GOVT 1817 Final

33. "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: a Debate" -Scott Sagan and Kenneth Waltz (Nuclear Weapons)

-"More Will Be Worse"- Sagan -organizational behaviors are likely to lead to deterrence failures and deliberate or accidental war -rational deterrence theory-any state deterred by another state's second strike forces- Waltz -organizational-complex organizations have multiple, conflicting goals, and process objectives chosen is intensely political -preventive war: organizational perspective- military leaders likely to engage in war -new nuclear states face greater risks of nuclear accidents- serious political and social unrest likely

23. "The Sources of Soviet Control" -X (The Cold War)

-Communist thought 1916: (1) system by which material goods produced and exchanged is central factor (2) capitalist system of production leads to exploitation of working class (3) capitalism contains seeds of own destruction -Lenin: unevenness of economic and political development is inflexible law of capitalism -only the Party allowed to have structure -pursuit of unlimited authority domestically -security of Soviet power rested on iron discipline of the Party -Socialism caused by promotion and support of Soviet power -truth is created- leadership at liberty to put forward any thesis for tactical purposes -Russians quick to exploit evidence of weaknesses of loss of temper and self control -control required forced labor -Russians population physically and spiritually tired -uncertainty of transfer of power from one individual or group of individuals to others -within Communist party- growing divergence -Soviet power contains seeds of own decay

13. "The Jacksonian Tradition" -Walter Mead (Domestic Politics)

-Jacksonians suspicious of elites -prefer loose federal structure with as much power as possible retained by states and local governments -govt should do everything in power to promote well-being -political, moral, economic- of the folk community -national honor and reputation -wars should be fought with all available force -chief objective of warfare to break enemy's spirit

52. "Jihad vs. McWorld" -Benjamin Barber (Global and International Regions)

-Jihad and McWorld operate with equal strength in opposite directions -both make war on sovereign nation-state and undermine nation-state's democratic institutions -common thread is civil liberty -Jihad pursues bloody politics of identity -McWorld bloodless economics of profit -real players in world are tribes not nations -Jihad- religious struggle on behalf of faith, bloody holy war -rising economic communications interdependence operate in increasingly multicultural global environment -hurried pursuit of free markets regardless of consequences has put democratic development in jeopardy -Jihad and McWorld undermine hard-won civil liberties -McWorld's homogenization likely to establish macropeace that favors triumph of commerce and its markets and give to those who control communication and entertainment ultimate control over human destiny

40a. "Moscow's Choice" -Michael McFaul (Ukraine)

-Mearsherimer's analysis demonstrates limits of realpolitik -need to look at changes in Russian politics -Russian policy changed as result of Russian internal political dynamics -Putin conceived Russia's national interest differently than Medvedev- framed competition with US in terms of zero-sum -crisis about Putin and unconstrained, erratic adventurism

26. "Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis -Graham Allison (Cuba)

-Model 1: Rational Policy --probability of nuclear war reduced by stability of the balance rather than the balance (sheer equality of the situation) -focus on market factors --(1) basic unit of analysis- policy as national choice --(2) organizing concepts ---(a) national actor ---(b) the problem ---(c) static selection ---(d) action as a rational choice -----goals and objectives, options, consequences, choice --(3) dominant interference pattern --(4) general propositions ----value maximizing behavior --(5) specific propositions ---(a) nuclear deterrence ---(b) Soviet force posture US blockade of Cuba options (1) do nothing (2) diplomatic pressures (3) secret approach to Castro (4) invasion (5) surgical air strike (6) blockade -> the only real option Model 2: Organizational processes -internal mechanism of the government -(1) basis unit of analysis: policy as organizational output -(2) organizing concepts --(a) organizational actors --(b) factored problems and fractionated power --(c) parochial priorities, perceptions, and issues --(d) action as organizational output ---(1) goals: constraints defining acceptable performance ---(2) sequential attention to goals ---(3) standard operating procedures ---(4) programs and repertoire ---(5) uncertainty avoidance ---(6) problem-directed search ---(7) organizational learning and change --(e) central coordination and control --(f) decisions of government leaders -(3) dominant interference patterns -(4) general propositions --(a) organizational actions (Standard Operating Procedures SOP and programs) --(b) limited flexibility and incremental change -(5) specific propositions ---(a) deterrence ---(b) Soviet force posture -organizational options: air strike or blockade Model 3: bureaucratic politics -internal mechanism of the government -surrender comes when leadershio group decides the war is lost -(1) basic unit of analysis: policy as political outcome -(2) organizing concepts --(a) players in positions (personality important) --(b) parochial priorities, perceptions, and issues --(c) interests, stakes and power --(d) the problem and the problems --(e) action channels --(f) action as politics --(g) streams of outcomes -(3) dominant interference patterns -(4) general propositions --(a) action and intention --(b) where you stand depends on where you sit --(c) Chiefs and Indians -(5) specific propositions --(a) deterrence US Blockade of Cuba -U2 photographs showed Soviet missiles in Cuba

60. "The Misleading Mystique of America's Material Power" -Christian Reus-Smit (American Imperium)

-US 'soft power', universality of values and extraordinary cultural magnetism important -Bush administration: taken for granted that US unparalleled material resources can be translated into political influence unproblematically -material power alone is insufficient to deliver sustained and effective political influence in contemporary global order -Bush doctrine belief: (1)American values are global values (2) America exudes unrivaled cultural magnetism (3) US has right to act unilaterally and outside institutional frameworks Problems: (1) assumed relationship between material preponderance and effective political influence (2) Administration's impoverished understandings of legitimacy- legitimacy is socially ordained (3) real world people understand American valued in radically different ways Future (1) increased institutional balancing in international relations (2) growing global disenchantment and activism among diverse non-state actors (3) geostrategic balancing- likely to be increased 'balancing for autonomy' where European states and others develop of augment their military capabilities to reduce dependence on US for regional security

39. "Why the Ukraine Crisis is the West's Fault: the Liberal Delusions that Provoked Putin" -John Mearsheimer (Ukraine)

-US and European allies share most responsibility for crisis -West had been moving into Russia's backyard and threatening its core strategic interests -great powers always sensitive to potential threats near their home territory -spark Nov. 2013 Yanukovych rejected major economic deal negotiating with the EU and accepted Russian counter offer -Russia lacks capability to easily conquer and annex eastern Ukraine -granting Ukarine NATO membership could put Russia and the West on a collision course -should create prosperous but neutral Ukraine that does not threaten Russia and allows West to repair relations with Moscow

24. "The Failure in Our Success" -George Kennan (The Cold War)

-US cost of Cold War -enormous and unnecessary military expenditures -40 years Communist control in Eastern Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary -need sound principles that accord with the nature, the needs, the interests and the limitations of our country

58. "Irresistible Empire: America;s Advance through Twentieth-Century Europe" -Victoria de Grazia (American Imperium)

-Wilson stressed hustle-bustle, seductive wiles, calculated empathy we identify with mass marketing -global mass marketing central to fostering common consumption practices across the most diverse cultures -America's hegemony built on European territory -Old World- US turned its power as the premier consumer society into the dominion that came from being universally recognized as a fountainhead of modern consumer practices -all empires rely for their power on the means that are historically available to them Market Empire Rule (1) regarded other nations as having limited sovereignty over their public space (2) Market Empire exported its civil society in tandem with, or ahead of the country's economic exports (3) power of norms making (4) vaunted democratic ethos (5) apparent peacableness perspectives (1) forces pushing out from US caused consumer revolution and propelled its institutions and practices into Europe (2) reconstruct commercial civilization that confronted American consumer culture with rival vision of market institutions and values (3) new transatlantic dialectic fostered by America's consumer revolution -American encroachments showed that if Europe was to resist, it need to be united

54. "US Strategy in a Unipolar World" -William Wohlforth (American Imperium)

-absence of balancing under unipolarity is rooted in distribution of capabilities itself -realist theory (1) balancing is inefficient even where incentives to balance are strong (2) concentration of capabilities in the US passes the threshold at which counterbalancing becomes prohibitively costly (3) balancing is much less efficient and threshold concentration of capabilities necessary to sustain unipolarity far lower than it was in Europe -Snyder: "rational alliance formation is a matter of optimizing across security gains and autonomy losses -systemic balancing only occurs when members of prospective antihegemonic coalition conclude they have capability to balance at less cost in the things they value -US possesses much more complete portfolio and relative power -standard treatments of balance of power theory feature vulnerable, revisionist, centrally located putative hegemons possessing marginal brute power advantages and highly asymmetrical power portfolios in closely integrated international systems -Huntington: truly unipolar state could effectively resolve all important international issues alone and no combo of other states would have the power to prevent it from doing so -US follows strategy of maintaining a preponderance of power globally and deep engagement in security affairs of Europe, Asia, and Middle East -continued US grand strategy of engagement will not produce counterbalance -absence of counterbalance against American power is largely structural result

16. "World Politics and the Causes of War since 1914" -Amos Yoder (World War I)

-assassination of Archduke Ferdinand June 28, 1914 -Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary alliance -Wilson initially neutral until Lusitania sunk -WWI revealed fatal weakness in alliance system -deficiencies in leadership by Czar, Kaiser, and Emperor

27. "The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50: Lessons for U.S. Foreign Policy Today" -Graham Allison (Cuba)

-blockade stopped additional material from coming in but did not stop Soviets from operating missiles already there -US and Iran like Cuban missile crisis in slow motion -Israeli factor makes situation more difficult -Kennedy told Kremlin it would be held accountable for any attack against the US from Cuba -Kennedy increased risks of war in short run to decrease them over the longer term -US and South Korea don't take these risks, so North Korean crises keep happening -geopolitical challenge manage relationship between US as ruling superpower and China as rising one -commander in chief needs sufficient time and privacy to understand a situation, examine the evidence, explore options, and reflect before choosing one- if not, bad decisions likely

8. "Civilizations in World Politics: China and the Sinicization in Comparative Perspective" -Peter Katzenstein (Constructivism)

-civilizations based on urban forms of life and division of labor by which urban elites extract resources form peasants -civilizations are pluralist- divisions within civilizations in beliefs -global ecumene pluralizes civilizations within a loose sense of shared values -civilizations embedded in a global context of knowledge and practice that influences them without robbing them of their distinctiveness, "multiple modernities" -civilizational practices and policies sum to civilizational processes like Americanization and Sincization -civilizations marked by debate and disagreements -embrace the 'contaminated cosmopolitan' of multi-civilizational world

35. "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals" -Carol Cohn (Nuclear Weapons)

-clean bombs and clean language -phallic worship, disarmament is emasculation, sexual imagery -"pat" missile makes it seem harmless -younger countries can't be trusted to know what's good for them- like children -religion -learning the language changes perspective -remove human harm component when talking about nuclear weapons

19. "Commercial Liberalism Under Fire: Evidence from 1914 and 1936" -Norrin Ripsman and Jean-Marc Blanchard (World War I)

-commercial liberalism: economic interdependence facilitates peaceful relations between states -during crises, leaders more concerned with military-strategic factors than with economic considerations -WWI-Germany dependent on Britain for goods- vulnerable -economic interdependence played no role in the outcome -domestic political factors can affect national security decision making and overwhelm the pressures of economic interdependence and interact with military imperatives

42. "The Politics of Transnational Economic Relations" -Robert Gilpin (Trade and Investment)

-conflict between ethnocentric nationalism and geocentric technology -economic and technical substructure partially determines and interacts with the political superstructure, political values and security interests are crucial determinants of international economic relations -transnational actors and processes dependent upon peculiar patterns of interstate relations -origins of Cold War lie in unanticipated consequences of the WWII -Soviet system held together by military power -American bloc held together by economic relations -Japanese gained favorable trade with the US, but they are almost totally dependent on the US for security and economic well-being--resentful -role of nation state in economic and political life increasing and multinational corporation is a stimulant to further extension of state power int he economic realm

21. "Keeping Saddam Hussein in a Box" -John Mearsheimer (Iraq Afghanistan)

-containment or preventive war -attacking Iraq would undermine war of terrorism -should maintain vigilant containment, but don't need a war

17. "Civil-Military Relations and the Cult of the Offensive, 1914 and 1984" -Jack Snyder (World War I)

-cult of the offensive -each country feared that own military preparations were lacking, so they took military measures that shortened diplomacy process -offensive strategies helped to cause war and ensure it was a world war -military professionals prefer offensive war, zero-sum view -Waltz: perception that war is inevitable becomes self-fulfilling prophecy -offensive plan gives illusion of certainty -Schlieffen Plan- preventive war the only safe option -offense promotes offense and defense promotes defense in international system -offensive bias exacerbated when civilian control is weak

15. "The Political Economy of International Trade -Helen Milner (Domestic Politics)

-domestic actors, domestic institutions and changes, and international political system -far reaching liberalization of trade barriers across world -significant regionalization of trade -as countries develop, their institutional capacity may also grow, reducing need to depend on import taxes for revenue -when countries are allies in system with one other major opposing alliance group, they trade most freely among themselves (Cold War) -trade liberalization can change domestic preferences about trade -increases in trade flows among countries decrease chances that those countries will be involved in political or military conflicts with each other -changing preferences among political leaders and societal groups, institutional changes and increased influence in international institutions that support trade liberalization explain the global rush to free trade since 1980

53. "Beyond Paradigms: Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics" -Rudra Sil and Peter Katzenstein (Explanations)

-eclecticism is useful heuristic for capturing requirements of metatheoretical flexibility and theoretical mutilingualism necessary for substantive analysis (combine different paradigms: realism, liberalism, constructivism, marxism) -neorealists/structural realists: view states in international system as analogous to firms in the marketplace -structural realists: significant divide between offensive and defensive variants -liberal theories: stress potential for enlightened self-interest and progressive change -commercial liberalism: how shifting structure of global economy alters position of particular assets in international markets -constructivism: social constructs are not directly observable- most commonly collective norms and identities- have powerful effect on how actors in particular contexts perceive, understand, negotiate, and reproduce social structures they inhabit (Wendt) -realist assumption: state's material interests and resources are unproblematic -neoliberal: states are self-interested rational actors motivated by material gains -overlap between paradigms, but commonly the divide is emphasized -paradigms: criteria for assessing quality of scholarship -analytical eclecticism: overcome limitations of paradigm

51. "Globalization and the Trade in Human Body Parts" -Harrison Trevor (Global and International Regions)

-emergence of commercial market for organs -globalization involves establishment of complex series of world-wide exchanges in labor, trade, technology, and capital between countries possessing different economic, military, and political powers -globalization is geographic, social, cultural and ideological -excess demand for human body parts -few laws regulating extraction and sale of organs -executions conducted to get body parts needed-different executions depending on body part needed -US- illegal to sell organs -markets get goods moving; regulation guides them toward fairness and social priorities -human body part trade mirrors other acceptable forms of unequal exchange between developed and less-developed regions_new forces of both exploitation and liberation, division and interconnectedness, ethical absence and moral assertion

1. "Why We Fight Over Foreign Policy" -Henry Nau (Theory)

-everyone sees the world differently and emphasizes different things -pick and choose what to focus on -oversimplify -perspective drives decisions -cannot see world as it actually is, need as many different perspectives as possible -realist: struggle for power, alliances, threat and use of force, survival -liberal: expanding international cooperation and complex interdependence through trade, negotiations, and international institutions --eg. modernization -constructivism: identity of people and states, dialogue and dispute about norms, values, and identities, actors and structures change each other

43. "The Multinational Corporation and the Law of Uneven Development" -Stephen Hymer (Trade and Investment)

-firm increase in size from workshop to factory to national corporation to multidivisional corporation to multinational corporation -Marshallian firm- internal division of labor betwen those who planned and those who worked -Marshall-market reconciled individual freedom and collective production -rush in foreign investment due to : large size of US corporations, technological developments, rapid growth of Europe and Japan -period of rivalry until new equilibrium reached -structure of income and consumption tend to parallel structure of status and authority -trickle down system reinforces patterns of authority and control -multinational corporations must adapt to local circumstances (decentralized control) and must manage their activities in various parts of the world (Centralized control) -survival of MNC depends on how fast it grows and how much can trickle down -MNC is private institution with partial outlook and offers only semiperfect solution to problem of international cooperation

9. "Constructing International Politics" -Alexander Wendt (Constructivism)

-fundamental structures of of international politics are social rather than strictly material and these structures shape actors' identities and interests -neorealists think structure is just distribution of material capabilities -constructivists think it is also made of social relationship -1. social structures defined by shared understandings, expectations, or knowledge ( ex: security dilemma and security community) -2. social structures include material resources -3. social structure exists only in process -realpolitik- warfare, balancing, relative-gains seeking: realism should be seen as an explanation of this not a description -social construction of international politics: analyze how processes of interaction produce and reproduce the social structures-cooperative or conflictual-that shape actors' identities and interests and significance of material contexts

36. "Intervention in Vietnam and Central America: Parallels and Differences" -Noam Chomsky (Intervention)

-geopolitical conception -US power rooted in ownership and management of the economy -Kennan: human rights should be dismissed as irrelevant to US foreign policy -communists used by Americans to describe people who believe that government has a direct responsibility for the welfare of the people -US demonstrates fanatic opposition to constructive developments in marginal countries -idea: US foreign policy is based on human rights irrelevant, but improving climate for foreign business is highly relevant -"crusade for freedom" millions of victims facing starvation and torture and massacre

49. "America's Energy Edge: the Geopolitical Consequences of the Shale Revolution" -Robert Blackwill and Meghan O'Sullivan (Internationalization and Oil)

-global energy shifting away from traditional producers -horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing -US poised to become energy superpower, less dependent on other states -traditional oil suppliers have a lot to lose- losing power -domestic political issues -sustained drop in oil price destabilize Russia -consumers benefit- oil cheaper and more variety in producers -US profit and gain new opportunities from energy revolution -US gets more power

7. "The Clash of Civilizations?" -Samuel Huntington (Constructivism)

-great divisions are cultural -civilization is cultural entity -civilizations differentiated from each other by history, language, culture, tradition, and religion -8 civilizations: Western, Confucian, Japanese, Ialamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin American, African -clash of civilizations: most prolonged and violent conflicts among civilizations -civilizations unitary -"us" vs. "them" mentality -Velvet curtain of culture has replaced the Iron Curtain of ideology as most significant dividing line in Europe -"West against Islam" -argue war is not just against Iraq but against all Muslims -double standards- apply one standard to own group and different standard to others -conflicts within the same civilization are less intense and less likely to expand -differences in power and differences in culture cause conflict between West and the rest -most torn country is Russia: West or Slavic-Orthodox -civilizations culturally cohesive and collective identities unchanging -civilizations become actors

4. "The Theory of Hegemonic War" -Robert Gilpin (Realism)

-hegemonic war: uneven growth of power among states is driving force of international relations, war in which overall structure of international system is at issue --results in transformation of structure of system in interstate relations -humans driven by interest, pride, and mainly fear -struggle between two states leads to bipolarization leads to hegemonic war -underlying cause: basis of power and social order undergoing fundamental transformation -zero sum situation- causes bipolarization and system to become unstable -often both major parties suffer and third party is ultimate victor -once wars start, powerful forces unforeseen by instigators can be released aka war outcome uncertain -nuclear weapon- avoidance of war a priority

56. "Not Fade Away: Against the Myth of American Decline" -Robert Kagan (American Imperium)

-if American power declines, this world order will decline with it -a great power's decline is the product of fundamental changes in the international distribution of various forms of power -other nations enjoying periods of high growth doesn't mean that America's position as the predominant power is declining -wealth matters in international politics, but there is no simple correlation between economic growth and international influence -after WWII US GDP fell, but "rise of the rest" strengthened the US -"soft power" -people point to America's failure to bring Israelis and Palestinians to negotiated settlement or to manage the tumultuous Arab Awakening, as a sign of weakness and decline but not so (US didn't have control in that area before) -economic difficulties lead to political and strategic insecurity -real question is can aMericans solve their own pressing economic and social problems rather than if US can continue to play its role in the world -US has come through crises and emerged stronger and healthier than other nations while its competitors have faltered -decision lives in the hands of Americans

10. "Critical View of September 11" "Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: a Political Perspective on Culture and Terrorism" -Mahmood Mamdani (Constructivism)

-if there are good and bad Muslims, there are good and bad Westerners -culture talk thinks of individuals from "traditional" cultures as if their identities are shaped entirely by the supposedly unchanging construction of which they are born -terrorism is a modern construction -clash is inside- not between civilizations -Cold War interfaced with civil war -Afghanistan: high point in Cold War --CIA forged link between Islam and terror in Central Asia -Taliban is a result of an encounter of premodern people with modern imperial power -contemporary "fundamentalism" is modern political project -Official America has habit of not taking responsibility for actions, but civilizations can't be built on forgetting -refusal to address issues is first major hurdle in search of peace -Islam has changed and become more complex, and so has the configuration of modern society -test of democracy in multireligious and multicultural societies is to get support of majority without losing trust of minority

41. "What ISIS Really Wants" -Graeme Wood (ISIS)

-ignorance of Islam: we see jihadism as monolithic -following takfiri doctrine, Islamic state is committed to purifying the world by killing vast numbers of people, many Muslisms are victims -al-Qaida acts as underground political movement -Islamic State boasts openly about its plans -Islamic State can't recognize borders, goes against ideology -we don't appreciate split and differences between Islamic State and al-Qaida -Islamic State wants American invasion -properly contained, Islamic State is likely to be its own undoing -Islamic State's ideology exerts powerful sway over certain subset of the population -Western officials should probably refrain from weighing in on matters of Islamic theological debate

55. "Liberal Internationalism 3.0: America and the Dilemmas of Liberal World Order" -G. John Ikenberry (American Imperium)

-liberal ideas: open markets, international institutions, cooperative security, democratic community, progressive change, collective problem solving, shared sovereignty, rule of law -scope-size of liberal order -sovereign independence-degree liberal order entails legal-political restrictions on state sovereignty -sovereign equality-degree of hierarchy within liberal order -rule of law-degree to which agreed-upon rules infuse operation of the order Liberal International Order 1.0 -based on Woodrow Wilson and Anglo-American liberals brought to post WWI international settlement -League of Nations- forum for collective security -universal membership, not tied to regime, location, or character -Westphalian sovereignty defined in terms of international legal order affirming state independence and non-intervention -flat political hierarchy -rules and norms operate as international law, enforced through moral suasion and global public opinion -narrow policy domain, restricted to open trade and collective security system -ended in crisis of failure Liberal Internationalism 2.0 -Western-oriented security and economic system -modified Westphalian sovereignty, where states compromise legal independence and so gain greater state capacity -hierarchical order, with American hegemonic provisioning of public goods, rule-based and patron-client relations, and voice opportunities -dense inter-governmental relations, enforcement of rules, and institutions through reciprocity and bargaining -expanded policy domains, including economic regulation, human rights, etc. -in crisis of authority-crisis of rule and governance Liberal Internationalism 3.0 -universal scope, expanding membership in core governing institutions to rising non-Western states -post-Westphalian sovereign, with increasingly intrusive and interdependent economic and security regimes -post-hegemonic hierarchy in which various groupings of leading states occupy governing institutions -expanded rule-base system, coupled with new realms of network-based cooperation -further expansion of policy domains -US play less central role in providing functional services -authority move toward universal institutions *American power may rise or fall and foreign policy ideology may wax and wane but wider and deeper liberal global order is reality American must accommodate to

12. "The Economic Limits to Modern Politics" "International Liberalism Reconsidered" -Robert Keohane (Liberalism)

-liberal prescriptions for peace and prosperity compare favorably with politically tested alternatives -Marxism: external limits to modern politics result principally from the world capitalist system of production and exchange -Realists: limits on state action result primarily from power of other states Liberalism -focuses on privately organized social groups and firms, not just states -promote economic efficiency and avoid destructive physical conflict -Republican Liberalism: republics are more peacefully inclined than non-republics -Commercial Liberalism: incentives for peaceful behavior provided by open international environment characterized by regularized patterns of exchange and orderly rules -Regulatory Liberalism: importance for peace of rules governing patterns of exchange among countries, international rules and institutions, cooperation constructed by humans -more tightly intertwined and interdependent interactions between states, the greater incentives for cooperation -emphasis of liberalism on human action and choice- we can affect our fate

11. "The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World" -Richard Rosecrance (Liberalism)

-military technology influences trend toward one system or another -military-political and territorial states are homogeneous competing countries -trading world composed of nations differentiated in terms of function and nations depend on each other -form alliances as precaution again intrusion by military-political nations -every state provides some defense and participates in some trade -international interdependence growing-harder to solve national problems by military means -highly developed economies are more dependent on social cooperation and obedience to rulers of state than primitive or traditional economic systems -trade can't operate in face of heavy restrictions -nations aim to improve their position in world politics through acquistion of new territory and through economic development and trade

20. "History and September 11" -Francis Fukuyama (Iraq Afghanistan)

-modernity will remain dominant force in world politics -separation of church and state necessary component of modernization -Islamic world different from other world cultures -conflict from radical Islamists and Muslims whose religious identity overrides all other political values -Islamo-fascism: radically intolerant and anti-modern doctrine that has recently arisen in many part of the Muslim world

28. "Constructing National Interest" -Jutta Weldes (Cuba)

-national interest is a social construction -forms basis for state actions -Wendt: anarchy is what states make of it -national interests are social constructions created as meaningful objects out of the intersubjective and culturally established meanings with the the world, particularly the international system and place of the state in it, is understood -identities are the basis of interests -language used- Soviet aggression -missile crisis constructed out of portrayal of Soviet and Cuba Castro government (totalitarianism, Red), actual military balance unchanged -difference between totalitarianism and democracy

31. "Understanding Change in International Politics: The Soviet Empire's Demise and the International System" -Rey Koslowski and Friedrich Kratochwill (End of Cold War)

-neorealism: international politics is autonomous realm, international system is only shorthand for organization of force, dynamics of anarchial system determined by distribution of capabilities -end of Cold War undermined: Soviet bloc disintegrated -constructivist: system if artifice of man-made institutions -Stalin changed constitutive rule of classical European states system -constructivism focuses on practices informed by rules and norms -communist tactic conquest became constitutive norm of postwar bloc politics that bounded practice f politics throughout international system -system transformation initiated: the end of the Brezhnev doctrine- Gorbachev opted for state-state relations -state is the gatekeeper between domestic and international interactions, constructivist analysis stresses importance of institutions and normative understandings for appraisal -Gorbachev ended imperial relationship with Eastern Europe -by accepting reunified Germany's integration within NATO, Soviet Union abandoned old dream of separating America from its allies and eliminating the US as a political and military force from the Continent -rapid and fundamental change of the international system from 1989 to 1991 demonstrates inadequacy of analyzing present international politics in terms of its anarchial structure and its distribution of capabilities -military capabilities must be understood in terms of political practices and underlying conventions

37. "Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention" -Martha Finnemore (Intervention)

-normative understandings about which human beings merit military protection and about the way such protection must be implemented have changed -realist and liberal approaches don't explain humanitarian intervention as a practice -new or changed norms enable new or different behaviors -states' perceptions of which human beings should get intervention has changed -at first, only white Christians were worthy of aid -humanitarian action rarely taken when it jeopardized other states goals or interests of a state -either multilateral of unilateral -interveners identify with victims in some way -decolonization enshrined notion of political self-determination as a basic human right associated with now universal humanity -now humanitarian military intervention must be multilateral -international organizations like the UN

34. "The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the NormativeBasis of Nuclear Non-Use -Nina Tannenwald (Nuclear Weapons)

-norms have stigmatized nuclear weapons as unacceptable weapons of mass destruction -structural realist: norms are a function of power and interests -norms do not determine outcomes, they shape realms of possibility -taboo is normative belief about behavior -norms shape expectations and shift the burden of proof in arguments, responsibilities, grievances, and legitimate courses of action -US officials believed in "no first use" -using nuclear weapons violate America's conception of itself as a moral, civilized nation -taboo operates by: domestic public opinion, world opinion, and personal conviction informed by beliefs about American values and conceptions of appropriate behavior of civilized nations -norms operate through force, self-interest, and legitimacy -norms are part of complex set of meanings, including permissions and prohibitions, through which people understand, and act in the world

32. "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May be Better" -Kenneth Waltz (Nuclear Weapons)

-nuclear weapons have helped maintain peace between great powers -defensive ideal: dissuasion by deterrence -deterrence achieved through ability to punish- must be able to inflict unacceptable on another country -war possible, but victory in war too dangerous to fight for -in new nuclear states, civil control of military may be shaky -preventive wars launched by stronger state against a weaker one that is thought to be gaining strength -effective deterrents --(1) part of the force must appear to be able to survive an attack and launch one of its own --(2) survival of the force must not require early firing in response to false alarms --(3) weapons must not be susceptible to accidental and unauthorized use -nuclear weapons likely to decrease arms racing and reduce military costs for lesser nuclear states

3. "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" -John Mearsheimer (Realism)

-overriding goal of each state is to maximize its share of world power -ultimate goal is to be hegemon: only great power in system -once hegemon, try to defend status -offensive realism: assumes international system strongly shapes behavior of states, only relative power important, -power is currency of great power politics -liberalism: states are main actors, emphasize internal characteristics of states, democracy better than other organization (good and bad states) -realism: no way to escape security competition, states as main actors, internal characteristics don't matter-only external, power dominates state thinking, zero-sum game -Americans against realist thinking but many of US actions are realist in nature

48. "Fueling the Fire: Pathways from Oil to War" -Jeff Colgan (Internationalization and Oil)

-pathways -(1) ownership and market structure --way in which oil can cause international conflict by acting as incentive to various actors to alter structure of global oil industry to suit their own interests --(a) resource wars --(b) risk of market domination --(c) oil industry grievance -(2) producer politics --how oil income alters and distorts the incentives of actors inside oil-producing states in ways that lead to violent conflict --(a) petro-agression --(b)petro-insurgency --(c) externalization of civil wars in petrostates -(3) consumer access concerns --ways oil importing states try to manage the uncertainties of their economic and military requirements for oil --(a) transmit routes --(b)obstacles to multilateralism -presence and perception of oil makes war more likely -link between energy and international war

46. "Why US Financial Hegemony Will Endure" (Globalization and Finance)

-power as result of internal attribute of national economies: large economies with attractive financial sectors have power, and weaker ones do not -international financial system is robust when facing crises in peripheral countries but fragile when facing crises occurring in the core -US is strongly central- over 70% of countries have substantial amount of overseas portfolio assets in the US -US centrality positive for system stability- US best poised to absorb and manage banking losses -most economies vulnerable to crises that originate in US -US remained in power because --(1) lack of fit alternatives, US stays central --(2) staying at center confers economic and geopolitical advantages --(3) American banks still considered safer than others -optimal policy response to crises depends on where in network crisis occurs -actions that peripheral countries take to insulate themselves against crisis often reinforce US centrality -for US to be dethroned need: severe crisis in US, inability of unwillingness of US government to pursue policies necessary to stabilize the system, emergence of alternative that is ready to move into position at the center

18. "Domestic Conflict and the Origins of the First World War: The British and the German Cases" -Michael Gordon (World War I)

-preventive German war policy -domestic politics differences between Germany and Britain -situations similar but handled very differently due to structure: rate of industrialization, forms of industrialization, international implications, geopolitical factors -governmental institutions -Weltpolitik- rapid naval buildup

38. "Libya: Our First Cosmopolitan War?" -Jeremy Rabkin (Intervention)

-protection of human rights depends on the strength of states which respect human rights- and their first priority is to protect the rights of their own citizens -armed intervention that is not a war -Libya: humanitarian crisis sufficent to justify military intervention but not to justify level of commitment that would prove successful intervention -cosmopolitan notion- we must care about everyone equally, this makes it hard to fight a successful war

2. "Theory of International Politics" -Kenneth Waltz (Realism)

-reductionist: international outcomes are the sum of results produced by separate states and the behavior of each state is explained by internal characteristics -traditionalists: structural difference between domestic and international politics (modernists deny this) -structure of system acts as constraining and disposing force -zero sum game: each power viewed another's loss for its own gain -systemic theory: explains changes across systems, not within them, organization of a realm acts as constraining and disposing force on interacting units within it -structures work by: socialization that limits and molds behavior, competition -structural realism/defensive realism : states goal is just to survive, anarchy forces security seeking states to compete with each other for power, maintain power rather than change status, if one state becomes too powerful- others try to stop it

50. "A World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium" -Peter Katzenstein (Global and International Regions)

-regions differ in institutional form, type of identity, and internal structure -regions reflect power and purpose of states -regions made porous by links to American imperium -"open door" policy for US expansion -regions: materialist, classical theories of geopolitics; ideational, critical theories of geography; and behavior theories -all materialist theories believe inter-state war between territory inevitable -US is only regional hegemon in modern history -political economy views regions as manifestations of capitalist production processes that separate cores from peripheries -regions due too different human interconnections -behavioral: how regions shaped and reshaped by political practice -geography has material and symbolic aspects -porous regions fuse international and global processes -world politics shaped by interaction between porous regions and America's imperium -American imperium defined by intersection of territorial and non-territorial dimensions of power -military bases-direct control over territory -free access to society and economy-non-territorial power -dynamic and distinctive trait of American imperium is non-territorial power, segmented and pluralist expansionism -balance between territorial and non-territorial power shaped by purposes of poly and political coalitions and identities they reflect

45. "American Power After the Financial Crisis" -Jonathan Kirshner (Globalization and Finance)

-second US postwar order coincided with unrivaled US unipolarity -finance became largest, fastest growing, and most profitable sector in American economy -financial deregulation seemed to be a good public policy -individual risk and system risk growing -periods of stability encourage greater risk taking and financial innovation-leads to market failure -deregulation caused financial sector to become dangerously large and interconnected -new heterogeneity of thinking about how best to govern money and finance created -US relative power and influence are eroding -key currency is given the benefit of doubt, but have to manage currency in decline

59. "Anti-Americansisms in World Politics" -Peter Katzenstein (American Imperium)

-symbolism generated by America is so polyvalent that it continually creates a diversity of material on which to construct anti-Americanism -Rationalism: emphasizes that anti-American schemas often persist because they serve the political interests of the elites as well as the psychological needs of mass publics -constructivism: highlights the importance of identities and the social and subjective processes by which they are created -balance of power theorists: imbalances of power lead to the formation of balancing coalitions -US political hegemony makes the US a focal point for opposition -backlash against globalization: rapid economic change and the uncertainty deriving from dependence on distant markets and sources of capital generate resentment at the United States -Americnan culture from its openness to the rest of the world -"Americanization"- selective appropriation of American symbols and values by individuals and groups in other societies --involves markets, informal markets, exercise of corporate or governmental power -US is open and critical society- and deeply divided -can only understand anti-Americanization is we shine a light into all corners of the world while also holding up a mirror to ourselves

29. "The Long Peace: Elements of Stability in the Postwar International System" -John Gaddis (End of Cold War)

-systems theory provides criteria for differentiating between stable and unstable political configurations -structural elements of stability --bipolarity --independence not interdependence --domestic influences -behavioral elements of stability --nuclear weapons --reconnaissance revolution --ideological moderation -rules of superpower game --(1)respect spheres of influence --(2)avoid direct military confrontation --(3) use nuclear weapons only as an ultimate resort --(4) prefer predictable anomaly over unpredictable rationality --(5) do not seek to undermine the other side's leadership -stability requires sense of caution, maturity, an responsibility on both sides -when a great power perceives its decline beginning, behavior can become erratic or desperate long before physical strength has dissipated -Cold War produced longest period of stability

14. "Same War, Different Views: Germany, Japan, and the War on Terrorism" -Peter Katzenstein (Domestic Politics)

-terrorism about politics of threat magnification -Germany: took counterterrorist measures at home -Japan: seven-point emergency plan committed Japanese military to support US countermeasures in Afghanistan -war on terrorism test alliance cohesion -US "War" on terrorism results primarily from institutionalization of US "national security" during the cold war

44. "Foreign Expansions as an 'Institutional Necessity' for US Corporate Capitalism: the Search for a Radical Model" -Theodore Moran (Trade and Investment)

-the more developed a country, the more attractive it appears to investors -foreign investment defends a market already built up through exports -largest, most rapidly growing , most technologically advanced societies felt compelled to defend themselves and grow through direct foreign investment -corporations major goals: minimize global tax burden and protect itself from competition -American corporate capitalism- tightly held technology, uncertain information, large economies of scale, unstable imperfect competition, portfolio investment creates strong pressures for foreign investors

40b. "How the West Has Won" -Stephen Sestanovich (Ukraine)

-today's aggressive Russian policy was in place before the mistaken Western politics Mearsheimer talks about -Mearsheimer predicted we would miss the Cold War -Mearsheimer takes it for granted that Putin's challenge proves the complete failure of US strategy -Mearsheimer's solution ignores its real origins and may make it even worse

25. "Communist Bloc Expansion in the Early Cold War" -Douglas Macdonald (The Cold War)

-traditional view: Soviet Union was expansionist nation primarily responsible for political and military contention, and there was a real and global communist threat to independent but internally weak nations, ideological considerations help shape security goals and actions to relatively high degree- defend US and Western containment (Soviet expansionist, ideologically driven and West primarily reactive) -revisionist: US was primarily to blame for Cold War, US leaders driven by unreasonable hostility to communisms generated by domestic political and economic needs (Soviets reactive, US expansionist) -post-revisionism: mutual misperception, mutual reactivity, and shared responsibility between superpowers- spread of communism presented little threat to the United States because nationalism and self-interest drive states to act like communist ideology (place greater blame on US) -US invited into position of hegemonic leadership -Soviet affiliations with bloc members like patron-client relations with strong does of ideological solidarity and acceptance of Soviet leadership -Stalin willingness to support Communist revolts based on (1) probable western responses (2) likelihood of client revolutionary group's success -Mao and Stalin largely ideological component to action -Chinese bloc leader- Vietnam War -system-wide Soviet bloc threat with significant amount of unity- held together and driven to expand sphere of influence by ideological tenets of Marxism-Leninism -realist: balance of threat -traditionalist better than realism and post-revisionism at explaining formation and maintenance of Soviet bloc in early Cold War

30. "Theories of War in an Era of Leading-Power Peace -Robert Jervis (End of Cold War)

-war will not occur among leading great powers in the future -leading states form a pluralistic security community -expectations of peace close off routes to war -constructivism- norms of non-violence and shared identities have led advanced democracies to assume the role of each other's friend -liberalism-pacifying effects of democracy, economic interdependence, and joint membership in international organizations -realist- American hegemony, nuclear weapons -states in the security community are richer, more democratic, more satisfied with the status quo, would lose more in a war, and have more explicit American security guarantee -possible future worlds (1) national autonomy further diminished and distinction between domestic and foreign policy continue to erode (2) states in the Community play a large role, but with more extensive and intensive cooperation (3) American attempt to maintain hegemony and produce counter-balancing coalition -fundamental cause of war is international anarchy compounded by security dilemma

57. "Blowback: the Costs and Consequences of American Empire" -Chalmers Johnson (American Imperium)

-why have Americans created an empire? -we have freed ourselves from any genuine consciousness of how we might look to others on this globe -"blowback"- unintended consequences of policies that were kept secret from the American people --most obvious form: victims fight back after secret American bombing -blowback can lead to more blowback and spiral of destructive behavior -empire can't control long-term effects of its policies -likely US covert policies in Congo, Guatemala and Turkey have created similar conditions -we live in an increasingly interconnected international system, we are all living in a blowback world -whoever occupies a territory also imposes on it his own social system --Soviet Union set up satellites because it couldn't compete with US -South Korea was first place in the postwar world where Americans set up a dictatorial government -US used economies and authoritarian regimes as tool of empire building -use of military forces in the name of democracy or human rights regularly makes a mockery of these very principles -American political and intellectual establishments remain mystified by and hostile to economic achievements of Asia -US needs options for dealing with crises other than relying on carrier task force, cruise missiles, and unfettered flow of capital, and needs to overcome complacency and arrogance that characterize American official attitudes toward Asia today

47. "The Quiet Coup" -Simon Johnson (Globalization and Finance)

-yesterday's 'public-private partnerships' are relabeled 'crony capitalism' -banana republic: global investors afraid that country or its financial sector wouldn't be able to pay off mountainous debt suddenly stopped lending and became a self-fulfilling prophecy -American financial industry gained political power by amassing a kind of cultural capital- a belief system -US financial crisis- root problem is uncertainty -government must force banks to acknowledge the scale of their problems -power of oligarchy -emerging markets have precarious hold on wealth and are weaklings globally -US is world's most powerful nation, privilege of paying foreign debt in its own currency which it can print -two scenarios for US (1) complicated bank-by-bank deals and continual drumbeat of repeated bailouts (2) global economy continues to deteriorate

5. "The Political Economy of International Relations" -Robert Gilpin (Marxism)

Instrumental Marxism -instrument of capitalist class, state as executive class of bourgeoisie -desire for power and independence overriding concern of economic nationalists -economic-distribution of material wealth, -class struggles-> inequality and redistribution and revolution -4 essential elements: (1) change due to class struggle, (2) materialist approach to history, (3) capitalist mode of production and destiny governed by set of economic laws of motion and modern society, (4) normative commitment to socialism -capitalism driven by capitalists striving for profits and capital accumulation in competitive market economy Laws of capitalism -law of disproportionality-capitalist economies tend to overproduce particular goods which causes periodic depressions and economic fluctuations -law of concentration ( or accumulation)- motive is drive for profits -law of falling rate of profits- as capital accumulates, rate of return decreases and reduces incentive to invest -with capital accumulation-capitalism sows seeds of its own destruction and replaced by socialist economic system -Lenin: law of uneven development-capitalist economies grow and accumulate capital at different rates so capitalist international system can not be stable for long periods of time -nature of capitalism is international and internal dynamics lead to outward expansion -main weakness: doesn't consider political and strategic factors in international relations

22. "International Relations: One World, Many Theories" -Stephen Walt (Open Forum 1)

Realism - power and states -classical: innate desire to dominate others -neorealist: Waltz, focuses on effects of international system, weaker states balance against more powerful states -offense: war more likely when conquest easy, anarchy encourages states to try to maximize relative strength, internal characteristics don't matter -defense-survival, form alliances and choose defensive military postures, war rarely profitable- caused by domestic factor (Waltz) Liberalism -capitalist: economic interdependence, transnational networks, NGOsm global communications undermine power state power, need to stay conncted-don't want to disrupt -republic: spread democracy, democracies don't fight each other, definition of democracy differs -international institutions: overcome selfish behavior, institutions can't force states to do things Marxism -capitalism cause of conflict -neomarxist: dependency theory, classes -rich exploit poor -cause revolution -prosperity more likely from active participation in the world economy Domestic Politics -perspective -characteristics of states, government organizations, individual leaders Constructivism -ideas -regard interest and identities of states as highly malleable product of specific historical process -discourse shapes beliefs and interests and establishes norms of behavior *need multiple paradigms to explain events

6. "The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis -Immanuel Wallerstein (Marxism)

Structural Marxism -3 stages (4th stage invented) --(1) post revolutionary government --(2) socialist state --(4) socialist state which becomes a 'state of the whole people' --(3) communism -world-system: unit with single division of labor and multiple cultural systems -capitalism and a world economy go together, but neither causes the other -exchange partners can both benefit, but one benefits more- zero sum game -world economy regions (not classes like in Marxism) --core: most powerful, get resources from periphery (upper stratum: control military machinery) --semiperiphery: needed to make capitalist world-economy run smoothly (middle stratum: maintain long distance luxury trade, exploiter and exploited) --periphery: provides resources (lower stratum) -division of majority into upper stratum and middle stratum -mercantilism major tool of semi-peripheral countries trying to become core countries -world capitalist economy doesn't permit true imperium -only world system: world-economy and capitalist in form, states neither progressive nor reactionary