GRE vocabulary

coalition

A coalition is a group of people who join together for a common cause, like a coalition you form with other skateboarders who want to convince your town to build a skate park. The noun coalition comes from the Latin word coalitiō, meaning "to grow together." Often, the people and groups that form coalitions have different backgrounds but come together because they share a goal. For example, parents, teachers, business owners, and city council members might form a coalition to build a teen center, just as nations that do not agree on all issues might form a coalition because they all want peace. noun the union of diverse things into one body or form or group; the growing together of parts synonyms: coalescence, coalescency, concretion, conglutination The Liberals may try to form a Sonia said that the Liberals might try coalition government. to form a coalition government. General Teófilo Vargas came forward with his intentions: in a few hours he shattered the coalition of better-qualified commanders and took charge of the main command. These coalitions play a central part not only during overt struggles for the alpha position, but in almost all day-to-day activities. The alpha male usually wins his position not because he is physically stronger, but because he leads a large and stable coalition. ائتلاف، اتحاد موقتی

Constitution

A constitution is a statement of the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or group, such as the U.S. Constitution. Another very common meaning of the constitution is the physical makeup of a person. The noun constitution is from Latin, from constitutes, "set up, established," plus the suffix -ion, meaning "act, state, or condition." So think of a constitution as to how a body (yours, the government) is set up. If you have a strong constitution, it means you don't get sick very often. noun the act of forming or establishing something "The constitution of a PTA group last year" synonyms: establishment, formation, organization, organization noun law determining the fundamental political principles of a government synonyms: fundamental law, organic law In 1865, while white legislators gathered in Raleigh to revise the state constitution, 117 black delegates representing half of all the state's counties met across town. An 1875 amendment to the state constitution provided for "separate but equal" schools for whites, blacks, and Indians, laying the foundation for discrimination. The PAC presented a manifesto and a constitution, along with Sobukwe's opening address, in which he called for a "government of the Africans by the Africans and for the Africans." Elections to regional legislatures would take place at the same time as national elections, and the regional bodies could draw up their own constitutions consistent with the national constitution. قانون اساسی

hinge

A hinge is a type of joint that attaches two things together while allowing for limited movement. A door hinge fastens the door to the wall and lets the door swing open. A hinge is a joint that holds two pieces of something together while allowing one piece to move in a swinging motion. When used as a verb, hinge can mean "to attach a hinge." Hinge can also be used to indicate that one key event depends on another, as in "The athlete's future with the team will hinge on his performance at tonight's game" or "The success of this product hinges on how many units are sold this month." noun a joint that holds two parts together so that one can swing relative to the other synonyms: flexible joint noun a circumstance upon which subsequent events depend "his absence is the hinge of our plan" verb attach with a hinge verb be contingent on synonyms: depend on, depend upon, devolve on, hinge upon, pivot, ride, turn on I don't initially realize how much hinges on her answer. She'd already altered the hinges on all her doors so that they squealed loudly any time they opened. All our other ideas hinge on this cut working. Daddy's feet thud toward the front of the house and the hinges on the front door squeak as it swings open. وابسته بودن، بستگی داشتن

lawsuit

A lawsuit is the result of a disagreement that ends up in court. A long-running feud between neighbors about a flock of chickens and a barking dog might eventually end up as a lawsuit. If someone files a lawsuit against you, you become a defendant, while they are the plaintiff. Lawsuits are always part of civil law, rather than criminal cases, involving something some kind of financial or personal loss. When you're embroiled in a lawsuit, you'll probably need to hire a lawyer. This legal term dates from the 17th century. noun a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy synonyms: case, causa, cause, suit They did not do litigation; that is, very few of them had a division dedicated to defending and filing lawsuits. In 1987 he filed a lawsuit in federal court to halt Axel's research on the grounds that it violated the 1975 National Environmental Policy Act, because it had never been proven environmentally safe. دعوی، مرافعه، طرح دعوی در دادگاه

mandate

A mandate is an official command or a go-ahead. When a politician wins an election by a wide margin, that's a mandate to implement her ideas. A mandate gives authority. If the government gives schools a mandate to test more, then the schools had better give more tests. People who work for the Peace Corps have a mandate to help various countries with things like getting clean drinking water. A politician who believes in higher taxes and then gets elected considers that a mandate to raise taxes. When you have a mandate, it's like a ticket to get something done. noun a formal statement of a command or injunction to do something synonyms: charge, commission, direction verb make mandatory "The new director of the school board mandated regular tests" Even without the pressure of the space race, even without the mandate to beat the enemy. Data collection for police and prosecutors should be mandated nationwide in order to monitor and challenge selective enforcement. However, she was becoming impatient with the segregation that mandated a separate council for black scouts, and she began campaigning for one organization overseeing all the scouts. "You really should have a moon manicure. I'll have my nail attendant do one for you. When I am regent queen, I will mandate it. Even for Belles. Everything about a person should be beautiful." دستور، حکم، اجباری کردن

pariah

A pariah is someone that has been soundly rejected by their community. Your constant gossiping might make you a pariah on campus. Pariah takes its name from a tribe in Southeast India. The pariahs were drummers, sorcerers, and servants who became untouchables in Indian society because of the unsanitary jobs they did. Pariah maintains this sense of untouchableness. Pariahs are not just unliked, they are avoided at all costs. Imagine how a once-popular restaurant could gain pariah status if it fails health inspections three times in a row. noun a person who is rejected (from society or home) synonyms: Ishmael, castaway, outcast He read about the history of the Korean Peninsula, the reputation of the Kim family dictatorship, and his country's status as an international pariah. He was a senior when I was a freshman, and he considered telling everyone I'd been abducted by aliens and turning me into a social pariah his greatest achievement. "If I find you on my property tomorrow I'll have you castrated like the pariah dog that you are! I'll have you killed!" So I put aside the memory of the little pariah dog and the gosling. آدم طرد شده، آدم پست و منفور

pledge

A pledge is basically a very serious formal promise. You can pledge allegiance to your country, you can pledge to keep a secret, and you can pledge a sum of money to a cause. Pledge can be used as both a noun and a verb. As a noun, it can be a solemn promise you've made. Or even the person who makes that promise, like the freshman pledges who take an oath to join a fraternity in college. As a verb, it describes the act of promising. "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people," vowed Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States. verb promise solemnly and formally "I pledge that I will honor my wife" synonyms: plight He had pledged to end civil strife forever, and he did not want to go back on his word. It allowed him to fulfill his pledge to his parents to become the greatest architect in America, for certainly in his day he had become so. I didn't even know about some of the pledge nights, and I didn't care. "Say this," Zoe told her, "'I pledge myself to the goddess Artemis.' متعهد شدن

Firewall

A sturdy barrier that's flame-resistant is called a firewall. Another kind of firewall is the one a computer system uses to block potentially dangerous external networks or hackers. The original firewall was exactly what it sounds like: a wall that provides a safe barrier against fire. These firewalls are often used in large buildings (or between structures that are connected) to prevent a fire from spreading once it's started. The term was borrowed to describe something in computing that plays a similar role, limiting access to a network, usually from the internet. Your firewall helps protect your computer against viruses and malware. noun a fireproof (or fire-resistant) wall designed to prevent the spread of fire through a building or a vehicle noun (computing) a security system consisting of a combination of hardware and software that limits the exposure of a computer or computer network to attack from crackers; commonly used on local area networks that are connected to the internet I torched through the firewall, maybe five seconds. This system is of course protected, but the firewall isn't very secure. Then, last night, just before I'd succumbed to exhaustion, I'd finally managed to navigate my way through the intranet's labyrinth of firewalls and into the main Oology Division database. Cracking a laptop firewall is ridiculously easy, pure script kiddie stuff. دیواره ، سد محافظ

tally

A tally is a continuous count of something, like the number of words in a document, or the number of favors your best friend owes you. To tally is to add up, like keeping the score of a game. The word tally has to do with counting. It comes from the Latin word for "stick" because people used to keep a tally by marking a stick. Tally can be the total, or the act of adding it all up. If you count the bikers riding by, your count is a tally. As a verb, tally is used for keeping score. Two friends playing basketball need to tally the points after each basket so they don't lose track noun the act of counting; reciting numbers in ascending order synonyms: count, counting, enumeration, numeration, reckoning The left column tallies the probability, based on all past meetings between the two wrestlers fighting that day, that the 7—7 wrestler will win. The English Exchequer used to keep accounts on a variant of the tally stick until 1826. However, before a final tally was taken, High Blade Xenocrates announced that time had run out for legislative issues. The soul must then recite a counting rhyme to tally his fingers, satisfying the ferryman. شمارش، شمارش آرای انتخاباتی

agitate

Agitate means to stir up. If you watch a horror movie at bedtime, you may be too agitated to sleep. Movies like that can agitate all sorts of adrenaline responses in the body. Agitate derives from a Latin word that means "to drive away." The meaning has changed, but you can see where old meets new—a washing machine agitates dirty clothes in warm soapy water to drive away from the dirt. You agitate or shake up salad dressing to mix it, driving the oil away into the vinegar. verb move or cause to move back and forth synonyms: shake verb change the arrangement or position of synonyms: commove, disturb, raise up, shake up, stir up, vex "We're not allowed to talk about it, don't ask me anything," said one agitated Obliviator, who refused to give his name as he left the Ministry last night. There was an agitated, restless quality to his movements. The Ganguli learn the cause of the delay the following morning, as breakfast is being served, the passengers are agitated and horrified, all speaking of the same thing. Spirits had started to gather around us again, and they seemed agitated. به هم زدن، تحریک کردن

audit

An audit is a thorough counting, review, or assessment of a situation or collection of things. Before baking cookies, you'd better make an audit of the ingredients available to see whether there is enough sugar and butter. The most common use of the word audit is by the Internal Revenue Service, which sometimes performs an audit of a taxpayer's finances to see whether that taxpayer has accurately reported his or her income. It can also be used in this context as a verb. It's easy to get nervous if the IRS is planning to audit you! You can also audit a class if you attend but don't pay for it. Just don't think that you'll get credit towards graduation from that. An audit is a thorough counting, review, or assessment of a situation or collection of things. Before baking cookies, you'd better make an audit of the ingredients available to see whether there is enough sugar and butter. The most common use of the word audit is by the Internal Revenue Service, which sometimes performs an audit of a taxpayer's finances to see whether that taxpayer has accurately reported his or her income. It can also be used in this context as a verb. It's easy to get nervous if the IRS is planning to audit you! You can also audit a class if you attend but don't pay for it. Just don't think that you'll get credit towards graduation from that. verb examine carefully for accuracy with the intent of verification "audit accounts and tax returns" synonyms: inspect, scrutinize, scrutinize noun a methodical examination or review of a condition or situation "He made an audit of all the plants on his property" "an energy efficiency audit" "an email log audit" noun an inspection of the accounting procedures and records by a trained accountant or CPA synonyms: audited account The Fowls had held on to Fowl Manor over the years, surviving war, civil unrest, and several tax audits. In the midst of the controversy, an outside audit of Korean Air's operations was leaked to the public. Over the years, a series of "audit studies" have tried to measure how people perceive different names. We made a quick audit of our competition. رسیدگی، حسابرسی، بازرسی

impulse

An impulse is a sudden force or desire — this could be an electrical impulse or an impulse to get some pizza. If you act on a sudden feeling or thought, you're following an impulse. That's like a whim: an impulse isn't something you've given a lot of thought to. Another meaning of impulse is an electrical charge or pulse. Electrical impulses are coursing through wires all through your house every day. Both kinds of impulses make things happen. The electrical impulse keeps the refrigerator going, and then you have an impulse to eat all the ice cream in the fridge. noun an impelling force or strength synonyms: momentum noun the act of applying force suddenly "the impulse knocked him over" synonyms: impetus, impulsion Toby was still up against the wall, fighting the impulse to jump off the mattress and sprint out the door. Her impulse was to cover her ears, but she held her hands tightly in her lap. On an impulse, Hazel hopped down the bank and went a little way into the open grass. The process of life had ceased to be intolerable, he had no longer any impulse to make faces at the telescreen or shout curses at the top of his voice. انگیزه ناگهانی، برانگیزش، ضربت

incumbent

An incumbent is an official who holds office. If you want to run for congress, you're going to have to beat the incumbent. Incumbent comes from the Latin word incumbens, which means "lying in" or "leaning on," but came to mean "holding a position." It was first used in English for someone holding a church office, and then someone holding any office. You'll most likely hear it today for political officials. In a race for mayor, the incumbent mayor faces a challenger. Incumbent also means "required by obligation." It is incumbent upon you to do the dishes. noun the official who holds an office synonyms: officeholder The Left Front group declared that the incumbent leadership did not reflect the wishes of the club. When Faye came down from Sacramento and opened her house there was a flurry of animosity from the two incumbents. Things were often incumbent upon him, and he frequently acted with the greatest reluctance. But before doing so, there were a few words that he felt it incumbent upon him to say. متصدی فعلی

atrocity

Atrocities, acts of outrageous cruelty, are often committed during wars and armed conflicts. The word atrocity describes both the act of cruelty as well as the sense of cruelty. If you go to visit a poorly run prison, you might be overwhelmed by the atrocity of the place when you see that no one is treated with respect, and that torture is rampant. The word atrocity is also often used in the context of warfare and frequently as a plural. There were numerous atrocities on both sides, as the war raged on and the fighters' capacity for cruelty seemed to increase. noun an act of atrocious cruelty synonyms: inhumanity It's a shock to everyone when he says, the Battle of Kinsale in sixteen naught one was the saddest moment in Irish history, a close battle with cruelty and atrocities on both sides. Three years of wartime propaganda—racist headlines, atrocity movies, hate slogans, and fright- mask posters—had turned the Japanese face into something despicable and grotesque. But even as I write now, I can't help but think that it would be an atrocity to let our ending come like this. Flowever, the true atrocities, the most frightening, incorporate a perverse psychological twist designed to terrify the victim. خشونت، قساوت، بی رحمی، سبعیت

relent

Being unwilling to relent is a good qualification for a salesperson. You have to keep trying to make the sale and never give in until you've made it. The root of relent is the Latin lentus, which means "to slow down or soften." The original meaning, from the 15th century, most likely had to do with the heart — as in "to stop resisting love." Now, however, relent can have all manner of applications, but the meaning is always the same: to let up, soften, yield, or give in. Often, you'll hear the adjective relentless used to describe someone who won't relent: "The firemen refused to relent; they banged relentlessly on the door until I woke up." verb give in, as to influence or pressure synonyms: soften, succumb, yield Finally, he relented to get us off his back. She finally relented and gave me 2,000 rands, for one outfit. I relented and let him take my arm, finding pleasure in the pressure of his hand. David had finally relented, begrudgingly, and that meant that the rest of the squad was going as well. تسلیم شدن، نرم شدن

dire

Dire refers to situations or events that cause great fear and worry. A dire calamity causes much suffering. If a family is in dire need, they need immediate help. Dire predictions or warnings tell us that a disaster may happen in the future. If you are trapped between the burning building behind you and the high cliffs in front of you, you might describe yourself as being in dire straits. adjective fraught with extreme danger; nearly hopeless "a dire emergency" synonyms: desperate critical being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency But fast enough, the dire reality of the situation began to hit Thomas, and his insides turned to rot. Before this note there is nothing in the journal to suggest that McCandless was in dire circumstances. She makes a face at me but smiles, clearly grateful I am speaking of something less dire—and yet both of our thoughts went from one dead mortal girl to her beloved, also mortal. It was true that the situation was dire and Adina had hardly known these people. وخیم

discredit

Discredit means to cause mistrust or cast the accuracy of something into doubt. If you say that schooling is important to you, but you never study, your actions discredit you and your words. You discredit what someone says when you choose not to believe it. You can discredit the rumors going around about your boyfriend if you are sure of his love. On a more personal level, you discredit people when you cast their authority or reputation into doubt. If you're running a tough race for class president, your opponent may try to discredit you by talking about your failures or even making up lies about you. But this would be to the discredit of your opponent — his or her own reputation would suffer for this bad behavior. damage the reputation of "This newspaper story discredits the politicians" synonyms:disgrace Gwentshe knew how to exploit certain issues in order to discredit his opponents. Even the head of an illegitimate, discredited minority regime, as his is, has certain moral standards to uphold. And some have charged that the claims advance the political agenda of those who seek to discredit European culture, because the high numbers seem to inflate the scale of native loss. The agreement infuriated Chief Buthelezi, who severed relations with the NP and formed an alliance with a group of discredited homeland leaders and white right-wing parties solely concerned with obtaining an Afrikaner homeland. بی اعتبار کردن، بد نام کردن

exert

Exert basically means to put forth effort to do something. For example, when you exert yourself in a workout, you can really feel the burn in your muscles. The Latin verb exserere — with its derivative form exsertus, which is the source of our word — means to "put forth." That's where exert gets its meaning of physical force — consider that when you try hard at something, you put forth effort to do it, you push yourself. But exert can refer to other ways you "push": you exert your influence to convince others to think your way; when one nation exerts its power on another; and gravity exerts its force on us, holding us down on earth. verb put to use "exert one's power or influence" synonyms: exercise If he could not exert his great powers of persuasion directly, he could at least attempt to do so indirectly. Too miserable to eat or even read, for the next two days I mostly lay in my tent with my head in my hands, trying to exert myself as little as possible. We demand universal adult franchise and we are prepared to exert economic pressure to attain our demands. We work at this all our lives, and collectively we give it life, but we do not exert the least control over language, not as individuals or committees or academies or governments. اجرا کردن، نشان دادن، بکار بردن، اعمال کردن

fellow

Fellow is an old-fashioned word for "guy." If you're wearing a top hat, you may address someone as "my good fellow." It's also a non-stuffy word to describe people in the same situation, such as you and your fellow Vocabulary.com fans. Other words for fellow include "chap" and "dude." A fellow can also be someone's boyfriend, as in "Is he your fellow?" an interested suitor might ask. Another kind of fellow is an academic who's either reached a high position or won a prestigious scholarship. A MacArthur Fellow, for example, is a person who won a MacArthur fellowship (a well-deserved chunk of money). Fellow comes from an Old English word, feolaga, "one who shares with another." noun a person who is a member of one's class or profession "he sent an e-mail to his fellow hackers" synonyms: colleague, confrere Each of the nine slaves had died with his throat cut by his fellow's blade. And Mack said, "That Doc is a fine fellow. We ought to do something for him." My comrades were not early risers and my program soon made me a very unpopular fellow in our cell. KLA soldiers had put sometimes violent pressure on fellow Albanians to flee Kacanik for refugee camps in Macedonia, with the aim of provoking sympathy from the international community and—they hoped—a military response. هم رتبه، هم شان

seat of the pants

He added, "We did not even come close to that," and he dismissed the Senate review as a "seat-of-the-pants circus." متکی به ابتکار و مهارت فردی (نه نقشه ی قبلی یا دستگاه های خودکار و غیره)

idiosyncrasy

If a person has an idiosyncrasy, he or she has a little quirk, or a funny behavior, that makes him or her different. If you only say goodbye in French, never in English, that would be an idiosyncrasy. Idio seems like it means stupid, but really it is Latin for "one's own," as an idiosyncrasy is one's own particular, usually odd, behavior. Putting salt in your hot chocolate or needing the light on to sleep or tapping your head while you think are all idiosyncrasies. A machine such as a DVD player has an idiosyncrasy if you have to do something weird to it to make it work like having to bang it on the back left-hand side to stop it from skipping. noun a behavioral attribute that is distinctive and peculiar to an individual synonyms: foible, mannerism Scott Fischer's team was a congenial and cohesive group; most of Pittman's teammates took her idiosyncrasies in stride and seemed to have little trouble accepting her into their midst. He was, I think, deliberately playing up the idiosyncrasies of his personality. "I feel grievous when I ruminate about your idiosyncrasies, Loring," Pinkie called out proudly. Not only did she know the intricacies of the sport and all of its rules, but she knew me and all of my idiosyncrasies as well. عادت یا ویژگی بد یا عجیب

preempt

If everyone at the lunch meeting is vying for the last roast beef sandwich, but you grab it first, you preempt your colleagues from getting it. Let them eat liverwurst! Preempt means to displace or take something before others can. Preempt combines the Latin prefix prae-, "before," with emere, "to buy." Think old-fashioned land grabs and midnight madness sales. It can also mean replacing one thing with another that's more important. For instance, if the president is speaking or the football game is running long, brace yourself: the network just might preempt your favorite show. verb keep from happening or arising; make impossible synonyms: forbid, foreclose, forestall, preclude, prevent verb take action to prevent someone else from acting Reading the paper, he must have felt that inescapable chill of déjà vu running through his spine: the "certain Mendel" had certainly preempted de Vries by more than three decades. Thus, that potential for other, independent experiments was preempted or aborted. Rapid spread of a crop may preempt domestication not only of the same wild ancestral species somewhere else but also of related wild species. Inside the church, they preempted a whole front pew by laying Laurie full-length on the seat. پیشدستی کردن، از قبل جلوگیری کردن

partisan

If something is prejudicial towards a particular point of view, you can call it partisan. You'll often hear of the partisan politics in the U.S.— since politicians seem to be completely devoted to the agendas of their own parties. Partisan can be used to describe rabid supporters of any person or activity. In American English, however, it is most often used to refer to politics and the American two-party system of Democrats and Republicans. A bill introduced may have partisan support from the party that introduced the bill, or — more rarely it seems to American voters — the bill may even have bipartisan support. The prefix bi is added to show the support from both parties. noun a fervent and even militant proponent of something synonyms:drumbeater, zealot see more noun an ardent and enthusiastic supporter of some person or activity synonyms:enthusiast, partizan She actually preferred to be among the poor, the working-class poor of the Red Hook Housing Projects in Brooklyn, the cement mixers, bakers, doughnut makers, grandmothers, and soul-food church partisans who were her lifelong friends. In a few years, some of the appellate court judges would be attacked and replaced in partisan judicial elections by candidates who complained about the court's rulings in death penalty cases. Yitzchak, who had indeed escaped, had lived in the forest with the partisans, fighting the Germans. Maybe it comes from the stew in some nameless Ukrainian kitchen; maybe partisans have poisoned the water; maybe Werner simply sits too long in too many damp places with the headset over his ears. طرفدارانه

statutory

If something is statutory, it is related to or set by-laws or statutes. Statutory restrictions on air pollution require drivers to have the emissions from their cars checked every few years. You might wonder what the difference is between statutory and legal. Both are adjectives and both are concerned with the law. If something is legal, it is allowed by the law, whereas if it is statutory, it is regulated by law. In the negative, this is easier to understand. If something is not legal, the law says you can't do it. If something is not statutory, there are no laws regulating it. adjective relating to or created by statutes "statutory matters" "statutory law" adjective prescribed or authorized by or punishable under a statute "statutory restrictions" "a statutory age limit" "statutory crimes" Synonyms: legal established by or founded upon law or official or accepted rules On December 2, we were all found guilty of what Judge Rumpff defined as "statutory communism" — as opposed to what he said, "is commonly known as communism." At thirty-five he had just been unwillingly evicted from the Youth League, and before graduating into the Youth League he had managed to stay on in the Spies for a year beyond the statutory age. Local jury commissions used statutory requirements that jurors be "intelligent and upright" to exclude African Americans and women. These mandatory minimum statutory schemes have transferred an enormous amount of power from judges to prosecutors. طبق قانون، طبق قانون موضوعه

supreme

If you are the greatest, the most powerful, and the highest, you are supreme. The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest court in the land. A supreme being is a god or other higher power. A supreme leader is an all-powerful ruler. Sometimes, when everyone else is driving you crazy, you might daydream about being the supreme leader of your school, office, or maybe the entire country, so you could tell everyone else what to do. Or you might just order a supreme pizza, which usually has every imaginable topping on it. adjective greatest in status or authority or power "a supreme tribunal" synonyms: sovereign dominant exercising influence or control The case was appealed to the California supreme court, where it was overturned on the basis of another probability argument. I would never be able to give up Leandro to some higher ideal the way I feel Minerva and Manolo would each other if they had to make the supreme sacrifice. The California supreme court agreed and overturned the earlier guilty verdict. Yes, even though he is the supreme wizard of all time, he will be proud of me. عالی، بزرگترین

rebuff

If you rebuff someone, you reject or snub him. You might decide to rebuff a classmate's invitation to the dance after hearing him gossip meanly about a friend. Although the verb rebuff is a somewhat old fashioned one to use for social relationships, it's still common in the world of diplomacy. One country's rebuff of another might start a war, or end peace talks, or otherwise reverberate through the world of international relations. You can also use rebuff as a noun — deliberately ignoring your sister's text message is one example of a rebuff. The Italian root word, ribuffo, combines ri, expressing opposition, and buffo, "a puff." verb reject outright and bluntly synonyms: repel, snub noun an instance of driving away or warding off synonyms: repulse, snub Bloom told him about the rights he had acquired in Paris and how the exposition had rebuffed his petition. If she'd known how out of sorts his disappearances made her, she would have rebuffed him. And as a few strokes on the nose will make a puppy head shy, so a few rebuffs will make a boy shy all over. I couldn't figure out why my cousin would want to exchange his Yiddish name—which in English means Joseph—for the Polish version, but the teacher's rebuff didn't surprise me. جلو گیری کردن، رد کردن

coercive

If you use coercive measures to get people to join your club, it means that you intimidate or force people to make them feel like they have to join. If you use threats to get what you want from other people, your methods can be described as coercive. It can take nothing more than a strong sense of authority to come across as coercive, or the intimidation can take the form of physical threats. When you're coercive, you're demanding obedience without much concern for what the people you coerce need or want. The Latin root is coercere, which means "to control or restrain." adjective serving or intended to coerce "authority is directional instead of coercive" Synonyms: powerful having great power or force or potency or effect Franklin's ancestors may have emigrated from Europe to escape oppressive rules, but colonial societies were still vastly more coercive and class- ridden than indigenous villages. Communal sing-alongs had a faintly coercive quality—that way strangers had of catching each other's eye as their voices rose—which she was determined to resist. We had heated discussions about whether we ought to have relied on coercive measures. Alternatively, mathematics is sometimes endowed with a coercive character which is somehow capable of determining our future. اجباری، قلدرانه، زورگویانه، سرکوب گرانه، قهرآمیز، قهری

endemic

If you want to underscore just how commonly found and present something is within a particular place, try the word endemic. The saguaro cactus is endemic, or native, to the American southwest — so watch out for its sharp spines when you're hiking in Arizona! Although endemic meaning "prevalent" often describes a plant or disease, it can also refer to something less tangible and more unwanted such as violence or poverty. Many complain of endemic corruption in the local government. Despite its -ic ending, endemic can also be used as a noun to signify a plant or animal that is prevalent in a certain region. If an endemic is brought to another area which it takes over, destroying the local population, it's classified as an invasive species. adjective native to or confined to a certain region "the islands have a number of interesting endemic species" In Cordoba Province in Argentina, however, chronic arsenic poisoning, accompanied by arsenical skin cancers, is endemic because of the contamination of drinking water derived from rock formations containing arsenic. There is also another kind of plague to worry about: the plague bacillus is endemic all over the Earth. He plucked a beggar's lice—endemic in West Virginia—off his pants leg and inspected the tiny fuzzy seed that hitched rides on anything or anybody who walked through the woods. The legal term is eminent domain. endemic/epidemic/pandemic. بیماری همه گیربومی، بومی، مختص یک دیار

wield

If you wield a tool or a weapon, you handle it effectively. Picture a gallant knight wielding a sword or a skillful chef wielding a whisk. You don't just have to wield something physical; you can also wield or exert influence or authority. Wield is frequently followed by the word power. If you were a king, you could wield great power in your kingdom — exerting your influence over everything from food rations to castle upkeep. As it is, though, you might just wield power over your pet goldfish. Note: wield follows the i before e, except after c spelling rule. verb handle effectively synonyms: handle, manage The photograph was of a dark, imposing man with radioactive green eyes wielding a baseball bat at Rodin's lovely romantic sculpture The Kiss. The king had claimed that magic was an affront to the Goddess and her gods—that to wield it was to impertinently imitate their power. They swarm in among the children, wielding medical kits. Hugo whirled and charged after them, grabbing a pair of them by the knees and then wielding them like clubs to swat others away. اداره کردن، گردانیدن

fracas

If your marching band gets into a fight with another school's pep squad, your principal might say the fracas was uncalled for and undignified. A fracas is a noisy quarrel. Fracas comes from an Italian word meaning uproar or crash. Two people in a quiet little spat is not a fracas, but a schoolyard rumble definitely qualifies as one! Sometimes fracas means a large amount of outraged discussion that an event causes. Imagine the fracas if your school decided to ban sneakers! noun a noisy quarrel synonyms: affray, altercation Two or three people who were not there during the fracas poked their heads in at the door to sympathize but that made Mrs. Turner madder. So I never heard a thing—no frantic thumping, no terrified shouting, no fracas at all. There was a whole fracas going on up the block. Bull replaced the phone on the hook, smiled to himself in anticipation of the coming fracas, then bellowed for Sergeant Latito. زد و خورد، قیل و قال، بلوا

authoritarian

If your teacher orders you to detention every time you show up to class with a dull pencil, you could probably describe her as an authoritarian — a ruler who prefers order to freedom. Authoritarian and authority both begin with author, which comes from an ancient Latin word meaning "master," "teacher," or "leader." The connection between authoritarian and master is obvious enough, and you can think of an author as the master of the fictional world she creates. Authoritarian is also an adjective. That teacher with the rule against dull pencils? You can use the noun form to say that she's an authoritarian, or you can use an adjective and skip the "an": "She's authoritarian." adjective characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty "an authoritarian regime" synonyms: autocratic, despotic, dictatorial, tyrannic, tyrannical undemocratic not in agreement with or according to democratic doctrine or practice or ideals Everywhere it reflected the authoritarian spandrels of his character, from its surfeit of policemen to its strict rules against picking flowers. Levy Pants must become more militant and authoritarian in order to survive in the jungle of modem commercialism. Catholic school is similar to apartheid in that it's ruthlessly authoritarian, and its authority rests on a bunch of rules that don't make any sense. The colonial state was authoritarian, a benignly brutal dictatorship designed to benefit Britain. خودکامه، مستبد، طرفدار استبداد

prosecutor

In a TV crime drama or in real-life courts, the prosecutor is the person who brings criminal charges against a suspect. A prosecutor is a lawyer who works for a state or government organization and is responsible for starting legal proceedings and then proving in court that the suspect committed the crime he's accused of. The opposite of a prosecutor is a defense attorney. So in that TV crime drama, the prosecutor is the one trying to put the bad guy in jail, and the defense attorney is the one trying to prove that the guy really isn't a bad guy. noun a government official who conducts criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state synonyms: prosecuting attorney, prosecuting officer, the public prosecutor It's the prosecutor's job to bring all of the participants in a crime to justice, and so Miss Petrocelli has brought everyone she believes might have been involved to this courtroom. For example, I got bored very quickly with the prosecutor's speech. Several people had suggested that Tom Chapman, the new Monroe County district attorney and a former criminal defense attorney, would be fairer and more sympathetic to someone wrongly convicted than lifelong prosecutor Ted Pearson. But to me, he seemed to be a lot less talented than the prosecutor. مدعی، تعقیب کننده، پیگرد، پیگرد کننده

jurisdiction

Jurisdiction means having a legal right over something. A court can have jurisdiction over a legal question, and a government can have jurisdiction over another country or territory. Even your parents could be said to have jurisdiction over you while you're under 18. This noun jurisdiction descends from Latin jūrisdictiō, formed from jūris (from jūs "law") plus dictio, "the act of saying." Think of it as who has the right to "say" what "the law" is. In the U.S., certain crimes are tried in state courts, but when a crime involves more than one state, jurisdiction moves to the federal court system, just as the local police step down and the investigation is handled by the FBI. noun in law; the territory within which power can be exercised noun (law) the right and power to interpret and apply the law "courts having jurisdiction in this district" synonyms: legal power How they managed to reduce sentences in the Pittman case, which was outside their jurisdiction in another county, was another anomaly. Even the congressional investigators had recognized that the overlapping jurisdiction was a source of discord and needless expense. And they would rather see Prince Jones followed by a bad cop through three jurisdictions and shot down for acting like a human. Your death puts you outside of scythe jurisdiction. قلمرو قدرت، حوزهء قضایی

linchpin

Literally, a linchpin is a pin that goes through the axle of a wheel to keep it in place, but linchpin can be used to mean an important part of anything, the thing that holds it all together. The linchpin is something that supports and holds another thing together. It's the most important part of anything — eating well is the linchpin to staying healthy. A basketball team's most valuable player is the linchpin. The most crucial part of a plan is the linchpin. If something or someone is indispensable, she's the linchpin. Take away the linchpin and everything falls apart. noun a central cohesive source of support and stability "he is the linchpin of this firm" synonyms: anchor, backbone, keystone, lynchpin, mainstay He clutched at it frantically, grabbing it back when it started to fall as if it were the linchpin that held what was left of him together. The Full-Scale Tunnel, the linchpin of the lab's World War II drag cleanup work, continued to test everything from low-speed aircraft designed with delta wings to helicopters. Sargo had been the linchpin in Nazi spy networks not only in Argentina but also across all of South America. She thought about something Hazel had confided to her a few nights ago: I think Jason is the linchpin to Hera's whole scheme. پایه ی اصلی، رکن اساسی

oversight

Oversight is a mistake you make when you're not paying full attention. Your failure to add the sugar to the cookies was an unfortunate oversight — you were so engrossed in texting that you forgot it. Oversights are not intentional mistakes. Usually, they're just the result of inattention. If you make an oversight in your inspection of a nuclear power plant and it later goes into meltdown, you'll get fired. An inspector is supposed to pay attention. But if you forgot your cousin's birthday because you're busy taking care of Grandma, that's a forgivable oversight. Oversight is also the act of supervising something, like the construction of a dam, or a high school prom. noun an unintentional omission resulting from failure to notice something synonyms: inadvertence noun a mistake resulting from inattention synonyms: lapse "My oversight brings up an important point, friends," says the director. Unregulated by the government, it had operated without rules or oversight, almost as its own country, and it had done as it pleased. She felt in her pocket for her soma— only to discover that, by some unprecedented oversight, she had left the bottle down at the rest-house. Lawrence remained defensive about the oversight as late as 1940 when he rationalized it as the consequence of the Rad Lab's singular devotion to improving the cyclotron at the expense of unimportant short-term discoveries. نظارت، اشتباه نظری

euphemism

Pardon me, but when a polite term is substituted for a blunt, offensive one, you should call it a euphemism. Euphemism is from Greek euphemismos, meaning "good speech," and it's a way that we paper over uncomfortable things with more pleasant-sounding words. These days we tend to use euphemisms when talking about anything having to do with elimination of bodily waste: toilet, bathroom, and water closet were all originally euphemisms. The military is also notorious for using euphemisms, like saying "neutralizing the target" instead of "killing someone." noun an inoffensive or indirect expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or too harsh Even she, who knew nothing of military strategy or journalistic convention, understood a euphemism for retreat. "I'm with an old family" was the euphemism used to dignify the professions of white folks' cooks and maids who talked so affectedly among their own kind in Roxbury that you couldn't even understand them. "It's a euphemism for the curse Noah put upon Canaan, Ham's son. It's the reason the Negro was enslaved," she says. I know people who speak of death with timorous euphemisms of 'passing away.' نیک واژه (واژه ی ملایم تری که به جای واژه ی ناخوشایند یا شدید به کار می رود)

pursuit

Pursuit is a chase or a quest for something. When a guard runs after an escaping jewel thief, she's in pursuit — while the thief may have stolen the jewels because he was in pursuit of wealth. Whether it's a police officer in a car chase or a student working towards a college degree at a university in the tropics, both can be considered in "hot pursuit." Derived from the Anglo-French purseute, pursuit means the act of pursuing or striving towards goals. In the late 14th century it implied persecution, but things have changed since then. noun the act of pursuing in an effort to overtake or capture "the culprit started to run and the cop took off in pursuit" synonyms: chase, following, pursual I was parked a few doors up from our apartment, so I assumed that the officers would drive by in pursuit of some urgent mission. By now what had happened was known to the King, and he sent his son in pursuit—Medea's brother, Apsyrtus. But if you have to go before then, go on in pursuit of your dream. Spurred on by her battle cry, the yapping Incorrigibles tore off after the squirrel, in hot and, it must be said, happy pursuit. پیگیری، تعقیب

verbatim

Repeat something you've read or heard precisely word-for-word, and you have just quoted it verbatim. That's great if what you deliver verbatim is the directions on how to defuse a bomb, but not a good idea if you're cheating on a test and copying someone's answer verbatim. As a word, verbatim is powerful for its precision. When you can say that you are repeating someone's words verbatim, it means every single word is exactly what was said. If you write something down verbatim, you can rely on it being a duplicate of the original document, recreated. Repeating words verbatim in your own writing can be tricky business. Without attributing the original author, verbatim can be the damning evidence of plagiarism. adverb using exactly the same words "he repeated her remarks verbatim" synonyms: word for word adjective in precisely the same words used by a writer or speaker "repeated their dialog verbatim" synonyms: direct exact marked by strict and particular and complete accordance with fact The order was printed and posted on several gates and road-posts about the city, and the above is verbatim from one such copy. Here was a rare interview; I shall try to record it verbatim. Detective Jeremiah Mollson, one of the few African members of the Special Branch, claimed to recall lines verbatim from ANC speeches that he attended. For sentences that have been repeated verbatim in questionnaires over the decades, the rate of acceptance has increased over time. تحت اللفظی، کلمه بکلمه، لفظ بلفظ

slates (slate)

Slate is a type of gray metamorphic rock that is made up of quartz and other minerals. The rock can be split into thin layers and the slate used for things like roofing tiles. In the past when paper was expensive, schoolchildren used slates to do their school work. These were usually made of actual slate rock. Students could practice their writing on the slate with a slate pencil. When they were done, the slate could be erased, which gave rise to the term "clean slate." If you've done things in the past you aren't proud of, you may hope to start over with a clean slate. noun a list of candidates nominated by a political party to run for election to public offices synonyms: ticket. They were all guests at a real estate conference slated to begin in Chamisaville that noon; the governor would give a keynote address, opening the two-day festivities. فهرست نامزدهای انتخاباتی

conspiratorial

Something that's conspiratorial involves a secret plan with other people. A conspiratorial glance between siblings is bound to make their babysitter nervous. Things done in a conspiratorial way are secretive and sneaky: a meet-up between spies is conspiratorial, and several coworkers planning a surprise party for their boss might spend the day communicating in various conspiratorial ways. The adjective comes from its related verb, conspire, "plot," or "make secret plans," from the Latin root Conspirare, "to agree, unite, or plot," or literally, "to breathe together." adjective relating to or characteristic of conspiracy or conspirators "a conspiratorial whisper" synonyms: conspirative His father scooted in, his eyes boring into Dill, a conspiratorial hush to his voice. Less conspiratorial voices pointed at the Stalwarts' harsh criticisms of the president that had provoked a man like Guiteau. In conspiratorial whispers, with shocking details to back up his claim, he assured us that the French had very low standards of personal hygiene. They slumped in their chairs, rested their chins in their hands, and whispered together conspiratorially. توطئه امیز

sweeping

Something that's sweeping is wide-ranging or thorough. A political candidate might campaign on promises to bring sweeping change to a country. Sweeping things can be extensive, like the sweeping powers a president has in a dictatorship, or curving, like the sweeping motion a dancer makes with his arm. Sweeping can also mean "overly broad," so if you make a sweeping generalization, you take a general idea or rule and apply it too widely, without allowing any exceptions to it. adjective taking in or moving over (or as if over) a wide area; often used in combination "a sweeping glance" "a wide- sweeping view of the river" Synonyms: broad, wide having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other Radiating outward at almost the speed of light would be the initial shock wave, sweeping everything before it. The storm that blackens the horizon is sweeping toward us at a frightening pace, its lightning forking closer with each passing second. The thought washed over me like a river, sweeping away the dead bees that had filled my brainpan with confusion. My eyes, which are sweeping the greenery before me, catch sight of the rippled square high up and to my right. گسترده

undisputed

Something that's undisputed is widely accepted as being true. Does everyone in your class agree that you wear the snazziest, most fashionable clothes? Then you're the undisputed choice for Best Dressed. Use the adjective undisputed when there's no question or disagreement. No matter how much your relatives argue at your family reunion, it's undisputed that your uncle's chocolate chip cookies are the absolute tastiest. And if a classmate accused of cheating admits to doing it, the accusation is undisputed. To dispute is to argue, and when you add the prefix un-, "not," you get something that can't be argued with. adjective generally agreed upon; not subject to dispute "the undisputed fact" synonyms: unchallenged, unquestioned noncontroversial, uncontroversial not likely to arouse controversy Chemistry dean Gilbert Lewis was the undisputed head of the Berkeley science faculty when Lawrence arrived. Meanwhile, no Inner Party member wavers for an instant in his mystical belief that the war is real, and that it is bound to end victoriously, with Oceania the undisputed master of the entire world. It is one of the undisputed masterpieces of all music for the violin, comprising an astonishing sixty-four continuous variations on a single theme, creating the impression of an orchestra of sound from one single instrument. Because Galileo rushed into print, his claim to priority was undisputed. بلامنازع

Stalemate

Stalemate is from an Old French word, estal, which means "place, position, or stand." To be in a stalemate with an opponent is to be in a locked position, or a stalled place, where neither player can make a profitable move. Chess is the most common context for a stalemate, but any contest or negotiation can result in a stalemate: "The discussions about buying their competitor's waffle house reached a stalemate and the deal died." noun a situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible synonyms: dead end, deadlock, impasse, standstill Negotiations between black leaders and white authorities had hardened into a tense stalemate, with the whole Southern way of life at stake. He wanted to yell for help as they strove against each other frantically in a grunting, panting stalemate, arm against arm. The next afternoon, on the thirty-fourth ballot, the Wisconsin delegation attempted to end the two-day stalemate. Despite our attempts to put a positive face on the matter, the convention ended the second day in a stalemate. بن بست، پات

marvel

The Latin source of the word marvel is mirari, "to wonder at," and that's exactly what marvel means when it's a verb. You may marvel at the depth of the Grand Canyon or at the size of a pimple. When it entered the English language in 1300, marvel meant "miracle" -- that is, a supernatural act of divine agency (miracle actually comes from the same Latin word as marvel). By 1386, Geoffrey Chaucer was able to use the Middle English meruailles to describe more mundane astonishment. Chaucer also used marvel -- maruaylen, actually -- as a verb. In contemporary usage, the close synonym wonder is used much more often -- unless you happen to be a fan of the comic book universe created by Stan Lee. As a noun, anything that provokes wonder is a marvel. verb be amazed at "We marveled at the child's linguistic abilities" synonyms: wonder verb express astonishment or surprise about something Yossarian marveled that children could suffer such barbaric sacrifice without evincing the slightest hint of fear or pain. Proud and tall he seemed, though the hair that flowed beneath his high helm was like snow; and many marveled at him and took heart to see him unbent and unafraid. As she put it on, she marveled at its warmth. He was sitting with his knees drawn up and his arms across them, looking out across the plain as she'd done, and marveling at the extent of it. حیرت زده شدن

appoint

The President can appoint someone as ambassador to another county; that means to give them the job or recommend them for it. It must be nice to be appointed. Usually, people who want a job have to send in applications, do interviews, and jump through lots of hoops. Appointing is different: someone with the power to appoint can usually just give you the job. In some cases, appointing isn't a sure thing and means something closer to "recommending" — but it still beats filling out all those applications. It takes power to appoint people, which is why world leaders are often the ones appointing. verb assign a duty, responsibility, or obligation to "He was appointed deputy manager" synonyms: charge verb create and charge with a task or function synonyms: constitute, name, nominate He managed to be appointed to the crew of the guide boat for one of the competitors, Mouneer Deeb, which would keep pace with him along the race's route. And the three horrified adults, as they stood frozen in their tracks, saw what the excited little girl did not see,—a huge, lumbering tractor bearing blindly down upon its appointed track. I was dressed and waiting for Miles Ferris at the appointed time, but he was late. In the afternoon of her first day in Chicago, Tuesday, June 6, the infanta had slipped out of her hotel incognito, accompanied by her lady-in-waiting and an aide appointed by President Cleveland. منصوب کردن، گماشتن، معین کردن

forensic

The adjective forensic describes scientific methods used to investigate crimes. If you're looking for forensic evidence, you're using your scientific know-how to find proof that will help solve crimes. The adjective forensic comes from the Latin word forensis, meaning "in open court" or "public." When you describe something as forensic you usually mean that it has to do with finding evidence to solve a crime. It could also mean that it has to do with the courts or legal system. You could have a forensic advantage — meaning an advantage in court — if the forensic team — meaning the investigators — found no forensic evidence of you being involved. adjective used or applied in the investigation and establishment of facts or evidence in a court of law "forensic photograph" "forensic ballistics" Synonyms: applied concerned with concrete problems or data rather than with fundamental principles adjective of, relating to, or used in public debate or argument Synonyms: rhetorical given to rhetoric, emphasizing style at the expense of thought But as a matter of legal reality, so various editors have told me over the years, my forensic memoir could never be published while my fellow criminals were alive. Although many people greeted the new forensic sciences with reverence, attributing to them a godlike power, they were often susceptible to human error. The lawmen were untrained in forensic methods and didn't make a cast impression of the tire marks, or dust the bottle for fingerprints, or check Anna's body for gunpowder residue. Even though most experts agree that forensic pathologists—who primarily deal with dead people—are not qualified to estimate survival chances, the State allowed prosecutors to pursue criminal charges. جدلی، قانونی، دادگاهی،وابسته به کاربرد علم به ویژه علم پزشکی در حل مسایل حقوقی به ویژه جنایات

Resolution

The noun resolution has a few related meanings having to do with being firmly determined about something. If you lack determination, you'll never fulfill your New Year's resolutions. Resolution is the noun form of the verb resolve, derived from the Latin resolvere, "to loosen, undo, settle." We can still see this meaning of resolution in the sense of "an explanation" or "a solution" — when a problem, conflict, or mystery reaches its resolution, it has been "undone," so to speak. If you approach a task with resolution, you do it with determination. And if you make a resolution, you make a firm decision to do something or meet some goal. noun a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem synonyms: answer, result, solution, solvent noun something settled or resolved; the outcome of decision making "they never did achieve a final resolution of their differences" synonyms: closure, settlement noun a formal expression by a meeting; agreed to by a vote synonyms: declaration, resolve "I took a seminar on conflict resolution at Emerson last summer. I'd like to put what I learned into practice," she whispered back, then turned. "I think we need each other," Polly said with quiet resolution. Dr. Van Helsing is sleeping, Poor dear, he looks very tired and old and grey, but his mouth is set as firmly as a conqueror's; even in his sleep, he is instinct with resolution. Bigger paused and looked round the poolroom with a wild and exasperated expression, his lips tightening with resolution. تصویب، تصمیم

helm

The person at the helm is the person in charge, and if you happen to be at sea, that person is the one steering the boat with a device called a helm, the mechanism that keeps the boat on course. When someone takes over from someone else — as when a newly elected official takes office, or when a company appoints a new head — you would say that new person has taken the helm. But if you're going to take the helm or be at the helm, you can't have an empty boat. There's got to be a group in there with you that you're taking the helm for, guiding them all. noun a position of leadership "the President is at the helm of the Ship of State" verb be at or take the helm of "helm the ship" Across his wite-enameled helm, the black bat of his House spread its wings. He had put aside the heavy plate and helm he'd worn as the Knight of the Gate for the lighter leather-and-mail of an outrider, but his obsidian fish still fastened his cloak. Firelight glittered off metal helms and spattered their mail and plate with orange and yellow highlights. The helm turned his laugh into a hollow rumble. اداره کردن، نظارت، سکان

desiccate

The verb desiccate means to dry out, dry up and dehydrate. It's helpful to desiccate weeds but certainly not crops. As anyone who's been stuck in the desert will tell you, being desiccated by the burning sun isn't much fun. Stemming from the Latin word desiccare, which means to "dry up," desiccate also means to preserve something by drying it out. Without desiccation, raisins or beef jerky would not be possible! verb remove water from synonyms: dehydrate verb lose water or moisture synonyms: dehydrate, dry up, exsiccate Back in the ward, he found his wife lying vanquished beneath the blankets like a desiccated old vegetable, wrinkled, dry and white, her enfeebled tissues absolutely still. In the wedding registry of Alton, New Hampshire, they remained married, their contract a legal if desiccated thing. I thought of the ghost of that long-dead child, watching us, its desiccated bones sunk deep into the ground below. Crumbley had become a desiccated cast of himself, so fragile that a strong wind could blow him apart. خشک کردن، در جای خشک نگهداشتن

audacious

This adjective is very bold — if you are audacious, you are daring and unconventional! The adjective audacious comes from the Latin word audacia and means "daring, boldness, courage," and often gets applied in situations where someone does something pretty unusual, like becoming an astronaut and going to the moon. It can also mean challenging conventions and doing things that most people don't do, such as when Elizabeth Blackwell became the first woman in the United States to become a doctor. Blackwell then inspired Elizabeth Garrett Anderson to become the first female doctor in England. And the rest is history! adjective disposed to venture or take risks "audacious visions of the total conquest of space" "an audacious interpretation of two Jacobean dramas" synonyms: daring, venturesome, venturous adventuresome, adventurous willing to undertake or seeking out new and daring enterprises "Do you think it was an accident?" the Colonel asked as I stood beside him, my shoulders slouching, wanting a cigarette but nervous to be as audacious as him. Dean rejected this audacious plan, in part because he was unconvinced that a second lab was needed at all, much less on Teller's megalomaniacal scale. It would have taken a very audacious biologist to guess that such animals would eventually produce the line that dominates the Earth today. Taking an audacious step, he booked a train east, got off in Detroit, and somehow talked his way into a meeting with Will Durant, chief of Buick Automobiles and future founder of General Motors. جسور و بی باک

cajole

To cajole someone is to persuade them by using insincere compliments or promises. If you say "Please, pretty please, I'll be your best friend," when asking for a stick of gum, you are cajoling the gum holder. The origin of this word is probably a blend of two French words meaning "to chatter like a jaybird" and "to lure into a cage." When you cajole that guy into lending you some money, picture him as the bird going into the cage. In fact, the word cajole may be associated with another French word meaning "to put in jail." verb influence or urge by gentle urging, caressing, or flattering synonyms: blarney, coax, inveigle, palaver, sweet-talk, wheedle Thousands of feet below, his friends stepped up their efforts to cajole him to start down. Across the street, the liquor store is open, a magnet to the wiry man in the sagging tan suit cajoling people for spare change. "Now, please let me explain something to you," he cajoled in a mature, reasoning, earnest voice. The cajoling smile of the dance is gone. خر کردن، زبان بازی کردن

denounce

To denounce is to tattle, rat out, or speak out against something. When you stand at your desk and tell the class that your partner is cheating, you denounce him or her. The prefix de- means "down," as in destroy or demolish (tear down). Add that to the Latin root nuntiare, meaning "announce," and de- plus announce equals denounce. It's a word that shows up in the headlines often, as a country might denounce a corrupt election. Politicians love to denounce shady behavior or their opponents. Denounce can also mean the official end of something, like a treaty. verb speak out against "He denounced the Nazis" verb accuse or condemn openly or formally as disgraceful "He denounced the government action" synonyms: brand, mark, stigmatize, stigmatize Helmuth tells them what Hugo had said, that Brother Worbs was denounced by someone who heard him criticize the Nazis, and now he was taken into protective custody. "The Nazis tell us what to think, what to feel. They tell us to hate and we call it love. They tell us to denounce our neighbors and we call it patriotism." If Helmuth were a detective, he'd arrest real criminals, not the ordinary men and women who criticize Hitler or the Nazi Party, and find themselves denounced by friends and neighbors. According to the Christians, the Jews are blabbing their secrets to the Germans, denouncing their helpers and causing them to suffer the dreadful fate and punishments that have already been meted out to so many. متهم کردن، علیه کسی اظهاری کردن

destabilize

To destabilize something is to undermine it, or to make it much less stable. Seeming uncertain or confused can destabilize a teacher's ability to control a class. Political protesters might seek to destabilize a government or other institution, and lying to your best friend can destabilize your relationship. In both cases, the underlying stability of a situation is shaken or made less sturdy. The earliest use of destabilize was in a physical sense if something was literally unstable or shaky. By the 1920s, the word came to also have a more political meaning. verb make unstable "Terrorism destabilized the government" synonyms: destabilize Over and over again, I heard the same story: the police and the defense force were destabilizing the area. Each murder in the band and tribal societies usually leads to an attempted revenge killing, starting one more unending cycle of murder and counter murder that destabilizes the society. "It seems to me that you are all determined to start a panic that will destabilize everything we have worked for these last thirteen years!" I thought Ocean would wake up, dizzy and destabilized by this emotional train wreck to discover that it hadn't been worth it, actually; that I hadn't been worth it. ثبات چیزی را به هم زدن، بی ثبات کردن

endorse

To endorse is to give support to someone or something. "I endorse this!" means, "I think this is a good thing, and so should you." People endorse it in many ways. When someone endorses a politician, it means "You should vote for this person, and I'm putting my reputation on the line to say so." When someone endorses a product in a commercial, it means "Go buy this! You'll like it." To endorse is to give support. You can also endorse a check, which means writing your name or someone else's on the back so that you or the other person can cash or deposit it. verb be behind; approve of synonyms: back, indorse, plump for, plunk for, support back, indorse, second give support or one's approval to verb give support or one's approval to "endorse a new project" synonyms: back, indorse, second back, indorse, plump for, plunk for, support If a diehard segregationist like him were to endorse a desegregation plan, others would fall into line. The Board of Education's decision and endorsed by civil rights litigators "did not offer poor whites even an elementary framework for understanding what they might gain as a result of integration." A silver cross pendant hangs from his neck like he's saying Jesus endorses what he did. Still, the coastal route has little empirical backing; its supporters tend to endorse the idea mainly because it seems to make sense. صحه گذاردن، (نامزد انتخابات و غیره را) تایید کردن

expose

To expose means to uncover or allow to be in the open air. If you take off your coat and expose your bare arms to the terrible cold, your tattoos might freeze off. (Note: We don't actually know if this is physically possible.) When you pronounce expose as it's spelled, it can mean to leave out in the air, to put in peril (when you expose someone to danger), or to uncover. All of those examples are actions. However, when you pronounce it as though there is a French accent on the final "e," ex-poh-ZAY, it means the unmasking or exposure of something hidden (and usually bad or fraudulent), as when you watch an expose on 60 Minutes about the evils of frozen orange juice or some other toxic substance. verb show; make visible or apparent synonyms: display, exhibit The bed covers and clothing were pulled aside to expose the president's back, including the dressings over his bullet wound and new incision. The scariest part was traversing the walkway through the glass enclosure, a long, brightly lit stretch that left them completely exposed. Stretching open the tissue and muscle to expose the circuitry of the fallopian tubes, he tied each in a bow, and there were no more children. A green sky replaces the exposed pipes above me. افشاء کردن، در معرض قرار دادن

overhaul

To overhaul is to completely renovate, making major changes in order to repair. A few shutters and a new coat of paint won't come close to fixing that old, boarded-up house — it needs a complete overhaul. Back in the 1620s when the word was coined, overhaul described examining a fishing net to make sure there were no tears or big holes that would keep the fisherman from getting a big haul, or a large amount of fish. Today, an overhaul is usually the result of such a close examination — like the overhaul that some people want to make to American public schools or the overhaul an old car needs to keep it on the road. verb make repairs, renovations, revisions or adjustments to "You should overhaul your car engine" "overhaul the health care system" synonyms: modernize, modernize During the end of March and most of April, my father caught and salted alewives for crab bait, overhauled the motor on the Portia Sue, and converted it once more for crabbing. He overhauled ethics rules governing White House employees' interactions with lobbyists and, most important, managed to push a major economic stimulus bill through Congress, even though not a single House Republican voted in its favor. We overhaul the bayonets—that is to say, the ones that have a saw on the blunt edge. In spite of the complete overhaul that your mind is crying for, you have a brain that could really grow and flower here in N.Y. بازسازی کردن، سراسر بازدید کردن

overturn

To overturn something is to either flip it upside down or to invalidate it. An amateur kayaker might overturn her boat, while a judge may decide to overturn a previous judgment. When you overturn a wheelbarrow or a tricycle, you literally turn it over. When judges overturn earlier rulings or voters overturn laws, they make them invalid, essentially reversing them. An earlier, more intense metaphorical meaning of this word was "violently overthrow a ruler or rulers." Overturn was originally used in the 13th century to describe a turning wheel. Verb cause to overturn from an upright or normal position synonyms: bowl over, knock over, tip over, tump over, turn over, upset tip over, tump over, turn overturn from an upright or normal posion The institution of a legal, government-sanctioned racial caste system was overturned in 1994 with the first democratic elections, but its effects still haunted the country. بازگرداندن، لغو کردن یک قانون

purge

To purge is to get rid of something or someone, and often it's done suddenly. Purge rhymes with urge, and when you have a really strong urge to throw stuff away or clean something out, you have an urge to purge. From the Latin purgare, meaning "purify," purge is used as a verb for removing impure things, whether they're guilty feelings in a person or rotten vegetables in a refrigerator. As a noun, the act of tossing out the too-small clothes in your closet before getting new ones might be called a purge. It can be a very bad act, too, as when individuals have an unhealthy urge to purge or empty their stomachs after eating or when a military group decides to purge a certain ethnic group from a country. Or perhaps—what was likeliest of all—the thing had simply happened because purges and vaporizations were a necessary part of the mechanics of government. Black nationalists such as Stokely Carmichael worked to purge longtime white activists from CORE's leadership. "Fevers. The doctor came and bled them and purged them, but they still died." Now the many clubs with mixed Jewish and non-Jewish membership were threatened with dissolution if they did not purge their rolls. پاکسازی کردن، نابود سازی، تصفیه ی سیاسی

summon

To summon is to formally call for the presence of someone. If, as soccer team captain, you find that your team members are an hour late for the big game, you might need to summon them — and fast. Summon can also mean "gather up," as one might summon one's courage" before that big game. Summon is also occasionally used in reference to the supernatural, as when one tries to call forth a spirit or ghost. If you think the team needs additional help on the field, you might try to summon some supernatural backup. verb ask to come "summon a lawyer" verb call in an official matter, such as to attend court synonyms: cite, summons Her words summoned awful powers from the familiar and picturesque local town. "I don't like that fire summoning you do." Early the next morning, I was summoned to the office to see the commanding officer. We sat with the dead man, ignoring the gawking crowd that had gathered until a constable came and summoned a cart to bear the body away. احضار کردن، طلبیدن، فرا خواندن

unilateral

Unilateral means "one-sided." If parents make a unilateral decision to eliminate summer vacation, it means that the students' opinions or opposing views weren't considered. When someone makes a unilateral decision, he or she acts alone, without considering the feelings, opposing opinions or concerns of others. But it's not always a bad thing to act unilaterally. If you are in a fight with your sister and haven't spoken to each other for a week, you could choose to do her chores, compliment her or make other unilateral, good-faith efforts to bring the bad feelings to an end. adjective involving only one part or side "unilateral paralysis" "a unilateral decision" synonyms: one-sided one-party determined by a single party They added, "We will no longer accept such racism denial; unilateral power over systems, money and colleagues; and comments, made publicly and internally, that are offensive and reckless." Critics, often the final holdouts against an otherwise unilateral love for the capes-and-tights set, smiled kindly on the film with a windfall of positive reviews across the board. It's a unilateral threat against men, against women, it doesn't matter. But this playful homage to Washington might be seen as something more serious: a protest or sacred ritual in which unilateral power is equalized, quietly, via a simple artistic gesture art. یک طرفه، یک جانبه

upheaval

Upheaval means a violent or sudden change. You might talk about an upheaval in government following an election where many incumbents are replaced. Upheaval is a geological term for the upward displacement of the earth's crust that has stretched to include a change in power or ideas. If you suddenly found out your favorite teacher was running a pyramid scheme and had escaped to a Caribbean island, you might experience an upheaval in your attitude toward teachers in general. noun a violent disturbance synonyms: convulsion, turmoil noun disturbance usually in protest synonyms: agitation, excitement, hullabaloo, turmoil noun a state of violent disturbance and disorder (as in politics or social conditions generally) synonyms: Sturm und Drang, turbulence In fact, Lord Asriel had done nothing of the sort, but Jordan College was rich, and the Master had money of his own, even after the recent upheavals. I've already mentioned that Bigger had in him impulses that I had felt were present in the vast upheavals of Russia and Germany. Later that evening, as I waited with the other winners to be called to the podium for the medal ceremony, I thought about all the upheaval and change I'd just been through. Any upheaval in the universe is terrifying because it so profoundly attacks one's sense of one's own reality. تحول، برخاستگی، بالا آمدن، انقلاب، تغییر فاحش

specious

Use specious to describe an argument that seems to be good, correct, or logical, but is not so. We live on the earth, therefore the earth must be the center of the universe has been proven to be a specious theory of the solar system. Specious is pronounced, "SPEE-shuhs." Something that is specious is attractive in a deceptive way, and if you follow the word's etymology, you'll see why. In Middle English, this adjective meant "attractive," from Latin speciōsus "showy, beautiful," from speciēs "appearance, kind, sort." Latin speciēs is also the source of English species. adjective plausible but false "a specious claim" synonyms: spurious false not in accordance with the fact or reality or actuality As such, it was of course vulnerable to the same variety of glibly undaunted and usually specious evaluations that any legitimate art object is. Any connection, no matter how specious, might be used to justify his incarceration and extend it. Thus as I sipped my smoking sour beer I thought that at table Estraven's performance had been womanly, all charm and tact and lack of substance, specious and adroit. Ralph had been deceived before now by the specious appearance of depth in a beach pool and he approached this one preparing to be disappointed. ظاهرا صحیح اما در واقع غلط

rally

Use the verb rally to describe that last push to finish a difficult something. When you hit that last mile in the race and are so tired you want to quit, that's when you rally, finding the strength to pick up the pace. The verb rally is often used to describe a physical effort that has been renewed, but it can describe anything that involves bouncing back from a setback. For example, if something makes you feel disappointed, you rally to get your positive attitude back. Rally can also describe bringing people together, often to support a cause. The event itself is also called a rally, like a pep rally in which students boost the confidence of their team as it heads into the championship game. verb gather or bring together "she rallied her intellect" synonyms: come up, muster, muster up, summon "I'm especially proud of how you rallied your team." "Listen," Mrs. Pilsen said; she seemed now to rally. دوباره جمع اوری کردن، نیروی تازه دادن به، گرد امدن، تقویت کردن

vociferous

Vociferous describes loudmouths, such as the vociferous mob at the soccer game. Vociferous is from the Latin vociferari, meaning "to shout, yell." If you break it down to the first part, take vox, meaning "voice" and add it to ferre, meaning "to carry," then vociferous describes voices that carry; you can hear a vociferous person from across the room at a dance party. Vociferous isn't just loud, but annoying, too, like when the vociferous fans of the opposing team chant insults in unison. Try yanking a cookie out of a little kid's hand if you want to hear a vociferous reaction. adjective conspicuously and offensively loud; given to vehement outcry "a vociferous mob" synonyms: blatant, clamant, clamorous, strident noisy: full of or characterized by loud and nonmusical sounds She was vociferous in her scorn for my assailant, and I felt warmly toward her, at least until she whispered, "I'll bet he was black, right?" I watch from across the menagerie as August's mouth opens in shock, then outrage, and then vociferous complaint. From press reports, conversations with visitors, and even the remarks of prison guards, I learned that a large and vociferous turnout was expected. A small green spiky chestnut still in its husk bounced off the vociferous ferret's head. پر سر و صدا

wanton

Wanton describes something excessive, uncontrolled, and sometimes even cruel. The principal sees a food fight as a wanton act of vandalism done with wanton disregard for the rules, but the kids might just see it as fun. Wanton comes from the Old English wan- "lacking" and togen "to train, discipline," in other words, "lacking in discipline." Wanton extravagance is excessive and uncontrolled, whereas a wanton act of terrorism is random and intentionally cruel. Sometimes in older novels, you will see wanton used as a disapproving term to describe someone viewed as promiscuous, a usage that is considered old-fashioned today. wantonly adverb in a wanton manner adverb in a licentious and promiscuous manner synonyms: licentiously, promiscuously Worst of all, if you wantonly divide by zero, you can destroy the entire foundation of logic and mathematics. The law says the penalty is harsher if someone should have known of the risks and harsher still—manslaughter—if the person does know the risks and wantonly disregards them. She had taken to wondering lately, during these swift-counted years, what had been done with all those wasted summer days; how could she have spent them so wantonly? "Oh, it sounds very exciting!" said Bobby's guest, and waited, wantonly, for me to slip her my Montreal address under the table. گستاخانه، افراط گونه، بی خود و بی جهت

summit

What better place for the mountain-climbing summit than on the summit of the mountain. A summit can mean either a meeting between people who are interested in the same subject or the peak of the mountain. Although originally meant to describe a meeting between the heads of state, summit can be used to describe any gathering of people who care deeply about the same topic. If, for example, you are the captain of your chess club, you might attend the upcoming Chess Club Summit, at which new rules of the tournament will be discussed. Moreover, while summit also means the very top of a mountain, summit can be used metaphorically to mean a variety of heights, such as the summit of a career, an industry, or any kind of major effort. noun a meeting of heads of governments synonyms: summit meeting noun the top or extreme point of something (usually a mountain or hill) "the region is a few molecules wide at the summit" synonyms: crest, crown, peak, tip, top Anatoli had left the summit around 2:00 p.m. and quickly became entangled in the traffic jam at the Hillary Step. Then he assured his team that Chen's death would in no way affect their plans to leave for the summit at midnight. Their satyr guide Grover Underwood pranced nervously at the summit, yelling, "Hurry! Hurry!" It was filmed with a fixed camera on one of the summit terraces and showed a man sitting at a table, as if at an open-air restaurant, during one of its famous blows. وابسته به سران دولت ها، - سران

coax

When you coax someone, you try to convince him gently, with pleasant words and maybe a little flattery. You'll have to be patient, as you can't rush someone you're trying to coax. When you coax, you have to be nice about it — you can't threaten or force. You put on a little charm and gently urge so that the person or thing is happy about being coaxed. You might coax the runaway elephant back into the zoo by patting her gently and talking into her ear. If you wake up with a terrible bedhead, you might coax your hair back into place with the help of a little hair gel and a comb. verb influence or urge by gentle urging, caressing, or flattering synonyms: blarney, cajole, inveigle, palaver, sweet-talk, wheedle She shook her head and finally, after all that coaxing, sat down. She sat up, then, and pushed her hair fretfully back from her face and she shrugged her shoulders when he would have drawn her to him, and she would not yield to his coaxing. Eventually, after going back and forth, in his mind about whom he'd want to live with, and messily jotting his thoughts in the notebook, the smooth, dark road hypnotized Genie, finally coaxing him to sleep. While a Stamitz mini-tune might be made up of a handful of notes, Haydn extended the phrase, testing the short-term memory of his listener, then coaxed a slightly altered or ornamented the second phrase from it. (با چرب زبانی به کاری) واداشتن

debunk

When you debunk something you show it to be false. Many magicians, including Houdini and Penn and Teller, have worked to debunk the idea that magic is anything other than a very clever illusion. To debunk something is to prove it wrong. The idea that music education is frivolous and should be the first item cut from the budget is something that music teachers work hard to debunk — in fact, they've done it by proving that students perform better in schools with strong music programs. The verb debunk was first used by an American writer, William Woodward, in 1923, to mean "take the bunk out of something." Bunk means "nonsense." verb expose while ridiculing; especially of pretentious or false claims and ideas "The physicist debunked the psychic's claims" synonyms: expose Yet when language scholars try to debunk the spurious rules, the dichotomizing mindset imagines that they are trying to abolish all standards of good writing. Many people use science to debunk religion, but Reverend Scheffler enlisted science to bolster his beliefs. It can be debunked with a glance at any page of a historical reference book, such as the Oxford English Dictionary, which will show that very few words retain their original senses. His first Gymnopedie of 1888, as well as sounding like a long, hot afternoon in the Midi after a liquid lunch, can be seen as a deliberate attempt to debunk pomposity and de-clutter music. کم ارزش کردن، اثبات غلط بودن

to sow doubt

When you plant seeds in the ground, you sow them. You can also sow things like doubts or ideas, simply by spreading them around. If your ideas (or your seeds) develop and grow, you've successfully sown them. The verb sow is pronounced completely differently from the noun sow, which means "a female pig." When you sow flower seeds, it rhymes with "go." When you admire an enormous, muddy sow in a pigpen, it rhymes with "cow." When two words are spelled the same but sound different, they're called heteronyms. verb place (seeds) in or on the ground for future growth synonyms: seed inseminate, sow in place seeds in or on (the ground) But it does not, because farmers carefully sort through the seed they will sow in the next season and generally do not choose obvious hybrids. Landowners knew that if they sowed the same crop in the same field year after year, the harvest would be poor. If they could sow discord between him and his followers, it could only help their cause. More than two dozen full-grown sows, plus the young pigs and the boar with the grey, bristling back. شک پراکنی کردن

solidarity

When you see a group of citizens protesting something on the news, marching in a group, holding signs, and chanting slogans, you know they are in solidarity with each other, or united behind a common goal or purpose. Any time you express support for a group or the people in it, you're showing solidarity with them. The word is used most often to describe a sense of unity with a political group, a group of striking workers, or people who have been deprived of their rights in some way. You might show your own solidarity by signing a petition, joining in a protest, or simply flashing a thumbs up. noun a union of interests or purposes or sympathies among members of a group In Fryer's view, giving a child a super black name is a black parent's signal of solidarity with the community. There was solidarity among the people in Shady's bar that night, as one by one, they emerged from their trenches and ventured into no-man's-land. They shot me looks of sympathy and solidarity before taking off. Minerva and El Rayo cooked up this idea that everyone without exception was to wear a crucifix as a symbol of our solidarity. اتحاد،هم بستگی

subvert

When you subvert something, your words or actions criticize or undermine the usual way of doing something or common values. The girl who wears a tuxedo to the prom might subvert traditional ideas about beauty. To subvert an institution like a school or a government is to overthrow it or stop its normal way of functioning. Subvert comes from the Latin word subvertere, which combines the prefix sub, under, and the suffix vertere, to turn. So you can imagine something that subverts as overturning or flipping the usual way of doing things, like a student who subverts a teacher's authority, causing chaos in the classroom. verb overthrow or destroy completely "We must not let our civil liberties be subverted by the current crisis" "Well, it is certainly important to subvert the patriarchal paradigm, and I suppose this is a way All right, then," he said, stepping to the left of the podium. Their appeals are to regional interest, showing complete contempt for the privacy of conscience, and a willingness to destroy and subvert values that have traditionally been held supreme in this land. A pawn in the monstrous bourgeois plot to subvert the revolution. Mother's being a midwife would subvert the Medical Establishment, but in order to be a midwife, she needed a phone. واژگون ساختن، برانداختن

will

Will means to want or to choose. If you have free will, you are allowed to choose what you want. If you make a will, you've written down what you want to have to happen to your money and your stuff. You may have heard the expression, "Where there's a will, there's a way." It means that if you want something enough, you'll find a way to make it happen. If you impose your will on someone else, you're making them do what you want, as opposed to what they want. If you are willful, you are impulsive and always do what you want. If you will something to happen, you try to make it happen just by the force of your wanting it to--you might will a car to keep running, even as the gas needle sits at empty. noun the capability of conscious choice and decision and intention synonyms: volition noun a fixed and persistent intent or purpose "where there's a will there's a way" The child will look you dead in the eye and say, "Got it." I would light those burners with a long fire stick. It would, I said, in a single act, radically change her life. "I thought that your father would pull you out—and that if you didn't tell him, it was because you wanted to stay." اراده، خواست

Prologue

With the lines, "Two households, both alike in dignity," Shakespeare begins the prologue to Romeo and Juliet, setting up the idea of two families who hate each other before introducing the lovers in the opening scene. Like its buddy epilogue, which tells you what happens after the end of a story, a prologue is concerned with the setup of a story. "As a prologue to what happened in the gym, I'll tell you about the food fight in the cafeteria earlier that day." noun an introductory section of a novel or other literary work noun an introduction to a play noun something that serves as a preceding event or introduces what follows synonyms: overture, preliminary, prelude Widget pauses before he starts, letting the tent and the tree settle into a silent prologue while Poppet waits patiently. The tale of Cadmus and his daughters are only a prologue to the greater story. The silence into which Briony read the prologue was tense. "Say, what're you doing today, anyhow? All dressed up and mooning around like the prologue to a suttee. Did you go to Psychology this morning?" مقدمه، پیش درامد

override

You can override or reject a decision if you're more powerful than the person who originally made the decision. And Congress has the power to override or nullify the Presidential veto if they have a two-thirds vote. The word override can be used in a number of contexts. You can override or ride on top of the grass. You can override a horse, or ride it too hard. An army can override or dominate the enemy in a war. And a judge can override or set aside a decision in court. Regardless of which meaning you're using, remember that the thing doing the overriding always has the upper hand. verb rule against synonyms: overrule, overthrow, overturn, reverse "There may have been waiting thieves or a guard who saw me as I bore you away. Concern for your life overrode my caution. I am sorry." A torrent of children's screams, white noise on Libby's bus journey home, threatens to override key aspects of her story. لغو کردن، باطل کردن، رد کردن

enact

You often hear that Congress is going to enact a new statute, which means that they will make it into a law. But enact also means to perform, like in a play. (Makes you wonder if the lawmakers are actors!) Inside the word enact is that little word act, meaning "to do." That makes sense, because when you enact something, you make it happen. And of course, we know that to act also means to perform, and so enact means "to act out," like on stage. Now that the new rules have been enacted, you'll have to stop wearing your gorilla suit to work. Even after Labor Day. verb order by virtue of superior authority; decree "the legislature enacted this law in 1985" synonyms: ordain Before he could enact for her some gesture of loving acceptance, she turned, and she and Leon marched on, calling out the boys' names. But just as justice delayed is justice denied, a reform so long postponed and so grudgingly enacted was hardly worth celebrating. They forget that their readers are encountering the event for the first time and need to see it enacted with their own eyes'. My heart goes out to all of us who in those afternoons at Small's enacted our scene with Few clothes. وضع کردن، تصویب کردن

jurisprudence

You want a word that's a whole mouthful? Try jurisprudence, the study and philosophy of law. You want to study jurisprudence? Get ready for law school, where you'll find even longer, more troubling words. The Latin-based word jurisprudence is made up of two parts, juris "of law" and prudence which goes back to mean "knowledge." If you study law, you study jurisprudence. You can modify it to show a specific type of law, so you will find terms such as medical, human rights, Islamic or American jurisprudence. Sometimes the word is used as a collective to mean the legal world. This is a new issue that jurisprudence will have to deal with. noun the branch of philosophy concerned with the law and the principles that lead courts to make the decisions they do synonyms: law, legal philosophy noun the collection of rules imposed by authority "the great problem for jurisprudence to allow freedom while enforcing order" synonyms: law The justification for the implicit doublespeak—"we do not racial-profile; we just stop people based on race"—can be explained in part by the Supreme Court's jurisprudence. Within a few years after the drug war was declared, however, many legal scholars noted a sharp turn in the Supreme Court's Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. An influential nineteenth-century manual on medical jurisprudence cited the saying "A medical man, when he sees a dead body, should notice everything." Finality, not fairness, had become the new priority in death penalty jurisprudence. بخش یا شاخه ی به خصوصی از علم حقوق، علم حقوق، دادیک شناسی، حقوق شناسی

devolve into

You've probably heard that organisms evolve over time. Well, life is complicated, and sometimes things devolve instead — to devolve is to get worse instead of better. The de- in devolve is a clue to its meaning. When things devolve, they deteriorate, degenerate, fall apart, go to the dogs, and generally end up worse. When a classroom gets loud and rowdy, a teacher might say the class has devolved. There is another, less negative, the meaning of devolve. You can devolve responsibilities: for example, the U.S. government could devolve a certain responsibility to the states. The non-negative meaning of devolve is kind of like passing things on in a will. If I devolve something to you, you inherit it. verb grow worse "The discussion devolved into a shouting match" synonyms: degenerate, deteriorate, drop Then again, if the state of things has really devolved to such a degree, my water must be worth more than ever. But since then conditions in the city had devolved. Let him stay that way, the colonel decided vindictively, just to show him who was boss and to safeguard himself against any loss of dignity that might devolve from his acknowledging the omission. More astonishing, perhaps, was the fact that time travel hadn't broken my brain; that by some miracle, I had not yet devolved into a gibbering crazy person ranting on a street corner. رو به انحطاط گذاشتن، بدتر شدن

decertify

a process by which employees vote to withdraw their consent to union representation; an election is conducted by the National Labor Relations Board. verb cause to be no longer approved or accepted synonyms: derecognize, derecognize Will he decertify the specialized Spotlight team, which, as its leader Robinson cautiously admits, can take a year to pursue a story? District Judge Linda V. Parker, quoting case law, in her rejection of a suit asking to decertify Michigan's election results. The decision to decertify was important because at the time we were a real union. In October, the White House denied a Post story that Trump would decertify the Iran nuclear agreement as not in the national interest. ملغی کردن، باطل کردن

rooted

adjective absolutely still "they stood rooted in astonishment" synonyms: frozen, stock-still nonmoving, unmoving not in motion The system that kept the black race at the bottom of American society was so deeply rooted in the nation's history that it was impervious to the country's ideals of equality. Axel, like his own fence, like Byrd's potting shed, like the flower boxes, like the remaining trees, is rooted to the ground. I guess I came on a little strong in my last letter, but it was only because your paranoid fantasy disturbed me, rooted as it possibly was in your unhealthy attitude toward sex. Giving Stuart my oxygen bottle, I rooted around until I found another one with some gas left in it, and then we both began packing for the descent. ریشه دار، جایگیرشده، عمیق

narrowly

adverb in a narrow manner; not allowing for exceptions "he interprets the law narrowly" Francis, sitting in his chair by the window with an ankle balanced upon the opposite kneecap and his teacup balanced on his bare ankle, was looking at Charles rather narrowly. به دقت

looming

appear as a shadowy form, especially one that is large or threatening. Now, with the conflict in its fourth month, U.S. officials are facing the disappointing reality that the powerful coalition of nations — stretching from North America across Europe and into East Asia — may not be enough to break the looming stalemate in Ukraine. ترسناک، چالش برانگیز، قریب الوقوع

springboard

noun a beginning from which an enterprise is launched "he uses other people's ideas as a springboard for his own" synonyms: jumping-off point, point of departure noun a flexible board for jumping upward Adrenaline coursed through me as I visualized just how I'd hit the springboard. He smelled chlorine from the swimming pool next door and heard the springboard boom. Most of the kids hit the springboard and landed near the front of the mat. "Your oral presentations will be our springboard, our springboard toward discovery and greater understanding." as a springboard to higher office سکوی پرتاب

fence-sitter

noun a person who won't take sides in a controversy Right the way through to the fence-sitter of an ending, the movie looks like it was written by a committee at a screenwriters' seminar. Or, finally, will it be number three, the young fence-sitter who promises to be liberal with his compliments on your date. "One of the biggest problems that we are facing today is the fence-sitter problem," Samantha Power, the head of the U.S. These are hallmarks of a fence-sitter, of a flipper and flopper in changing winds. بی طرف

hotbed

noun a situation that is ideal for rapid development (especially of something bad) "it was a hotbed of vice" Neither did the early farmers understand that feeding children with more porridge and less breast milk would weaken their immune system, and that permanent settlements would be hotbeds for infectious diseases. Mica Area High School—MAHS—was not exactly a hotbed of nonconformity. And with Incheon being a hotbed of Communist supporters, she didn't feel safe. Booth hopes to create the illusion that Washington, D.C., is a hotbed of assassins, resulting in the sort of mass chaos that will make it easier for them all to escape. سرچشمه، شرایط مساعد برای اتفاقات بد

tie

noun a social or business relationship "he was sorry he had to sever his ties with other members of the team" synonyms: affiliation, association, tie-up Many Asian, African and Latin American nations are maintaining ties with Russia as the United States tries to isolate President Vladimir V. Putin and end the war in Ukraine. رابطه

kingmaker

noun an important person who can bring leaders to power through the exercise of political influence "The Earl of Warwick was the first kingmaker". "You could be a kingmaker," the Ghost says. "Probably more of a coward. Very well, Jude, kingmaker. We will gamble with you. Put the crown on a head other than Balekin's and I will help you keep it there." In later years, I discovered that my father was not only an adviser to kings but a kingmaker. Don Jr. has become a kingmaker in Trumpworld, using his social media network to elevate certain personalities in and around the administration. آدم بانفوذی که اشخاص را به مقام های بالا می گمارد و یا در انتخابات پیروز می کند

firm

noun the members of a business organization that owns or operates one or more establishments synonyms: business firm, house The Republican Senate hired a shadowy outside firm with ties to election conspiracy theories to conduct an "audit," dismissing objections from Republican County officials. شرکت

brewing

starting to form the storm that is brewing against the prime minister. در حال به وجود آمدن، در خال راه افتادن

rigged elections

the intentional manipulation of the outcome of an election so that the candidate of the manipulators wins the election regardless of how the people actually voted- this is something that is clearly corrupt and occurs, at times, in African nations or in one-party dictatorships such as North Korea where not only are the results rigged, but if a person accidentally votes against the divine leader, he or she disappears. Talk about rough! When something is rigged, it's fully equipped and ready to go. You'll usually find this adjective describing a sailboat or ship with masts and sails. A fully rigged boat has all the necessary ropes, sails, and masts that it needs to travel on the water. While this nautical adjective is narrowly focused on sailing vessels, you can also use rigged to mean "fraudulent" or "tampered with." If a politician talks about a rigged election, he is not-so-subtly accusing his opponent of conspiring to illegally manipulate the outcome of a vote. This meaning comes from a now-obsolete meaning of rig, "a trick." adjective fitted or equipped with necessary rigging (sails and shrouds and stays etc) Synonyms: lateen, lateen-rigged rigged with a triangular (lateen) sail outrigger rigged with a structure projecting from or over the side of a boat for various purposes; to prevent capsizing or to support an oarlock or to help secure a mast etcsquare-riggedrigged with square sails as the principal ones Those who passed the written test took an oral exam that was rigged to disqualify even the most highly educated blacks. Around the camp, Coach Hedge had rigged all sorts of tripwires, snares, and oversized mousetraps that wouldn't stop any self-respecting monster, but they might very well bring down a senior citizen. A lifetime of watching the Hunger Games lets me know that certain areas of the arena are rigged for certain attacks. "I was wondering if you'd like to go to the fair with me. I drove past it this morning. All the games are rigged and the rides are pretty lame, but they have funnel cake." انتخابات تقلب شده

grip

to have a strong effect on sb or sth a country gripped by economic problems Panic suddenly gripped me when it was my turn to speak. به شدت تحت تاثیر قرار دادن

cast a ballot/vote

to vote in an election رای انداختن در صندوق

short-circuit

verb create a short circuit in synonyms: short verb hamper the progress of; impede "short-circuit warm feelings" verb avoid something unpleasant or laborious synonyms: bypass, get around, go around The scientists urged the committee not to short-circuit testing that could make nuclear weapons more moral. Sure enough, Bush interpreted Lawrence's visit as an attempt to short-circuit his own prerogatives of command. The boys helped short-circuit the electric fence and open the front gates. Butler, perhaps trying to circumvent complaints that might short-circuit his offer, did not disclose ahead of time to Langley's engineering staff that the newest recruit was black. (مقررات یا سلسله مراتب و غیره را) نادیده گرفتن

ties

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