GOV312L Exam 2

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Most modern alliances __________.

are formalized in written treaties

The Marshall Plan was a policy designed to __________.

rebuild European economies

During the Cold War, the United States relied on defensive strategies to protect American civilians from a Soviet nuclear attack.

False

Gorbachev's New Thinking was designed to reestablish Soviet political and military dominance over Eastern Europe.

False

Missile defense systems strengthen Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) by bolstering one side's second strike capability.

False

Political order is the patterns or regularities of social behavior that are induced or set by authority relationships or coercion.

True

President Eisenhower threatened nuclear strikes to contain and prevent small, regional conflicts.

True

T/F: The U.S. has primarily used economic sanctions to pressure North Korea to give up its nuclear weapons.

True

T/F: The Versailles Treaty terminating World War I imposed significant reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

True

The module's reading defines war as:

- Competitive, violent and political - Between multiple organized participants - Waged for some political goal

Which of the following statements is correct about the views of the United States in the world between 2002 and 2017?

- Global public opinion of the United States varies widely based on region. - The decline in global opinion of the United States was not correlated with the Bush administration. - The U.S. war on terror led to an increase in favorability ratings among virtually all countries surveyed. - NOT THIS ANSWER Favorability ratings of the United States continued to increase throughout the Obama administration.

US and Western Wins/ gains after the cold war

- Military hegemony over Eastern Europe Expansion of NATO - Economic hegemony - Expansion of European Union - Ideological hegemony - Ascendance of democracy - Unipolarity - Unrivaled US power around the world

Soviet Union Losses after the Cold war

- Territory - 15 new independent states emerged after the collapse - Empire - lost hegemonic control over eastern Europe - Superpower Status and Influence - Lose of ideology and national identity

Ptolemaic astronomy was a very __________ system, but it was not very ___________

- accurate, testable - NOT THIS ANSWER testable, accurate - parsimonious, accurate - accurate, logically consistent

International trade and globalization after 1945 have helped to support peace among the great powers. A. True B. False

Last Saturday, the Russian government voted in support of the UN Resolution demanding a ceasefire in the Syrian War. A. True B. False

Marshall Plan aid was designed partly to prevent the spread of Soviet influence in Europe. A. True B. False

The Civil War in the United States threatened to harm economic growth in Great Britain by cutting its imports of cotton from the United States. A. True B. False

In the Module 4 lecture on the Cuban Missile Crisis, the unwillingness of the Navy to move the quarantine (blockade) of Cuba closer to the island was used as evidence to illustrate how ____________ affect(s) foreign policy

- standard operating procedures - interests - NOT THIS ANSWER rationality - power

Although we often think of power as "getting others to do what they otherwise would not do" in practice this definition is often not used because it ____________

- tends to lead to tautological answers - NOT THIS ANSWER all of the responses are correct - is inaccurate - is incomplete

According to the lecture for module 4, The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 can be used to show ______________

- that nuclear weapons are bad - NOT THIS ANSWER that states are rational - that bureaucracies can affect the foreign policies of states - that the realists are correct: power determines the behavior of states

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) can help to promote peace among states that possess nuclear weapons by raising the costs of starting a war to unacceptable levels. A. True B. False

The Soviet Union sought to prevent the rise of German military power during the Cold War. A. True B. False

According to lecture, political authority is made up of:

-Coercion -Legitimacy

What are sources of Great Power Peace

-Economic independence and changing value of territory - Globalization has reduced imperative to expand by equalizing access to economic resources of territory EXAMPLE US-China relations Today states get rich through comparative advantage - in which their economies specialize in production of goods that are cheap to produce more expensive abroad- these developments changes the value of territory

Our readings for today suggest that American efforts to prevent civil wars in the Middle East could help reduce incidents of terrorism. A. True B. False

3 sources of Great Power peace

1. Economic independence and changing value of territory - Globalization has reduced imperative to expand by equalizing access to economic resources of territory 2. Nuclear Deterrence. Second Strike Capabilities make military invasion of another great power extremely less likely 3. May fight proxy wars (Like Vietnam) but avoid direct confrontation 4. Still compete but limited (Ukraine) Unipolarity-

(T/F) Which of the following were cited as a cause of the peace among democracies? (Module 20)

1. Elections 2. Institutional checks and balances 3. Shared democratic identity with other democratic regimes

5 factors of how great powers influence international politics?

1. Set requirements for membership and redraw territorial boundaries: statehood and sovereignty 2. Regime type of new members (US promotes democracy after 1919, 1945, 1991) -Shape the distribution of regime types Example USA wanted to focus on Democracy - by preventing the expansion of Communism through the marshall plan after WWII 3. Distribute military power among states 4. Enforcement mechanisms (like reparations, League of Nations after wars) 5. After great power wars Division of territory among surviving great powers changes as well

Global Patterns of Terrorist Attacks - - 3 important points of global patterns of terrorist attacks

1. Terrorism has increased substantially over time 2. Despite increase over time the vast majority of terrorist attacks do not target foreign democracy 3. Most terrorist attacks are located close to their home country Most attacks happen outside of western democracies - most of them happen in concentrated areas like Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan - Located in countries that have civil conflicts smaller governments - but closer to their home 86% of ISIS terrorist attacks have occurred in Iraq or Syria Same is true of other major terrorist organizations such as Boko Haram (Nigeria), the Taliban (Afghanistan), and Al Shabaab (Somalia and Kenya) Only ISIS-inspired attacks tend to target other countries but they involve a small number of the attacks and deaths inflicted by global terrorism

Prewar Divisions in Syria

12% Allawites (ruling party, western part of country - ASSAD PARTY) 60% Sunni Arabs (live throughout the country) 9% Syrian Kurds (along northern border) 9% Arabic speaking Christians (Levantines, lived mostly just east of Allawites) Scores of other ethnic groups ranging up to 2% of total population

According to Just War Theory, the 2001 war launched by the United States against Al Qaeda and the Taliban in retaliation for the attacks on 9/11 was just. A. True B. False

American sponsorship and support for NATO expansion into Eastern Europe in the 1990's has harmed the current political relationship between Russia and the United States. A. True B. False

An intense arms race on land in Europe helped cause World War I. A. True B. False

Economic reasons, specifically the need to secure new export markets for American industry, helped spur American territorial expansion in the 1890's. A. True B. False

George Kennan described the Soviet threat as: A. Expansionary but cautious B. Conservative and wanting only a buffer zone of territory around it C. Easily manipulated by economic aid

Some of the economic costs associated with US tariffs on aluminum and steel would fall on important US allies. A. True B. False

The Trump Administration argues that the 2001 Authorization to Use Military Force (AUMF) originally passed by Congress to fight Al Qaeda also provides legal justification for the current American military intervention in Syria. A. True B. False

The U.S. political relationship with Saudi Arabia deteriorated under President Obama. A. True B. False

The United States helped to alter the international system through the Versailles settlement in 1919 by supporting democracy and national self-determination. A. True B. False

The United States relied on the British Empire to defend the Monroe Doctrine. A. True B. False

The United States sought to protect its allies in Western Europe during the Cold War through extended deterrence. A. True B. False

The Versailles Treaty terminating World War I imposed significant reparations and territorial losses on Germany. A. True B. False

The War for American Independence helped trigger the French Revolution and a series of new wars in Europe. A. True B. False

The development of the railroad facilitated American territorial expansion westward in the nineteenth century. A. True B. False

The effectiveness of nuclear deterrence rests largely on the credibility of threats to impose unacceptable military, economic, and human costs on a target. A. True B. False

The international political order set up after World War II included an important economic component focused on facilitating globalization and cutting barriers to international trade. A. True B. False

The outcomes of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Berlin crises during the Cold War were linked. A. True B. False

The possession of nuclear weapons and nuclear deterrence have helped support peace among the great powers after World War II. A. True B. False

The security dilemma suggests that North Korean efforts to build missiles capable of launching a nuclear attack on the United States could actually reduce North Korean security by provoking a military response from the United States. A. True B. False

Wars among great powers tend to remake the structure of the international system. A. True B. False

Which of the following was described in lecture as distinguishing terrorist groups from states? A. Terrorist groups typically have more limited goals than states B. Terrorist groups have more intimidating names than states do C. Terrorist groups are less educated overall than citizens in states D. All of the above

What is the coercion dilemma as presented in lecture?

A government or organization that is powerful enough to use this power in an abusive and predatory way

Nuclear deterrence

A strategy of deterrence tries to protect civilian population by using threats to launch a military strike rather than actually launching a military strike The cold war - both had weapons drawn - but knew if one striked then the other would equally strike - or strike harder States protect their people by threatening other states in a horrible way Hypothetical political gains were too little to bargain the lives of thousands possibly millions of people who would be in the direct impact of nuclear bombs National security through threats to use force rather than actual use of military force

Which European rival of Britain sent the greatest amount of advisers, naval support, and funds to the American colonies in their war of independence against Great Britain? A. France B. Russia C. Germany D. Spain

A. France

Robert Dahl's "procedural minimal" preconditions for democracy include: (Module 20)

A. Individual civil liberties like freedom of speech. B. Universal adult suffrage (right to vote). C. Democratic sovereignty of elected bodies that possess real political power

According to Fareed Zakaria's argument as laid out in lecture, why did the US take so long to expand its territory after the Civil War? A. Institutional constraints, mainly Congress's strengthened role in foreign policy, prevented the executive branch from pursuing expansionist policies. B. Most members of the American government had little interest in territorial expansion outside of the United States. C. The European powers had already divided up the world into their own colonies.

A. Institutional constraints, mainly Congress's strengthened role in foreign policy, prevented the executive branch from pursuing expansionist policies.

The creation of international organizations provokes principle-agent tensions with their member states. What factors worsen this principle-agent relationship? (Module 19)

A. Multiple principals B. Agency slack C. Shirking

Which of the following describes issues associated with new entrants to the club of nuclear states?

A. New members tend to be poorer and have fewer nuclear weapons B. New members may not have the organizational capacity to control their nuclear arsenal C. The introduction of new nuclear members may set off a nuclear arms race

How are nuclear weapons distinguished from conventional weapons?

A. Nuclear weapons are capable of unleashing terrible destruction in a short period of time B. Nuclear weapons could change the primary targets of warfare to civilian populations C. Winners and losers of warfare including nuclear weapons are difficult to differentiate ALL OF THE ABOVE

The alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union during World War II quickly collapsed and was replaced by an adversarial relationship and a Cold War because: A. The two countries had radically different political and economic systems with incompatible goals. B. The two countries, having enjoyed a long history of friendly relations, were thrust into roles as adversaries by competition over new consumer markets in Europe. C. President Truman's attempts to befriend Joseph Stalin were not reciprocated. D. Options A, B, and C are all correct.

A. The two countries had radically different political and economic systems with incompatible goals.

US as indispensable nation: world needs US military power BUT

Absent limits may create other countries resist US military intervention - worrying that it will be used to expand American Influence - thus the US faces a coercion dilemma any time it considers deploying military force outside its territorial borders

Smith and Stam propose that the more battles are fought, the more information is revealed, causing the expectations of two sides to converge, creating bargaining space.

According to the BARGAINING MODEL OF WAR, why might wars not endure for long periods of time?

Although Hitler may have caused WW II, from a scientific perspective this argument is problematic because it_____

cannot be tested

Why does war occur? Bargaining model of war

An assumption: all wars costly - means impose net costs on all of their participants - costs of killing people - economic costs when infrastructure of economy gets destroyed like, roads airports etc, - opportunity cost- lost opportunity for civilians to make money and work or wage incomes

Bipolarity

Argued to be more peaceful and stable - only involves two great powers that stand out- like during the Cold War

In context of asymmetrical warfare (surprise attacks) with states, terrorist leaders may use attacks for 3 strategic reasons such as:

Avoiding direct conflict with states' militaries by attacking civilians Provoking an overreaction from an adversary Sabotaging potential peace negotiations

A state possesses secure second strike capabilities when all of its nuclear weapons can be destroyed in an initial preemptive strike by an adversary. A. True B. False

According to lecture, what are two elements that define politics in general? A. Republicans and Democrats B. Authority and the allocation of scarce resources C. Money and power

According to the logic presented in lecture, how does the possibility of intervention in a civil war by the United States change the dynamics of that war? A. Civil wars in the former colonies of the United States tend to be shorter and involve less death because the governments have such strong military power. B. In order to entice the US to intervene, the losing side may actually allow the civilian population to be made more vulnerable and cause a humanitarian crisis. C. Authoritarian dictators escalate violence more quickly than their democratic counterparts because they fear that the US will take the opportunity to intervene and bring about regime change. D. None of the above is true.

As discussed in lecture, John Ikenberry's critique of the 2003 Iraq war is based on the coercion dilemma wherein: A. It cost the US too much money B. It was a failure by the US to observe self-imposed limits on military power C. The US did not receive control of oil fields as expected D. The United Nations unanimously approved military action with the exception of Iraq

During the Cold War, the United States relied on defensive strategies to protect American civilians from a Soviet nuclear attack. A. True B. False

Gorbachev's New Thinking was designed to reestablish Soviet political and military dominance over Eastern Europe. A. True B. False

Saudi Arabia supports Iranian efforts in the Syrian War to ensure President Assad of Syria remains in power. A. True B. False

Tariffs help to reduce consumer prices. A. True B. False

The Mueller indictment of Friday, February 16 demonstrated collusion between Trump campaign officials and the Russian nationals who conducted a social media campaign to influence the 2016 election in the United States. A. True B. False

The United States entered World War I in August of 1914, shortly after it broke out in Europe. A. True B. False

The alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union during World War II quickly collapsed and was replaced by an adversarial relationship and a Cold War because: A. The two countries, having enjoyed a long history of friendly relations, were thrust into roles as adversaries by competition over new consumer markets in Europe. B. The two countries had radically different political and economic systems with incompatible goals. C. President Truman's attempts to befriend Joseph Stalin were not reciprocated. D. All of the above

The collapse of the Soviet Union helped reduce the risk of civil war around the world. A. True B. False

The commitment problem is defined by uncertainty about the current distribution of power between two groups locked in a political dispute. One of the parties overestimates its military power and fails to make sufficient concessions to preserve peace. A. True B. False

US participation in the Vietnam War was separated from its larger strategy of Containment. A. True B. False

Which of the following is NOT described as being an important political result of the end of World War I? A. The end of the multinational Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires. B. The formation of the European Union. C. The championing of "self determination" by Woodrow Wilson, or the right of nations and peoples to establish their own countries.

According to lecture, what are two elements that define politics in general? A. Republicans and Democrats B. Authority and the allocation of scarce resources C. Money and power

B. Authority and the allocation of scarce resources

According to lecture, what was the "German Problem?": A. The debate during the 1950's over whether or not the US should provide Germany with a nuclear weapon in order to deter Soviet aggression. B. The theory that a politically unified Germany disrupts stability in Europe because it threatens (and is threatened by) its neighbors. C. The disagreement within American leadership after the end of WWII regarding whether to allow German rearmament. D. Options A, B, and C are all incorrect.

B. The theory that a politically unified Germany disrupts stability in Europe because it threatens (and is threatened by) its neighbors.

The commitment problem refers to ___________

Because states have sovereignty, there is very little that actual "binds" them (commits them) to any agreement that they make.

Why was the cold war not a great power war?

Because there was no direct military conflict

War makes the state and war constructs the pattern of relations that constitute political order within states

Big wars help to determine which political entities are sovereign and in power

In summary; Bargaining Framework used to identify two common causes of war

Both explain outbreak of war in terms of the failure of both sides with conflicting political interests to reach some settlement of the issue in dispute Shift in military power Commitment Issue Private Information

During the Trump administration: A. Relations between the United States and North Korea were in crisis in which the leaders of both countries threatened the other with nuclear annihilation. B. President Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un have developed a close personal relationship and have met directly to negotiate over North Korea's nuclear program. C. Both A and B are correct.

The dilemma of counterterrorism centers on the balance between A. Life and death B. Success and failure C. Security and personal freedom D. Cost and benefit

Which of the following describes issues associated with new entrants to the club of nuclear states? A. New members tend to be poorer and have fewer nuclear weapons B. New members may not have the organizational capacity to control their nuclear arsenal C. The introduction of new nuclear members may set off a nuclear arms race D. All of the above are true E. None of the above are true

How can international intervention alter the course of civil wars? A) Help terminate the civil by providing a third party capable of enforcing a peace treaty through reassuring military groups that need to disarm B) Extend civil wars by periodically shifting the distribution of power among contending factions in the civil war C) Options A and B are both correct

C) Options A and B are both correct

What are some indicators of a pending power transition between the United States and China? A) Declining ratio of US military spending in relation to Chinese military spending B) Increasing size of the Chinese economy relative to the U.S. economy C) Options A and B are both correct D) Options A and B are both incorrect

C) Options A and B are both correct

George Kennan described the Soviet threat as: A. Weak and timid B. Conservative and wanting only a buffer zone of territory C. Expansionary but cautious D. Weak and timid

C. Expansionary but cautious

Power Transition theory holds that the likelihood of great power war increases when the distribution of military power among great powers is stable.

False

Credibility for a Nuclear attack to be carried out depends on capabilities and resolve

Capabilities - the means and ability to carry out the threat - States enhance capabilities by improving their weapons systems ----Examples: North Korean nuclear and missile tests - as NK test more powerful ballistic missile it demonstrated that it has significantly improved its capacity -Demonstrate military capacity to carry out threats. Resolve - the will to carry out the threat States enhance their resolve by managing risk during crises (i.e. brinkmanship)

Wars are not duration dependent, if war is caused by uncertainty and combat reduces uncertainty by revealing capabilities, then wars ought to become increasingly likely to end as they endure.

Cite a dilemma facing the BARGAINING MODEL OF WAR theory.

International intervention in civil war

Civil war different from international war: one side has to disarm themself and then trust the state that they will be protected from any future retribution This is commitment problem: fear of one side not fulfilling peace obligations coupled with vulnerability of disarmament leads to continuation of war Intervention by a great power may help to alleviate commitment problem by overseeing and guaranteeing peace

Commitment Prob Cont.d

Commitment problems and the wars that follow them stem from shifts in the distribution of power between contending sides in a dispute In the commitment problem the 2 sides can identify a fair deal in the present time/year - however their fears that such a deal will not be sustainable into the future leads them to fight a war in the present

The Nuclear Threat: From Defense to Deterrence

Conventional era - Pre nuclear bombs - conventional weapons Nuclear armed missiles - shift national security strategy of US from one based on defense to one based on deterrence Cannot shoot down incoming missiles so cannot defend population States can no longer rely on defensive capability to defend population

Saudi Arabia supports Iranian efforts in the Syrian War to ensure President Assad of Syria remains in power.

False

Cyberwar

Create social media accounts to look like Americans; organize campaign rallies; drive traffic to anti-Clinton sites and posts; identity theft to hack organization controlled social media accounts

The end of the cold war and the absence of great powers wars has done what?

Created more civil wars than interstate wars the killing is more outrageous than it was ever in the cold war - Great War of Africa, DRC, 1998-, 5+ million dead Rwanda, 1994, 800,000 dead Bosnia, 1992-1995, 100,000 dead Liberian civil wars, 200,000(?) dead

According to lecture, political authority is made up of: A. coercion B. legitimacy C. identity D. Options A and B are both correct E. Options B and C are both correct

How are nuclear weapons distinguished from conventional weapons? A. Nuclear weapons are capable of unleashing terrible destruction in a short period of time B. Nuclear weapons could change the primary targets of warfare to civilian populations C. Winners and losers of warfare including nuclear weapons are difficult to differentiate D. All of the above

Post-communist Russia, as the main successor state to the Soviet Union, suffered important "losses" in the aftermath of the Cold War including: A. Territory that had historically been part of Russia since Tsarist times. B. Superpower status and corresponding influence over world affairs. C. Its permanent seat on the Security Council of the United Nations D. Options A and B are both correct

President Trump's reasons for taking a confrontational approach on trade with other countries like China include: A. The argument that other countries have taken advantage of the United States by engaging in unfair trading practices that have produced large trade deficits in which the U.S. imports more goods from foreign countries than it exports. B. The argument that free trade policies have led to the movement of American manufacturing jobs to other countries. C. The argument that the Chinese government has engaged in unfair trading practices that have violated the intellectual property rights of American companies and inventors. D. All of the above

Russia's hoped to achieve which of the following goals from its interference in the 2016 election: A. To deepen domestic political conflict along racial, partisan, religious, and regional lines. B. To undermine Hillary Clinton's candidacy and her legitimacy in office if she won the election. C. To help Donald Trump win the presidential election. D. Options A, B, and C are all correct

The Russian campaign to influence the 2016 election in the United States included which of the following elements: A. Hack of computer systems of Democratic National Committee B. Public release of internal emails and communications from the Democratic Party during the campaign C. Coordinated social media campaign in the United States to aggravate existing political tensions in the United States and weaken support for Hillary Clinton D. Options A, B, and C are all correct

The reasons that North Korea has pursued a nuclear weapons program include: A. The perception that the United States and its allies want a change in regime in North Korea. B. The perception that nuclear weapons are essential to the regime's survival. C. Historical examples in which the United States toppled Saddam Hussein's government in Iraq when it suspected Iraq to be developing nuclear weapons and Muammar Gaddafi, leader of Libya, who was killed by rebels backed by the United States and its allies after negotiating to give up his nuclear weapons program. D. All of the above

Western expansion in the 1840s was promoted by: A. An ideology of Manifest Destiny that asserted that America's western expansion was part of God's plan for the United States. B. Technological advances, particularly the railroad. C. The domestic politics of slavery. D. Options A, B, and C are all correct.

When a tariff is applied to imported goods from a foreign country like China: A. The tariff is paid by importers or wholesalers when the good crosses into the United States. B. The added cost of the tariff is passed on to American consumers who have to pay higher prices for goods produced in China. C. The tariff is paid by the government of the foreign country, in this case the Chinese government, which increases revenue into the U.S. treasury. D. Both A and B are correct.

Which of the following is/are (an) example(s) of the moral hazard problem? A. People who drive notoriously safe cars (like Volvos) speed and drive recklessly because they believe the vehicle will still keep them safe in a crash. B. American banks make more loans to borrowers with bad credit believing that importance of the financial sector to the broader domestic economy will force the government to compensate banks (through a bailout) for significant losses from bad loans. C. People in their mid 20's who have health insurance are more likely to take up dangerous hobbies like mountain biking, white water rafting, or downhill skiing than those who do not. D. All of these are examples of the moral hazard problem.

Which of the following was/were discussed as linked to the origins of World War II? A. The Great Depression B. American political, economic, and military withdrawal from Europe after the Great Depression began C. The collapse of the Weimar democracy in Germany D. Options A, B, and C are all correct

Which of the following were part of the international order that was remade after World War II in the period from 1945 to 1950? A. International Monetary Fund B. United Nations C. North Atlantic Treaty Organization D. Options A, B, and C are all correct

Which wars were discussed in class as helping to establish the political independence of the American colonies from the British Empire? A. War of American Independence (or American Revolutionary War) B. Seven Years War C. War of 1812 D. Options A and B are both correct E. Options A, B, and C are all correct

Which of the following is an example of public goods that an international hegemon helps to provide? A) A currency that acts as a medium of exchange in international trade B) Safe shipping lines C) A market for distressed goods in the global economy D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following describes issues associated with new entrants to the club of nuclear states? A) New members tend to be poorer and have fewer nuclear weapons B) New members may not have the organizational capacity to control their nuclear arsenal C) The introduction of new nuclear members may set off a nuclear arms race D) All of the above are true E) None of the above are true

D) All of the above are true

According to lecture, political authority is made up of: A) Coercion B)Legitimacy C)Identity D) Options A and B are both correct

D) Options A and B are both correct

Post-communist Russia, as the main successor state to the Soviet Union, suffered important "losses" in the aftermath of the Cold War including: A) Territory that had historically been part of Russia since Tsarist times B) Superpower status and corresponding influence over world affairs C) Its permanent seat on the Security Council of the United States D) Options A and B are both correct

D) Options A and B are both correct

Russia's hoped to achieve which of the following goals from its interference in the 2016 election: A) To deepen domestic political conflict along racial, partisan, religious, and regional lines B) To undermine Hilary Clinton's candidacy and her legitimacy in office if she won the election C) To help Donald Trump win the presidential election D) Option A,B, and C are all correct

D) Options A, B and C are all correct

Which is NOT part of the nuclear triad mentioned in this module's reading? A) Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) B) Strategic bombers C) Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) D) Tank-launched ballistic missiles (TLBCs)

D) Tank-launched ballistic missiles (TLBCs)

D. All of the above

D. All of these are examples of the moral hazard problem.

According to lecture, political authority is made up of: A. Coercion B. Legitimacy C. Identity D. Options A and B are both correct E. Options B and C are both correct

D. Options A and B are both correct

Post-communist Russia, as the main successor state to the Soviet Union, suffered important "losses" after the end of the Cold War including: A. Territory that had historically been part of Russia since Tsarist times. B. Superpower status and corresponding influence over world affairs. C. Its permanent seat on the Security Council of the United Nations D. Options A and B are both correct

D. Options A and B are both correct

D. Options A, B, and C are all correct

Western expansion in the 1840s was promoted by: A. An ideology of Manifest Destiny that asserted that America's western expansion was part of God's plan for the United States. B. Technological advances, particularly the railroad C. The domestic politics of slavery D. Options A, B, and C are all correct

D. Options A, B, and C are all correct

The rise of the populist candidate, Jair Bolsonaro, as a front-runner in Brazil's presidential election has been attributed to: A. High crime rates. B. A corruption scandal that implicated many of the country's major politicians. C. A severe economic recession. D. Options A, B, and C are all correct.

D. Options A, B, and C are all correct.

Which of the following is NOT a typical consequence of great power war as defined in lecture? A. Reshaping of territories B. Changes of political regime within states C. Redistribution of military power D. Subsequent waging of proxy wars

D. Subsequent waging of proxy wars

Which is NOT part of the nuclear triad mentioned in this module's reading? A. Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) B. Strategic bombers C. Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) D. Tank-launched ballistic missiles (TLBCs)

D. Tank-launched ballistic missiles (TLBCs)

Which of the following was/were discussed as linked to the origins of World War II? A.The Great Depression B.American political, economic, and military withdrawal from Europe after the Great Depression began C.The collapse of the Weimar democracy in Germany D.Options A, B, and C are all correct

D.Options A, B, and C are all correct

Combat is a violent clash between at least 2 politically distinct groups organised to wield force.

Define combat

Which proposition has not been contradicted by any major historical cases?

Democracies almost never fight each other.

How do dominance and reciprocity differ as solutions to collective goods problems?

Dominance relies on a power hierarchy acting as a central authority, whereas reciprocity operates without any central authority.

Factors behind a non-nuclear state's decision on whether or not to pursue nuclear weapons include: A. Security against external actors in the international system B. Domestic pressure from interest groups C. International norms of non-proliferation D. Answers A and B are both correct E. Answers A, B and C are all correct

The module's reading defines war as: A. Competitive, violent and political B. Between multiple organized participants C. Waged for some political goal D. Options A and B are both correct E. Options A, B and C are all correct

2ND Sources of the commitment problem in civil war

Ethnic imbalances: ethnicity as a device to mobilize groups ---Can also activate commitment probs in civil wars ---Ethnicity can be a powerful device to mobilize groups and create collective action Minority groups tempted to secede; majority groups fight to preserve unity and access to resources in entire territory Minority groups tempted to secede; majority groups fight to preserve unity and access to resources in entire territory A majority group can use its power over the state to restrict the civil liberties of the minority by imposing higher taxes on them etc A majority group can use its power over the state to restrict the civil liberties of the minority by imposing higher taxes on them etc

In the Live and Let Live System of Trench Warfare, Axelrod found________.

Even in the trenches of WWI between enemy forces, cooperation could emerge and be sustained, as evidenced by the "live and let live system of trench warfare."

Can substitute third party guarantee (B. Walter) if:

External state has self-interest in upholding Third party willing to use force if necessary Can signal resolve to stay the course -The third party has to be willing to stay the course to preserve the peace in case of the USA this often means a president has sufficient domestic support so that he can keep troops on the ground for an extended amount of time

A state possesses secure second strike capabilities when all of its nuclear weapons can be destroyed in an initial preemptive strike by an adversary. T/F

FALSE

Among all targets of terrorism, the United States has suffered the bulk of terrorist attacks and deaths attributed to terrorism over the last twenty years t/f

FALSE

In "Beyond Counterterrorism," Byman argues that all terrorist groups are the same and thus the counter-terrorism strategies that worked against Al Qaeda will also work against ISIS.

FALSE

Missile defense systems strengthen Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) by bolstering one side's second strike capability. T/F

FALSE

Power Transition theory holds that the likelihood of great power war increases when the distribution of military power among great powers is stable T/F

FALSE

The collapse of Soviet Union helped reduce the risk of civil war around the world.

FALSE

Defense is a psychological process built around issuing credible threats of punishment to convince an adversary to refrain from acting in a certain way t/f

FALSE - DETERRENCE

(T/F) According to lecture, the first major wave of democracy promotion as a centerpiece of American foreign policy came after the Cold War. (Module 20)

False

(T/F) China's recent increase in naval and maritime activity in the South China Sea is supported by other states in the region because they recognize it will boost overall commerce and security in the region. (Module 18)

False

(T/F) Power Transition theory holds that the likelihood of great power war increases when the distribution of military power among great powers is stable. (Module 18)

False

(T/F) The United States supports China in the maritime disputes over access to the South China Sea. (Module 18)

False

A state possesses secure second strike capabilities when all of its nuclear weapons can be destroyed in an initial preemptive strike by an adversary.

False

A state possesses secure second-strike capabilities when all of its nuclear weapons can be destroyed in an initial preemptive strike by an adversary. A) True B.) False

False

According to lecture, all terrorists, from low-level foot soldiers to high-level leaders, engage in terrorism for the same reasons.

False

According to the Malley and Finer "The Long Shadow of 9/11," domestic polarization inside the United States has limited the ability of the U.S. government to respond to the strategic challenges posed by terrorism.

False

According to the Malley and Finer "The Long Shadow of 9/11," the US response to the 9/11 attacks have left the U.S. government and its people in a better position to respond to the long term challenges posed by the growth of Chinese power and influence in the international system.

False

China's recent increase in naval and maritime activity in the South China Sea is supported by other states in the region because they recognize it will boost overall commerce and security in the region.

False

Defense is a psychological process built around issuing credible threat of punishment to convince an adversary to refrain from acting in a certain way.

False

T/F: A state possesses secure second strike capabilities when all of its nuclear weapons can be destroyed in an initial preemptive strike by an adversary.

False

T/F: According to lecture, all terrorists, from low-level foot soldiers to high-level leaders, engage in terrorism for the same reasons.

False

T/F: According to the rules governing the Special Counsel provision, Congress has discretion on how much of the Mueller report to release.

False

T/F: American leaders and foreign policy-makers within the Roosevelt and Truman administrations were eager for the United States to disengage from world affairs and embrace isolationism at the end of World War II.

False

T/F: Among all targets of terrorism, the United States has suffered the bulk of terrorist attacks and deaths attributed to terrorism over the last twenty years.

False

T/F: Defense is a psychological process built around issuing credible threats of punishment to convince an adversary to refrain from acting in a certain way.

False

T/F: During the Cold War, the United States provided foreign aid and intelligence only to fellow democracies.

False

T/F: International factors, such as the prospect of alliances with European powers, played no part in the outcome of the Civil War.

False

T/F: Missile defense systems strengthen Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) by bolstering one side's second strike capability.

False

T/F: President Wilson had sought to intervene militarily in WWI shortly after its outbreak in 1914 but was unable to do so because of a lack of public support.

False

T/F: President Wilson had sought to intervene militarily in World War I shortly after its outbreak in 1914 but was unable to do so because of a lack of public support.

False

T/F: Saudi Arabia provided a single, consistent narrative explaining its role in the disappearance of Jamal Khashoggi.

False

T/F: The Soviet Union saw the Marshall Plan as a cheap way to rebuild Eastern Europe and actually accepted Marshall Plan aid.

False

T/F: The Soviet Union saw the Marshall Plan as a cheap way to rebuild Western Europe and actually accepted Marshall Plan aid.

False

T/F: The United States is permanently deploying active duty military troops to its southern border to prevent illegal immigration.

False

T/F: The collapse of Soviet Union helped reduce the risk of civil war around the world.

False

T/F: The development of national missile defense strengthens mutually assured destruction (MAD).

False

T/F: The terrorist's dilemma describes the inner conflict a terrorist goes through before conducting a suicide mission.

False

T/F: The trade war with China, most notably the increased American tariffs imposed on imports of Chinese goods to the United States, has achieved President Trump's central aim of reducing the American trade deficit with China. The U.S. trade deficit with China for 2018 is at a 10-year low.

False

T/F: the Cold War, the United States provided foreign aid and intelligence only to fellow democracies.

False

Tariffs help to reduce consumer prices.

False

The United States relied on the British Empire to defend the Monroe Doctrine.

False

The collapse of the Soviet Union helped reduce the risk of civil war around the world.

False

The development of national missile defense strengthens mutually assured destruction (MAD).

False

The incoming national security advisor, John Bolton, is likely to pressure President Trump to preserve the Iran nuclear deal.

False

The terrorist's dilemma describes the inner conflict a terrorist goes through before conducting a suicide mission.

False

The top 5 exporters of steel to the United States are likely to see their steel exports cut drastically to the US because of the new tariffs on steel imposed by the Trump Administration.

False

US participation in the Vietnam War was separated from its larger strategy of Containment.

False

What did this social media campaign look like? Broader Political Implications

Focusing on Russian actions today, separate from collusion question which is still unanswered - US in a larger (sometimes hostile) international system Foreign power trying to undermine legitimacy of US elections --Tension within Trump Administration:

Which of the following is a major point of view on globalization?

Globalization diffuses authority, transforming state power to operate in new contexts.

Cyber Warfare and Mueller Indictment

Goals of Russian campaign: -What were the russians trying the do? - Stoke domestic political conflict along racial, partisan, religious, and regional lines- extenuate the american domestic political conflict - Undermine Clinton candidacy and her legitimacy in office (if win)- - Support Trump (also did by attacking Rubio and Cruz) --Coordinated out of Internet Research Agency in St. Petersburg --Said to be funded by Prigozhin - he put up the capital and has close ties to Putin- suggests that this campaign was organized and authorized by the Russian government

Which statement characterizes decision making during crises?

Groupthink occurs more easily.

The Russian campaign to influence the 2016 election in the United States included which of the following elements:

Hack of computer systems of Democratic National Committee Public release of internal emails and communications from the Democratic Party during the campaign Coordinated social media campaign in the United States to aggravate existing political tensions in the United States and weaken support for Hillary Clinton

Lukyanov reading

He argues that russia reaches it breaking point during Bush Administration after the US support a series of internal revolutions in georgia, ukraine etc - His argument is Rooted in set of broader claims about the de-stabling consequences of shifts in the distribution of power among great powers like the USA and Russia -Power shifts (Russian decline and then American decline/Russian resurgence) -Expansion of Western institutions post Cold War NATO Support for color revolutions that threatened Russian allies - NATO Expansion created Russian resistance The article finishes with a word of caution to Russia - its ability to recover parts of its geopolitical influence under putin depends on economic recovery in russia - stunted with low oil prices and economic sanctions Russia needs internal economic reform to sustain development that is capable of supporting its return to great power status

polarity why is it important?

Helps understand great power relations: it sets coalitional dynamics and risks associated with coalitional realignments Destabilizing realignment occurs when one great power abandons an alliance with one great power and joins another Realignments most likely to happen under a multipolar system Great power war more likely in multipolar system meaning - these relationships and alliances with great powers are not that stable Polarity shapes great power politics by helping to structure coalitional dynamics among them

According to transformationalists, why is sovereignty sometimes more fluid than one might think?

International organizations such as the EU erode state sovereignty.

If wars are rarely total, and are limited, like the Korean War, than they will likely end with a war-terminating bargain.

How does Clausewitz' proposition that most "real" wars are limited develop the BARGAINING MODEL OF WAR?

As disagreement over resource allocation and/or policy choice.

How does the BARGAINING MODEL OF WAR view conflict and violence as the result of?

Which of the following were part of the international order that was remade after World War II in the period from 1945 to 1950?

IMF THE U.N NATO

Which Terrorist Groups hold territory?

ISIS, Hamas, Hezbollah

According to the logic presented in lecture, how does the possibility of intervention in a civil war by the United States change the dynamics of that war?

In order to entice the US to intervene, the losing side may actually allow the civilian population to be made more vulnerable and cause a humanitarian crisis.

Information problem leading to a lack of bargaining space that could allow for war-avoiding compromise. E.g. Hitler's underestimation of Soviet strength in 1941, if acknowledged, could have avoided war.

In the BARGAINING MODEL OF WAR, what is the first cause of war?

Inability to commit not to fight in the future, aka, credible commitment problems can preclude a settlement.

In the BARGAINING MODEL OF WAR, what is the second cause of war?

Bargaining may not avoid war if the item under dispute is indivisible.

In the BARGAINING MODEL OF WAR, what is the third cause of war?

All phases.

In what phase of war does BARGAINING take place?

Pavlovsky Reading

Insiders account of how internal political decisions get made within russia under Putin autonomy to curators -- or independent policy entrepreneurs acting within russian state - they have a lot of independence to experiment with policy as long as they follow putin - they could be governors, advisors, head of economic firm argues that putin has not built an efficient or cohesive bureaucratic machinery that is capable of implementing his most preferred policies without making mistakes

How does the united states successfully constrain its own power after WWII Making it legitimate

Internal: democracy In the case of democracy the president cannot use force without getting support from the public and Congress. This creates constraints on use of Military force. External: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) the expectation is that the USA will consult allies giving it some capacity to influence or constrain its decisions to use military force

As the recent North Korean missile tests demonstrate, the development of these missile capabilities helps the North Korean regime demonstrate the credibility of its threats associated with nuclear deterrence. T/F

TRUE

As discussed in lecture, John Ikenberry's critique of the 2003 Iraq war is based on the coercion dilemma wherein:

It was a failure by the US to observe self-imposed limits on military power

RECAP: International intervention in civil war

Key: external actors like the United States as strategic participants even without intervening (moral hazard problem) Intervention can help to alleviate commitment problem and help end civil war by easing risks of disarmament But a potential paradox: sometimes robust expectations of intervention can make civilian targeting more likely through moral hazard problem Great powers influence domestic politics whether they intervene or not

The leader of India's struggle for independence from Britain who emphasized nonviolence was __________.

Mahatma Gandhi

Delegating control over nuclear weapons to subordinates can strengthen the credibility of nuclear deterrence through something called the "threat that leaves something to chance."

TRUE

The Larger Campaign to Disrupt the 2016 Elections

Multiple components -Mueller indictment details cyberwar campaign through social media -Hacking of Democratic National Committee IT infrastructure -Hack emails of Podesta, Clinton's campaign chief -Coordination with Wikileaks to release compromising information at strategically important times

Decision makers utilized the historical analogy of __________ when debating the intervention in Vietnam.

Munich in 1938

Many of these changes ratified or instituted at great power settlements that end these wars like:

Napoleonic Wars (1815), World War I (1919), World War II (1945), end of Cold War (1990)

The __________ equilibrium is the solution used for the Prisoner's dilemma in the Module 3 lecture.

Nash

__________ is/are an element of power on which an actor can draw over the long term, whereas __________ is an element of power that allows an actor to exercise influence in the short term.

Natural resources; military force

Nuclear Proliferation and Nuclear Stability

Non-nuclear states often seek nuclear weapons because they do not trust the credibility of extended deterrence Nuclear proliferation may increase credibility problems because proliferators (non nuclear states that are getting nuclear weapons) lack the fundamentals for secure second strike capabilities

Terrorism Nature of perpetrator

Non-state actors (or individuals influenced or inspired by them) are the principal perpetrators of terrorism rather than states - they are groups that lack conventional capabilities to meet the armies of states on the battlefields

The Problem of Credibility

Nuclear deterrence depends on the credibility of threats to work adversary must believe that threats that a state makes will be carried out If the leader is bluffing then there will be consequences Dilemmas of extended deterrence - using nuclear deterrence to defend allies against attack The usa threatened soviet union if they were attack west germany - but would the US retaliate and but their own cities in damage

Nuclear deterrence presents a paradox: mutually assured destruction promotes caution and avoidance of war between nuclear-armed states, yet states fear the immense destructive capacity of nuclear weapons. Why?

Nuclear deterrence is not full proof it is vulnerable to threats that are not stable

Nuclear Weapons

Nucs have altered the course of international politics Because they have the capacity to destroy cities, economies, and states

Hegemony

Peace and stability in great power relations from military, political, and economic dominance by one state

3RD Sources of the commitment problem in civil war

Power imbalance along economic lines INCOME INEQUALITY ----Income inequality This often occurs when economy depends on natural resources like oil State-owned resources - Gov can nationalize these resources and only give them out to narrow group of political supporters Income inequality can activate grievances and a commitment problem that makes civil conflict more likely

Conflict in syria is complicated civil war remaking the middle east Who are the the key players?

Syria ISIS Iraq Iran U.S Israel Turkey Lebanon Russia

Great powers have historically extended their political influence throughout the international system with formal empires. T/F

TRUE

Simon and Stevenson, The End of Pax Americana READING

Promoting Restraint or Offshore balancing - the USA should pullback and not undertake a new extended military intervention in the future Should not increase military footprints in region - the US should focus on promoting regional stability this means giving up on political liberalization and support for democracy the authors would argue that the usa should give up goal of getting Assad out IN SYRIA- Peace settlement is unlikely to occur

How can liberal theories of international relations be distinguished from realism?

Realists see the rules of international relations as timeless and unchanging, whereas liberal theorists see the rules of international relations as evolving incrementally.

Why do nuclear states and the international community want to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons?

Recent proliferators have fewer nukes and less likely to possess secure, second strike capabilities This would undermine their ability to maintain stable relations with other military powers because they lack MAD Domestic instability of nuclear proliferators increases chances of accidents, spread to terrorist groups Risk of regional nuclear arms races Nuclear weapons and changes to the regional and international status quo - They are the great equalizer they raise power of much weaker states and raise the hegemon

An Internationalized Civil War what countries are involved? The Commitment Problem in the Syrian War

Russia: supports Assad and Syrian government, naval base, fights ISIS Iran: supports Assad and Syrian government, establishing bases, fights ISIS Iraq: supports Assad United States: supports rebels, fights ISIS, support YPG Syrian Kurds (YPG): fights ISIS, now holds territory in North Turkey: supports Syrian rebels, wants to move YPG out of northern Syria - to take that land, conflict with US over status of YPG - the US is blocking turkish military from taking YPG land Israel: bombing raids targeting military convoys to Hezbollah, targeting Iranian operations

Why do some non-nuclear states pursue nuclear weapons and others do not?

Security States pursue Nucs if they feel their national security is at risk (you can understand North Korea, Great Britain, France etc) Domestic politics Competition between military bureaucracies can influence whether and how states develop nuc weapons International norms They can dissuade states that face strong security threats from pursuing Nucs-

The dilemma of counterterrorism centers on the balance between

Security and personal freedon

Multiple Layers of War in Syria

Syrian government - gov of president Assad (backed by Iran and Russia) versus rebels (backed by US and Turkey) ISIS v. large international coalition (Syria, Russia, US, Turkey, Syrian Kurds, Iraq, Iran) - fight against ISIS to retake territory taken by them Turkey military v. Syrian Kurds in northern Syria for territory Iran v. Israel? - armed skirmishes over syria Syria is a failed state where a variety of different groups each control portions of the country The syrian gov has now taken vast amounts of territory in the southern, western, and central regions of the country Syria divided by ethnic lines as well The Assad family has drawn coalition from Allawites - small minority of population (10% in 2010) Syria is ruled by minority group He has limited political participation and relied on brutal authoritarian means to remain in power

1ST Sources of the commitment problem

Shifts in the internal distribution of political or military power - - Potential sources of shift: withdrawal of support from external patron, democratization, emergence of social movement or political party (Communism) example: American and Soviet withdrawal of finances and military after Cold War example - from afghanistan commitment problem here stems from Inability of rising faction to limit its demands to remake the internal political order once it seizes power US withdrawal of financial and military force from Iraq -- eventually led to creation of Sunni's to align with Al- quada

Power Transition Theory

Similar to the Commitment Problem - shifts in the distribution of power amoung great powers can encourage declining great powers to launch preventive wars against great powers that are getting stronger and rising EX: USA China maritime things right now going on

Unipolarity

Single state stands out like the USA after the Cold War more peaceful than bipolarity

Tripwire forces

Small military units stationed at global hotspots like the demilitarized zone along the border of north and south Korea - these units are not large enough to deter an attack - they are only sanctioned there politically - they would be casualty - enhancing USA credibility to attack if those soldiers were killed

Which of the following is an international institution? (Module 19)

Sovereignty

the end of the Cold War resembled the end of a great power war Why? (Even though it wasn't a great power war)

State/territorial change: Killed states (Soviet collapse, Yugoslavia collapse, Czechoslavakia split), created new states (Soviet successor states), re-established states (Germany reunited) Regime change (communist systems collapsed, democracies emerged) Distribution of military power changed (bipolar to unipolar world) Enforcement mechanisms changed (Warsaw Pact collapsed, NATO and EU expanded)

Which of the following is a critique of realism from the postmodern perspective?

States are not the central actors in international relations.

Unipolarity

Structural condition associated with american economic, political, military, dominance in the world - one dominate state one hegemon

Nuclear Weapons and Peace?

Successful deterrence rests on secure second strike capabilities Sufficient number of nuclear weapons so that all cannot be destroyed in a first strike by adversary. Enough survive to launch retaliatory strike. If both sides possess secure second strike capabilities, both sides deterred from launching war US and Soviets avoided direct military confrontation during the Cold War because of the risk that a war could escalate into a nuclear war and kill millions.

How do you empower government to enforce directives while also constraining its ability to engage in predatory activities that could strengthen its authority?

Successful societies in the long run have figured out how to regulate use of violence in a way that constrains its arbitrary use and makes its deployment legitimate - and through Democracy

Hegemonic stability holds that the global concentration of economic and political power in one state tends to promote open international trade. T/F

TRUE

International trade and globalization after 1945 have helped to support peace among the great powers. T/F

TRUE

Political order is the patterns or regularities of social behavior that are induced or set by authority relationships or coercion.

TRUE

The United States and its NATO ally, Turkey, disagree over the political and military status of Syrian Kurds in northern SyriA

TRUE

The United States helped to alter the international system through the Versailles settlement in 1919 by supporting democracy and national self-determination. T/F

TRUE

The Versailles Treaty terminating World War I imposed significant reparations and territorial losses on Germany. T/F

TRUE

The attacks on September 11, 2001 helped prompt the formation of a new national security infrastructure in the United States, most notably the creation of the Department of Homeland Security.

TRUE

Two of the political uses for war as described in lecture are to extract concessions from an adversary and to disarm an adversary.

TRUE

Polarity influences coalition and alliance arrangements among great powers.

TRUUE

What Is Terrorism?

Terrorism is a contested and politicized concept that does not have a single, universally agreed upon definition In International Relations, terrorism is defined as the use or threatened use of violence against non-combatants in pursuit of a political aim According to this definition, terrorism is differentiated from other acts of violence (like civil war, interstate war, state coercion, criminal violence) by three main factors: Goals Targets Nature of perpetrator

Terrorism Goals

Terrorism is a political act and perpetrated to achieve a political goal. This goal separates terrorism from criminal acts of violence

Terrorism Targets

Terrorism is designed to provoke fear in a wider audience than its immediate victims

Goals and Purposes of Terrorist Organizations - Terrorist Foot soldiers

Terrorist "foot soldiers": psychological and sociological focus rooted in understanding why individuals join clandestine extremist organizations. Individuals are attracted to join because they find social acceptance within these groups that they lack in other areas of their lives

What is the nature and extent of the threat of international terrorism

Terrorist Orgs undermine states foundation of protecting their citizens There has been many other forces other than terrorism that causes more fatality and destruction 9/11 lead to reorganization of American policy

Which of the following was described in lecture as distinguishing terrorist groups from states?

Terrorist groups typically have more limited goals than states

Goals and Purposes of Terrorist Organizations - Terrorist Leaders

Terrorist leaders: strategic focus rooted in use of terrorist attacks to influence the behavior of the states they oppose They use violent attacks to prompt reaction that the terrorist org is hoping for - they use violence because they don't look for nonviolent strategies to achieve their goals

The Syrian War

The conflict Begins in 2011, internal protests as part of Arab Spring - Many long standing governments were toppled - in syria there were popular protests against government, the Assad regime used military force to repress opposition groups - rebel groups wanting to topple Assad groups- the usa and other allies support the rebel groups Syrian government violent represses, activates "internationalized" civil war Extensive external intervention: US,Turkey, Saudi Arabia- support rebel groups Has killed between 350,000 and 500,000 people 11 million (of 22 million) displaced, over 5 million refugees outside the country - fled - they now live in turkey and surrounding regions The us has taken in 16,000 syrian refugees- 3/10 of 1% of of the 5 million refugees

According to power transition theory, why does a shift in the distribution of military power between two states increase the likelihood of war between them? (Module 18)

The declining state chooses to attack before the growing military and political power of its adversary are used to impose a series of unfavorable political concessions

Private information

The presence of private information leads one side to offer insufficient concessions in the prewar negotiations that are designed to create a peace settlement that will leave both states better off

3 Threats to Nuclear Deterrence

The problem of credibility National missile defense Nuclear proliferation

Nuclear Weapon

Their sheer destructive poses significant threat to any society The dev. Of Nucs has radically changed the challenges associated with protecting civilians from external threats

Maritime Disputes in the South China Sea

These moves by china are seen as influenced by the Monroe Doctrine and the USA - creation of islands China uses Cabbage strategy - they surround islands and take them over from other countries and make those islands theirs to control - and create more naval bases

How can states combat terrorist orgs

They face severe challenges when responding to these groups They are in conflict with states that house terrorists They are non state actors (terrorists) that are against democratic states and values

Byman, Beyond Counterterrorism READING

This article is a criticism of national security discourse in the USA that has occured in the aftermath of 9/11 that lumps all groups engaged in terrorism together - implies that a similar set of counterterrorism policies can be applied to all of these groups They act like a government - want more territory, engage in wars - Al-Qaeda did not want land they just used what was granted to them - they focused on killing

Second Strike Capabilities

This means state can absorb a nuclear strike and still have nuclear weapons in its arsenal to fight back

(T/F) Democracy can help promote peace among democratic states by solving the commitment problem. (Module 20)

True

(T/F) Elections in democracies can help promote peace among democratic states by raising the domestic political costs of war. (Module 20)

True

(T/F) Great powers in prior centuries have extended their political influence throughout the international system with formal empires. (Module 18)

True

(T/F) Hegemonic stability holds that the global concentration of economic and political power in one state tends to promote open international trade. (Module 18)

True

(T/F) On average, democratic states tend to win the wars they enter because reelection incentives (namely, the fear of getting voted out of office for policy failures) push democratic leaders to be cautious when going to war. Consequently, democratic leaders generally fight only when they have a high probability of victory. (Module 20)

True

(T/F) Some international organizations can facilitate interstate cooperation by enforcing agreements that states reach among themselves. (Module 19)

True

(T/F) Some research suggests that securing U.N. approval for a military action raises public support within the United States for that action. (Module 19)

True

According to Just War Theory, the 2001 war launched by the United States against Al Qaeda and the Taliban in retaliation for the attacks on 9/11 was just.

True

According to McFaul in "Russia as It is," Vladimir Putin sees U.S. support for democracy and international organizations as inherently threatening to Russia

True

According to lecture, two important mechanisms that US has used to bind its own power and make its authority legitimate are international organizations and its democratic form of government.

True

American sponsorship and support for NATO expansion into Eastern Europe in the 1990's has harmed the current political relationship between Russia and the United States.

True

As important assumption of the bargaining model of war is that war is costly.

True

Delegating control over nuclear weapons to subordinates can strengthen the credibility of nuclear deterrence through something called the "threat that leaves something to chance."

True

Hegemonic stability holds that the global concentration of economic and political power in one state tends to promote open international trade.

True

International trade and globalization after 1945 have helped to support peace among the great powers.

True

Last Saturday, the Russian government voted in support of the UN Resolution demanding a ceasefire in the Syrian War.

True

Marshall Plan aid was designed partly to prevent the spread of Soviet influence in Europe.

True

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) can help to promote peace among states that possess nuclear weapons by raising the costs of starting a war to unacceptable levels.

True

One of the components of the definition of terrorism described in the textbook highlights its political function: acts of terrorism are generally designed to pursue some political goal.

True

One of the reasons that General James Mattis resigned as Secretary of Defense was his belief that the US troop withdrawal form Syria could effectively abandon the Syrian Kurds (the YPG) and leave them vulnerable to a new military Turkey

True

Our readings for today suggest that American efforts to prevent civil wars in the Middle East could help reduce incidents of terrorism.

True

T/F: The United States contributed to the Great Depression with a restrictive tariff policy and higher interest rates that slowed the flow of credit to Europe.

True

T/F: The controversy over the confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court has mobilized the base of both the Democratic and Republican parties.

True

Private information about the distribution of military power between two sides can lead to war by making leaders overestimate their military power and bargaining leverage in a dispute.

True

Some of the economic costs associated with US tariffs on aluminum and steel would fall on important US allies.

True

T/F: A major motive for granting the federal government more centralized power through the Constitution was the fear that under the Articles of Confederations, if individual states were attacked by a foreign power other states would not come to their aid.

True

T/F: According to jus in bello (right conduct in war), just wars discriminate between soldiers and civilians in their military operations, targeting soldiers while avoiding civilian casualties.

True

T/F: According to lecture, two important mechanisms that the US has used to bind its own power and make its authority legitimate are international organizations and its democratic form of government.

True

T/F: According to the summary from Attorney General William Barr, the Mueller investigation did not find that the Trump campaign, or anyone associated with it, conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its efforts to interfere in the 2016 election.

True

T/F: According to the theory of comparative advantage, countries benefit from specialization and trade. Rather than producing all goods that their citizens might consume, countries specialize in those goods they can produce at lower costs and then exchange their surplus of these goods on world markets for goods that would be relatively more expensive to produce domestically.

True

T/F: Although international trade increases national income in the aggregate, it simultaneously redistributes income domestically and imposes income losses on some groups.

True

T/F: American intelligence agencies warned Congress that Russia continues to try to influence American politics by interfering in the 2018 midterm elections and exploiting tragedies like the Parkland school shooting in Florida to stoke more political conflict in the U.S.

True

T/F: An important assumption of the bargaining model of war is that war is costly.

True

T/F: As a presidential candidate, Donald Trump argued that U.S. interests would be served by improved relations with Russia.

True

T/F: As the recent North Korean missile tests demonstrate, the development of these missile capabilities helps the North Korean regime demonstrate the credibility of its threats associated with nuclear deterrence.

True

T/F: Before formally entering World War II in 1941, FDR successfully maneuvered around domestic pressure for nonintervention in the war and steadily increased American support for the war efforts of Great Britain through such initiatives as Lend Lease.

True

T/F: During the Cold War, the U.S. faced more opposition to its political and military intervention in the Third World than it did to its involvement in Europe.

True

T/F: During the Cold War, the US faced more opposition to its political and military intervention in the Third World than it did to its intervention in Europe.

True

T/F: For the U.S., denuclearization means that North Korea gives up its nuclear weapons in exchange for perhaps economic sanctions relief. However, for North Korea, denuclearization means giving up its nuclear weapons but it also means a Korean peninsula in which the United States ends its military presence and security alliance with South Korea.

True

T/F: German declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare played a large role in the United States declaring war on Germany.

True

T/F: In his address to the United Nations last week, President Trump associated state sovereignty with independence and cooperation and global governance with control and domination.

True

T/F: In his address to the United Nations, President Trump argued that regional actors bear the ultimate responsibility for fate of crises in places like the Middle East.

True

T/F: International trade and globalization after 1945 have helped to support peace among the great powers.

True

T/F: Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) can help to promote peace among states that possess nuclear weapons by raising the costs of starting a war to unacceptable levels.

True

T/F: Political order is the patterns or regularities of social behavior that are induced or set by authority relationships or coercion.

True

T/F: President Eisenhower threatened nuclear strikes to contain and prevent small, regional conflicts.

True

T/F: Private information about the distribution of military power between two sides can lead to war by making leaders overestimate their military power and bargaining leverage in a dispute.

True

T/F: Russia interfered in the 2016 election as retaliation for American democracy promotion efforts and American sanctions imposed on Russia because of its annexation of Crimea.

True

T/F: The American Civil War was an important international event because its outcome arguably influenced the long-term viability of democratic governance more broadly in the world.

True

T/F: The Sinatra Doctrine was Gorbachev's belief that the Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe should be allowed to go their own way politically and economically.

True

T/F: The South Korean government has been strongly advocating that the United States and North Korea issue a joint political statement at the Hanoi summit declaring the end of the Korean War as a way to build trust between the two countries.

True

T/F: The Treaty of Versailles helped cause World War II by destabilizing the Weimar government in Germany and pushing conservatives to pursue revisionist foreign policy goals.

True

T/F: The United States often seeks to prevent nuclear proliferation, or the acquisition of nuclear weapons by more states, because of the risks that it will stimulate a nuclear arms race in which additional states acquire nuclear weapons.

True

T/F: The development of new missile capabilities helps the North Korean regime demonstrate the credibility of its threats associated with nuclear deterrence.

True

T/F: The effectiveness of nuclear deterrence rests largely on the credibility of threats to impose unacceptable military, economic, and human costs on a target.

True

T/F: The governments of the United States and Mexico have recently adopted cooperative policies to help reduce the size of the caravan from Central America that seeks to acquire political asylum in the United States.

True

T/F: The international political order set up after World War II included an important economic component focused on facilitating globalization and cutting barriers to international trade.

True

T/F: The new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) is designed to move auto manufacturing jobs from Mexico to the United States and Canada by requiring higher wages for auto workers.

True

T/F: The possession of nuclear weapons and nuclear deterrence have helped support peace among the great powers after World War II.

True

T/F: The termination of civil wars is often inhibited by the risks associated with disarming after a peace agreement has been struck.

True

The Soviet Union sought to prevent the rise of German military power during the Cold War.

True

The U.S. political relationship with Saudi Arabia deteriorated under President Obama.

True

The United States helped to alter the international system through the Versailles settlement in 1919 by supporting democracy and national self-determination.

True

The United States often seeks to prevent nuclear proliferation, or the acquisition of nuclear weapons by more states, because of the risk that it will stimulate a nuclear arms race in which additional states acquire nuclear weapons.

True

The United States sought to protect its allies in Western Europe during the Cold War through extended deterrence.

True

The Versailles Treaty terminating World War I imposed significant reparations and territorial losses on Germany

True

The Versailles Treaty terminating World War I imposed significant reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

True

The War for American Independence helped trigger the French Revolution and a series of new wars in Europe.

True

The effectiveness of nuclear deterrence rests largely on the credibility of threats to impose unacceptable military, economic, and human costs on a target.

True

The international political order set up after World War II included an important economic component focused on facilitating globalization and cutting barriers to international trade.

True

The outcomes of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Berlin crises during the Cold War were linked.

True

The possession of nuclear weapons and nuclear deterrence have helped support peace among the great powers after World War II.

True

The termination of civil wars is often inhibited by the risks associated with disarming after a peace agreement has been struck.

True

Wars among great powers tend to remake the structure of the international system.

True

The United States sought to protect its allies in Western Europe during the Cold War through extended deterrence.

True - wanted to protect Germany through extended deterrence

How did US influence subsequent international political order in 1945?

Truman and FDR - After WWII Truman created the Marshall Plan - an initiative created by the US to aide western europe and help rebuild their economy after wwii - Democracy promotion and support (Marshall Plan) - Nation building in Germany and Japan (reintegrated into Western order) - keeping those nations in check - New institutions were protected by incorporating Germany and Japan into the american security umbrella - Collective security through NATO - Creation of new international organizations (UN, International Monetary Fund, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade [GATT], World Bank) - New international economic order around promoting globalization (Bretton Woods)

Why wars occur?

Two prominent answers to this question: Private Information Commitment Problem

That fighting in war is always costly.

What key assumption do modern BARGAINING MODEL OF WAR scholars come to?

Clausewitz

What major ISS thinker's views fits the BARGAINING perspective?

Counterterrorism often means intervening in civil war

USA takes sides in civil war and act as an intervention Byam argues that the US should intervene more - (opposes the other reading) - before a civil war occurs. These interventions can prevent civil wars that then strengthen terrorist groups - advocates for: -Statebuilding to prevent civil war and terrorism -Note THAT He does not advocate for spread of democracy in these regions - he is focusing on conflict resolution first - mean US is fostering political reform that is geared towards peace not democracy expansion

It is difficult for scientists to figure out if their theories are true because

We can find out if theories are accurate, but accuracy is not the same thing as truth

How do we get from 9/11 to war in Afghanistan to war in Iraq? Overdetermined

Weapons of mass destruction - what the administration wanted to focus on to attack and go to war with Iraq Saddam Hussein seeking to augment capabilities and would threaten allies in region- Might give to terrorists-Had used in the past (deterrence would not work) Wolfowitz: settle on this because easier to sell domestically Iraq part of Axis of Evil and key enemy of the United States Might harbor terrorists Leverage point to transform and democratize Middle East Democratic Iraq would put pressure on autocratic countries in region to liberalize - regime change could lessen appeal to join radical terrorist groups Needed bold solution to long term (two generations) problem of terrorism Better to fight the terrorists in a foreign theater (Cheney)

1. Cognitive Psychological approach: Actors do now use new information to update their beliefs. 2. Domestic-Politics approach: Some leaders prefer to fight, regardless of the outcome, in order to solidify their domestic-political position. 3. Constructivist approach: actors rely on warfare to define their identities

What 3 sets of ideas clash with the BARGAINING MODEL OF WAR? Explain the ideas.

Reduction of uncertainty in terms of information about the balance of power, resolve and military effectiveness.

What can combat be used for in the bargaining model?

Vexing issues and conflicts such as Israel-Palestine and nuclear proliferation.

What can the BARGAINING MODEL be used to offer better insights into?

If 2 sides could agree on the imposition of costs would cross one side's threshold, than they can reach a bargain.

What do newer bargaining models pose regarding the imposition of costs?

That most conflict situations are essentially bargaining situations, 1960.

What does Thomas Schelling state and when?

1. Disagreements over military capabilities. 2. Concerns over credible commitments.

What does the BARGAINING MODEL OF WAR allow insight into? Identify 2 overlooked factors.

Scarce goods such as: border placement, government composition or control of natural resources.

What does the BARGAINING MODEL OF WAR view international conflicts as disputes over?

1. Economic interdependence reduces uncertainty, which in turn reduces conflict. 2. Anticipated conflict costs affect prewar bargaining demands. 3. More intense wars likely to be followed by longer periods of piece. 4. Mobilisation reveals credible information about capabilities and intention, possibly converging expectations and the avoidance of war.

What empirical findings derive from the BARGAINING MODEL OF WAR?

Not viewed as a breakdown of diplomacy, but a continuation of the bargaining process where negotiations will occur during and after the war.

What is "war" viewed as in the BARGAINING MODEL?

The allocation of scarce resources among unlimited and competing uses.

What is a critical component of political life?

The process of arriving at a mutual agreement.

What is bargaining?

The military capacity of a defeated state has been completely exhausted in an absolute war whereas in a limited war, both sides retain some ability to fight.

What is the difference between the ends of absolute war and the ends of limited war?

1. Actors cannot achieve their desired goals simultaneously. Example: Neither India nor Pakistan can both control Kashmir.

Why can international politics be described as the "allocation of scarce resources"?

Because one side's efforts to increase security may impinge on the security of a neighbour.

Why do some scholars perceive security as a scarce good?

A puzzle: if all wars costly, then why can't parties reach some peace settlement that would leave all participants better off than fighting?

Why war occurs - rest on understanding the factors that prevent competing orgs from reaching a peace settlement that leaves everyone better off Two prominent answers to this question: Private Information Commitment Problem

How did US influence subsequent international political order in 1919?

Woodrow Wilson -National self determination (new states and anti-imperialism) -Support for democracy -Collective security in League of Nations Focus on self determination in 1919 after wwi - wanted to create a new order he championed self determination - his efforts creating a new force that limits imperial rule USA supported creation of international organizations - instruments of int. Governance Wilson's ideas helped to define the rules of the games for future peace settlements we still see it today in USFP

Which international organization was discussed as possessing effective enforcement capacity? (Module 19)

World Trade Organization

Examples of international organizations (Module 19)

World Trade Organization, NATO, UN

According to realism, the best way to guarantee peace between any two nations is to establish__________

a balance of power

In singe-play prisoner's dilemma, mutual defection (DD) is the Nash equilibrium outcome. The Nash equilibrium is defined as:

an outcome where neither party would go back and change his or her choice

National Missile Defense as a Threat to MAD

anti ballistic weapon system that is designed to shoot down incoming ballistic missiles If effective, could undermine an adversary's second strike capability and threaten mutually assured destruction A state cannot retaliate after first strike even if their nuclear weapons survived because their missiles can be destroyed mid flight

Brinkmanship

as making threats "that leave something to chance." This strategy of brinksmanship employs and manipulates risk to increase the credibility of a threat to use extreme force, in this case a nuclear attack They might send aircraft to conflict zone during a crisis "the threat that leaves something to chance" More complicated to have the will to follow through with their threats "The threat that leaves something to chance" When leaders delegate decisions that may escalate crisis to military to commanders by sending them into crisis situations they raise the risk that something can go wrong and start a nuclear war -

Which of the following was discussed as a source of the commitment problem in war?

balances in ethnic or religious identity among groups within a society A shift in the balance of political power balance between contending groups, often prompted by some change in government Shifts in the internal distribution of income or wealth among groups within a society

In Module 2, the Lord of the Rings clip that presented the "dispute" between the two wizards (Gandalf and Saruman) over whether to join with, or to fight against, Sauron was used to illustrate the concepts of ________ and __________.

balancing, bandwagoning

The typical outcome in the Prisoner's Dilemma is that __________.

both prisoners confess, thereby ensuring each is worse off than if they both did not confess

The Module 4 lecture on the Cuban Missile Crisis, used the Soviet decision to develop and produce medium range ballistic missiles instead of the intercontinental missiles can be best explained by:

bureaucratic politics

Thomas Hobbes Leviathan

coercion dilemma - this capacity to coerce and impose a settlement on conflicting groups can also be exploited to accumulate power and wealth by seizing it from others. This violent redistribution of resources among individuals or groups is sometimes referred to as predation

UN cooperative defense is an example of __________.

collective security

In the lecture we discussed the movie The Matrix, where the character "Cypher" requests that Agent Smith will allow him to be someone important and rich, "like an actor." Although Cypher is apparently unaware of this, Agent Smith actually has a significant ___________ because there is no way to demonstrate convincingly that he will follow through on his promise.

commitment problem

MAD

depends on each state possessing a second-strike capability—the ability to survive a first-strike nuclear attack with sufficient nuclear warheads intact and operational to launch a counterattack that would be damaging enough to outweigh any benefits that would be gained from launching a surprise attack in the first place

Strategic Defense Initiative

during reagans administration most ambitious missile defense program proposed to counter an all-out Soviet nuclear attack. Was never implemented. - had tech problems - this proposal scared the soviet union After Reagan, U.S. has pursued limited NMD, which has goal of countering attacks by new nuclear states with small nuclear arsenals and accidental launches

false

Which model of decision making consists of negotiations between bureaucratic agencies with divergent interests?

government bargaining model

The Playing card experiment of Bruner and Postman demonstrates______________

how our minds will distort what we observe to fit with our preexisting beliefs about the way the world works

Commitment Problem

inability of side with rising power to promise or commit to abide by the terms of any settlement indefinitely in the future States will go to war if they think any peace deal struck with an adversary is not sustainable over time Often due to shifts in distribution of military power -----Creates expectations that agreement not self-enforcing, more powerful will demand more concessions in the future Commitment problems and the wars that follow them stem from shifts in the distribution of power between contending sides in a dispute

When British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain signed the nonaggression pact with Hitler in Munich in 1938, he did not want to see the clear signs of Hitler's aggression and chose to appease him instead. Some scholars argue this was due to Chamberlain's not wanting to lead Britain into a major war. If true, this would best illustrate __________.

information screens

Although neoliberals recognize that states are the main actors in international relations, they emphasize that ________ are becoming increasingly important.

international organizations

According to lecture, two important mechanisms that the US has used to bind its own power and make its authority legitimate are?

international organizations and its democratic form of government. TRUE - Democracy - NATO

The two major subfields of the study of international relations are __________.

international security and international political economy

What is war?

is a military contest among competing coercive organizations that meets some threshold of death or destruction. This deployment of military force is inherently violent and destructive

Just War Theory

is a set of legal and moral standards that help us evaluate decisions for war and conduct during war. These standards effectively provide moral legitimacy and legal justification for the relaxation of standard prohibitions found in all societies against violence and the deliberate killing of other humans. - the right to war - right conduct in war justice after war

Multipolarity

is a system in which power is distributed at least among 3 significant poles concentrating wealth and/or military capabilities and able to block or disrupt major political arrangements threatening their major interests example - USA, China, India in this multipolar system there was risk of abandonment - risk of one side switching sides and joining another - mostly likly to start great power war in a multi polar system

What is Polarity?

it counts the number of great powers in the international system how great powers structure world politics CHINA, USA, RUSSIA Polarity and power transition help us understand these great powers China influences relations with North Korea USA influences Mexico, South Korea, Iraq Russia influence Syria and the Ukraine

Although realism is a simple theory that correctly identifies some very important concepts in international relations, it suffers from the problem of not being ______________

logically consistent

Moral Hazard problem

mechanism of insurance actually encourages risky behavior that trying to deter Often talked about in context of financial bailouts In context of civil war - Expectations of american intervention on civil war to protect civilians and prevent genocide can potentially make genocide more likely

Byman Continued

most terrorist groups are participating in a civil war - they are trying to destabilize local government and take advantage of political vacuum created by failing state Byman argues that the US is misdiagnosing terrorist threat - he says the direct threat to US imposed by terrorism has been inflated because of 9/11 - terror strikes are rare and less damaging than those posed on 9/11 - Terrorist groups pose an indirect threat to the USA - threatening key allies in the region like Jordan and Israel

North Korea has adopted a strategy of relative withdrawal and isolation in the international system. Although this helps it to avoid the commitment problems and prisoners dilemmas that characterize so much of international politics, it also caused________________

much poverty

Working through international institutions to achieve foreign policy goals is the preference of __________.

multilateralists

In the Module 4 lecture on the Cuban Missile Crisis, the research of Graham Allison is highlighted to show three different theories of state behavior. Theses are: Rational actor, bureaucratic politics, and _____________

organizational process

The 2017 demonstrations in London responding to U.S. President Donald Trump's threats against North Korea provide an example of __________.

peace movements

In the module 2 lecture, a one word summary of realism is_______

power

Nongovernmental organizations are __________ organizations acting as __________ actors.

private; transnational

Although soldier in the trenches appreciated the "live and let live system" of trench warfare, the high command did not. It was the policy/requirement of __________ that is thought to be most responsible for the end of the live and let live system.

raids

Extended deterrence

refers to instances where a country issues a retaliatory threat to protect other countries—allies or countries deemed to be vital national security interests—from prospective aggression by a third party

Political Order

stable patterns or regularities of social behavior induced by authority relationships and/or coercion - The relationship between authority and coercion is important

Realists believe that __________.

states act in an international system characterized by anarchy

The Commitment Problem in the Syrian War

states fight because cannot commit to sustain/honor indefinitely terms of any peace settlement Commitment problems activated by shifts in the distribution of power In Syria, these power shifts that sustain war stem from repetitive rounds of foreign intervention...by US, Israel, Russia, Turkey, Iran

The concept of groupthink suggests that the __________ decision making affect(s) the outcome.

structural context of

The "live and let live system of trench warfare" got its start in WWI because of:

tacit behavior by British and German forces, such as not firing at each other during meal times or inclement weather, and by not bombing each other's supply lines.

Use of violence for predation as self-sustaining

take what they want and then use those new resources to bolster military so can engage in more predation Ex: Hitler - What would happen if there was no countervailing force to stop these armies - they would have continued to expand - - their predation would have become self sustaining - the conquered will have a political life of concession and exploitation in which groups are unwilling to protect themselves

The "live and let live system of trench warfare" described by Axelrod is important to the study of conflict resolution, because this research demonstrates:

that even under very harsh conditions (like trench warfare), actors can achieve mutual cooperation and manage their conflicts

In the module 3 lecture, two key pieces of evidence were used in support of the theory: __________ and ____________.

the democratic peace and results from the repeated prisoners dilemma

Predation

the forcible redistribution of resources (as armed robbery by a political organization) - coercion dilemma

According to the lecture in Module 3, Axelrod's research into _______________ illustrates how cooperation can emerge and be sustained.

the prisoner's dilemma

Affective bias refers to the emotions felt by decision makers when they consider the consequences of __________.

their own actions

A _________ is a causal argument about the way the world works

theory

Why support pullback? Not intervening

these ideas instead are arguing that they are shifting regional dynamics that are leaving USA to recalibrate FP in the Middle East They argue that america ability to transform the region politically through military force is fading The USA can still win military victories - what follows - it is harder to construct a stable political arrangement in a state like syria or iraq with multiple ethnic and religious groups They argue the USA should abstain from any new military commitment in the region and return to traditional role as important status quo player in the region like an offshore balancer it implies that a stable lasting peace aided by the USA is unlikely

How do great powers influence international politics?

they transform the larger structure of int politics by setting the rules and determining which int. Politics will reign in the future. - Long wars fought among great powers tend to remake the structure of international politics by transforming the main political actors in the system

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) can help to promote peace among states that possess nuclear weapons by raising the costs of starting a war to unacceptable levels. T/F

true

President Eisenhower threatened nuclear strikes to contain and prevent small, regional conflicts.

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