; bison skilled for hides and furs

Pioneer experienced struggles on trek to Oregon

11.3 Floods, dust storms, livestock deaths, conflicts with Native Americans

The Fateful Election of 1844

11.3 Main issue was expansion Democratic candidate - James K Polk Whig candidate - Henry Clay Polk elected It changed America's policy towards the Great Plains, the Far West, and Texas.

California Ranch

11.3 Native Americans intermarried Spanish in Alta California portion of Mexico and worked huge estates raising cattle. Linked California to the American economy.

Young Hickory

11.3 Nickame given to James Polk due to his similar beliefs and birthplace as Andrew Jackson. Iron will, boundless ambition, determination to open up lands for American settlement.

28th state in 1845

11.3 Texas is annexed into the United States; Lacking a 2/3 majority in the Senate needed to ratify a treaty of annexation, the Democrats admitted Texas using a joint resolution of Congress, requiring just a majority in each house.

Reoccupation of Texas and reannexation of Oregon

11.3 Texas was annexed by Polk in 1845. Oregon was explored by Lewis and Clark from 1804 to 1806 and American fur traders set up there, but during the War of 1812, the British essentially took control of Oregon and held it jointly with the U.S. The land was returned to the U.S. with the Oregon Treaty of 1846, supported by Polk.

Hudson Bay Company

11.3 The oldest incorporated joint stock company in the English-speaking world. Begun in 1670 and run as a monopoly devoted to the fur trade. It developed a lucrative fur business and oversaw Indian relations north of the Columbia River, while Methodist missionaries and a few hundred American farmers settled in the south, in the Willamette Valley.

John L. O'Sullivan

11.3 influential editor of the Democratic Review who coined the phrase "manifest destiny" in 1845. He said "Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions."

Military forts

11.3 policed the boundaries between white settlements and what Congress in 1834 designated as Permanent Indian Territory.

54 40 or fight

11.3 slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk.

Compromise of 1850

12.1 (1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Zachary Taylor

12.1 (1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore. 12th President

Homestead Act of 1862

12.1 Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects

Chinese miners

12.1 Arrived in California in 1850 and experienced laws to expel them from California.

Oregon Donation Land Claim Act

12.1 Congress created the Oregon Territory in 1848 and, two years later, passed this act which granted farm-sized plots of "free land" to settlers who took up residence before 1854.

forty-niners

12.1 Easterners and foreigners who flocked to California after the discovery of gold there. They established claims all over northern California and overwhelmed the existing government. Arrived in 1849.

Subjugation of Native Americans

12.1 European disease, assault, slavery, repudiating treaties, helped push Native Americans in California from 150,000 in 1848 to 30,000 in 1861.

California agrarian economy

12.1 Farming replaced the bust market of many forty niners who incorporated the latest agricultural technology, employed foreign labor and produced huge wheat and barley crop which San Francisco exported to Europe at high prices. The gold rush turned into a wheat boom.

Free Soil Party

12.1 Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Foreigner Miner's Tax

12.1 Implemented in 1850 and charged a prohibitive fee that drove our many Latino and Asian miners.

Mexican Cession, 1848

12.1 Land that Mexico ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. This territory included CA, NM, NV, AZ, UT, TX, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The addition of so much land to the United States exacerbated conflict over the expansion of slavery because some Northerners feared that the extension of slavery into California and New Mexico would deter free laborers from settling there.

The Illinois Republican Party

12.1 Lincoln helped make this in 1856. They tried and failed to put Lincoln and John Fremont (as V.P.) on the ticket.

Spot Resolutions (1847)

12.1 Offered by Abraham Lincoln requesting that Polk provide Congress with the exact location (the "spot") upon which blood was spilt on American soil; called into question Polk's conduct during the Mexican-American War.

John Sutter

12.1 Owner of the mill where gold was discovered that helped start the California Gold Rush

David Wilmont

12.1 PA rep. that wanted to introduce an amendment to stop slavocracy, any territory acquired from Mexico was not to implement slavery---> never passed as a law but raised question of sectional balance

Oregon Territory

12.1 Split between U.S. and Great Britain in 1848, the U.S. had finally achieved its goal of Manifest Destiny.

James Buchanan

12.1 The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

12.1 Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

President Polk

12.1 U.S. president during Mexican War

Election of 1848: Cass, Taylor

12.1 Zachary Taylor - Whig. Lewis Cass - Democrat. Martin Van Buren - Free Soil Party (Oregon issues). Taylor side-stepped the issue of slavery and allowed his military reputation to gain him victory. Cass advocated states' rights in the slavery issue. Free Soil Party wanted no slavery in Oregon.

Gold Rush

12.1 a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

Lewis Cass and popular sovereignty

12.1 a war veteran, diplomat, and US senator ran as the Democratic candidate in the 1848 election, losing to Zachary Taylor best known as the father of "popular sovereignty" the notion that the sovereign people of a territory should themselves decide the issue of slavery

Fire-eaters

12.1 refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America. They opposed the Compromise of 1850 and sent delegates to the Nashville Convention to discuss succession from the Union.

Slave Power Conspiracy

12.1 the idea that the South was engaged in a conspiracy to extend slavery throughout the nation and thus to destroy the openness of northern capitalism and replace it with the closed, aristocratic system of the south, and the only solution was to fight the spread of slavery and extend the nation's democratic ideals to all sections of the country.

Irish Emigration

12.2 1.5 million (1/6 of the Irish population) fled hunger and mostly landed in the United States.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

12.2 1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Ableman v. Booth

12.2 1859 - Sherman Booth was sentenced to prison in a federal court for assisting in a fugitive slave's rescue in Milwaukee. He was released by the Wisconsin Supreme Court on the grounds that the Fugitive Slave Act was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court overturned this ruling. It upheld both the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act and the supremacy of federal government over state government.

Irish Potato Famine

12.2 A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States.

Commodore Matthew Perry

12.2 A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

William Walker

12.2 A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made.

John Brown

12.2 Abolitionist from New York who moved his family to Kansas to confront slavery issues. He moved there in response to a proslavery force (700 people) that looted and burned the antislavery town of Lawrence, Kansas. He and his sons actually killed five proslavery settlers in Kansas. This led to even more violence in Kansas during the 1850's

Election of 1852: end of the Whig party

12.2 By this time the Whig party was so weakened that the Democrats swept Franklin Pierce into office by a huge margin. Eventually the Whigs became part of the new Republican party.

James Buchanan (1857-1861)

12.2 Democratic Domestic Affairs: Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott Case John Brown's invasion at Harper's Ferry Secession crisis John Brown Lecompton Constitution Foreign Affairs: Asserted authority in Central America Continued desire to annex Cuba

Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)

12.2 Democratic Domestic Affairs: Kansas-Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Foreign Affairs: Gadsden Purchase Attempt to secure Cuba-Ostend Manifesto William Walker Nicaraguan dictatorship

Bleeding Kansas (1856)

12.2 Disagreements over whether slavery should be allowed in Kansas led to violence among settlers.

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

12.2 Ended Japan's two-hundred year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports.

"filibustering" expeditions

12.2 Failed 1850-51 attacks on Cuba to acquire slave territory for the South.

German Immigrants Politics

12.2 Fleeing revolutions of 1848, they brought socialist ideals, and some enrolled in the abolitionist cause. Many were 'free soilers' who were 'true to liberty, not selfishly, but upon principle.'

New England Emigrant Aid Society

12.2 Headed by Eli Thayer and was composed of rich abolitionists. Recruited Northerners and asked them settle Kansas so they could vote for a free state

American Catholic Church

12.2 Irish dominated institution that had its origins in Irish immigrants coming to the United States in 1840-1860.

Personal Liberty Laws

12.2 Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves; Reaction to the Fugitive Slave Act

Immigrants in 1840-1860

12.2 Mainly Irish and German

Irish Immigrants Politics

12.2 Most urban Irish forged loyalties with the Democratic party; In some urban areas, groups of Irish men became notorious for organizing mob violence against African Americans, temperance parades, and abolitionist meetings.

"No nothing party" or "American Party"

12.2 Party based on anti-immigration, Free Soil Party joins on after the Kansas-Nebraska Act; members must be white and from british lineage. Was a semi-secret organization. When asked about it they were supposed to say "I know nothing".

The Great Hunger

12.2 Potatoe famine in Ireland, diseases spread through the potato crop and destroyed it

Leocompton Constitution

12.2 Pro slavery document - the people were not allowed to vote for or against the constitution as a whole but for the constitution eitheir with slavery or with no slavery - if they voted against slavery one of the remaining provisions of the constitution would protect the owners of the slaves already in Kansas. - infuriated free soilers

Bridgets

12.2 Stereotype of Irish women.(Unintelligent, violent, man crazy)

Dred Scott v. Sanford

12.2 Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens which challenged the legal basis of the Northwest Ordinance, Missouri Compromise

Justice Taney

12.2 The Chief Justice in the Dred Scott v. Kansas acts, (Ruled that Dred Scott was property)

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

12.2 U.S. acquisition of land south of the Gila River from Mexico for $10 million; the land was needed for a possible transcontinental railroad line through the southern United States. However, the route was never used.

Pope

12.2 Viewing him as authoritarian, some Protestants argued that Catholics could not develop the independent judgment that would make them good citizens.

Lewis Cass (1782-1866)

12.2 War veteran, diplomat and U.S. senator, Cass ran as the Democratic candidate in the 1848 election, losing to Zachary Taylor. Cass is best known as the father of "popular sovereignty," the notion that the sovereign people of a territory should themselves decide the issue of slavery.

David Atchison

12.2 a pro-slavery senator from Missouri who encouraged people to support slavery and move temporarily to Kansas due popular soverignty rules of the Kansas-Nebraska Act to push the balance of power for slave states.

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

12.2 a statement by American envoys abroad to pressure Spain into selling Cuba to the United States; the declaration suggested that if Spain would not sell Cuba, the United States would be justified in seizing it. It was quickly repudiated by the U.S. government but it added to the belief that a "slave power" existed and was active in Washington.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

12.2 written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Abraham Lincoln

12.3 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

12.3 A series of seven debates for US Senate in Illinois between Lincoln (R) and Senator Douglas (D). The debates previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the aftermath of his victory in the 1860 presidential election. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery as it related to popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won election, but Lincoln's fine showing made him a national figure and helped him win Republican nomination in 1860.

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

12.3 Began when he and his men took over the arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in hopes of starting a slave rebellion in October of 1859.

Robert Barnwell Rhett (South Carolina) + William Lowndes Yancey (Alabama)

12.3 Fire eaters that repudiated the Union and actively promote secession. Helped urge President Buchanan's secessionist secretary of war, John B. Floyd, to quietly sell ten thousand federal muskets to South Carolina during the 1858 Congress.

Election of 1860

12.3 Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

House Divided Speech

12.3 Made by Abraham Lincoln before he was elected stating that the United States will either be all slave or all free because it can't be half and half and still succeed.

Lincoln's position as a U.S. Senator

12.3 Republican that was inspired to return to politics after the Kansas-Nebraska Act's repeal of the Missouri Compromise and Senator Douglas' proposal for popular sovereignty; Lincoln affirmed his opposition to slavery in the Territories but did not believe the Constitution could interfere with states where it already existed; He called slavery as cancer that needed to be cut out to save the nation's republican ideals and moral principles.

Senator Jefferson Davis

12.3 Senator from Mississippi; strongly defended "southern rights' and demanded ironclad political or constitutional protections for slavery. Considered a moderate in the 1858 Congress.

"The horrors of St. Domingo"

12.3 Supreme Court Justice Taney's response when Lincoln was elected in 1860, referencing the Slave Rebellion that took place in Haiti under Touissant L'Ouverture

John C. Breckinridge

12.3 The South's pro-slavery Southern Democratic candidate in the election of 1860. Completed the split of the Democratic Party by being nominated.

Lincoln's position as a U.S. Congressman

12.3 Whig that promoted education, banks, canals and railroads; Voted for military appropriation for the Mexican-American War, Endorsed the Wilmont Proviso; Introduced legislation that would require gradual, compensated emancipation of slaves in the District of Columbia; Favored the colonization of freed blacks in Africa or South America

Confederate States of America

12.4 A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

John Crittenden's Compromise

12.4 Attempted compromise to southern secession; there should be a constitutional amendment to prohibit federal interference with southern slavery; it also called for the western extension of the Missouri Compromise line at 36/30 to the California border including territory henceafter acquired alluding to the prospect of expanding into Cuba or Central America.

Fort Sumter, 1861

12.4 First battle of the Civil War, was ultimately captured by the South. South Carolina's new government demanded surrender of a federal garrison in Charleston Harbor and cut of its supplies. President Buchanan, declaring the secession illegal but claiming the federal government did not have the constitutional authority to restore the Union by force, refused to sue the navy to supply the fort.

Alexander Stephens

12.4 Former congressman from Georgia; He was the vice-president of the Confederacy until 1865 when it was defeated and destroyed by the Union. Like the other leaders of the Confederacy, he was under indictment for treason.

Mob Attacks

12.4 Led by fire-eaters to organize organized mobs on local Union supporters.

Alexander Stephen's Cornerstone Speech -1861

12.4 Responding to the claim that slavery was 'evil' which was 'wrong in principle socially, morally and politically,' he declared the new Confederacy "is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid; its corner-stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that subordination to the superior race is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth."

Border States

12.4 White opinion was especially divided in the four border states of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri where yeomen farmers held greater political power, and over whose ground any resulting civil war would likely be fought.

Rebel Yell

13.1 A high-pitched cry that Confederate soldiers would shout when attacking. First heard at First Manassas (First Bull Run) Union troops found the eerie noise unnerving.

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

13.1 After the Union victory at Antietam, Sep. 23, 1862, Lincoln issued a staement which declared slaves free in territories still in rebellion. Did not apply to border slave states because Lincoln feared it would push them into CSA, also felt he could only free slaves as a war measure under his power as commander-in-chief. However, hearing of this many slaves fled to Union armies, and this turned federal forces into armies of liberation (also made European intervention for South much less likely since Europe was anti-slavery)

Southern call for volunteers

13.1 Appealed to the region's strong military tradition, white supremacy, culture of masculine honor, 'sacred right to self-government,' fear of white women having sexual relations with black men, and fear of slave revolts.

General Robert E. Lee

13.1 Commander of Confederate Army. Great leader, Lincoln wanted him as the leader of the Union Army

The Western Campaigns, 1861-1862

13.1 In Fall 1861, a Confederate force marched west from Texas, hoping to seize the rich mining areas of Nevada and Colorado but were turned back in March 1862 at the Battle of Glorieta Pass. Also, by the end of 1862, the Union controlled the Mississippi River north of Memphis and from the Gulf of Mexico to Vicksburg.

Lincoln Suspends Habeas Corpus

13.1 Lincoln took away habeas corpus rights from the 5th amendment, which says you can't be held without being charged of a crime Arrested people in the "border states" like Maryland and Delaware who wanted those states to join the south Helped the Union win the war

Confiscation Acts

13.1 Series of laws passed by fed gov. designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters; virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy

Radical Republicans

13.1 These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after.

Anaconda Plan

13.1 Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

13.1 fought in the 1st Battle of Bull Run; got his nickname because he encouraged his men to stand firm like a stonewall; was shot at the Battle of Chancellorsville by his own men

Miscegenation

13.2 An anonymous Democratic pamphlet warned of the dangers of race mixing and coined this term to denounce interracial marriage and claim that it would result from Republican policies.

National Equal Rights League

13.2 An organization established by black leaders in 1864 to promote emancipation, legal equality, and black male suffrage

John Wilkes Booth

13.2 Assassinated Abraham Lincoln in Ford's Theater On April 14, 1865.

Appomattox Court House

13.2 Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant. April 9, 1865.

Cold Harbor

13.2 Final battle in Grant's Wilderness Campaign; the Union suffered 7,000 casualties within 30 minutes during a failed attempt to dislodge Confederates; Grant's greatest wartime regret

General William Tecumseh Sherman

13.2 In 1864, heavily relied on by Lincoln. Won brilliantly in Atlanta. Bascially destroyed the South. In Sherman's March he took 300-mile march to the sea from Atlanta, destroying everything in his path and freeing slaves. Also ravaged Sotuh Carolina. The South was not pleased.

Peace Democrats (Copperheads)

13.2 The Democrats split into two factions over continuing the war. They wanted a constitutional convention to restore peace. The National Union Party coined the term "copperhead", as if they were snakes with treacherous plots.

Andrew Johnson

13.2 Vice President under Lincoln and a Tennessee slave owner and Unionist Democrat.

Hard War/Total War

13.2 When Confederate guerillas fired on a boat carrying Unionists civilians, Sherman sent a regiments to destroy the town, asserting "We are justified in treating all inhabitants as combatants."

Special Field Order Number 15

13.2 William T. Sherman issued this, which set aside 400,000 acres of land confiscated from slaveholders in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida for settlement by African Americans on January 16, 1865 President Andrew Johnson later returned confiscated land to its former owners, and thousands of African Americans were removed from land previously promised to them by the government.

Ulysses S. Grant

13.2 an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Sherman's March to the Sea

13.2 during the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along there way.

Johnson's White Supremacy

14.1 "This is a country for white men, and by God, as long as I am president, it shall be a government for white men." Andrew Johnson in response to Congress passing the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and funding the Freedman's Bureau as he vetoed them both.

14th Amendment

14.1 1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

Wade-Davis Bill

14.1 1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Tenure of Office Act

14.1 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

Charles Sumner

14.1 A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

Ku Klux Klan

14.1 A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Beecher-Tilton Scandal

14.1 A sensational trial that dominated headlines in the mid-1870s involving Victoria Woodhull's allegations of free love, a minister and a male congregant, obscenity charges, jail and release, publication of intimate letters.

pocket veto

14.1 A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it. Used by Lincoln to defeat the Wade Davis Bill, leaving it unsigned when Congress adjourned.

Congress Overrides Johnson's Presidential Veto

14.1 After Johnson vetoes the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and funding the Freedman's Bureau, Congress gathered a 2/3 majority to override Johnson and ensure the legislation becomes law.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

14.1 Johnson was impeached for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868 of which one of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office and replaced him with Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas

Ten Percent Plan

14.1 Lincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government afetr ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States

Thaddeus Stevens

14.1 Man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. Stevens and President Johnson were absolutely opposed to each other. Known as a Radical Republican

Civil Rights Act of 1866

14.1 Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.

Freedman's Bureau Bill

14.1 Passed on March 3, 1865 by Congress to create an organization to aid former slaves through education, health care, and employment in the South.

Victoria Woodhull

14.1 Radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870s. Stockbroker on Wall Street who won notoriety for denouncing marriage as a form of tyranny. "I am a free lover. I have an inalienable, constitutional, and natural right to love whom I may, to love as long or as short a period as I can.; to change that love every day if I please."

Election of 1868 - (Political)

14.1 The winner of the Election of 1868 was Ulysses S. Grant who won because of the impeachment controversy that sullied Johnson, made him look like the most powerful American leader. He supported radical reconstruction. His opponent during this election was Horatio Seymour, the democrat nominee.

Minor v. Happersett (1875)

14.1 This Supreme Court decision held that women could be deprived of the right to vote in the same way as felons. Ruled that suffrage rights were not inherent in citizenship; women were citizens but state legislators could deny women the vote if they wished.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

14.1 This invalidated the states governments formed under the Lincoln and Johnson plans. The new law divided the other ten former Confederate states into 5 military districts. It provided that voters--all black men, plus whites not disqualified by the 14th amendment--could elect delegates who would write a new state constitution granting black suffrage. After congressional approval of the state constitution and ratification of the 14th amendment, Congress would readmit the state into the Union.

15th Amendment (1870)

14.1 U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Article 1, Section 5

14.1 Under the Constitution, Congress is "the judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its Members." Using this power, Republicans refused to admit southern delegats when Congress convened in December 1865.

Wyoming

14.1 an act granting the women of Wyoming the right of suffrage. In the West, women were seen as equals because they did just as much work.

National Women's Suffrage Association

14.1 group set up in 1869 to work for a constitutional amendment to give women the right to vote

Civil Rights Act of 1875

14.2 A law that required "full and equal" access to jury service and to transportation and public accommodations, irrespective of race.

Union League

14.2 Reconstruction-Era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation.

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

14.2 Set up to help freedmen and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for blacks to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help. Lasted from 1865-72. Attacked by KKK and other southerners as "carpetbaggers" Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, etc

Fisk Jubilee Singers

14.2 Singers from Tennessee introduced the spirituals to the northern states and to Europe

Hampton Institute

14.2 This historically black college was established in 1868 in Virginia by Samuel Chapman Armstrong, a 27-year old brevet brigadier general who had commanded black troops in the Civil War. Armstrong, the head of the eastern district of the Freedmen's Bureau, purchased the site and started the school in an old federal hospital with two teaching assistants and fifteen students. Name the school.

Convict Lease System

14.2 a system in Georgia after the Civil War in which prisoners were leased to companies for their labor; companies were supposed to provide housing and food

Grassroots

14.2 people or society at a local level rather than at the center of major political activity

Peonage

14.2 the practice of making a debtor work for his creditor until the debt is discharged

Munn v. Illinois

15.1 1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses that were "clothed in public interest" within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

The Great West

15.1 1881 promotional poster illustrating economic development in the Western USA. Ranchers, farmers, and lumbermen cast hungry eyes on the remaining lands held by Native Americans.

Gold Standard

15.1 A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold. During the 1870s and 1880s, the USA, Germany and France converted to this.

Central Pacific Railroad

15.1 A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Burlingame Treaty

15.1 An 1868 treaty that guaranteed the rights of U.S. missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers to work in the United States.

"Seward's Icebox" or "Seward's Folly"

15.1 Andrew Johnson's Secretary of State bought Alaska from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million dollars. This deal was called...

bimetallic standard

15.1 Currency of the United States, prior to 1873, which consisted of gold or silver coins as well as U.S. treasury notes that could be traded in for gold or silver

Nevada's Comstock Lode

15.1 One of the biggest gold strikes that sent prospectors converging on the ore-laden western mountain ranges.

Railroad Strike of 1877

15.1 One of the worst outbreaks of labor violence erupted in 1877, during economic depression, when railroad companies cut wages in order to reduce costs. It shut down 2/3 of country's rail trackage. Strike quickly becoming national in scale. For the first time since 1830s federal troops used to end labor violence. More then 100 people killed.

William Seward

15.1 Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

Crime of 1873

15.1 The Fourth Coinage Act was enacted by the United States Congress in 1873 and embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver. U.S. set the specie standard in gold and not silver, upsetting miners who referred to it as a crime

Santa Fe Ring

15.1 group of Lawyers , politicians, and land speculators that stole millions of acres from the public domain and grabbed over 80% of the Mexican landholdings in New Mexico.

Morrill Act

15.2 (1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.

Homestead Act

15.2 1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Yosemite National Park

15.2 1880s in California; created by Congress; Controversy over the Hetch Hetchy Valley there-San Francisco residents worried about needing more water, want it to be a reservoir. Naturalists say no. after many years of delays construction finally began after WWI.

U.S. Fisheries Commission

15.2 A federal bureau established in 1871 that made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish. Its creation was an important step toward wildlife conservation and management.

land-grant colleges

15.2 Colleges and universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrell Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1887. These grants helped fuel the boom in higher education in the late nineteenth century, and many of the today's public universities derive from these grants.

Railroad Tourism

15.2 Developed side by side with other western industries, was an important motive for the creation of Yellowstone National Park. The Northern Pacific Railroad lobbied Congress vigorously to get the park established.

Dr. Martha Hughes Cannon

15.2 Mormon, physician, plural wife, first woman to serve in a state legislature

Long Drive

15.2 Refers to the overland transport of cattle by the cowboy over the three month period. Cattle were sold to settlers and Native Americans.

Homesteaders

15.2 Settlers who claimed land on the Great Plains under the Homestead Act. Many Americans and immigrants (Scandanavians, Germans, Irish)

Emmeline Wells

15.2 Women's rights activist and 5th Relief Society General President of the LDS Church. Helped Utah become second territory to allow full voting rights to women (Wyoming).

Virginia City, Nevada

15.2 boomtown near the Comstock Lode that became a ghost town after mining dried up

"mexican wage"

15.2 name given to the lower wage that Mexican miners received, showed how racism and discrimination were still at large in the west

Dawes Severalty Act

15.3 1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American

Fetterman Massacre

15.3 A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and 80 soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them. With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail, the main route into Montana.

Henry Dawes

15.3 A republican politician who helped pass an act intended to assimilate native americans into the US. Essentially stripped Indians of their customs and culture.

Indian Rights Association

15.3 Alleged friends of the Native Americans. Wanted to save Indians by assimilating them into white culture. Supported severalty, land ownership by individuals. Zero Indians actually in the group.

Dr. Thomas Bland and the National Indian Defense Association

15.3 Dissenters of the Women's National Indian Association; suggested that instead of an "Indian Problem" there might be a "White Problem"

Severalty

15.3 Division of tribal lands. Dawes Act forced Indians onto individual landholdings, partitioning reservations into homesteads.

Little Big Horn

15.3 General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in 1876.

Dakota Sioux Uprising

15.3 Govt promised Sioux annuities for living on their reservation but Sioux didn't receive their annuities in 1862.

Women's National Indian Association

15.3 Helen Hunt and Sarah Winnemucca; Indian reform organization composed mainly of white women who sought to use women's domestic skills to help people in need; urged gradual assimilation of Indians if they embraced Christianity

Ex Parte Crow Dog

15.3 In 1903, Supreme Court ruled that no Indian was a citizen unless Congress designated him so. Indians were henceforth wards of the government. These rulings remained in effect until the 1930s.

Wounded Knee Massacre

15.3 In December 1890, Army troops captured some of Sitting Bull's followers and took them to a camp. 300 Sioux men, women, and children were killed

Indian Boarding Schools

15.3 Indians were forced to attend to learn new customs, religions and language of the "white men"

Indian Bureau

15.3 Name given to the governmental department set up by President Grant to oversee the affairs of Native Americans under the control of the Federal Government.

"The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

15.3 Published by Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that advanced the idea of pioneering in the West as evidence of American exceptionalism, of its unique history and destiny. He claimed a "peaceful" American expansion was the opposite of European empires - ignoring the many economic and militaristic similarities.

Ghost Dance Movement

15.3 Religion of the late 1880s and early 1890s that combined elements of Christianity and traditional Native American religion. It fostered Plains Indians' hope that they could, through sacred dances, resurrect the great bison herds and call up a storm to drive whites back across the Atlantic.

religious syncretism

15.3 The attempt to reconcile or blend the beliefs and practices of various religions into one.

General William T. Sherman

15.3 Union general who captured Atlanta, Georgia, then marched through Georgia to the sea, burning and destroying everything on the way. His first military exploits were against the Seminole in Florida. Later, during the Mexican American War, he had gone west with the US to help claim California. After the Civil War, he supervised the forced removal of the Sioux and Cheyene to reservations.

George Custer

15.3 United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

Frederick Jackson Turner

15.3 United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951). American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems. Historians today reject his depiction of Indian "savagery" and claim that white pioneers claimed empty "free land."

Chief Red Cloud

15.3 a war leader and a chief of the Oglala Lakota (Sioux). He led as a chief from 1868 to 1909. One of the most capable Native American opponents the United States Army faced, he led a successful campaign in 1866-1868, a war named after him, over control of the Powder River Country in northeastern Wyoming and southern Montana.

Sand Creek Massacre

15.3 an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members

Buffalo Bill Cody

15.3 most popular of the Wild-West shows; the troupe included Indians, live buffalo, and marksmen

Andrew Carnegie

16.1 A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

trust

16.1 A group of corporations run by a single board of directors. Rockefeller organized a small group of associates - a board of trustees - to hold stock from a group of combined firms, managing them as a single entity. Rockefeller soon invested in Mexican oil fields and competed in world markets against Russian and Middle East producers.

Racial Discrimination in the workforce

16.1 African American women were largely barred from office work. Employers recruited newly arrived immigrants instead of African Americans. Most unions excluded African Americans from participating.

Management Revolution

16.1 An internal management structure adopted by many large, complex corporations that distinguished top executives from those responsible for day-to-day operations and departmentalized operations by function.

Herbert Spencer

16.1 English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

John D. Rockefeller

16.1 Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Marianna Mine Disaster

16.1 In November 1908, an explosion in a coal mine killed 158 workers in Pennsylvania. In the same decade, disasters at Scofield, Utah; Jacobs Creek, Pennsylvania; Monongah, West Virginia; and Cherry, Illinois, each killed over 200 men.

Secretarial work

16.1 In large corporations, these dead-end jobs were assigned to women. By 1900, 77% of all sternographers and typists were female; women held half of all low-level office jobs. Thousands of young women found work as telephone operators when Alexander Graham Bell introduced the telephone in 1876. By 1900, more than 4 million women worked for wages.

Gustavus Swift

16.1 In the 1800s he enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses and refrigeration. He monopolized the meat industry.

Health Hazards and Pollution

16.1 Industrial labor also damaged worker's health. Many killed, disabled by accidents on the job (eg Brakemen, miners) or being exposed to pollution or contaminants (Pittsburgh's belching smokestakes meant coughing and lung damage). Many faced brutal working conditions. Many people were aware of the conditions but had an even more urgent priority: work to earn a wage to avoid starvation.

Mail Order Catalogs

16.1 Marketing strategy developed in late 1800's and early 1900's. Brought consumer products to rural areas. Example: Sears and Roebuck, Montgomery Ward.

Child Labor

16.1 Most widespread in the ex-Confederacy. Low wage industrial sector emerged after Reconsturction, leading commentators to hail the region as a more economically diversified New South. State law permitted children to labor in the mines and cultivate cotton and tobacco.

Vertical Integration

16.1 Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution. Andrew Carnegie practiced this model for his steel business empire. Gustavus Swift also practiced this model in the cattle slaughterhouse business.

blue-collar worker

16.1 Someone who performs manual labor, often in a manufacturing job, and who earns an hourly wage. Had little freedom to negotiate, and their working conditions deterioriated markedly as deskilling and mass production took hold.

Corporate Consolidation

16.1 Tactics developed in the wake of industrialization and falling profits. Pools, trusts (horizontal integration), holding companies (vertical integration) meant prices could remain low, production would expand and wages were kept low. States passed tax-haven laws to attract merged entities to do business there. By 1900, America's largest 100 companies controlled 1/3 of the nation's productive capacity.

Homestead Lockout

16.1 The 1892 lockout of workers at the Homestead, Pennsylvania, steel mill after Andrew Carnegie refused to renew the union contract after the Bessemer converter enabled him to replace many skilled workers. Union supporters attacked the guards hired to close them out and protect strikebreakers who had been employed by the mill, but the National Guard soon suppressed this resistance and Homestead, like other steel plants, became a non-union mill.

Chicago's Union Stock Yards

16.1 The Union Stock Yard & Transit Co., or The Yards, was the meatpacking district in Chicago for more than a century, starting in 1865. The district was operated by a group of railroad companies that acquired swampland and turned it to a centralized processing area. By the 1890s, the railroad money behind the Union Stockyards was Vanderbilt money. The Union Stockyards operated in the New City community area for 106 years, helping Chicago become known as "hog butcher for the world" and the center of the American meatpacking industry for decades. Upton Sinclair's muckraking novel, THE JUNGLE, describes life for workers in the meat processing plant.

Social Darwinism

16.1 The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Economic Classes in late 19th century

16.1 The wealthy elite (very few people; controlled the means of production as Robber Barrons); self-defined "middle class" (managers; small group); the struggling class of workers (majority of the urban population; who bore the brunt of the economy's new risks and included most Americans living in dire poverty)

Gospel of Wealth

16.1 This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Horizontal Integration

16.1 Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller and Big Oil

Bessemer Converter

16.1 a refined blast furnace built by Henry Bessemer in 1856/made it possible to produce steel cheaply and in large quantities/steel replaced iron in tools, machines, and high strength structures

department store

16.1 a retail store that carries a wide variety of product lines, each operated as a separate department managed by specialist buyers or merchandisers. (Macy's; Woolsworth developed megastores to displace small retail shops in the late 19th century)

Deskilling of labor

16.1 employees were deskilled when performing small-scale tasks rather than completing an entire project. As industrialization advanced, workers increasingly lost the independence of craft work. While employers favored automation because it increased output, control workers and cut labor costs, workers begrudged that they "cannot be a master of a craft, but only a master of a fragment."

Singer Sewing Machine

16.1 helped clothe and feed armies. boosted need for factories and mass production.

Middle Managers

16.1 implement the policies and plans of the top managers above them and supervise and coordinate the activities of the first-line managers below them. Despite the growing wage-gap between Robber Barrons and labor during the late 19th century, this group began to develop the existence of a middle class.

Advertisements

16.1 specific messages designed to persuade an audience. By 1900, companies were spending more than $90 million per year ($2.3 billion on present dollars) on print advertising, as the press itself became a mass-market industry. Rather than charging subscribers the cost of production, magazines began to cover their costs by selling ads.

Scientific Management

16.1 the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace. Frederick Taylor recommended that employers eliminate all brain work from manual labor, hiring experts to develop rules for the shop floor. Workers must "do what they are told promptly and without asking questions or making suggestions."

A Nation of Immigrants

16.2 Between the Civil War and WWI, over 25 million immigrants entered the USA. This Second Wave of Immigrants not only were African and Western-European descent but many now came from Southern and Eastern Europe, Central America and Asia. in 1900, census takers found that more than 75% of populations from San Francisco and New York had at least one parent who was foreign-born.

Paper Sons

16.2 Chinese immigrants claimed to be sons of Chinese American citizens, couldn't tell if papers had been faked because of the San Francisco fire in 1906. Such persistence ensured that, despite the harsh policies of Chinese exclusion, the flow of Asian immigrants never fully ceased.

Chinese-Americans

16.2 Compared with Europeans, newcomers from Asia faced even harsher treatment. The first Chinese immigrants arrived in late 1840s during the California gold rush. After the Civil War, the Burlingame Treaty between the USA and China opened the way for increasing numbers to emigrate. Fleeing poverty and upheaval in southern China, they, like European immigrants, filled low-wage jobs in the American economy. During the depression of the 1870s, a rising tide of racism was especially extreme in the Pacific coast states, where the majority of Chinese immigrants lived.

First Wave of Immigration

16.2 Major immigration to America from Europe, especially Catholic Irish and Germans. Irish generally stayed on the East Coast, and worked in low paying, menial factories, where they were treated awfully. Germans tended to head West because they had more money and were looking to start a new life. Germans were mostly just men while the Irish came in families. It helped start the Industrial Revolution and led to Nativism.

Second Wave of Immigration

16.2 Period of immigration beginning in the 1880s. Immigrants arrived from southern and eastern Europe - Among them were Russians, Italians, Greeks, and Poles. Many fled political dissent and crumbling peasant economies at home. While some brought skills, industrialization required large quantities of unskilled labor. As poor farmers from Italy, Greece, and Eastern Europe arrived in USA, heavy, low-paid labor became their domain.

Chinese/Japanese/Korean-American citizenship

16.2 Well into the 20th century, Chinese immigrants (as opposed to native-born Chinese-Americans) could not apply for citizenship. In 1906, the US Attorney General ruled that Japanese and Koreans too were barred from citizenship.

Dennis Kearney

16.2 an Irish immigrant who led the Working Men's Party of California to oppose Chinese immigration. In July 1877, a mob inspired by his rhetoric burned San Francisco's Chinatown and beat up its residents.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

16.2 law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period. The law created the legal foundation on which far-reaching exclusionary policies would be built in the 1920s and after. To enforce the laws, Congress and the Courts gave sweeping new powers to immigration officials, transforming the Chinese into America's first illegal immigratns.

Sojourners

16.2 people who move into new cultural contexts for a limited period of time and for a specific purpose, such as for study or business. Some immigrants had hoped to earn enough money to return home, but many ended up staying a lifetime. 1/3 of immigrants from the Second Wave returned to their home countries after expecting to settle permanently and founding themselves forced to leave due to an accident, sudden economic depression or feelings of hostility.

Farmers' Alliance

16.3 A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy. It arose to take up many of the issues that the Grangers and Greenbackers had earlier sought to address. Largest farmer-based movement in American history. They hoped to create cooperative stores and exchanges to circumvent middlemen. Their cooperatives largely failed from chronic underfunding, lack of credit, hostility from merchants and lenders. They then tried to create a federal price-support system that would hold crops in public warehouses and issue loans on their value until they could be profitably sold. States-rights Southern Democrats considered it too radical. Alliances in Texas, Kansas and South Dakota created a new political party called the Populists.

closed shop

16.3 A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment. Skilled occupation tradesmen sought these "brotherhoods" to keep out lower-wage workers, set up collective funds for accidents and death benefits, advocate for decision-making in the workplace as opposed to cogs in a management-run shop.

Granger Laws

16.3 A set of economic regulatory laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates. These resulted due to the pressure mounted by the Greenbacks. They served as the starting point to counter laisse-faire policies with reform and regulation of big business.

Interstate Commerce Act

16.3 Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices. It counteracted the Supreme Court's decision in Wabash v. Illinois from the prior year which had struck down states' authority to regulate railroads. It charged with investigating interstate shipping, forcing railroads to make their rates public, and suing in court when necessary to make companies reduce "unjust or unreasonable" rates. Although the Courts curtailed its authority in the 19th century, the ICC would become one of the most powerful federal agencies charged with overseeing private business in the 20th century.

Farmer Political Activitism

16.3 Farmers argued that high tariffs forced rural families to pay too much for basic necessities while failing to protect America's great export crops, cotton and wheat. They also charged Republican financial policies to benefit the banks, not borrowers. Farmers blamed railroad companies for taking government grants and subsidies to build but then charging unequal rates that privileged big manufacturers. Public money, they said, built giant railroad companies that turned around to exploit ordinary people.

Knights of Labor

16.3 Founded in 1869 but gained steam during the Greenback-Labor movement. Like the Grangers, they believed that ordinary people needed control over the enterprises in which they worked. They proposed to set up shops owned by employees and transform America into cooperative commonwealth. They practiced open membership, irrespective of race, gender or field of employment, although they excluded Chinese immigrants. They demanded workplace safety laws, prohibition of child labor, a federal tax on the nation's highest incomes, and government recognition of workers' right to organize. They advocated personal responsibility and self-discipline, warning of the perils of liquor to rob their wages as much as ruthless employers. Grassroots organization was decentralized, diverse which allowed almost 750,000 members by 1885.

Henry George

16.3 He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism. He warned that Americans had been too optimistic about the railroads and manufacturing, instead suggesting that emerging industrial order meant permanent poverty. Industrialization was a driving wedge for society, lifting the fortunes of professionals and the middle class at the expense of the working class that was forced into deskilled, dangerous and low-paid labor. He proposed a federal "single-tax" on landholdings but it did not win support.

Haymarket Square Incident

16.3 In 1886, a protest at the McCormick reaper works in Chicago led to class with police that left four Knights of Labor strikers dead. 100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant and labor feelings. The incident profoundly damaged the American labor movement. Seizing on hysteria, and attaching the labor movement to anarchism, employers took to the offensive, breaking strikes and making arrests. They tied up the Knights of Labor in expensive court proceedings, forced workers to sign contracts pledging not to join labor organizations.

Wage Gap: Farmers v. Corporations

16.3 In the new economy, farmers found themselves at the mercy of large corporations, from equipment dealers who sold them harvesters and plows to railroads and grain elevators that shipped and stored their products. Farmers felt trapped in a web of middlemen who chipped away at their profits while international forces robbed them of decision-making power.

Greenback Labor Party

16.3 Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress. In the South, they protested the collapse of Reconstruction and urged that every man's vote be protected. They advocated fro laws to regulate corporations and enforce and 8-hour workday to reduce long, grueling work hours. They called for the federal government to print more greenback dollars and increase the amount of money in circulation which would stimulate the economy, create jobs, and help borrowers pay off debts in dollars.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

16.3 Protesting steep wage cuts amid the depression that had begun in 1873, thousands of railroad workers walked off the job, bringing rail travel and commerce to a halt. When Pennsylvania's governor sent into the state militia to break the strike, Pittsburgh crows reacted by burning railroad property and overturning locomotives. Similar clashes with law enforcement occurred in Galveston, Texas and San Francisco. More than 50 died and $40 million worth of damage occurred. Many railroad workers were fired or blacklisted. The National Guard was created not just to protect against foreign invasion but to enforce order at home.

Grange Halls

16.3 The grange became a union of agricultural people set up to fight the railroad pricing of freight travel. They set up their own banks, insurance companies, and grain elevators, and, in Iowa, even a farm implement factory. They built indpendent local parties that ran on anticorporate platforms eventually leading to the Greenback Labor Party.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

16.3 a national organization of labor unions founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers. After Haymarket violence, many left to set up this union. Far less welcoming to women and blacks than the Knights. It included mostly skilled craftsmen. It did not include clerks or service workers or farm tenants and domestic servants that had supported the Knights. Although successful in organization and results, it was narrow in its membership which would haunt labor movement later on. However, Gompers tactfully set up a defense plan against powerful Robber Barrons.

Hatch Act of 1887

16.3 extended the Morrill Act and provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges. Grover Cleveland signed it to meet farmers demands for government aid to agriculture.

Modernism

17.1 A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement. The first great literary and artistic movement of the 20th century, some photographers argued that photo's "true" representations made painting obsolete. Artists strove to reassert masculinity, rejecting 19th century romanticism as hopelessly feminine. It also paralleled Theodore Roosevelt's call for "manly sports" and Stephen Crane's call for "virility" in literature" and Jack London describing himself as "man's man, lustfully roving and conquering." Robert Henri banned small brushes as "too feminine". All these writers and artists contributed to a broad movement to masculinize American culture.

Natural Selection

17.1 A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Social Gospel Movement

17.1 A social reform movement that developed within religious institutions and sought to apply the teachings of Jesus directly to society. They provided reading rooms, day nurseries, vocational classes, and other services. It was the goal of renewing religious faith through dedication to justice and social welfare. Its goals were epitomized by Charles Sheldon's novel "In His Steps" (1896). The Salvation Army, YMCA, and the Hull House were examples.

Racial Intermarriage Policies

17.1 Advocates of Eugenics also justified racial purity, defining "lower races" to support Jim Crow segregation laws and racial discrimination. Between 1870-1910s, most states in the South and West passed laws prohibiting interracial marriage, claiming that only separation of the races could foster human advancement. By warning that immigrants from Europe and Southern Europe would dilute White Americans' racial purity, eugenicists helped win passage of immigration restriction in the 1920s.

American Protective Association (APA)

17.1 An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration. More than 2 million members joined. This virulently nativist group expressed outrage at the existence of separate Catholic schools while demanding, at the same time, that all public schools teachers be protestants. They called for a ban on Catholic officeholders, believing Catholics would be loyal to the Pope and not America. The rise of this movement, prefigured the revival of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s.

Evolution

17.1 Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. The idea that species are not fixed, but ever changing.

Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition

17.1 Held (a year late) to mark the 400-year anniversary of Columbus's first voyage to America. At the fairgrounds, visitors strolled through enormous buildings that displayed the latent inventions in industry, machinery and transportation.

Fundamentalism

17.1 Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect). Arose as a result of the Niagra Creed. Unlike the Social Gospel advocates, revivalists said little about poverty or earthly justice, focusing not on the matters of the world, but on heavenly redemption.

Reform Judaism

17.1 Many prosperous native-born Jews embraced this practice, abandoning such religious practices as keeping a kosher kitchen and conducting services in Hebrew. This was not the way of Yiddish-speaking Jews from Eastern Europe, who arrived in large numbers to America after the 1880s.

Billy Sunday

17.1 More often than his predecessors like Dwight Moody, he took political stances based on his Protestant beliefs. Condemning "booze traffic" was his greatest cause and denounced immigration and labor radicalism.

Protestant Foreign Missions

17.1 One of the era's dramatic religious developments - facilitated by global steamship and telegraph lines. From a modest start before the Civil War, this movement peaked around 1915, a year when American religious organizations sponsored more than 9,000 overseas missionaries, supported at home by armies of volunteers, including more than 3 million women. A majority of them served in Asia, with smaller numbers posted to Africa and the Middle East. Protestant missionaries won concerts, in part, by providing such modern services as medical care and women's education. Some developed deep bonds of respect with the people they served. Others angrily denounced foreigners as corrupt, immoral and "heathen races", sometimes ended up justifying Western imperialism.

Dwight L. Moody

17.1 Popular evangelical preacher who brought the tradition of old-time revivalism to the industrial city. He said that eternal life could be had for the asking. He and his successor Billy Sunday, helped bring evangelism into the modern era.

Pan-American Exposition

17.1 The World's Fair held in Buffalo, NY which made America seem powerful and important on a world-scale. Display of modern achievements (eg. Electric Tower) in Buffalo, NY. Place where President McKinley(25th President) was assassinated on September 6, 1901.

Fact Worship

17.1 The phenomenon where one only believes in concrete, provable facts rather than traditional faith practices. Amid the scientific, industrial, mechanical and transportation achievements of the 19th century, this became a central feature of American life. While other Americans struggled to reconcile scientific discoveries with religious faith.

Salvation Army

17.1 This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality. Part of the Social Gospel Movement.

Eugenics Movement

17.1 a campaign that sought to improve the quality of humankind through carefully controlled selective breeding. The so-called "science of human breeding" argued that mentally deficient people should be prevented from reproducing and to sterilize those deemed "unfit," especially residents of state asylums for the insane or mentally disabled. In early 20th century, almost half of the states enacted eugenics laws, leading to tens of thousands of people being sterilized by the time the movement subsided in the 1930s.

Parochial Schools

17.1 a private school supported by a particular church or parish. Many second wave immigrants in the late 19th century wanted separate parishes where they could celebrate their customs, speak their languages, and be educated separate from the public school system.

Armory Show of 1913

17.1 exposed American public to 1600 art works of contemporary European and American artists. It was a significant catalyst in the disseminating knowledge of recent developments in art. It introduced Americans to modern art. Some painters who work appeared at the show were experimenting with cubism, characterized by abstract, geometric forms. Along with works by Henri, Sloan, and Bellows, organizers featured paintings by European rebels such as Pablo Picasso. America's academic art world was shocked and some critics called cubism "the total destruction of the art of painting." But more than 250,000 people went to see the exhibition traveling from New York to Boston and Chicago.

John Muir

17.2 (1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California. Led the nation's first environmental movement. Founded the Sierra Club in 1892 which was dedicated to preserving and enjoying America's great mountains.

Negro Leagues

17.2 All-African American professional baseball teams where black men could showcase athletic ability and race pride. The leagues thrived until the desegregation of baseball after World War II. African Americans were barred from playing in the Major Leagues and many threatened to lynch any player that was added by an owner.

Sierra Club

17.2 America's oldest and largest grassroots environmental organization founded in 1892 in San Fransisco. First President was John Muir group was pushed by the wealthy bc they wanted to conserve the nature (despite all the land the already own and "corrupted") for their later generations

Thomas Edison

17.2 American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. Hailed as a hero for operating an independent laboratory rather than working for a corporation. The shrewd entrepreneur focused on commercial success.

P.T. Barnum

17.2 Attracted an eager public, he invited purveyors of consumer culture to include women and families, to new public and amusements. He used the country's expanded rail network to develop his famous traveling circus. Condemning the earlier circuses that attracted the "rowdy element," he proclaimed children as his audience, creating family entertainment for diverse audiences (although segregation in the south still endured racial separation). He promised middle class parents that his circus would teach children courage and promote the benefits of exercise.

America's Game

17.2 Baseball. Before the 1860s, the only distinctly American game was Native American lacrosse, and the most popular team sport among European Americans was cricket. After the Civil War, team sports became a fundamental part of American manhood, none more successful than baseball. Professional baseball arose with the launching of the National League in 1876. The league quickly built 12 teams in large cities, from the Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers to the Cleveland Spiders. Wooden grandstands soon gave way to concrete and steel stadiums. By 1900, boys collected lithographed cards of their favorite players, and baseball cap came into fashion. In 1903, the Boston Americans defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series. American men could now adopt a new consumer identity - not as athletes, but as fans.

Masculine Sports

17.2 By the turn of the 20th century, elite men tookd up even more aggressive physical sports, including boxing, weightlifting, and martial arts. President Theodore Roosevelt argued that such "virile" activities were essential to "maintain and defend this way of civilization." "Most masterful nations," he claimed, "have shown strong taste for manly sports."

Antiquities Act of 1906

17.2 Created by Teddy Roosevelt: Prevent the removal of antiquities from federal lands w/o a government permit; permits are only granted to scientific institutions devoted to seeking knowledge and committed to putting artifacts in public museums; the president has the authority to create protected national monuments on federal lands. He could set aside, without Congressional approval, "objects of historic and scientific interest" as national monuments. He used it to preserve 800,000 acres of Arizona's Grand Canyon. Although monuments received weaker protection than National Parks, they also fell under the U.S. Forrest Service which permitted logging and grazing. But monuments still received some protected status and many enjoyed hiking, camping and contemplating natural beauty. Many eventually became National Parks.

Country Clubs

17.2 For elite Americans, these flourished. For both men and women to enjoy tennis, golf, and swimming facilities as well as social gatherings.

Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)

17.2 Introduced in Boston in 1851, the YMCA promoted muscular Christianity, combining evangelism with athletic facilities where men could make themselves "clean and strong." Focused first on white collar workers, it opened its membership in hopes of discouraging labor unrest. Business leaders relied on sports to build physical and mental discipline and help men adjust their bodies to the demands of the industrial clock.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

17.2 Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." The Supreme Court ruled that segregation as ordered to leave a first-class railroad car and move to the "colored" care of a Louisiana train, did not violate the 14th Amendment as long as blacks had access to accommodations that were "separate but equal" to those of whites. However, the myth of equality was in reality that segregated facilities in the South were flagrantly inferior. The decision remained in place until 1954 when the Court's Brown v. Topeka Board of Education ruling finally struck it down. Until then, blacks' exclusion from first class "public accommodations" was one of the most painful marks of American racism.

Railroads and Class Status

17.2 Like department stores, trains made things comfortable for middle class women and children. First class "ladies' cars" soon became sites of struggle for racial equality. Riding a railline in 1884, young African American journalist Ida B. Wells was told to leave. When she refused, she was forcibly and literally thrown off a moving train. She sued, winning in local courts but losing in Tennessee's Supreme Court. Finally Plessy v. Ferguson settled the broader dispute about separate but equal as constitutional until overturned in the 1950s. Business and consumer culture were shaped by, and themselves shaped, racial and class injustices and divide.

National Audobon Society

17.2 Named in honor of John James Audubon, it banded together to advocate broader protection for wild birds which were being slaughtered by industrial plumes. They succeeded in passing the Lacey Act (1900) which established federal penalties for Selling specified birds, animals and plants.

Gibson Girl

17.2 The idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by a magazine image that showed that woman could make it big and did have buying power, created by Charles Dana Gibson. An elite beauty depicted on the tennis court or swimming on the beach. She personified the ideal of "New Women," more educated, athletic, and independent than their mothers.

American Football

17.2 The most controversial sport of the industrializing era, which began at elite colleges during the 1880s. Walter Camp coached Yale and was famous for emphasizing drill and precision, arguing that it was training for competitive world of business. The violent game resulted in six players' deaths during the 1908 college season and provoked public outcry. It attracted sponsorship from business leaders hoping to divert workers from labor activism.

National Park System

17.2 This system was established by Theodore Roosevelt under the Newlands Reclamation Act to preserve the natural scenery and wildlife for the American people. scenery and wildlife for the American people.

Conservationists

17.2 Those who advocate for the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits, both -- renewable and non-renewable.

Preservationists

17.2 Those who attempt to maintain in their present condition areas of the Earth that are so far untouched by humans.

national wildlife refuge

17.2 land set aside to protect wildlife through preservation of habitat, sometimes encourages recreational use. In 1903, President Teddy Roosevelt created the first one in Pelican Island, Florida.

Department Stores

17.2 larger stores that are organized into many separate departments and offer many product lines. They lured middle class women by offering tearooms, children play areas, umbrellas, and clerks to wrap and carry every purchase. Store credit plans also helped to grow New York's department store district and catered to "Adamless Edens" who were elite and middle class women. Working class families did not shop here and working-class women gained access primarily as clerks and cashiers, helping to advance a class divide.

Muscular Christianity

17.2 was an evangelical movement led by Charles Kingsley, who believed in the combination of the Christian and chivalric ideals of manliness.

Booker T. Washington

17.3 African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Comstock Act

17.3 An 1873 law that prohibited circulation of "obscene literature," defined as including most information on sex, reproduction, and birth control. Not only was contraception socially stigmatized, but it became illegal to distribute. Comstock appealed to parents' fears that young people were receiving sexual information through the mail and believing it was a gateway to pornography. There is little evidence the law stopped the lucrative and popular trade of contraception.

National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (1911)

17.3 Antisuffragists argued that it was expensive to add so many voters to the rolls; wives' ballots would just "double their husbands' votes" or worse, cancel them out, subjecting men to "petticoat rule." Such arguments helped to delay the passage of national women's suffrage until after WWI.

Frances Willard

17.3 Became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy. She confronted poverty, hunger, unemployment, and other industrial problems. Local chapters founded soup kitchens, free libraries, and investigated prison conditions. She was a Christian Socialist and urged more attention to workers' plight, advocating for laws establishing an 8-hour workday and abolishing child labor. She called for women's voting rights.

United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC)

17.3 Founded in 1894 to extol the South's "Lost Cause". Elite Southern women shaped Americans' memory of the Civil War by constructing monuments, distributing Confederate Flags, and promoting school textbooks that defended the Confederacy and condemned Reconstruction. Their work helped build and maintain support for segregation and disfranchisement.

Women's colleges (early 1900s)

17.3 Higher education was limited, some institutions have separate schools for women. For affluent families, Vassar College (1861), Smith, Wellesley, and other followed. Anxious doctors warned that these institutions were dangerous, believing that intensive brain work would unsex young women and drain energy from their overies which would lead to weak children. But as thousands of women earned degrees and suffered no apparent harm, fears faded.

American Family Size

17.3 In 1800, white women who survived to menopause had borne an average of 7.0 children; by 1900, the average was 3.6. Parents who had fewer sons and daughters could concentrate their resources, educating and preparing each child for success in the new economy. Among the professional classes, education became a necessity, while limiting family size became, more broadly, a key to upward mobility.

People's Party (Populists)

17.3 Insurgent political party that gained widespread support among farmers, formed in 1892; composed mostly of southern and western farmers; against government injustices; demanded -inflation through the coinage of silver -graduated income tax -government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, telephones -direct election of US senators -one term presidencies -shorter work days -ability to shape legislation directly -immigration restriction -most support from Kansas, Colorado, Idaho, and Nevada

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

17.3 Reunited the women's suffrage movement after Reconstruction in 1890. States in the west started to gain women's suffrage. While Congress refused to consider a constitutional amendment, it picked up momentum again after 1911.

Atlanta Compromise Speech

17.3 a speech given by Booker T. Washington in 1895 at the Cotton States and international Exposition that proposed that blacks and whites should agree to benefit from each other. For the exposition's white organizers, the racial "compromise" was inviting Washington to speak at all. Washington delivered a speech which many interpreted as approving racial segregation. White greeted the speech with enthusiasm and Washington became the most prominent black speaker of his generation. The next generation of African Americans criticized him for accommodating too much white racism.

Feminism

17.3 the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men. By the 1910s, some women moved beyond suffrage to take a public stance for women's full political, economic and social equality.

Coeducation

17.3 the teaching of males and females together; far more prominent in the Midwest and West, where many state universities opened their doors to female students after the Civil War. In the changing economy, women felt a compelling "solitude of self," believing they could not always count on fathers and husbands.

Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens)

18.1 1835-1910 *American novelist who grew up in Hannibal, Missouri *Early jobs as both a printer's apprentice and a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River *His novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), Huckleberry Finn (1885), and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) *Twain's writings portray the essence of life and speech during the era; his use of a distinctly American vernacular influenced future fiction writers

Muckrakers

18.1 1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business. For example, Ida Tarbell exposed John D. Rockefeller and David Graham Phillips, whose "Treason of the Senate" published in Cosmopolitan in 1905, documented the deference of US senators to wealthy corporate interests. Theodore Roosevelt dismissed them who focused too much on the negative side of American life. They inspired thousands of readers to get involved in reform movements and tackle the problems of industrialization.

The Blues

18.1 A genre of African American music that often expresses frustration,sadness, or longing. African American trumpet player and bandleader W.C. Handy, born in ALabama, electrified national audience by performing music drawn from the cotton fields of the Mississippi Delta. When it reached the big city, it became very popular, speaking to the emotional lives of young urbanites who were far from home, experiencing dislocation, loneliness, and bitter disappointment along with the thrills of city life.

Age of the Bachelor

18.1 A period at the end of the nineteenth century when 10% of all men of marriageable age were unmarried and being a bachelor lost its social stigma. The city afforded bachelors all the comforts of home in addition to clubs, saloons, sporting events, leisure activities, and an evolving urban dating scene that rejected the Victorian norms of courtship.

ethnic enclave

18.1 A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area. When immigrants came to urban centers, they worked and lived in close proximity, building strong community, social, political, professional and economic ties. Sharply defined neighborhoods such as San Francisco's Chinatown, Italian North Beach, and Jewish Hayes Valley crew up in every major city, driven by both discrimination and immigrants' desire to stick together.

Vaudeville Theater

18.1 A professional stage show popular in the 1880s and 1890s that included singing, dancing, and comedy routines; it created a form of family entertainment for the urban masses that deeply influenced later forms, such as radio shows and television sitcoms.

Chicago School

18.1 A school of architecture dedicated to the design of buildings whose form expressed, rather than masked, their structure and function.

Ragtime

18.1 A type of music featuring melodies with shifting accents over a steady, marching-band beat; originated among black musicians in the south and midwest in the 1880s. It became wildly popular among audiences of all classes and races who heard in its infectious rhythms something exciting - a decisive break with Victorian hymns and parlor songs. Performers such as Scott Joplin, the son of a former slave, helped to popularize the music. It also ushered in an urban dance craze such as dances such as the "Bunny Hug" and "Grizzly Bear" which were overtly sexual.

Race Riots

18.1 An attack by white mobs triggered by street altercations or rumors of crime. Virulent episodes occurred in Atlanta (1906), New York City's Tenderloin district (1900), Evansville, Indiana (1903), Springfield, Illionis (1908) but one journalist noted that "In every important Northern city, a distinct race-problem already exists."

Great Amusement Parks

18.1 Appeared around 1900, most famously at New York's Coney Island. They had their origins in world's fairs, whose paid entertainment had offered giant Ferris wheels and camel rides through ' a street in Cairo." Another example was Amusement Park in Long Beach, California built in 1900 where you could ride a roller coaster.

New York's Tenement House Law of 1901

18.1 Because of the infant mortality rates, diseases, and sickness this law was passed in New York to try and help cope with that, requiring interior courts, indoor toilets, fire safe guards-- this had no effect on the thousands already built but it still helped. This was the most progressive reforming effort. Most reformers were thwarted by economic factors and powerful landlord-friendly politicians.

city location

18.1 Before the Civil War, cities served the needs of commerce and finance, not industry. The nation's largest cities were seaports; urban merchants bought and sold goods for distribution into the interior or to global markets. As Industrialization developed, cities became sites for manufacturing as well as finance/trade. Factories developed small cities.

The Electric City

18.1 Electric lights replaced gaslights because they were too dim to brighten street lights on city streets. It gave the city its modern tempo. It lifted elevators, illuminated department store windows, turned night into day, improved perception of public safety, transformed the growth of nightlife.

Population Shift

18.1 In 1860, the USA was rural: less than 20% of Americans lived in an urban area, defined by census-takers as a place with more than 2,500 inhabitants. By 1910, more Americans lived in cities (42.1 million) than had lived in the entire nation on the eve of the Civil War (31.4 million). The country now had three of the world's largest ten cities.

Yellow Journalism

18.1 Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. Derogatory term for mass-market newspapers that sensationalized, distorted or lied about stories. Helped to shape public opinion about various topics, including helping to develop public pressure for the USA to declared war on Spain. Hearst's and Pulitzer's stunt reporters were examples of this.

San Francisco Earthquake of 1906

18.1 Resulted in over 500 deaths, the destruction of over 28,000 buildings, and an estimated 225,000 people left homeless. The earthquake shook the city. Buildings fell, roads crumbled, power lines severed, and gas lines ruptured. Almost immediately, fires, fueled by debris and gas escaping from broken lines, sprang up in various sections of the city. Waterlines, so important in combating the fires, were severed. As police and fire responders struggled in the recovery effort, fires spread throughout the city. In a desperate attempt to halt the flames, city officials decided to dynamite buildings to create fire lanes. Realizing that the extent of the disaster overwhelmed law enforcement and fire responders, local authorities asked for the help of the army forces stationed in the area.

Skyscrapers

18.1 Tall building with many floors supported by a lightweight steel frame. In the 1880s, they began to develop in major metropolis centers for landlords to charge more rent in small amounts of city land.

electric trolley car

18.1 The most practical and most widely used means of urban transit in the late 19th century. Primary mode of transportation in most American cities. The "El" or elevated railroad, became a safer alternative due to congestion and accidents associated with the trolley. By 1904, an underground subway was running the length of Manhattan.

Tenements

18.1 Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded. Immigrants and working poor lived in multiple story housing projects that housed multiple families in cramped, airless apartments. Living conditions fostered disease and horrific infant mortality.

Henry Huntington

18.1 nephew of a wealthy Southern Pacific Railroad magnate; invested in Los Angeles real estate and transportation. ALong his trolley lines, he subdivided property into lots and built rows of bungalows, planting yards and trees. Middle class buyers flocked to purchase his homes. Anticipating 20th century Americans' love for affordable single-family homes near large cities, he had begun to invent southern California sprawl.

Mayor Josiah Quincy

18.2 Boston reform mayor; built public baths, gyms, swimming pools, and playgrounds and provided free public concerns.

Limits of Machine Government

18.2 Couldn't solve unemployment at 25% when depression of 1890s hit; high homelessness/hunger/starvation/desperation/suicide; social welfare had been diminished and replaced by private charitable works which did not address the need for outdoor relief;

Hazen Pingree

18.2 Reform Mayor of Detroit who pioneered city ownership or control of utilities; he would later lead reforms as the governor of Michigan

Tom Johnson

18.2 Reform mayor of Cleveland who sought to reduce political influence in public utilities, reduce streetcar fares, and increase public services for the average citizen;

Boss Tweed

18.2 William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

Tammany Hall

18.2 a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism. Boss Tweet was the political machine boss.

political machine

18.2 a strong party organization that can control political appointments and deliver votes. These local party bureaucracies kept an unshakable grip on both elected and appointed public offices.

Jane Addams

18.3 1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. A progressive founder of the Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

18.3 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Triangle Fire (1911)

18.3 A fire in NYC in 1911 that occurred in a factory, and managers locked the doors in fear that they would steal things. Caused many reforms.

"City Beautiful" Movement

18.3 A turn-of-the-century movement among progressive architects and city planners, who aimed to promote order, harmony, and virtue while beautifying the nation's new urban spaces with grand boulevards, welcoming parks, and monumental public buildings.

Florence Kelley

18.3 An advocate for improving the lives of women and children. (Social Welfare). She was appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois. She helped win passage of the Illinois factory act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours. She was a Hull House worker and former chief factory inspector of Illionis. She led the National Consumers League (NCL). Under her leadership, it became one of the most powerful progressive organizations advocating worker protection laws.

Women's Trade Union League (WTUL)

18.3 Founded in 1903, this group worked to organize women into trade unions. It also lobbied for laws to safeguard female workers and backed strikes, especially in the garment industry. While it never attracted many members, its leaders were influential enough to give the union considerable power.

Public Health projects

18.3 NYC began to institute measures for disease prevention after the cholera outbreak in 1866. A major clean-water initiative for industrial cities was passed in the late 19th century which helped to nearly eliminate typhoid fever in Boston, and yellow fever (which had killed 12% of the population in Memphis, TN in 1878) as a result of sewage and drainage systems, hygiene projects designed to reduce garbage, pollution, spoiled food to reduce tuberculosis and infant mortality.

Social Settlement Movement

18.3 Settlement home in the east provided social services and education to poor workers. Community welfare centers investigated the plight of the urban poor, raised funds to address urgent needs, and helped neighborhood residents advocate on their own behalf.

Hull House (1889)

18.3 Settlement house founded by progressive reformer Jane Adams in Chicago in 1889

National Consumers League (NCL)

18.3 group organized in 1899 to investigate the conditions under which goods were made and sold and to promote safe working conditions and a minimum wage

Gilded Age

19.1 A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

1884 election

19.1 Between Blaine and Cleveland. They attacked eachother. Blaine had a reputation of dishonesty and Cleveland had an illegitimate child. New York decides the election and Cleveland wins. Blaine says at a speech that his party isn't supportive of "rum, romanism, and rebellion" referring to Irish costing him the election.

Pendleton Act of 1883

19.1 Federal legislation which created a system in which federal employees were chosen on the basis of competitive examinations, therefore making merit, or ability, the reason for hiring people to fill federal positions. Created in response to Garfield's assassination.

James Garfield assassinated, 1881

19.1 On July 2, 1881, President Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau who was disgruntled because of his unsuccessful attempts at securing a federal post. His death gave momentum to civil service reform, which would pass with the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 which gradually changed government jobs from the spoils system (patronage) to the merit system, or from "who you know" to "what you know"

Waving the bloody shirt

19.1 This was a campaign tactic used by post-Civil War Republicans to remind northern voters that the Confederates were Democrats. The device was used to divert attention away from the competence of candidates and from serious issues. It was also used to appeal to black voters in the South.

Populist Party (People's Party)

19.1 U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies. Kansas Alliance joined with the Knights of Labor to form this party. They recognized an "irrepressible conflict between capital and labor," calling for stronger government to protect ordinary Americans. They advanced the Omaha Platform.

James Blaine

19.1 a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland

1880 Election

19.1 proved Republicans didn't need the black vote to win presidency, garfield/arther (r.); want reform; garfield = half breed; arthur = stalwart vs. hancock (d.); garfield wins

High Protective Tariffs

19.1 put in place to protect northern manufacturers; supported by Republicans after Reconstruction

voter turnout

19.1 the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election; more voters turned out in presidential elections from 1876-1892 than at any other time in American history.

William McKinley

19.2 25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist; defeated William Jennings Bryan in 1896.

direct primary

19.2 A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office; grew in the 1890s as the preferred way to elect candidates from a party.

Legal Realism

19.2 A school of legal thought that holds that the law is only one factor to be considered when deciding cases and that social and economic circumstances should also be taken into account.

Oliver Wendell Holmes

19.2 Along with John Marshall, he is often considered considered one of the greatest justices in Supreme Court history. His opinions and famous dissents in favor of individual liberties are still frequently quoted today. He argued that current necessity rather than precedent should determine the rules by which people are governed; that experience, not logic, should be the basis of law.; advanced the idea of Legal Realism; dissented in the Lochner case.

Understanding Clause

19.2 An alternative to the literacy clause in the Mississippi plan designed as a loophole for whites otherwise disqualified from voting; the understanding clause stated that the voter, if unable to read the Constitution, could qualify by being able to "understand" it-to the satisfaction of the registrar. This was an example of an effort of southern states to continue to advance white rule in the South.

Lochner v. New York (1905)

19.2 Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights to make contracts. Though the clause had only been intended to protect former slaves, courts used it to shield contract rights, with judges arguing that they were protecting workers' freedom from government regulation. Interpreted this way, the 14th amendment became a major obstacle to regulation of private business.

William Jennings Bryan

19.2 Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

17th Amendment

19.2 Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures); 1913

Free Silver Movement

19.2 Free, unlimited coinage of free silver, which would cause inflation. Supported by farmers, Democrats, the Populist Party, Westerners and Southerners. Hope is that it would encourage borrowing and stimulate industry after the Panic of 1893.

Federal Income Tax Policy

19.2 In 1895, the Supreme Court struck down a recently adopted federal income tax on the wealthy. The court ruled that unless this tax as calculated on a per-state basis, rather than by the wealth of individuals, it could not be levied a constitutional amendment. It took progressives 19 more years to achieve that goal.

Populists (People's Party)

19.2 Insurgent political party that gained widespread support among farmers in the 1890s; a member or adherent of a political party seeking to represent the interests of ordinary people.

Republicans

19.2 Started to receive votes from the South for the first time in decades. This was a result of the reaction against Grover Cleveland's policies, particularly the agricultural sector. This political party, gained control of the White House and both chambers of Congress starting in 1897 for the next 16 years.

Solid South

19.2 Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.

Williams v. Mississippi (1898)

19.2 The Mississippi supreme court ruled that poll taxes and literacy tests, which took away blacks' right to vote (a practice known as "disenfranchisement"), were legal. By 1908, every southern state had adopted such measures.

In re Jacobs (1885)

19.2 Trial in which New York Court of Appeals shot down law preventing cigar production in tenements; anti-labor court decision

Coxy's Army

19.2 a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time. The proposals regarding public employment would eventually become central to the New Deal legislation of the 1930s.

Democrats

19.2 deployed fraud, violence and race-based appeals for white solidarity to defeat the Populist revolt in the 1890s. Calling themselves the "white man's party" and denouncing Populists for advocating "negro rule."

Chain Gang

19.2 in the southern penal system, a group of convicts chained together during outside labor on road building and other public projects. These were "reforms" to the Convict Leasing System after the CLS had been highlighted for torture, death and illegal prosecutions. These laws depended on the Solid South in which Democrats exercised almost complete control.

Silverites

19.2 people who believed coining silver in unlimited quantities would solve the nations economic crisis

Grimes County, TX

19.2 place of a violent coup by the White Man's Union that violenty terrorized and forced the local black and populist population into submission. The Democrats then ruled the county for the next 50 years.

Lynchings

19.2 when small vigilante mobs or elaborately organized community events where an individual (typically black) was publicly hung due to a crime (true or perceived). Resulted from white supremacy or fear of black sexuality. These efforts were common in the New South in the 1890s and beyond.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

19.3 1909 meeting after the Springfield race riot of 1908 which invited most leaders from the Niagara Movement; led by WEB DeBois; it helped form many African American clubs and churches; cooperated with the National Urban League to assist blank migrants in the North; and over the coming decades grew into a powerful force for racial justice.

W.E.B. DuBois

19.3 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Theodore Roosevelt

19.3 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War; 1901-1909 president; became President on September 14, 1901, only six months after McKinley won his election against William Jennings Bryan.

Woodrow Wilson

19.3 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize; won the 1912 Presidential Election as a Democrat (435 electoral votes), defeated Theodore Roosevelt (88 as the Progressive Candidate) and William Howard Taft (8 as the Republican Candidate), and Eugene Debs (0 as the Socialist candidate)

US Forest Service

19.3 A federal agency that manages public lands in national forests and grassland; created by Teddy Roosevelt in 1905. This pro-business initially as the fire suppression efforts were designed to maximize logging potential.

Robert M. La Follette

19.3 A proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and the League of Nations. He ran for President as the nominee of his own Progressive Party in 1924. Known as "Fighting Bob."

Talented Tenth

19.3 A term used by Harvard-educated sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois for the top 10 percent of educated African Americans, whom he called on to develop new strategies to advocate for civil rights. He said the "policy of compromise has failed" which was a direct indictment on Booker T. Washington's policy vision.

Ludlow Massacre (1914)

19.3 An unsuccessful labor strike against the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel and Iron Company. When the walkout began in 1913, mine owners evicted 11,000 strikers and their families from company housing. They moved into tent colonies, which armed militia units soon surrounded. In 1914, the militia attacked the largest tent city, at Ludlow, and burned it to the ground, killing an estimated twenty to thirty men, women, and children. This was one of a series of mass strikes among immigrant workers during the Progressive Era that placed labor's demand for the right to bargain collectively at the center of the reform agenda.

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)

19.3 Authorized the use of federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states. Probusiness policy. It fulfilled one of the demands of the unemployed men who had marched with Coxy's Army.

Springfield Race Riot of 1908

19.3 Began due to an accusation of rape from a white woman against a black man; resulted in four deaths and tens of thousands in property damage; led to national coverage due to taking place near Lincoln's home

Environmental Executive Orders

19.3 By the end of Roosevelt's presidency, he issued 51 EOs creating wildlife refuges and signed a number of bills advocated by environmentalists.

Square Deal

19.3 Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers. He used this as his platform to defeat Democratic candidate Alton B. Barker in 1904. He used this victory to step up his attack on trusts.

Eugene V. Debs, Socialist Party

19.3 Eugene V. Debs was an American Socialist leader and five time presidential candidate. In 1897 he created the Social Democratic Party of America. He received nearly one million votes for president while he was imprisoned in jail. His Socialist party was quite popular until it splintered apart along internal divisions. Ran in 1912 and received 6% of the popular vote.

Brandeis Brief

19.3 Filed by attorney Louis D. Brandeis in the Supreme Court case of Muller vs. Oregon, this brief presented only two pages of legal precedents, but contained 115 pages of sociological evidence on the negative effects of long workdays on women's health and thus on women as mothers. The brief expanded the definition of legal evidence. It cleared the way for use of social science research in court decisions.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

19.3 Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.Led by William "Big Bill" Haywood. Fervently called for a Marxist class struggle. Members called Syndicalists.

1912 Presidential Election

19.3 In 1912 republican convention Taft was re nominated after being picked in 1908 by Roosevelt himself, some republican got mad and started the progressive party and they nominated Roosevelt the democrats were able to win because of the split, Wilson won. Wilson was barely re-elected In 1916

African American Vote

19.3 In a startling shift, across the North, thousands of African Americans worked and voted for Wilson, a Democrat, hoping that Democrats' reform energy would benefits Americans across racial lines. The change helped lay the foundation for the Democrats' New Deal in the 1930s. Progressives refused to seat African American delegates or take a stand for racial equality. Republicans had failed end segregation or pass antilychning laws. WEB DeBois, the new leader of the NAACP, considered voting for the Socialist party because they were the only party "which openly recognized Negro manhood." This shift would have political ramifications well into the 21st century.

Democracy and Social Ethics (1902)

19.3 Jane Addams stated "The cure for the ills of Democracy is more Democracy." Various groups of progressives - women, antipoverty, reformers, african american advocates - would come to embrace this movement which eventually evolved into the Progressive movement.

Leon Czolgosz

19.3 Killed president McKinley in 1901. He was an anarchist, one who believes in the absence of government. Although he was American born, many feared that his death was a result of radical immigration.

Los Angeles Times Explosion

19.3 On October 1, 1908, an explosion ripped through this newspaper's headquarters and killed 20 employees and wrecked the building. John J. McNamara, a high official in the AFL's Bridge and Structural Iron Workers Union, had planned the bombing against the fiercely antiunion newspaper. The bombing created a sensation.

National Parks

19.3 One form of reserve that is intended to protect natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational and recreational use; Roosevelt saw the creation of Colorado's Mesa Verde.

National Child Labor Committee (1904)

19.3 One of the main issues addressed by the Progressive Movement was labor conditions, especially for children. Muckracking journalism and action from social and labor activists led to the formation of the National Labor Committee in 1904. As part of their charge, the committee investigated labor conditions around the nation. Photos of the investigation by the famed photographer Lewis W. Hine are in the collection of the Library of Congress. The first real effective child labor legislation was passed more than thirty years later during the New Deal.

Wisconsin Idea

19.3 Package of reform ideas advocated by LaFollette that included Initiative, Recall, Referendum; greater goverment intervention in the economy, with reliance on experts, particularly progressive economists, for policy recommendations.

Mother's Pensions

19.3 Provided state assistance after a breadwinner's desertion or death; Came from the county treasuries. Mothers originally received fifteen dollars a month for the first child and seven dollars a month for each additional child. Once a child reached the legal age for employment, the payment ceased; mothers, however, were subjected to home visits to determine whether they 'deserved' government aid; injured workmen were not judged on this basis, a patter of gender discrimination that reflected the broader impulse to protect women, while holding different standards for men.

Poverty (1904)

19.3 Published by journalist Robert Hunter, stated that unemployment and crowded slums were not caused by laziness or ignorance, but from 'miserable and unjust social conditions.' Charity work was at best a limited solution. He stated, "how vain to waste our energies on single cases of relief when society should aim at removing the proflific sources of all the woe."

William Howard Taft (1909-1913)

19.3 Republican Domestic Affairs: Trustbusting Roosevelt saw lack of disgression Payne-Aldrich Tariff Pinchot-Ballinger Affair conservation Foreign Affairs: Dollar diplomacy Promote sales of manuf/investing globally Pan-American Conference (opposition of S. American countries)

Samuel Gompers / AFL

19.3 Slow to ally with progressives as they'd long believed that workers should improve their own lives through strikes and direct negotiation with employers, not through politics. But by the 1910s, as progressive reformers came forward with solutions, labor leaders in state after state began to press for political action.

Elkins Act (1903)

19.3 Strengthened the *Interstate Commerce Act* by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them

Hepburn Act (1906)

19.3 This Act tightened existing railroad regulation. Empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records. Roosevelt had a major victory with the ICC to set shipping rates when it found evidence of railroad collusion to fix prices.

1902 Coal Strike

19.3 United Mine Workers demanded 20 percent wage increase, a reductive in daily working hours from ten to nine, and formal management recognition in their union; mines shut down in an effort to starve out the miners; Roosevelt's conference ended in an impasse, he threatened to take over the mines and and run them with the army; ended in October with an agreement to submit the issues to an arbitration commission named by the president; enhanced the prestige of Roosevelt and the nation's leaders, but only partial victories for the miners; won 9 hour work day and only 10% increase wages

Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party)

19.3 made of republican progressives who formed a new third party. Platform called for the direct election of senators, adoption of the initiative, referendum, and recall, and also advocated woman suffrage; platform led by Teddy Roosevelt during the 1912 election for President with support from Jane Addams among others. It's platform was "the American exponent of a wold-wide movement for juster social conditions."

Anglo-Saxon Superiority

19.3 motive for imperialism that said it was the Europeans' duty to civilize & westernize Africans; embraced by Teddy Roosevelt

Dutch Republic/Holland

2.1 A collection of Dutch and Flemish speaking provinces that had gained wealthy from textile manufacturing and trade with Portugese outposts in Africa and Asia revolted against Spanish rule in 1566 to protect their Calvinist faith and political liberties. After 15 years of war, the seven northern provinces declared their independence in 1581.

Casta system

2.1 A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories. Racial mixture was widespread between 1500-1650 after 350,000 Spainards migrated to Mesoamerica and the Andes.

Pirates

2.1 Although fortified outposts in Havanna and St. Augustine provided some protection, they were never sufficient for the Spanish to keep enemies and looters at bay in the eastern Caribbean

Merchantalism

2.1 England established a state-assisted manufacturing and trade to encourage textile production, reducing imports and increasing exports. The government aided entrepreneurs by setting low wage rates and helping merchants by giving them monopolies in foreign markets. The resulting favorable trade balance caused gold and silver to flow into England and stimulate further economic expansion.

Sea Dogs

2.1 English sea captains authorized to raid Spanish ships and towns under Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

Livestock

2.1 European domesticated animals transformed the Americas including cattle, swine, horses, oxen, chickens and honeybees.

Gold

2.1 Flowed into the countinghouses in Spain and gilded the Catholic churches of Europe. The Spanish crown benefitted enormously from the wealth initially (although it eventually created ruinous inflation)

Church of England

2.1 King Henry VIII initally opposed Protestantism but when the pope refused to annul his marriage to the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon in 1534, Henry broke with Rome and placed himself as the head of the new protestant denomination. It maintained most Catholic doctrines and practices, protestant teachings also spread.

Haciendas

2.1 Large Spanish colonial estates usually owned by wealthy families but worked by many peasants. Occurred after the Encomienda system was modified.

Food Diffusion

2.1 Maize, potatoes, manioc, sweet potatoes, and tomatoes significantly increased the agricultural yields and population growth in Europe/Asia.

Spanish Armada

2.1 The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships. Philip continued to spend his American gold and silver on religious wars. Oppressed by high taxes on agriculture and fearful of military service, more than 200,000 residents of Castile migrated to America. Spain had began serious economic decline.

Silver

2.1 Vast amounts poured across the Pacific Ocean to China where it was minted into money in exchange the Spanish received valuable Chinese silks, spices, and ceramics.

Nicholas Spencer

2.2 1660s Virginia planter-politician who was active in distinguishing English from African residents by color (white-black) rather than religion (Christian-pagan). By 1671, the Virginia House of Burgesses had forbidden Africans to own guns or join the militia. Being black was increasingly a mark of inferior legal status, and slavery was fast becoming a permanent and hereditary condition.

Toleration Act of 1649

2.2 A Maryland law that made restricting the religious rights of Christians a crime; the first law guaranteeing religious freedom to be passed in America

Sir Walter Raleigh

2.2 An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Grater Antilles

2.2 By mid 1600s, Europeans had settled most of these Caribbean islands, displacing most native populations within a decade or so.

Tobacco

2.2 Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown.

Indentured Servants

2.2 Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years and then would be granted their freedom and parcel of land.

Virginia Company

2.2 English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.

Barbados Slave Code of 1661

2.2 First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries.

King James

2.2 In 1606 grants a group of London investors a charter for a colony in the Americas

St. Kitts

2.2 In 1624, Sir Thomas Warner established this Caribbean settlement for England. He allowed French to settle as well. Within a few years, they had driven out the natives, weathered Spanish attack, and created a common set of bylaws for mutual occupation of the island.

Powhatan

2.2 Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia. He expected tribute from the English settlers just as the Englishmen expected it from his tribe. He provided them with food but expected trade for Western technology such as guns in return. He arranged a marriage between John Rolfe and his daughter (Pocahontas). Yet, these tactics failed and resulted in warfare between the settlers and native americans.

Maryland

2.2 King Charles I granted land bordering the Chesapeake Pay to Catholic aristocrat Cecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore) in 1632. This region became a refuge for Catholics. It was a tobacco growing colony.

Royal Colony of Virginia

2.2 King James I distrusted the Virginia Company and hated tobacco. Revoked the charter, making Virginia a royal colony directly under the King. H appointed the governor and retained the locally elected House of Burgesses but stated that the King must ratify all legislation. It established the Church of England in the colony which meant that residents had to pay taxes to the clergy. An appointed governor, elected assembly, formal legal system, and established Anglican church, became the model for royal colonies throughout English North America.

Brazil

2.2 Portugese planters had hoped that this region's indigenous people would supply the labor needed to operate its sugar plantations. But beginning with the smallpox epidemic in 1559 and culminating it 1620 when the switch to African chattel slavery was complete, this country developed sugar crop with remarkable speed.

The Lost Colony

2.2 Roanoke Island

Jamestown

2.2 The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia. By 1611, half of the 1,200 dispatched there had survived due to lack of fresh water and refusal to plant crops.

Indian War of 1622

2.2 The war started with the murder of a Powhatan war chief and prophet, Nemattanew by the English. The Powhatan's retaliated with a harsh attack that felled one-quarter of the English colonists, plus loss of livestock, crops, and buildings. This attack bankrupted the Virginia Company, but gave the settlers more determination to survive and one day overtake the Powhatans.

Cash Crops

2.2 crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit

Freeholds

2.2 farms of 30 to 50 acres owned and farmed by families or male partners

Puritan-Pequot War

2.3 1636: Believing they were God's chosen people, the Puritans often treated Native Americans with a brutality equal to that of the Spanish conquistadors and Nathaniel Bacon's frontiersmen. When the Pequot warriors resisted English encroachment a Puritan militia attacked a Pequot village and massacred more than 500 people.

Roger Williams

2.3 A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Puritans

2.3 A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. They were not religious separatists like the Pilgrims. Rather they hoped to purify it of its ceremony and hierarchy. The exodus began in 1630 with 900 migrants led by John Winthrop.

Beaver Wars

2.3 A series of wars in the mid-1600s in which the Iroquois, who allied with the English and Dutch, fought the Huron and Algonquin tribes, who were backed by the French. The wars were fought over land and the monopolization of the fur trade. The Iroquois who remained in New York formed a new alliance with the English who had taken over New Netherland, and they would continue to be a dominant force in politics in the Northeast for generations to come.

Ann Hutchinson

2.3 A woman who believed that many of the clergy in the Puritan church were not of the elect (except John Cotton and her brother-in-law). Challenges church authority, and champions rights for women in religious affairs, prevents John Winthrop's re-election.

John Winthrop

2.3 As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Amsterdam

2.3 By 1600, this city had become the financial and commercial hub of Northern Europe, and Dutch financiers dominated the European banking, insurance, and textile industries. Dutch merchants owned more ships and employed more sailors that did the combined fleets of England, France, and Spain.

New Orleans

2.3 By 1718, French merchants had founded this port at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Soldiers and missionaries used them as bases of operations, while Indians, traders and their metis (mixed-race) offspring created trading communities alongside them.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

2.3 Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill". It was a joint stock company like the Virginia Company. Colonists transformed it into a representeative political system with a governor (John Winthrop), council, and assembly. Puritians were limited the right to vote and hold office to men who were church attendees. Puritanism was the state-sponsored religion and bared other faiths from conducting services and used the Bible as its legal guide.

Plymouth

2.3 Colony settled by the Pilgrims in 1620. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony.

English Civil War

2.3 Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king. - Religious war broke out. English Puritans and Scottish Presbyterians demanded religious reform and parliamentary power. - Oliver Cromwell emerged victorious out of the civil war. Republican Commonwealth declared in 1649. Elaborate rituals and bishops banished from Anglican Church. - Crown restored when Cromwell died. Puritans could no longer hope to return to England

New Amsterdam

2.3 Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

New France

2.3 French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763.

Samuel de Champlain

2.3 French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Jacques Marquette

2.3 French missionary who accompanied Louis Joliet in exploring the upper Mississippi River valley (1637-1675). He settled present-day Wisconsin in 1673.

Robert de La Salle

2.3 Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV in 1681.

Henry Hudson

2.3 In 1609, the Dutch set this English mariner to locate a navigable route to the riches of the East Indies. He found fur in the rivers of northeast America. A river was founded in his name and merchants built Fort Orange (Albany) in 1614 to trade for furs with the Iroquois.

Connecticut

2.3 In 1660 it was granted a self-governing colony charter status. It had a legally established church and an elected governor and assembly like Massachussets Bay. But it granted voting rights to most property-owning men, not just to church members as in the original Puritan colony.

Enlightenment

2.3 In response to the Salem Witch Trials, government officials now discouraged legal prosecutions for witchcraft. Many influential people now embraced an outlook that had started as an intellectual movement around 1675 which prompted the rational, scientific view of the world. Increasingly, educated men (eg Ben Franklin) and women explained strange happenings and sudden deaths by reference to 'natural causes' not witchcraft.

Predestination

2.3 Inspired by John Calvin, many Puritans embraced the idea that God saved only a few chosen people. Church members often lived in great anxiety, worried that God had not placed them among the 'elect.' Some hoped for a conversion experience, the intense sensation of receiving God's grace and being 'born again.'

Pilgrims

2.3 Religious separatists. They were Puritans who had left the Church of England. When King James I threatened to drive them out or worse, William Bradford led 67 migrants from England and sailed to America aboard the Mayflower. They lacked a royal charter, they combined themselves 'together into a civil body politick' and their Mayflower Compact was used to self-govern religious congregation as a model for their political structure.

Rhode Island

2.3 Roger Williams founded this colony when he was expelled from Massachusetts for religious disagreements. Supported the separation of church and state and paying the Indians for their land. He founded the town of Providence on purchased land from the Narragansett Indians. In 1644, these settlers obtained a corporate charter from Parliament for a new colony with full authority to rule themselves. No legally established church, individuals could worship God as they pleased.

Separation of Church and State

2.3 Roger Williams praised the Pilgrims and criticized the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He opposed the decision for the Pilgrims to establish an official religion, advocating instead for toleration (political magistrates had authority over only the 'bodies, goods, and outward estates of men' not their spiritual lives). He questioned the Puritans seizure of Indian lands. He was banished from the colony in 1636.

City Upon a Hill

2.3 Said by Winthrop; refers to the idea that Puritan colonists emigrating to the New World were part of a special pact with God to create a holy community: a model society to the world/moral commonwealth

Salem Witch Trials

2.3 Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake. Occurred in 1692.

Covenant of Works

2.3 The Christian idea that God's elect must do good works in their earthly lives to earn their salvation. Ann Hutchinson believed this which challenged the Puritan ideology of Covenant of Grace. Her philosophy was deemed heretical by Puritan magistrates. They also resented her because of her sex and accused her of teaching that inward grace freed an individual from the rules of Church and founder her of holding heretical views. She was banished and followed Roger Williams into exile in Rhode Island.

Five Nations

2.3 The federation of tribes occupying northern New York: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Senecca, the Onondaga, and the Cayuga. The federation was also known as the "Iriquois," or the League of Five Nations, although in about 1720 the Tuscarora tribe was added as a sixth member. It was the most powerful and efficient North American Indian organization during the 1700s. Some of the ideas from its constitution were used in the Constitution of the United States.

Furs

2.3 Trade with the Montagnais, Micmacs, Ottowas, Ojibwas, and Iroquois-speaking Hurons gave French access to mink, otter and beaver - that were in high demand in Europe. To secure plush beaver pelts from the Hurons, Champlain provided them with manufactured goods such as kettles, hatches, swords, knives, bread and guns.

Dutch West India Co.

2.3 Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. In 1621, it founded the colony of New Netherland and set up New Amsterdam (on Manhattan Island) as its capital, and brought in farmers and artisans to make the enterprise self-sustaining. The colony did not thrive as the Dutch Republic's population was to small to support emigration and migrants sought riches in SE Asia rather than fur-trading profits in America.

Town Meeting

2.3 a gathering of local citizens to discuss and vote on important issues. This became the main institution of local government in Massachussetts Bay. In a society of independent households and self-governing communities, ordinary farmers had much more political power than Chesapeake yeoman and European peasants did.

St. Lawrence River

2.3 forms part of the northeastern border with Canada and connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean

Cotton Mather

2.3 minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a sholar, one of first americans to pemote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in salem

New Netherland (Dutch)

2.3 one of the middle colonies: Henry Hudson of Dutch East India Company explores America and est. lucrative fur trade relations w/ Iroquois Confederacy. Conflict as Iroquois move westward in search of beavers, encroaching on other tribes hunting grounds → Beaver Wars. Dutch are more concerned w/ freedom and profits than religion.

William Berkeley

2.4 A Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. He was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians. To win support, he bought off legislators with land grants and lucrative appointments. The House of Burgesses then took away the vote from landless freemen which constituted approximately 1/2 of the adult white men. They were also angered by falling tobacco prices. This all led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.

Frontier

2.4 A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control. Most native americans lived on treaty-guaranteed territory here where poor freeholding Virginians and landless former indentured servants now wanted to settle. They demanded that the Natives be expelled or exterminated.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

2.4 Armed rebellion in Virginia against Governor William Berkeley, who had the support of the British government. Forces from England came to Virginia to suppress the resistance and reform the colonial government to one that was more directly under royal control.

slavery

2.4 Bacon's rebellion sparked a switch from indentured servants to slaves who could labor for life. It sparked wealthy planters to make concessions to poorer whites so that slaves could be the most exploited workers. This eased social tensions within the free white population but committed subsequent generations of Americans to a labor system based on racial exploitation.

Metacom's War

2.4 First large-scale conflict between colonists and Native Americans, waged in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and Connecticut (1675-1676). Also known as King Philip's War. Native Americans destroyed 1/5 of English towns and killed nearly 5% of the adult population. But Native losses were much larger (1/4 of the population died). After Native defeat, many of them moved west, began to seek revenge and joined the French. The conflict did not eliminate the presence of Native Americans in Southern New England but it effectively destroyed their existence as independent peoples.

Mission system

2.4 In the 18th century, the Spanish allowed Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries to built a dense network of missions extending from Mexico along the coast of Baja and Alta California. These institutions sought to pacify Native peoples and transform their ways of life. Massive waves of smallpox, typhus, and other disease drove surviving Indians to the missions and their desperation often accomplished what the faithful labors of missionaries could not. Remnant Indian populations gravitated towards mission communities and the sustenance and protection they could offer.

Nathaniel Bacon

2.4 a planter who led a rebellion with one thousand other Virginians in 1676; the rebels were mostly frontiersmen forced toward the backcountry in search of fertile land. His army forced Berkely and the House of Burgesses to release him and hold legislative elections.

Philippines War (1898-1902)

20.1 1. After defeating Spanish, Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo refuses to turn control over to Americans 2. US General Arthur MacArthur sets up re-concentration camps and brutalizes Filipinos; over 200,000 civilians killed 3. 1901- Aguinaldo captured and fighting stops 4. 1902- William Howard Taft appointed civilian governor; begins to modernize nation by tying them economically to US 5. 1946- Filipino independent, but still reliant on American economy

George Dewey

20.1 A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines. On May 1, 1898, American ships cornered the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay and destroyed it. When the capital fell on August 13, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge declared "We must on no account let the [Philippines] go." McKinley agreed.

Anit-Imperialist League

20.1 A party formed in 1899 to resist the annexation of the Philippines. Mark Twain was a leading and founding member.

Imperialism

20.1 A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. Argued that "free land" on the western frontier was dwindling, and thus new outlets needed to be found for American energy and enterprise.

"Remember the Maine"

20.1 A slogan of the Spanish-American war referring to the sinking of a battleship in Cuba. Stirred up by yellow journalism, this lead McKinley to declare war.

Platt Amendment (1902)

20.1 Cuba had to write it into their constitution to gain freedom; Cuba had to have all treaties approved by teh US before signing, the US had the right to interfere in Cuba both politically/militarily, US would be given access to naval bases on the island at Guantanamo Bay where the US Navy built a large base.

Cuban Concentration Camps

20.1 Detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state; after Cuban patriots mounted a major guerrilla war against Spain in 1895, Spain rounded up Cuban civilians into these where as many as 200,000 died of starvation, exposure and dysentery. Yellow journalist William Randolph Heart turned the incident into American nationalism, especially among those who feared that industrialization was causing American men to lose physical strength and valor.

Hawaiian Annexation (July 1898)

20.1 Hawaii was an import station for US ships in trading (Pearl Harbor). A number of Americans that lived there was growing and dominating econ and political life there. Americans took away land from ancient civilization Debate over annexation went on until 1898 when republicans took office& approved it.

De Lome Letter (1898)

20.1 Heart published a private letter in which the Spanish minister belittled McKinley to stir up American agitation in 1898. It intensified Americans' indignation toward Spain in the lead up to the War of 1898.

Steel hulled ships

20.1 In 1886, Congress ordered the construction of two battleships, the USS Texas and the USS Maine; in 1890, it appropriated funds for three more, a program that expanded over the next two decades.

Anglo-Saxon Rule

20.1 Josiah Strong / American Exceptionalism; justified imperialism on the racial theory that people of this descent - English and often German - were superior to all others. This theory over people of color abroad was advocated when the United States, at home, denied most American Indians and Asian immigrants citizenship and southern states disenfranchised blacks.

Emilio Aguinaldo

20.1 Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Splendid Little War

20.1 Nickname for Spanish American war coined by Hay, indicative of US attitude and cockiness

Hawaii Treaty in 1876

20.1 Nominally independent, these islands had long been subject to US influence, including a horde of resident American sugercane planters. This agreement between the United States and the island's monarch gave Hawaiian sugar free access to the American market, without tariff payments, and Hawaii pledged to sign no such agreement with any other power. When it was renewed in 1887, Hawaii also granted a long-coveted lease for a US naval base at Pearl Harbor. In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani advertised her frustration with the treaty.

Cleveland's response to Cuban Rebellion

20.1 President Grover Cleveland had no interest in supporting Cuban rebellion but worried over Spain's failure to end it. He worried that it disrupted trade and damaged American-owned sugar plantations on the island.

San Juan Hill

20.1 Site of the most famous battle of the Spanish-American war, where Theodore Roosevelt successfully leads the Rough Riders in a charge against the Spanish trenches. July 1, 1898.

Insular Cases (1901)

20.1 Supreme Court determined that full constitutional rights are not granted to all citizens in places under American control. Congress could decide. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were thus marked as colonies, not future states.

Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

20.1 The United States took possession of these territories following the Spanish American War.

Treaty of Paris 1898

20.1 The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

Turner Thesis (1893)

20.1 Thesis by historian Frederick Jackson Turner suggesting that the innovations practiced by western settlers gradually became ingrained into the fabric of American society; democracy and self-improvement were also central to western expansion, Turner claimed. In short, Turner suggested that many of the characteristics of the "American character" were created by westward expansion. Later historians questioned parts of this thesis.

USS Maine Explosion

20.1 U.S. battleship sent to Cuba, it exploded killing 200+ Americans. U.S. thought it was Spain attacking them. This was used as excuse to start war with Spain.

British Guiana and Venezuela Boundary Dispute

20.1 US supported Venezuela in conflict with Great Britain over the area between Venezuela and British Guiana. Americans claimed that Britain was violating the Monroe Doctrine and threatened war. Finally, the British agreed to arbitration. These efforts were pushed by Richard Olney, Secretary of State for Grover Cleveland during his second term (1893-1897)

Josiah Strong, Our Country

20.1 argued that the Anglo Saxon race had a responsibility to "civilize and Christianize" the world due to its supposed superiority

Philippines Annexation

20.1 controversy arose after Treaty of Paris 1898 gave the nation to the U.S.; imperialists favored annexation because it was our duty to uplift them/convert to Christianity, etc. and anti-imperialists opposed annexation because they were of a foreign culture and different race and it violated the principles of the Declaration of Independence; Feb. 6, 1899 it is annexed with 57 to 27 vote

Jones Act (1916)

20.1 granted Phillipines territorial status and promised independence as soon as stable government was achieved but set no date.

"The Influence of Sea Power upon History" (1890)

20.1 written by Alfred T. Mahan, it emphasized that control of the sea was the key to world dominance and that countries should build up their navies; Urged America to entry the fray, observing that naval power had been essential to past empires.

Russo-Japanese War

20.2 (1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious. Roosevelt mediated a settlement to the war in 1905, receiving for his efforts the first Nobel Peace Prize awarded to an American.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

20.2 1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal. Roosevelt persuaded Congress to authorize $250,000/year to purchase from Columbia, a six-mile strip of land across Panama, a Columbian province.

Boxers

20.2 A Chinese secret society that blamed the country's ills on foreigners, especially missionaries, and rose in rebellion in 1899-1900. When they rebelled against foreign occupation in 1900, the USA sent 5,000 troops to join a multinational campaign to break the nationalists' siege of European offices in Beijing.

Open Door Policy

20.2 A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Pancho Villa

20.2 A thug to his enemies; a Robin Hood hero to many poor Mexicans; This military leader dominated Northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution between 1910 and 1915. His supporters seized hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He robbed and commandeered trains. Allied with Zapata. He was eventually defeated though before the revolution ended in 1920. He crossed the US-Mexico border, killing 16 American civilians and raiding the town of Columbus, New Mexico. Wilson sent 11,000 troops to pursue Villa, a force that soon resembled an army of occupation in northern Mexico. Mexican public opinion demanded US withdrawl as armed clashes continued. On the brink of war, both governments backed off and US forced departed.

Porfirio Diaz

20.2 Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910. He had created a friendly climate for American companies that purchased Mexican plantations, mines and oil fields. By the early 1900s, he feared the extradordinary power and began nationalizing these foreign intersts. American investors who faced the loss of Mexican holdings began to back Francisco Madero, an advocate for constitutional government who was friendly to US interests.

Big Stick Diplomacy

20.2 Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Francisco Madero

20.2 Early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections, two years later he was murdered, led to power struggles. Wilson feared US interests were threatened and intervened. On the pretext of a minor insult to the navy, he ordered occupation of the port of Veracruz on April 21, 1914 at the cost of 19 American/126 Mexican lives.

Venustiano Carranza

20.2 He became president of Mexico in 1914. Wilson helped him take control over Madero's government. President Carranza at first supported Wilson's sending General Pershing into Mexico to look for the criminal Pancho Villa, but when he saw the number of troops he became outraged and opposed Wilson.

Panamanian Revolution

20.2 Panama revolted against Colombia after Roosevelt pushed it. Previously there had been strong nationalist movements. US recognized Panama as a new nation 2 days after revolution started and obtained a perpetually renewable lease on a canal zone. In 1922, the USA paid Columbia $25 million as a kind of conscious money.

Roosevelt Corollary

20.2 Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. Instead of guaranteeing that the US would protect its neighbors from Europe and help preserve independence (Monroe Doctrine), it asserted the US' unrestricted right to regulate Caribbean affairs. Not a treaty but a unilateral decision sanction by America's military and economic might. Citing it, the US intervened regularly in the Caribbean and Central America over the next 3 decades.

Panama Canal

20.2 Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915. US hired 60,000 laborers from all throughout the world to build. It took 8 years to build and cost thousands of lives who built it.

Chinese Revolution of 1911

20.2 The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century. Taft supported the victorious Nationalists, who wanted to modernize their country and liberate it from Japanese domination. The United States had entangled itself in China and entered a long-term rivalry with Japan for power in the Pacific, a competition that would culminate in WWII.

Roosevelt imperialism

20.2 When he became president in 1901, he called on "the civilized and orderly powers to insist on the proper policing of the world." He meant, in part, directing the affairs of "backwards people." He saw it as an extension of domestic progressivism. He argued that a strong federal government, asserting itself both at home and abroad, would enhance economic stability and political order.

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

20.2 the United States and Japan agreed to respect each other's territorial holdings in the Pacific Confirmed the principles of free oceanic commerce and recognized Japan's authority over Manchuria.

Scheneck v. US

20.3 (1919) Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."

The Great War (WWI)

20.3 1914-1918 involved all of Europe and perpetrated enormous slaughter and devastation. It brought widespread misery, social disruption and economic collapse.

American Protective League

20.3 1917 *Volunteer organization that claimed approval of the Justice Department for pressuring support of war *Humiliated those accused of not buying war bonds *Persecuted those of German descent *Encouraged the banning of German culture in everything from product names to consumption, including "pretzels" and "German Measles"

Mexican Immigration

20.3 1920s; Influx of Mexicans into U.S. after Mexican Civil War; As Mexicans arrived in the United States, most became poorly paid agricultural, mine, and railroad laborers, with little prospect of upward economic mobility. At least 100,000 Mexicans entered.

Trench Warfare

20.3 A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. Battlefield in WWI

Doughboys

20.3 A nickname for the inexperienced but fresh American soldiers during WWI; about 1/5 had been born outside of the USA

African American Soldiers WWI

20.3 African Americans were met with discrimination in the military. Units were segregated with White leadership, but still they fought with distinction. They were treated with less racism in Europe than at home; 400,000 men enlisted, accounting for 13% of the armed forces. American Indians, however, served in integrated combat units. Stereotypes about historical bravery and warriors enhanced their military reputations at first.

Armistice

20.3 An agreement to stop fighting; On November 11, 1918, the Great War had ended when Germany signed.

"neutral in fact as well as in name"

20.3 At WWI's outbreak, President Wilson called on Americans to remain out of conflict and to influence the postwar settlement, much as Theodore Roosevelt had done after previous conflicts. Also, many Irish immigrants viewed Britain as an enemy based upon its occupation of Ireland while millions of German Americans maintained ties to their homeland. Progressives (Robert La Follette) and Socialists (Eugene Debs) condemned the war as a conflict of greedy capitalists empires.

United States struggle to remain Neutral

20.3 Britain imposed a naval blockade on the Central Powers. While Wilson protested, commerce with the Allies made up for the economic loss to the Central Powers. By 1917, US banks lent the Allies $2.5 billion while American trade and loans to Germany stood at a mere $56 million.

American Expeditionary Force

20.3 By the end of the war about 4 million Americans wore uniforms and 2 million went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals. The flood of US troops and supplies determined the outcome to end the war.

Death tolls

20.3 During the brief period of US participation, over 50,000 servicemen died in action, another 63,000 died from disease mainly from a devastating influenza pandemic that began in early 1918 which killed 50,000 people worldwide in two years.

General John J. Pershing

20.3 General of the American Expeditionary Force in WWI; He waited for the AEF to reach full strength before committing a full force to Europe, instead sending armed convoys to assist merchant ships who were being sunk by the German U-Boats. As late as May 1918, the brunt of the fighting continued to fall on French and British forces.

Morocco 1905

20.3 Germany required equal trade with Morocco. Imperialism; Theodore Roosevelt arranged an international conference to defuse the crisis.

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

20.3 Government agency that imposed ceilings on wage increases; contested by many labor unions. Formed in April 1918, it established a 8-hour day for war workers with time/half pay for overtime, and it endorsed equal pay for women. It produced a no-strike pledge from workers but supported workers' right to organize - a major achievement for the labor movement.

Women During the War

20.3 Largest group to take advantage of wartime job opportunities. About 1 million women joined the paid labor force for the first time, while another 8 million gave up low wage service lobs for higher paying industrial work. Though most people expected these jobs to return to men at peacetime, a new comfort level with women's employment outside the home - and with women's suffrage.

Zimmerman Telegram

20.3 March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico. Meanwhile, German U-boats began attacking US ships without warning after promising to stop.

"MAIN" Causes of WWI

20.3 Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

WWI Declaration of War

20.3 On April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war. He argued that Germany had trampled on American rights and imperiled US trade and citizens' lives. On April 6, US declared war on Germany.

Women's Suffrage as a "war measure"

20.3 President Wilson urged the support for women's suffrage after being impressed by the NAWSA and fearing the NWP's tactics. A constitutional amendment quickly passed the House of Representatives. It took 18 months to get through the Senate and another year to win ratification of the states. On August 26, 1920, when Tennessee voted for ratification, the 19th Amendment of the USA became law. In most parts of the South, the measure meant that 'white' women began to vote as Jim Crow era affected Af/Am women's voting rights along with their male counterparts.

Lusitania (1915)

20.3 Sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. 139 American killed. Forced Germany to stop submarine warfare. Sinking prompted Wilson to reconsider his options, endorsing a $1 billion US military buildup and demanding Germany ease unrestricted submarine warfare.

Abrams v. U.S. (1919)

20.3 The court upheld the Sedition Act on four Russian immigrants who were passing pamphlets denouncing American military intervention in the Russian Revolution. Supreme Court upheld the wartime restriction on free speech. Most famous for Justice Holmes' and Louis Brandeis' dissenting opinion in which he proposed the notion of the marketplace of ideas.

War Industries Board (WIB)

20.3 The federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WWI. Established in July 1917, it directed military production and oversaw almost every part of the economy. It allocated scarce resources among industries, ordered factories to convert to war production, set prices, and standardized procedures.

Bolshevik Revolution

20.3 The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life. The Eastern Front had been won by Germany, Germany could commit full force to the Western Front, getting to within 50 miles of Paris by May 1918.

Spanish Influenza

20.3 This epidemic of 1918 was the most serious epidemic in U.S. history; it infected 20 million Americans, causing more than half a million deaths in the United States and an estimated 30-50 million fatalities around the world. World War I ended on November 11, 1918; returning troops brought home a resurgence of virus, and the many public victory celebrations helped the disease spread once more. More American civilians were killed by the disease than all the U.S. combat deaths during the 20th century combined. Ultimately, the death rate shortened the average life span in the United States by 10 years before the illness mysteriously disappeared.

Presidential Election of 1916

20.3 Woodrow Wilson wins against Charles Hughes, first time Democrat won 2 consecutive elections and last election before women could vote. Wilson wins a narrow victory by campaigning on his domestic record and ability to "keep us out of war." He won California by a mere 4,000 votes and a narrow margin in the electoral college. Within months, the United States would be at war.

Sedition Act of 1918

20.3 added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces. The Justice Department prosecuted members of the Industrial Workers of the World, Quaker pacifists, socialists (including Eugene Debs who was sentenced to 10 years prison for arguing that wealthy capitalists had started the conflict and were forcing workers to fight."

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

20.3 government agency created during World War I to encourage Americans to support the war. Government propaganda headed by journalist George Creel designed to educate citizens about democracy, assimilating immigrants, and ending the isolation of rural life. It set set out to mold Americans into "one white-hot mass" of war patriotism.

Railroad Administration

20.3 government agency which took all railroads from private hands until after WWI.

Gavrilo Princip and the Black Hand

20.3 member of the ultra-nationalist Serbian "Black Hand". On June 28, 1914 he shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Credited with starting World War I.

National Women's Party (NWP)

20.3 more aggressive tactics than NAWSA; founded by Lucy Burns and Alice Paul; lobbied Congress to demand a constitutional amendment, picketed the White House, went on hunger strikes; working at the national level

Great Migration

20.3 movement of over 400,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920 to look for jobs. Cities like St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit and New York. Blacks in North encountered discrimination in jobs, housing, and education.

"One Hundred Percent Americanism"

20.3 movement to preserve pure American heritage; German Americans bore the brunt of this campaign. With posters exhorting citizens to root out German spies, a spirit of conformity pervaded the home front.

German U-boat warfare

20.3 refers to military submarines operated by Germany, particularly in World War I and World War II. Although in theory U-boats could have been useful fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, in practice they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role (commerce raiding), enforcing a naval blockade against enemy shipping. The primary targets of the U-boat campaigns in both wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from the British Empire and the United States to the islands of Great Britain.

"Over There"

20.3 song by George M. Cohan which became unofficial anthem of World War I; showed confidence most Americans felt that we could do what no one else could do, win the war

Balfour Declaration (1917)

20.4 A document issued by the British that supported the creation of a Jewish state as long as the rights of the Palestinians were protected. Under this mandate, thousands of Jews moved to Palestine to purchase land, and evict Palestine tenants in some cases. As early as the 1920s, tensions between the Jews and Palestinians grew.

Henry Cabot Lodge

20.4 Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations. He worried that Article X - the provision for collective security - would prevent the US from pursuing an independent foreign policy.

Versaille Peace Conference

20.4 Near Paris, France in 1919, Wilson scored a diplomatic victory when the Allies chose to pas the talks on his 14 Points, a blueprint for peace that he had presented a year earlier in a speech to Congress.

Irreconcilables

20.4 Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations. These were western progressive Republicans like La Follette who opposed US involvement in European affairs.

Congress Fails to Ratify Treaty of Versailles

20.4 The United States did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles so it did not abide by the treaty that had been negotiated by Woodrow Wilson.

France/Great Britain/United States

20.4 These three countries dominated the peace talks; Russia had quit on the war and the allies feared its communists leaders; Germany had been defeated; Japan was ignored (they'd proposed for equal treatment of all races which the Allies rejected); the Pan-African Congress was ignored (led by W.E.B. Du Bois and other black leaders); they snubbed Arab representatives who had been military allies during the war. Even Italy's Prime Minister - included among the influential "Big Four" because 1915 Italy had switched to the Allied side - withdrew from the conference after feeling aggrieved. Famously, Clemenseau and Wilson snubbed Ho Chi Minh from Vietnam who sought representation which had grave long-term consequences for both France and the United States.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

20.4 Treaty that ended World War I - most important part was the forced blame on Germany and other allies. It established the 14 points; Created 9 new nations stretching from the Baltic to the Meditterean which served as a buffer to protect Western Europe and advance the principle of "self-determination" But elsewhere, the victors did not dismantle their colonies (eg. France in Indochina; Britain in Palestine)

14 point plan

20.4 Wilson's plan for peace that included the league of nations, self-determined colonies, free trade, freedom of the seas, end to secret agreements, and a limit on arms, open diplomacy, the creation of a League of Nations or an international regulatory body that would guarantee each country's "independence and territorial integrity."

Tulsa Race Riot

21.1 1921; started b/c a black shoe shiner was accused of assaulting a young, white, female elevator worker; lynching was rumors and white and black assembled to protect/defend their respective people; America's wealthiest black neighborhood "Black Wall Street" ended up being burned to the ground

Four Powers Act

21.1 1922 treaty with Japan, Great Britain, France and USA, limiting naval strength in the Pacific. A diplomatic triumph of President Harding. It reinforced Eruoepan and American naval superiority over Japan which would eventually grow to see the USA as its biggest adversary in the pacific.

Palmer Raids

21.1 A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities. The dragnet captured thousands of immigrants who had committed no crimes but who held anarchists or revolutionary beliefs. Lacking the protection of US citizenship, many were deported without trial or indictment. They peaked in January 1920 when 6,000 citizens and aliens were arrested and denied the prisoners access to legal counsel.

Not nostrums but Normalcy

21.1 A dig at WIlson's idealism, Harding called for return to conservatism, winning in a landslide in 1920, ushering in an era of Republican political dominance that lasted until 1932.

Teapot Dome Scandal

21.1 A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921. Secretary of the INterior was convicted of taking over $300k in bribes and became the first cabinet officer to serve in prison sentence in US history.

associated state

21.1 A system of voluntary business cooperation with government. The Commerce Department helped create two thousand trade associations representing companies in almost every major industry.

Marcus Garvey

21.1 African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Bolivia and El Salvador loans

21.1 American banks offered an immense loan at a heavy profit and the US state department officials pressured south american nations to accept it. Continuation of Monroe Doctrine and an example of Dollar Diplomacy in 1923. To implement such policies, the US interevened militarily in Nicaragua and Dominican Republic and Haiti. WHite Americans viewed these nations through racial stereotypes. Soldiers often committed violence and sexual abuse against civilian populations.

A. Mitchell Palmer

21.1 Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Calvin Coolidge

21.1 Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business. Called for limited government and tax cuts for business.

Coronado v. UMW

21.1 Court ruled that a striking union could be penalized for illegal restraint of trade. Such decisions, along with the aggressive antiunion campaigns under the American Plan, caused membership in labor unions to fall from 5.1 million in 1920 to 3.6 million in 1929, just 10% of the nonagricultural workforce.

Lobbying

21.1 Engaging in activities aimed at influencing public officials, especially legislators, and the policies they enact. Growth occurs in the 1920s. Hundres of groups set up offices to lobby members of congress - from religious to civil organizations to the ANti-Saloon league - but business took the league. Examples were teh National Association of Manufacturers and the Chamber of Commerce. Businesses now assumed an even larger role in the legislative process of governments.

President Harding's Death

21.1 Heart attack in August 1923, evidence was emerging that parts of his adminstration were riddled with corruption.

East St. Louis (Illinois riots)

21.1 July 1917; A city where one of the worst race riots took place. A white mob attacked an African American neighborhood, burned houses, and fired at escaping residents. About 40 A-A died, and thousands lost their homes.

Rosewood Massacre (1923)

21.1 Mobs of furious whites in a small Florida town torched houses and hunted down African Americans, killing at least six. Police and state authorities refused to intervene, and the town vanished from the map.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

21.1 Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

U.S. Communist Party

21.1 Of the 63 million adults in the USA in 1920, no more than 13,000 belonged to this organization.

Henry Ford

21.1 Pioneered welfare capitalism before WWI, famously paying $5 a day, and offered profit-sharing plan to employees who met the standards of its Sociological Department, which investigated to ensure that workers' private lives met company's moral standards.

Herbert Hoover

21.1 Secretary of Commerce under President Harding, well known as head of the wartime Food Administration; eventual President of the United States. Under his direction the Commerce department helepd created 2,000 trade associations respresnting companies in almost every major industry. He created an associated state to achieve what progressives had sought through government regulations.

Good Neighbor Policy, 1933

21.1 Since the days of Teddy Roosevelt's Roosevelt Corrolary, the US had intervened many times in Latin America militarily and economically to benefit US businesses, enraging many Latin Americans. FDR's "Good Neighbor" policy promised to end these interventions and treat Latin America with respect. The main motivation was to prevent Latin America from joining rising tide of fascism across the world in the 1930s. FDR was very popular in Latin America due to this policy

J. Edgar Hoover

21.1 The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who investigated and harassed alleged radicals. Before it became the FBI in 1935, it was the 'anti-radicalism" division of the Justice Department that been created by A. Mitchell Palmer during the Red Scare.

Dollar Diplomacy

21.1 The thrust of US policy after WWI in Latin America which had been pioneered by Taft and continued by Wilson. Especially encouraged private banks to make foreign loans hoping it would stimulate growth and increase demand for US products in development markets. Banks received government gurantee of repayment in countries perceived as weak or unstable.

Red Summer of 1919

21.1 Used to describe the bloody race riots that occurred during the summer and autumn of 1919. Race riots erupted in several cities in both the North and South of the United States. The three with the highest number of fatalities happened in Chicago, Washington, D.C. and Elaine, Arkansas. Race based deaths and lynchings increased.

Old-Age pension

21.1 a regular income paid by the state to people above a particular age; at a time when Social Security did not exist, General Electric and US Steel provided health insurance and these pensions to improve the lives of workers.

Red Scare

21.1 fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life; emerged as a phenomenon after WWI in the 1920s.

James Cox

21.1 was a Governor of Ohio, U.S. Representative from Ohio and Democratic candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1920. Lost to Ohio Senator Warren G. Harding.

Highway construction

21.2 -Federal and state highways were built -Shift from rural to urban areas and suburbs - Financed by federal subsidies and state gasoline taxes.

Charlie Chaplin

21.2 A "silent comedian," this movie star continued to lengthen the silent film style and offer an alternative to the sound film with his trademark tattered suit, derby hat, and cane, playing the "little tramp" who made audiences laugh with his silent jokes.

Model T

21.2 A cheap and simple car designed by Ford. It allowed for more Americans to own a car.

consolidation

21.2 Large scale corporations continued to replace small businesses in many sectors of the economy. By 1929, 200 largest businesses had come to control almost half o the country's nonbanking corporate wealth. Ex. DuPont (chemicals); General Electric (electrical appliances); Wall Street banks.

suburbs

21.2 Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people. rising middle class incomes, new forms of borrowing, and the automobile combined powerfully in the 1920s to produce a major suburban housing boom.

Los Angeles, CA

21.2 Southern california became identified with what historians call "automobility" and this city led the way in defining American car culture. Housing subdivisions opened monthly across a vast expanse of southern california, and automabile gave birth to an explosive metropolis. Its population more than doubled in the 1920s alone, going from the 10th largest American city to the 5th in just ten years.

Radio Corporation of America (RCA)

21.2 a company developed during World War I that was designed, with government approval, to pool radio patents; the formation of RCA gave the United States almost total control over the emerging mass medium of broadcasting

Soft power

21.2 a persuasive approach to international relations, typically involving the use of economic or cultural influence.

highway infrastructure

21.2 gas stations, motels, and drive-in restaurants soon catered to drivers. Railroad travel faltered.

advertising industry

21.2 grew up during the jazz era to hype up all of these new products such as radios and cars; This industry grew rapidly in the 1920's due to mass production of goods.

Consumer Goods

21.2 products and services that satisfy human wants directly; toasters, radios, telephones, vacuum cleaners, automobiles.

Consumer Credit

21.2 the use of credit for personal needs; grew rapidly and enabled middle class to rise to gain access to consumer goods they wouldn't have otherwise been able to acquire.

Mexican immigration

21.3 1920s; Influx of Mexicans into U.S. after Mexican Civil War. Although nativists lobbied Congress to cut this flow and labor leaders agreed, Congress followed the lead of business employers, especially farmers in Texas and California who wanted cheap labor.

Scopes Trial

21.3 1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools. The "Monkey Trial" took only eight minutes for a jury to find the teacher guilty of violating the tennessee statute. Though the Tennessee Supreme Court later overturned Scopes's conviction, the law remained on the books for more than 30 years.

Harlem Renaissance

21.3 A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Speakeasy

21.3 A place where alcoholic drinks were sold and consumed illegally during prohibition

Langston Hughes

21.3 African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Zora Neale Hurston

21.3 African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance. Like other works of the H.R., her stories and novels sought to articulate what it meant, as black intellectual WEB Du Bois wrote "to be both a Negro and an American."

Jazz

21.3 An American style of dance music popular in the 1920s. Borrowed from blues, ragtime, and other popular forms, they developed an ensamble style in whiche performers, keeping a rapid ragtime beat, improvised around a basic melodic line. The majority of the early muscians were black, but white performers, some of whome had more formal training, injected elements of European concert music.

Al Smith

21.3 Governor of New York four times, and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928. He was the first Roman Catholic and Irish-American to run for President as a major party nominee. He lost the election to Herbert Hoover.

Alice Paul

21.3 Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Volstead Act (1919)

21.3 The adoption of the prohibition amendment, which banned the sale of alcohol, led to this act.

Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act

21.3 The first federally funded health-care legislation that provided federal funds for medical clinics, prenatal education programs, and visiting nurses. 1921

Dearborn Independent

21.3 This was a newspaper established in 1901. From 1919 to 1927 it was published by the famous industrialist Henry Ford. It was anti-semitic. By 1925 it had a circulation of 900,000 people. Ford eventually stops publishing the paper in 1927 because so many lawsuits were published against the paper.

New Woman

21.3 a woman of the turn of the 20th century often from the middle class who dressed practically, moved about freely, lived apart from her family, and supported herself. She had thrown off Victorian modesty and claimed a place for herself alongside men in a new culture of consumption and fun.

Prohibition

21.3 the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

stock market

21.4 A system for buying and selling shares of companies

credit

21.4 An arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future.

speculation

21.4 An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.

1932 Presidential Election

21.4 Hoover v. FDR: FDR won because he promised a fairer distribution of wealth and served as a turning point in the way Americans viewed the responsibility of the federal government

unemployment

21.4 Measures the number of people who are able to work, but do not have a job during a period of time.

Bank Failures

21.4 One of the factors that led to the Great Depression; when a bank ran out of reserves to pay customers who wanted to withdraw their deposits

barter economy

21.4 economic system in which one set of goods or services is exchanged for another; people traded services in payment for goods/services instead of currency payment.

Roaring Twenties

21.4 the decade of the 1920's which got this nickname because of the times prosperity and excitement

Great Depression

21.4 the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

22.1 Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks. One of Hoover's interventions to combat the Great Depression. It proved not nearly as aggressive enough to combat the severity of the depression.

FDR and Polio

22.1 FDR contracted polio at age 39 but was able to regain use of his legs through rigorous physical therapy.

Eleanor Roosevelt

22.1 FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Bonus Army

22.1 Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their government war bonuses in cash

Rugged Individualism

22.1 Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.

"Do Nothing" President

22.1 Hoover responded to the the national emergency with unprecedented government action, despite being labeled this by his critics for not fixing the Great Depression.

Great Depression Unemployment

22.1 In major industrial cities in Ohio, unemployment reached between 50-80%. The nation's banking system was so close to collapse that many state governors closed banks temporarily to avoid further withdrawls.

Farmers' Holiday Association

22.1 formed by a group of unhappy farm owners, it endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market- in effect a farmers' strike, which although blockading several markets ended in failure. Agricultural prices were so low that the group advocated a government-supported farm-program - drawing Populist ideas from the 1890s.

American Liberty League

22.2 A conservative anti-New Deal organization; members included Alfred Smith, John W. Davis, and the Du Pont family. It criticized the "dictatorial" policies of Roosevelt and what it perceived to be his attacks on the free enterprise system. They charged FDR with "reckless spending" and "socialist" reforms of the New Deal. Herbert Hoover joined them, calling the NRA "tyranny, not liberalism."

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

22.2 A federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment. It extended the relief provided by the HOLC. Together these measures permanently changed the mortgage system and set the foundation for the broad expansion of home ownership in the post-WWII decades.

Francis Townsend

22.2 American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored Old-Age Revolving Pension Plan, which would give $200/month (about $3,600 today) to citizens over the age of 60 years old. It was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935. A champion for the nation's elderly, most of them who had no pensions and feared poverty. This was the so called "Townsend Plan"

National Association of Manufacturers

22.2 An association of industrialists and business leaders opposed to government regulation. In the era of the New Deal, the group promoted free enterprise and capitalism through a publicity campaign of radio programs, motion pictures, billboards, and direct mail. Endured far into the post-WWII decades, its campaign was to "serve the purposes of business salvation." After WWII, it forged alliances with influential conservative politicians such as Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan.

Huey Long

22.2 As senator from Louisiana in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc. The flamboyant Long had achieved stunning popularity. He increased taxes on corporations, lowered the utility bills of consumers, and built new highways, hospitals, and schools. To push through his programs, he seized almost dictatorial control of the Louisiana government.

Glass-Steagall Banking Act

22.2 Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insures the accounts of depositors of its member banks. It outlawed banks investing in the stock market. It first insured deposits up to $2,500 (it now insures them up to $250,000). It prohibited banks also from making risky, unsecured investments with the deposits of ordinary people.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

22.2 FDR's New Deal attacked declining production with the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) which set up this new government agency to set up separate self-governing private associations in 600 industries. Each industry - ranging from large corporations producing coal, cotton textiles, and steel to small business making pet food and costume jewelry - regulated itself by agreeing on prices and production quotas. It was designed to rescue the nation's productive industries and stablize the economy. The measures had positive effects in some regions, but most historians agree that, overall, they did little to end the depression.

Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA)

22.2 FDR; a law enacted in 1933 to raise crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of their land unplanted, thus lowering production. This was an example of direct governmental regulation of the farm economy for the first time. It provided cash subsidies to farmers who cut production of seven major commodities: wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, and dairy products. Policymakers hoped that farm prices would rise as production fell.

Bank Holiday 1933 & the Emergency Banking Act

22.2 Franklin D Roosevelt declared that all banks were to be closed on March 6, 1933, the day after FDR's inauguration. Closing all banks, FDR called Congress into special session. Four days later, Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act, which permitted banks to reopen if a Treasury Department inspection showed they had sufficient cash reserves.

Schechter v. US

22.2 In 1935, the Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Administration (NRA) or NIRA unconstitutional because it delegated Congress's lawmaking power to the executive branch and extended federal authority to intrastate (as opposed to interstate) commerce. Roosevelt also watched the Supreme Court strike down the Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA), Railroad Retirement Act (RRA) and the debt-relief law known as the Frazier-Lemke Act.

"That Man"

22.2 Name for FDR by critics who angered at the sound of his name. These were critics on his Right, many of them bankers and business executives who saw FDR as a traitor to his class.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

22.2 New Deal legislation designed to address the staggering unemployment crisis. Helped construction workers get jobs doing public projects (highways, bridges, sewers)

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

22.2 New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects. Mobilized 250,000 young men to do reforestation and conservation work. Over the course of the 1930s, the CCC boys built thousands of bridges, roads, trails and other structures in state and national parks, bolstering the national infrastructure.

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

22.2 New Deal program that was only open for two years. It put people to work with building roads and bridges, construction, etc. At its peak in 1934, the CWA provided jobs for 4 million Americans.

Radio

22.2 President Roosevelt used this new medium, especially evening radio to address the American people directly. It helped to make him an intimate presence in people's lives. Thousands of citizens felt a personal relationship with FDR, saying "He gave me a job" or "he saved my home."

dole

22.2 Roosevelt and Hopkins had strong reservations about this, the nickname for government welfare payments. So to support the traditional values of individualism, the New Deal put people to work, with legislation passed such as the PWA, CWA, CCC, etc.

First hundred days of FDR

22.2 Set up New Deal Agencies to held aid in Depression, passing 15 major bills focusing primarily on four problems: banking failures, agricultural overproduction, the business slump, and soaring unemployment; aided by the 1932 election that had swept Democratic majorities into both houses of Congress, giving FDR the allies he needed.

Alphabet Soup

22.2 Term used to refer to the group of New Deal programs created to provide "Relief, Reform, and Recovery" for American citizens, banks, and businesses during the Great Depression. Called this because of their many abbreviations (CCC, WPA, AAA, etc.), the new policies and agencies represented the emergence of a new American state.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

22.2 The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers. The law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed. Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression.

FDR and Gold Standard

22.2 Took the nation off the gold standard, ordering all gold to be surrendered to the Treasury in exchange for paper currency. His goal was to create inflation. This allowed the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates; since 1931, it had been raising rates, which had only deepened the downturn.

Father Charles Coughlin

22.2 a critic of the New Deal; created the National Union for Social Justice; wanted a monetary inflation and the nationalization of the banking system. He was called the "Radio Priest" and tried to attack FDR from the left, calling for more radical change to the nation's economic problems.

Banking Act of 1933

22.2 also known as the Glass-Steagall Act. Separated commercial banks from investment banks; established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Authorized the President to appoint a new Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, placing control of interest rates and other money-market policies in a federal agency instead of private bankers from around the country.

Fireside Chats

22.2 informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Welfare State

22.3 A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc. This fundamentally changed American society.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

22.3 A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil. An example of regional planning.

Keynsian Economics

22.3 Government spending during depression periods and high taxes during periods of boom. (Tax and Spend) These principles were supported by FDR's "Brain Trust". In order to preserve liberty, government must assist the needy and guarantee the basic welfare of citizens.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

22.3 Hires jobless people to build public buildings and parks.

Court Packing Plan

22.3 President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Section 7A of the NRA

22.3 Provided that workers had the right to join unions and to bargain collectively. Led to the growth in rank-and-file militancy and leading to a strike wave in 1934. When the Supreme Court voided NIRA in 1935, labor unions called for new legislation that would allow workers to organize and bargain collectively with employers (The Wagner Act).

Revenue Act of 1935 (Wealth Tax Act)

22.3 Raised taxes on corporations and the wealthy

AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children)

22.3 Under FDR & New Deal, bottom-level welfare for mostly single moms

National Labor Relations Board

22.3 enforces procedures whereby employees may vote to have a union and for collective bargaining. it was created by the NLRA

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

22.3 established minimum living standards for workers engaged in interstate commerce, including provision of a federal minimum wage. It also mandated over-time pay, outlawed child labor law, made the 40 hour work week the national standard. It was perhaps as important as the SSA because it established how Americans worked.

Social Security Act of 1935

22.3 old age pensions for workers; a joint federal-state system of compensation for unemployed workers; and a program of payments to widowed mothers and the blind, deaf, and disabled.

Chinese Exclusion Act

22.4 1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers. Until it was repealed in 1943, Chinese immigrants were classified as "aliens ineligible for citizenship" and therefore were excluded from most federal programs.

Repatriation

22.4 A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization. Hoover and FDR promoted this policy as it applied to the Mexican American citizens. Between 1929-1937, 1/2 million people of Mexican descent were deported, 60% of which were probably citizens, making the government's position constitutionally questionable.

Okies and Arkies

22.4 Americans who were forced out of their homes in Oklahoma and Arkansas (respectively) due to the dust storms and drought known as the Dust Bowl. Many packed their cars and headed to California.

gospel of conservation

22.4 FDR and Ickes' belief that land should be utilized to best serve human needs, and that scientific land management and ecological balance was more important than preservation

Harold Ickes

22.4 Former Bull Moose progressive who spent billions of federal dollars on public building projects while carefully guarding against waste. Interior Secretary under the Roosevelt administration. He organized liberal Republicans for Roosevelt in 1932.

John Collier

22.4 Head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who introduced the Indian New Deal and pushed congress to pass Indian Reorganization Act

Scottsboro Nine

22.4 Nine African American youths convicted of raping two white women in Scottsboro, Alabama, in 1931. The Communist Party played a key role in defending the Scottsboro Nine and in bringing national and international attention to their case.

Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)

22.4 Provided for the independence of the Philippines by 1946 and gradual removal of U.S. military presence from the islands.

The Grapes of Wrath (1939)

22.4 The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck about the horrors of the Great Depression; Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they were trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California. Along with thousands of other "Okies", they sought jobs, land, dignity, and a future.

African Americans and the New Deal

22.4 The New Deal did provide some relief for African Ameri-cans, who found low-paying jobs with the WPA and the CCC (even though these jobs were often segregated). African Americans also received moral support from Eleanor Roosevelt and Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes in a famous incident in 1939. The distinguished African American singer Marian Anderson had been refused the use of Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C., by the all-white Daughters of the American Revolution. Eleanor Roosevelt and Ickes promptly arranged for Anderson to give a special concert at theLincoln Memorial. Over one hundred African Americans were appointed to middle-level positions in federal departments by President Roosevelt. One of them, Mary McLeod Bethune, had been a long-time leader of efforts for improving education and economic opportunities for women. Invited to Washington to direct a division of the National Youth Administration, she established the Federal Council on Negro Affairs for the purpose of increasing African American involvement in the New Deal.

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

22.4 The administration that provided electricity for rural America; utility co-ops

Public Opinion of Women in the workforce

22.4 When Gallup pollsters in 1936 asked people whether wives should work outside the home when their husbands had jobs, 82% said no. Most of the New Deal unemployment legislation directly discriminated in the hiring of women.

Blue Ridge Parkway

22.4 a famous highway in the VA/NC Mountains that was begun in the 1930s, during the Great Depression and the New Deal era

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

22.4 a labor organization composed of industrial unions founded in 1938, it merged with the AFL in 1955. It promoted "industrial unionism", organizing all the workers in an industry, from skilled machinists to unskilled janitors, into a single union.

Federal Music Project (FMP)

22.4 employed musicians, conductors and composers during the Great Depression

United Auto Workers Strike

22.4 sit-down strike at General Motors

Blitzkrieg

23.1 "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939. Campaign was conducted after the Munich Conference failed to penalize Germany for territorial grabs in the Sudetenland.

Munich Conference

23.1 1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further. Britain and Franche appeased Germany, permitting it to annex the Sudetenland. Neville Chamberlin, UK PM, famously guranteeing "peace for our time."

Cash and Carry Policy

23.1 1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power. Party of the series of "Neutrality Acts".

Population taking Oregon Trail

11.3 1860: 250,000 Americans

Antietam

13.1 1862, the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil in Sharpsburg MD. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

George McClellan

13.1 A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

labor-management accord

25.1 After World War 2, labor unions overwhelmingly represented America's industrial work force. There was a general acceptance of collective bargaining as the method for setting the terms and conditions for employment. Union contracts commonly provided pension plans, health insurance, and guaranteed annual wage.

Veterans Administration (VA)

25.1 An agency of the federal government created to provide a loan guaranty program which enables qualified veterans to finance real estate purchases with a higher loan-to-value ratio than is normally possible with conventional financing.

military-industrial complex

25.1 Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)

26.1 Chicago non-violent protest organization that founded CORE

Communisitic

26.1 During the McCarthy era, civil rights opponents charged that racial integration was this that the NAACP was banned in many southern states as an "anti-American" organization.

Democratic-Republicans

7.2 Party of John Quincy Adams

National Road (Cumberland Road)

8.1 The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

penny papers

10.2 affordable newspapers introduced in 1833 created unprecedented mass audience

"Alien menace"

12.2 what nativist groups called the immigrants

white-collar worker

16.1 someone in a professional or clerical job who usually earns a salary

Yeoman

2.4 An owner and cultivator of a small farm.

The Doors

27.2 Jim Morrison

Silent Spring

28.1 1962 book by Rachel Carson that started the environmental movement

Horticulture

7.1 Growing corn, beans and squash - Mandans used this type of farming

urban growth

8.1 the rate of increase of urban populations

Franchise

9.1 The right to vote

Gold Bugs

19.2 referred to those who favored basing the US monetary system on gold to the exclusion of silver

Hoover Dam (Boulder Dam)

22.4 Dam on the Colorado River that was built during the Great Depression

Federal Writers' Project (FWP)

22.4 Employed 15,000 musicians and 5,000 writers, respectively.

Mennonites

4.1 founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons became descendants of Anabaptists and emphasized pacifism.

Security Council

24.1 Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.

Cuban Missile Crisis

24.3 1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba.

Morning in America

29.2 1984 election; Reagan's effective political campaign television commercial formally titled "Prouder, Stronger, Better"

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

29.2 1989 Supreme Court ruling that upheld the authority of state governments to limit the use of public funds and facilities for abortions.

Bill Gates

29.2 American computer software designer who Co-founded Microsoft and built it into one of the Largest computer software manufacturers

wets

21.3 opponents of prohibition

Hawks

27.3 Americans who supported the Vietnam War.

Walking Purchase of 1737

4.1 An arrangement in 1737 in which the Lenni Lenape Indians agreed to cede to Pennsylvanian colonists a tract of land bounded by the distance a man could walk in thirty-six hours; a team of swift runners who were hired to mark out the area far exceeded the amount that the Indians had anticipated. More than a million acres of prime farmland north of Philadelphia were purchased which opened new lands to settlement and poisoned relations with the Indians.

Conflict with Quaker Colonies

4.1 NJ and Penn were considered one of 'the best poor man's country in the world.' Soon proprietors of both colonies were overwhelmed by the demand for land and squatters started to settle illegally by the 1720s.

Tenancy in New York

4.1 Tenant farmers had a hard time gaining land and wealth

Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise)

6.4 Agreement during the Constitutional Convention that Congress should be composed of a Senate, in which States would be represented equally, and a House, in which representation would be based on a State's population. The national legislature's upper chamber (the Senate) would have two members from each state, while the lower chamber (the House of Representatives) would be apportioned by population (determined every ten years by a national census).

Fugitive Slave Clause

6.4 Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution, which stated that slaves who escaped must be returned to their owners. It was later abolished in the Thirteenth Amendment

Embargo Act of 1807

7.2 This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

7.2 U.S. forces - led by Andrew Jackson - defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe who opposed American expansion. *Historical Significance:* Effectively neutralized the Native Americans as British allies; Jackson emerged as a war hero.

Whigs

9.2 conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

Mary Todd

12.3 Abraham Lincoln's wife

February 1861

12.4 Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia had joined South Carolina and seceded

Hiram Revels

14.2 The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress.

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)

17.3 An African-American woman who achieved nationwide attention as leader of the anti-lynching crusade. A writer, she became part-owner of a newspaper, the Memphis Free Speech. In May 1892, in response to an article on a local lynching, a mob ransacked her offices and threatened her life if she did not leave town. Moving to Chicago, Wells continued to write about Southern lynchings. While investigating, she would go directly to the site of a killing, sometimes despite extreme danger. In 1895, she published The Red Record, the first documented statistical report on lynching. Wells was also a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. She stands as one of America's most uncompromising leaders and most ardent defenders of democracy.

National Association of Colored Women

17.3 An organization created in 1896 by African American women to provide community support. Through its local clubs, the NACW arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated temperance, and undertook public health campaigns.

New Nationalism (1912)

19.3 TR's 1912 platform that called for more government business regulation, women's suffrage and social welfare programs. TR had decided to step out of retirement after spending a year in Africa on safari.

Lewis Brandeis

19.3 The first Jew to sit on the United States Supreme Court, appointed by Woodrow Wilson;

Trail of Tears

9.2 The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

classical liberalism/laissez faire

9.2 The principle that the less government does, the better, particularly in reference to the economy. Prompted by Jackson and legitimized by Taney court.

Log Cabin Campaign of 1840

9.2 This was William Henry Harrison's bid for the presidency as a Whig. The campaign attempted to gain the support of the population by portraying Harrison as a simple man who lived in a log cabin. Harrison ultimately won, and was the beginning of active campaigning and slogans.

Romanticism

10.1 19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason; a European phenomenon that helped to spark Transcendentalism

Unitarians

10.1 A Religious denomination which comes from the believe that God is a unity, not a trinity.

Temperance Movement

10.1 A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

The Fruits of Philosophy (1832)

10.2 Despite repeated indictments for 'obscenity', the first American guide to contraceptive practices was published.

Stephen Douglas

12.2 A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Nativism

12.2 A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones; hostility towards immigrants and anti-Catholicism

Chain Migration

12.2 migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Gag Rule

10.2 1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

David Walker (1785-1830), "Walker's Appeal"

10.2 A Boston free black man who published papers against slavery.

Puget Sound

11.3 a sound near Washington, U.S.

Robber Barrons/Captains of Industry

16.1 what people called the successful industrialists

Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

20.3 an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the late 1800s

1913 California Alien Land Law

22.4 bars Asian immigrants from owning land

Yeoman Farmers

8.1 family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners

Anti-Masonic Party

9.2 First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Working Men's Party

9.2 Founded by Phili artisans in 1828. campaigned for the abolition of banks, chartered and imprisonment for debt. Hated taxation, and wanted a universal system of public education

Worchester v GA