Graphs and data collection

One of the most common ways of measuring behavior Used for behaviors that have a clear beginning and end

Frequency

Which measurement procedure would be best when looking to increase the behavior of hand raising? Duration Recording Frequency recording

Frequency recording

Task analysis recording would not be used to measure which of the following behaviors? Giving a high five Hand washing Putting on a shirt Writing an email

Giving a high five

Duration recording

How long the behavior occurred for

Frequency recording

How many times a behavior occurs

When a graph shows sudden or drastic changes in a client's behavior that do not seem to be attributed to anything in your session, it may be the result of a confounding variable. In this case you should... Talk to the client's caregiver and try to figure out what the confounding variable could be. Show the data to your supervisor and discuss your concern. Don't do anything. Behavior changes unexpectedly sometimes and there is nothing you can do about it. Both A and B are strategies you could use in this situation.

Talk to the client's caregiver and try to figure out what the confounding variable could be. & Show the data to your supervisor and discuss your concern.

Momentary time sampling could be used in which of the following situations? When looking to increase cooperative play When collecting data on multiple behaviors at once When you are not able to observe a client continuously All of the above

All of the above

I.O.A. process

2 or more people will record the response or behavior- independently, at the same time Data are collected and compared to determine accuracy Supervisor will record data along with you to determine the accuracy of your data collection

The graph we use most often in ABA is called Pie chart A bar graph A line graph

A line graph

What does the baseline condition show? A measure of the target behavior after intervention is introduced A measure of the target behavior when intervention is introduced A measure of the target behavior before intervention is introduced The baseline condition can show a measure of the target behavior with or without intervention

A measure of the target behavior before intervention is introduced

Which of the following is a reason that graphs are important? Graphs allow for visual inspection of the data Analyzing data in graphic displays allows us to make more objective, data-based decisions Graphs help us demonstrate that the procedures we use are responsible for changes in the target behavior All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is important when graphing? Follow the graphing protocols outlined by the organization you work for Use correct terminology when writing on the graph Keep the graph clean and readable All of the above

All of the above

Which is an example of a possible confounding variable? The client's family recently moved and the client is now attending a new school The client's medication was increased The client's sibling is away at summer camp All of the above are possible examples of confounding variables that may influence a client's behavior

All of the above are possible examples

Which of the following statements is true about experimental control? Experimental control is shown when there is a change in the behavior when the intervention is started Experimental control is shown when the change in behavior is demonstrated reliably and repeatedly We show experimental control by running mini research experiments when we use a procedure to teach a new skill or decrease challenging behavior All of the statements above are true about experimental control

All of the statements are true

When is the best time to take data? At a time that is convenient during the session Anytime is fine After your session so you have a chance to reflect As immediately as possible after observing the behavior

As immediately as possible after observing the behavior

A-B Design

Baseline intervention. Does not show experimental control

A-B- A-B design

Baseline-treatment-baseling-treatment.

Deo

Behavior being measured

Partial Interval Recording

Behavior is recorded if it occurs at any time during each interval. No matter how many times or how long, just if it occurred or not. Requires continuous observation Used to measure behaviors that do not have a clear start and end

Momentary Time Sample

Behavior recorded at end of each interval. Scored only if behavior is occurring when interval ends Does not require continuous observation Used when goal is to increase behavior that should occur continuously Used when observer has to track multiple behaviors at a time I.e. participation in activities

Which of the following is NOT a reason data collection is important? Data collection encourages objective decision making Data collection allows for objective reporting to others Data collection gives us a way to identify changes in behavior Data collection allows the teacher to give his/her thoughts about the procedures being used

Data collection allows the teacher to give his/her thoughts about the procedures being used

I.O.A.:

Degree in which 2 or more people who are simultaneously observing and recording data on a client's behavior, report the same observed values after measuring the same events.

Per opportunity measure is typically used with which of the following teaching procedures? Incidental teaching Total task chaining Discrete trial teaching Forward chaining

Discrete trial teaching

Putting a quantitative value on some aspect of the behavior..

Factors that determine what aspect of behavior to look at: Type of behavior, behavior is to increase or decrease How many times a behavior occurs (frequency recording) how long the behavior occurred for (duration recording)

An A-B design shows strong experimental control. True False

False

Data should be collected only for behavior that we want to decrease? True False

False

Which best describes an alternating treatment design? The treatment is introduced after baseline Multiple interventions are introduced repeatedly in an alternating pattern. These data are compared in order to determine which intervention is most effective. The same treatment is introduced for multiple clients The same treatment is introduced for one client in three different locations

Multiple interventions are introduced repeatedly in an alternating pattern. These data are compared in order to determine which intervention is most effective.

Importance of Data collection:

Objective way at looking at behavior change: Is what you are doing effective? Allows you to make proper changes by looking at data. Effective reporting to others.

Time sampling

Observation period broken into short intervals. Occurrence or absence of the target behavior recorded during each interval.

Which of the following is not a guideline for data collection? Be objective Organize data collection materials before your session begins Only take data when the client is making progress Take data immediately

Only take data when the client is making progress

With which measurement procedure is the target behavior recorded if it occurs at any point within the scoring interval? Partial interval recording Momentary time sampling Whole interval recording All of the above.

Partial interval recoding

Independent variable:

Procedure being evaluated as a method of changing behavior.

Whole Interval Recording

The behavior is recorded as having occurred only if it occurs during the entire length of the interval Requires continuous observation

Which statement is correct about independent and dependent variables? The independent variable refers to the graph and dependent variable refers to the data The independent variable refers to the behavior being measured and the dependent variable refers to the strategies being used to change the behavior. The independent variable refers to the procedure being used to change behavior, the dependent variable refers to the behavior being measured None of the above are correct.

The independent variable refers to the procedure being used to change behavior, the dependent variable refers to the behavior being measured

What does it mean to measure a behavior? To graph data To put a quantitative value on an aspect of a behavior To know where the behavior occurred To observe the behavior objectively

To put a quantitative value on an aspect of a behavior

A graph is a format for visually displaying data True False

True

Collecting data on accurate spelling from a spelling test completed by the client is an example of permanent product recording. True False

True

Duration recording is used to measure the length of time a behavior occurs and frequency recording measures the number of times a behavior occurs. True False

True

Alternating treatment design

Two different interventions in place

Per Opportunity Recording:

Used during discrete trial teaching Responses scored as correct or incorrect Data recorded only during specific learning opportunities Data summarized as the percentage of correct responses per session or day

What are the two situations in which a reversal (ABAB) design should not be used (select two answer choices) When the data represents a skill that has been taught and cannot be unlearned When teaching and taking data on a behavior chain. When you see the desired change in behavior after the first introduction of the treatment condition. When the behavior being tracked is a severe challenging behavior that may be dangerous or cause harm to the client or others

When the behavior being tracked is a severe challenging behavior that may be dangerous or cause harm to the client or others & When the data represents a skill that has been taught and cannot be unlearned

Which measurement procedure could be used when looking to increase on-task behavior? Partial interval recording Whole interval recording Frequency recording Any of these measurement procedures could be used

Whole interval recording

Which of the following statements is NOT true of a reversal (ABAB) design? A reversal design has the ability to show strong experimental control The baseline and treatment conditions are introduced and withdrawn multiple times With a reversal design the baseline condition is implemented only one time A reversal design can demonstrate that behavior changes reliably when the treatment is introduced

With a reversal design the baseline condition is implemented only one time

Multiple baseline design

an experimental approach in which two or more behaviors are assessed to determine their initial, stable expression (i.e., baseline) and then an intervention or manipulation is applied to one of the behaviors while the others are unaffected.

Data

is summarized into graphs to visually depict data

Permanent product recording

used when target response generates a tangible, observable product.