Graphic Design History Test #2

Hugo Ball

A poet who opened the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich, Switzerland, as a gathering place for independent young poets, painters, and musicians. This led to the spontaneous development of the Dada literary movement, which would later branch into the visual arts.

Kelmscott Press

A printing enterprise started by William Morris, located in a rented cottage near Kelmscott Manor in Hammersmith.The press was committed to recapturing the beauty of incunabula books with meticulous hand-printing, handmade paper, hand-cut woodblocks, and initials and borders similar to those used by Ratdolt. Its most outstanding volume is the ambitious, 556-page Works of Geoffrey Chaucer.

Futurism

A revolutionary movement in which all the arts were to test their ideas and forms against the new realities of scientific and industrial society. Its manifesto voiced enthusiasm for war, the machine age, speed, and modern life.

Dadaists

Adopted Futurism's violent, revolutionary techniques. Dada writers and artists sought absolute freedom from tradition and, using shock, protest, and nonsense, their work rebelled against the horrors of World War

Jules Chéret

Approaching color as a fundamental of composition rather than an addition

Herbert Matter

At the urging of a friend who worked at the Museum of Modern Art, Matter went to see Alexey Brodovitch, who had been collecting the Swiss travel posters (two of which were hanging on Brodovitch's studio wall). Matter soon began taking photographs for Harper's Bazaar and Saks Fifth Avenue

Cubism

Cubism became a catalyst for experiments that pushed art and design toward geometric abstraction and new attitudes toward pictorial space and subject matter was depicted with simplified cylinders, spheres, and cones. - Tribal images had a big influence on Cubism - Cubism was a broken viewpoint - Cubism was a way to describe 3D in 2D - The Cubists favored neutral palettes

The Bauhaus

Das Staatliche Bauhaus, a German design school whose faculty and students shaped the modern design aesthetic.. Stained glass, wood, and metal workshops were taught by both an artist and a craftsman and organized along medieval lines of master, journeyman, apprentice. Moved away from expressionism and toward on rationalism and design for the machine. "Less is more"

The de Stijl movement

De Stijl's philosophy and visual forms developed from the pure, geometric abstraction in the paintings of Piet Mondrian. The visual vocabulary of de Stijl artists was reduced to red, yellow, blue; black, gray, white; straight horizontal and vertical lines; and flat rectangular or square planes. Deeply concerned about the spiritual and intellectual climate of their time. Universal harmony through mathematical structure.

William Caslon

Designer of typefaces, Caslon's typefaces were inspired by the Dutch Baroque types, the most commonly used types in England before Caslon's faces.

Constructivists

Devoted themselves to serving the new communist society through industrial design, visual communications, and applied arts.

Pierre Simon Fournier le Jeune

Enlightenment typist influenced by the Romain du Roi and the ornate French rococo style (letterpress boarders/ ornaments)

Vincent Figgins

Established his own type foundry and quickly built a respectable reputation for type design and the design of mathematical, astronomical, and hundreds of other kinds of symbolic materials. -Dubbed types sans-serifs

Industrial Revolution

Graphics played an important role in marketing factory output to a growing middle class. The French and American revolutions resulted in greater human equality, which led to increased public education and literacy and an increased audience for reading materials. Mass media dawns

Standardization

In 1723, the French government agreed that types should be subject to standards. Fournier started creating his type on scale. Fournier also developed a new musical typestyle that made the notes round, more elegant, and easier to read.

Frank Pick

In England, the Underground Electric Railways of London under the leadership of Frank Pick launched a successful poster campaign to encourage use of public transportation. (Mind the Gap)

Albert Bruce Rogers

Influenced by Kelmscott books, he became the most important American book designer of the early twentieth century. He joined the Riverside Press of the Houghton Mifflin Company in 1896 and designed books with a strong Arts and Crafts influence.

Fell types

Presumed to be the work of Dutch punch-cutter Dirck Vosken. Shorter extenders, higher stroke contrast, narrowing of round letters, and flattened serifs on the baseline and descenders

Suprematism

Rejected pictorial content in favor of pure geometric form and color

Modern Era

Seeking a formal rupture with the past and a transcendence of stylistic relativity, Modern designers embraced: • functionalism • geometric formalism • machine aesthetics

William Morris

The leader of the English Arts and Crafts movement who called for a fitness of purpose, truth to the nature of materials and methods of production, and individual expression by both designer and worker.

John Ruskin

The writer and artist who inspired the philosophy of the Arts and Crafts Movement by rejecting the mercantile economy and pointing toward the union of art and labor in service to society, as exemplified in the design and construction of the medieval Gothic cathedral.

Giambattista Bodoni

Was an Italian engraver, publisher, printer and typographer. was hired by the Duke Ferdinand of Bourbon-Parma to organize a printing house in Parma, to be one of the great houses of Italy, called la Stamperia Reale. Reproduce letterforms with very thin "hairlines," standing in sharp contrast to the thicker lines constituting the main stems of the characters

Arts and Crafts movement

Was inspired by writer and artist John Ruskin,This movement flourished in England during the last decades of the nineteenth century as a reaction against the social, moral, and artistic confusion of the Industrial Revolution. Design and a return to handicraft were advocated, and the "cheap and nasty" mass-produced goods of the Victorian era were abhorred. The leader of this movement in England was William Morris, who called for a fitness of purpose, truth to the nature of materials and methods of production, and individual expression by both designer and worker.

Pierre Simon Fournier

a French mid-18th century punch-cutter, typefounder and typographic theoretician. Fournier's contributions to printing were his creation of initials and ornaments, his design of letters, and his standardization of type sizes.

Tristan Tzara

a Paris-based Romanian poet who edited the periodical DADA beginning in July 1917. Tzara joined Hugo Ball, Jean Arp, and Richard Huelsenbeck in exploring sound poetry, nonsense poetry, and chance poetry. He wrote a steady stream of Dada manifestos and contributed to all major Dada publications and events.

Chromolithography

a colored picture printed by the lithographic process from a series of stone or metal plates, the impression from each plate being in a different color

Piet Mondrian

a painter who worked during the de Stijl movement. Like Théo van Doesburg, he reduced his visual vocabulary to the use of primary colors (red, yellow, and blue) with neutrals (black, gray, and white), straight horizontal and vertical lines, and flat planes limited to rectangles and squares. Believed in the diagonal line.

Frederic W. Goudy

an American typeface designer with a love of books and diligent work. He became a freelance designer in Chicago, specializing in lettering and typographic design. Goudy designed a total of 122 typefaces, many of which were based on Venetian and French Renaissance type designs.

Berlin Dadaists John Heartfield

created visual communications to raise public awareness and promote social change

Types of Modernism

cubism, futurism, dada, and expressionism

The Century Guild Hobby Horse

featured the work of guild members and was the first printed magazine devoted exclusively to the visual arts

the Enlightenment era

increase in the variety and distribution of printed matter helped establish communities among readers who were connected by common interests and beliefs, rather than geographical proximity; and distinctive designs made these media visually identifiable -Copperplate engraving -Baroque/Rocco styles -Simplified type

Kurt Schwitters

offshoot of the Dada movement that he named Merz from the word Kommerz (commerce). Found in one of his collages. His Merz collages were strong design compositions based on nonsense, surprise, and chance that were made by combining printed ephemera, rubbish, and found materials. Schwitters wrote and designed poetry, which he defined as the interaction of elements: letters, syllables, words, and sentences. In the 1920s, constructivism became an added influence on Schwitters

Lithography

originally used an image drawn in wax or other oily substance applied to a lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to the printed sheet.

AM Cassandre

was a painter, commercial poster artist and typeface designer. His inventive graphic techniques executed in clear, simplified forms show influences of Surrealism and Cubism and became very popular in Europe and the US during the 1930s

Art nouveau

was a transitional style that bridged the aesthetic confusion of the Victorian era and modernism. Art nouveau thrived from about 1890-1910 and encompassed all the design arts—architecture, furniture, product design, fashion, and graphics.

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

was well known as painter as well. the industrialized production promoted many of these artists to a position of popularity. Posters became collectable objects and the line between fine art and mass production commercial art was blurred. The posters were not only reflections of the 19th cent. society but very much a part of life and culture.