Grammar Test MCOM 320
Subordinating
"Sticks to a clause and makes it dependent" [Because, although, even, though, if, unless, wherever, after, before, since, when, while, until.]
Period
1. Avoid using at the end of lists
Capitalization
1. First word of sent., question, command, or expression. 2. First word of a complete quote 3. Proper Nouns, (a specific place, person, thing) and adj created from proper nouns. (no seasons) 4. Capitalize business and pro titles when they immediately precede names and when they appear in addresses. 5. All principle words in titles or Organizations, reports, books, magazines, journals, newspapers, etc. 6. Directions ONLY when they refer to a SPECIFIC area 7. The first letter of items in a vertical list. 8. Specific academic degrees.
Possessive Apostrophe
1. For a singular noun or pronoun, + 's 2. To show possession for two or more people (plural form + 's or s') 3. NO ' on possessive words, or on inanimate objects 4. For multiple owners, put ' on the last owner. 5. Use ' for clarification in unusual constructions 6. On any noun or pronoun before a word with -ing
Quotation Marks
1. For direct quotations but not for paraphrases. 2. punctuation inside quotes
Colon
1. Preceded by a full ind clause. 2. After the salutation in formal business letters.
Number Rules
1. Spell out single digit #s, numerals for everything 9>. 2. Always spell out #s that sentences begin with. 3. Use numerals in (dates, addresses, percentages, and page references) 4. Use numerals to express time when am or pm is used. Dont use colons and zeros with full hours unless the full hour is in the same text with a partial hour. Spell the hour in full when o'clock is use. 5. Use numbers for mixed #s in the same category. IF the largest # is more than 10 express all #s in the group as numerals. Spell out smaller # when #s of two categories occur side by side. 6. $ amounts as numerals. 7. For large #s, use combo of words and numerals. 8. Use #s to express decimals and whole #s with fractions. spell out and hyphen fractions that stand alone.
Comma:
1. Use a comma to divide main clauses joined by FANBOYS. 2. Place a comma after many intro elements, such as dep clauses, intro phrases, and transitional words, and wherever confusion might occur without a comma. 3. Use comma to divide all items in a series. 4. to divide adjacent adj that could be divided with the word and or that could be reversed without changing the meaning. 5. to divide nonessential, or interrupting, sentence elements from essential sentence elements. 6. use before and after the year when the month, day, and year are given, dont use a comma with a partial date or date written in day, month, year format 7. to divide elements of an address. put it before and after the last element, except when a ZIP code is the last element. 8. where they are needed for clarification.
Hyphen
1. prefix and letter of second word are the same. 2. a word might be mistaken for another. 3. the prefix "self" 4. word is likely to be mispronounced 5. base word is Capitalized 6. the base is a number 7. to connect compound adj. 8. Don't use with the prefixes (re, pre, sub, mis, semi)
Semicolon:
1. to divide two ind clauses NOT joined by FANBOYS. 2. before a conjunctive adv. that joins 2 ind. clauses. 3. If necessary to prevent confusion, a semicolon may be inserted to divide parallel sentence elements that have commas. 4. use before e.g. (for example) and i.e. (that is)
Ellipsis
1. to indicate an omission or a pause 2. retain the same punctuation marks
Dash
1. to set off sentence interrupters, to introduce, or emphasize. 2. to introduce (in place of a colon)
Complement
Complement: Parallelism, use the same parts of speech, Either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, both/and, long parallel items. MODIFIERS: Place modifiers close to the words they modify- only/not only, prepositional phrases, use adj. and adv correctly, avoid dangling modifiers.
Compound-complex sentence
Contains of min. of 2 ind clauses and one dep. clause
Complex Sentence
Contains one dep clause, and one or more ind. clause
Simple Sentence
Contains one ind clause and no dependent clauses
Compound Sentence
Contains two ind. clauses and no dep. clause.
Phrase
Does not have BOTH a subject and a verb.
FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions)
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (Use comma before FANBOYS joining an IND clause)
Clause
Have at least one subject and one verb.
Conjunctions
Joins words, phrases, dependent clauses, and independent clauses.
Modifiers
Keep the modifiers (adj/adv) near the word they are modifying
Parallelism
Not only/ but also Both/and Either/or Neither/nor
Subject
Subject: Strong, There/is, Nominalizations
Parentheses
To set off incidental comments, to introduce abbreviations that will be used later in the document or to enclose enumerations
Objective Case
Used as the "object" of some action (me, us, you, him, whom, her......etc)
Possessive Case
Used as the "owner" of something (my, our, your, his, whose, her.....etc)
Subjective Case
Used as the "subject" of a clause (I, we, you, he, she, who....etc)
Subjunctive Mood
Used to express a supposition, an indirect command or request, or a condition that is not true if not likely to be true.
Imperative Mood
Used to give a command or make a direct request.
Indicative Mood
Used to make statements of facts.
Verb
Verb: Vicinity/ Voice, Active and passive voice, Verbs close to subject. TIS = transitive, intransitive, state of being, Active: actor of action; purpose. Passive: defensible uses (negative news, recognition)
Active Voice
a clause in which the actor is the subject of the sentence.
Passive Voice
a clause in which the object of the action is the subject of the sentence.
IND Clause
a clause that conveys a complete idea and that can stand alone
Embedded Clause
a minor clause used within an independent or dependent clause.
DEP Clause
an idea that cannot stand alone
Adjective
limit, describe, qualify, or make more exact the meaning of any noun, pronoun, or subject of a clause
Adverb
limit, describe, qualify, or make more exact the meaning of any verb, adj, or other adv.
