GRE3000 三千完美版第一部分

prohibitive

【考法 1】adj.禁止的；阻止的: tending to prohibit or restrain <font color="#0000ff">【考法 2】adj.(价格高得)抑制购买的: so high or burdensome as to discourage purchase or use 【例】prohibitive prices抑制购买的高价

★discrete

【考法 1】adj.离散的，不连续的: constituting a separate entity 【例】a discrete variable 离散变量 【近】detached, disconnected, unattached, unconnected, separate 【反】continuous 连续的；attached, connected, joined, linked 连接的

parrot

【考法 1】vt.(机械地)模仿，复制: to repeat or imitate, especially without understanding 【例】parrot others blindly 盲目地人云亦云 【近】copy, ditto, duplicate, echo, quote 【反】coin, create, devise, invent 创造

★court

【考法 1】vt./n.追求，献殷勤: to seek the affections of 【例】court the young lady by bring her flowers every day 通过每天给年轻女孩送花追求女孩 【近】woo, pursue, invite 【反】spurn, snub 摒弃，怠慢 【派】courteous adj彬彬有礼的

jettison

【考法 1】vt.丢弃，投弃: to cast overboard or off 【例】a ship jettisoning wastes 投弃废物的船 【近】discard, dump, junk, scrap, throwing away 【反】keep, retain 保留

neutralize

【考法 1】vt.中和: to cause (an acid or base) to undergo neutralization 【例】industrial exhaust neutralized by lime被石灰中和的工业废气 【反】acidify 酸化 【考法 2】vt.破坏，使无效: to make inoperative or ineffective usually by means of an opposite force, influence, or effect 【例】influenced by the kind of propaganda that is difficult to neutralize被一种难以消除的宣传攻势所影响 【近】annul, cancel, counteract, frustrate, negate, nullify 【反】activate, vitalize 激活 【派】n.eutralization n.中和；消除

embrace

【考法 1】vt.乐于接受: to take up willingly or eagerly 【例】embrace the opportunity to study further乐于接受继续深造的机会 【近】accept, adopt, espouse, welcome 【反】abjure 誓绝；abrogate, renounce, spurn 废除，摒弃 【考法 2】vt.包围: to surround or cover closely 【例】The stone walls that embrace the monastery serve to symbolize its function as a retreat from an unquiet world包围着修道院的石墙是它远离喧嚣尘世的象征 【近】circle, encompass, envelop, wrap

desecrate

【考法 1】vt.亵渎，玷污: to treat (a sacred place or object) shamefully or with great disrespect 【例】desecrate the shrine 亵渎圣地 【近】defile, profane, violate 【反】sanctify, revere, hallow尊敬，视为神圣

★disconcert

【考法 1】vt.使不安: to disturb the composure of 【例】We were disconcerted by the unexpected changes to the program我们对项目未预料到的变化感到不安。 【近】abash, discomfit, disconcert, discountenance, mortify, rattle 【反】calm, compose, quiet, settle, soothe, tranquilize 平息抚慰

inundate

【考法 1】vt.淹没: to cover with or as if with flood 【例】inundated with trash e-mails被垃圾邮件所淹没 【近】avalanche, deluge, drown, engulf, overflow, overwhelm, submerge 【反】drain排空 【派】inundation n. 淹没

prowl

【考法 1】vt.潜行，巡游以猎取食物: to roam through stealthily, as in search of prey or plunder 【例】Iprowled the shop looking for sales.我在商店里转悠，寻找打折商品。

exasperate

【考法 1】vt.激怒: to excite the anger of 【例】I was exasperated by the flight delays我被飞机延误激怒了。 【近】aggravate, gall, nettle, peeve, rile, ruffle, vex, burn up 【反】mitigate, mollify 平息

provoke

【考法 1】vt.激怒: to incite to anger or resentment 【例】his teasing finally provoked her to anger他的调戏最终把她激怒了 【近】arouse, excite, incite, instigate, pique, stimulate, stir, fire up 【考法 2】vt.驱使，激起: to stir to action or feeling 【例】rankings that are sure to provoke an argument among film critics 排名必将引发影评家们的争论 【近】abet, ferment, foment, instigate, stir up, whip up

influx

【考法1】n.涌入: a coming in 【例】They anticipated an influx of tourists next month. 他们预期下个月会有大批游客涌入 【近】affluence, flux, income, inflow, inpouring, inrush 【反】exodus 大批离去;outflow, outpouring流出

cast

【考法1】n.演员，演员阵容: a set of characters or persons <font color="#0000ff">【考法 2】vt.选派(演员): to assign (as an actor) to a role or part 【近】He was cast in the leading role他是男一号。 【考法 3】vt.提出: to put forth, give off, to place as if by throwing 【例】cast doubt on their reliability对它们的可靠性提出质疑 【近】discharge, emanate, irradiate, issue, shoot, throw out, give out 【考法 4】v.抛弃: to get rid of as useless or unwanted 【例】once she became rich and didn't need them anymore, she cast off all her old friends like so much junk当她有钱了不再需要朋友了，她把老友像糟粕一样抛弃 【近】ditch, dump, jettison, toss

blandishment

【考法1】n.甜言蜜语，讨好某人的话: something that tends to coax or cajole 【例】Our blandishment left her unmoved纵使甜言蜜语她也无动于衷 【近】flattery, adulation

hie

【考法1】vi.匆匆忙忙: to go quickly, hasten 【例】we had best hie home before the rain gets worse 我们最好在雨下大之前赶快回家 【近】bustle, dash, hustle, scoot, scurry, scuttle, shoot, trot 【反】dawdle, crawl, creep, poke 闲荡，爬行

★chord

【考法1】vi.和谐一致；符合: to be in accord; agree 【例】The revised system chords perfectly with the original goals新版的系统非常符合最初的目标。 【近】accord, agree, conform, consist, correspond, dovetail, fit, harmonize, jibe, rhyme, square, tally 【反】differ from, disagree with

★advert

【考法1】vi.引起注意；提到: to call attention; refer: 【例】He adverted to the problem in the opening paragraph他开门见山地引 出了 问题。 【派】advertent a 留意的 【反】inattentive, remiss, heedless, negligent 疏忽的

recuperate

【考法1】vi.恢复(健康或力量)，康复: to recover health or strength 【例】He is gradually recuperating from a serious back injury.他正渐渐地从严重的背部损伤中恢复过来。 【近】convalesce, heal, rally, recoup, recover, rehabilitate 【反】deteriorate, flag, wane, weaken 衰退，变得衰弱;die, expire, perish, pass away 死亡 【派】recuperative adj.有助于康复的

budge

【考法1】vi.改变立场或态度: to alter a position or attitude 【例】Nothing would budge him没有什么可以改变他的主意。 【考法 2】v.停止抵抗，屈服: to cease resistance (as to another's arguments, demands, or control) 【例】despite hours of intense pressure, she refused to budge from her position 尽管被连续施压几小时，她仍旧不肯改变立场 【近】concede, relent, submit, succumb, surrender 【反】resist拒绝，抵抗

mercurial

【考法 1 】adj.(情绪)善变的: characterized by rapid and unpredictable changeableness of mood 【例】his mercurial temperament他善变的脾气 【近】capricious, changeful, fluctuating, fluid, mutable, temperamental, uncertain, variable, volatile 【反】certain, constant, immutable, invariable, settled, stable, steady, unvarying 稳定的，不变的

lugubrious

【考法 1 】adj.(故作夸张的)悲哀的: mournful, dismal, or gloomy, especially to an exaggerated or ludicrous degree 【例】his lugubrious tear-stained face他忧郁而带着泪痕的脸庞 【近】deploring, doleful, dolorous, lamentable, melancholy, morose, plaintive, rueful, saturnine, sullen, woeful 【反】cheerful, delighted, jocund, jovial 快乐的

irreducible

【考法 1 】adj.(数)不可约分的: incapable of being factored into polynomials of lower degree with coefficients in some given field (as the rational numbers) or integral domain (as the integers) 【例】irreducible integrals 质数 【反】factorable 可约分的

bravura

【考法 1 】adj./n优秀演技: brilliant technique or style in performance 【例】a truly bravura performance of the ballet 一场极其精彩的芭蕾舞演出 【近】adroit, artful, dexterous, masterful, virtuoso 【反】amateur, artless, unprofessional, unskillful

incongruent

【考法 1 】adj.不一致的: not conforming to the circumstances or requirements of a situation 【例】Two triangles are incongruent. 两个三角形不全等。 【近】conflicting, discordant, discrepant, dissonant, incompatible, incongruous, inconsonant 【反】congruent, congruous, consistent 一致的

quixotic

【考法 1 】adj.不切实际的，空想的: having or marked by a tendency to be guided more by ideals than by reality 【例】She had quixotic dreams about the future. 她对未来有着幻想。 【近】impractical, ideal, romantic, starry, utopian, visionary 【反】clear-eyed, clear-sighted 聪明的

★absurd

【考法 1 】adj.不合理的: ridiculously unreasonable, unsound, or incongruous 【例】an absurd argument 无稽之谈 【近】wild, bizarre, ludicrous, insane, nonsensical, preposterous, half-baked 【反】rational, sensible, realistic, reasonable 理性的，合理的

★disaffected

【考法 1 】adj.不满的，叛逆的: discontented and resentful especially against authority; rebellious 【例】gangs of disaffected teenagers 一群叛逆的年轻人 ； The soldiers were disaffected toward the government那些士兵对政府不满 【近】discontented, dissatisfied, malcontent, rebellious, insubordinate, contumacious 【反】satisfied, contented 满足的 【派】disaffect v使不安，使不满: to fill with discontent and unrest 【近】dissatisfy, agitate, upset 【反】mollify 平息，抚慰

diffident

【考法 1 】adj.不自信的: hesitant in acting or speaking through lack of self-confidence 【例】He is diffident to express his opinions in public 他在公共场合表达自己的观点时有点害羞 【近】unassured, bashful, retiring, self-effacing, withdrawn 【反】confident, assured, self-assured, self-confident 自信的 【考法 2】adj.内向的: reserved in manner; unassertive 【例】She was diffident about stating her opinion她很内向，表达自己的观点的时候有点害羞。 【近】introverted 【反】extroverted, outgoing 外向的

nominal

【考法 1 】adj.不重要的: so small or unimportant as to warrant little or no attention 【例】His involvement was nominal. 他的参与不太重要。 【近】inconsequential, inconsiderable, paltry, trifling, trivial 【反】big, consequential, considerable, important, material, significant 重要的 【考法 2】adj.名义上的: existing or being something in name or form only 【例】n.ominal head of the party 党派的名义首领 【近】formal, paper, titular

overbearing

【考法 1 】adj.专横傲慢的: domineering in manner; arrogant 【例】Her husband's overbearing manner made her miserable. 她的丈夫专横傲慢，让她痛不欲生。 【近】authoritative, despotic, dictatorial, imperious, masterful, peremptory 【反】meek, unassuming谦逊的 【考法 2】adj.压倒一切的，在力量或重要性上势不可挡的；支配的，显著的: overwhelming in power or significance; predominant, coming before all others in importance 【例】the overbearing problem in our nation's schools 我国中小学教育的最突出的问题 【近】capital, cardinal, central, chief, dominant, key, leading, master, number one, overmastering, overriding, paramount, predominant, preeminent, premier, primary, prior, sovereign, supreme

★bumptious

【考法 1 】adj.专横傲慢的，自以为是的: having a feeling of superiority that shows itself in an overbearing attitude 【例】a bumptious young man whose family wealth gave him a sense of entitlement一个傲慢的富二代 ； be bumptious over one's inferiors 对下级态度傲慢 【近】assumptive, haughty, imperious, overweeing, peremptory, pompous, presuming, presumptuous, self-assertive, supercilious 【反】humble, modest, unarrogant, unpretentious 谦虚的，低调的

primp

【考法 1 】v.精心打扮: to dress, adorn, or arrange in a careful or finicky manner 【例】She primps for hours before a date.她出门约会前要花数小时打扮。 【近】preen, dress up

★exacting

【考法 1 】adj.严格的，苛求的: making severe demands; rigorous 【例】an exacting instructor 一位严苛的导师 【近】choosy, demanding, fastidious, finical, fussy, pernickety, persnickety, picky 【派】exact v强求，索取: to force the payment or yielding of 【例】exact tribute from a conquered people 从征服的人民手中强取贡品 【反】condone, forgive 赦免免除债务 【考法 2】adj.费时间花心思的: requiring much time, effort, or careful attention 【例】editing and proofreading will always be an exacting task 编辑和校对是花时间花心、思的工作 【近】arduous, burdensome, challenging, grueling, killing, laborious, onerous, taxing, toilsome 【反】light, unchallenging, undemanding 要求不高的

earnest

【考法 1 】adj.严肃认真的: characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind, grave 【例】an earnest machine operator 一丝不苟的机器操作员 【近】grave, serious, solemn, staid, sober 【反】facetious, frivolous, flip, flippant, playful 轻浮的

provisional

【考法 1 】adj.临时的: provided or serving only for the time being; temporary 【例】he was appointed provisional executor of the industrialist's vast estate 他被任命为庞大工业帝国的临时执行官 【近】impermanent, interim, provisionary, short-term 【反】long-term, permanent 永久的

iridescent

【考法 1 】adj.五颜六色的: displaying a play of lustrous colors like those of the rainbow 【例】an iridescent soap bubble 一个五颜六色的肥皂泡 【近】n.acreous, opalescent, pearlescent 【反】monochromatic 单色的 【派】iridescence n.五彩斑斓

methodical

【考法 1 】adj.井然有序的，有条理的: arranged or proceeding in regular, systematic order 【例】a methodical summary that included lists of points to memorize 一份包含了记忆重点的有条理的总结 【近】n.eat, orderly, organized, regular, systematic, systematized 【反】disorganized, haphazard, irregular, unsystematic 杂乱的，混昆乱无序的

minute

【考法 1 】adj.仔细的，谨小慎微的: characterized by careful scrutiny and close examination 【例】a minute description of the setting of the story 故事背景的详细介绍 【近】circumstantial, elaborate, full, particular, particularized, thorough 【反】brief, compendious, concise, succinct, summary, terse 摘要性的，简述的 【考法 2】adj.小的，不重要的: very small or of small importance 【例】It is not sagacious to invest excessively in minute details. 过分投入于不重要的细枝末节上是不明智的 【近】frivolous, incidental, inconsiderable, insignificant, little, minor, negligible, nugatory, slight, trifling, trivial 【反】consequential, critical, crucial, momentous, significant, vital, weighty 关键的，重要的 【派】minutes n.会议记录

★contagious

【考法 1 】adj.传染的: communicable by contact; catching 【例】contagious diseases 传染病 【近】infectious, pestilent, transmissible 【反】incommunicable 不传染的 【考法 2】adj.(情绪等)唤起共鸣的: exciting a similar feeling or reaction in others 【例】The enthusiasm of the new club members was contagious新成员的热情具有很强的感染力 【近】catching, epidemic, spreading 【派】contagiousness n可传染性

perfunctory

【考法 1 】adj.例行公事的，敷衍的: characterized by routine or superficiality and often done merely as a duty 【例】gave his usual perfunctory nod 例行公事地随便点了个头 【近】automatic, cursory, mechanical, superficial 【考法 2】adj.不感兴趣的: lacking in interest or enthusiasm 【例】She gave the list only a perfunctory glance. 她无所谓地随便瞅了名单一眼 【近】apathetic, casual, disinterested, incurious, indifferent, insouciant, nonchalant, pococurante, unconcerned 【反】concerned, interested 感兴趣的

lamentable

【考法 1 】adj.值得惋惜的，悲哀的: inspiring or deserving of lament or regret; deplorable or pitiable; mournful 【例】The lamentable cries of the women for their lost sons were heard throughout the village. 女人们由于丧子之痛的哀嚎响彻整个山谷 【近】deplorable, distressful, grievous, heartbreaking,, lugubrious, plaintive, plangent, sorrowful, woeful 【反】cheerful, delighted, jocund, jovial 欢乐的，快乐的

hypnotic

【考法 1 】adj.催眠的: tending to cause sleep 【例】Her eyes soon grew heavy from the hypnotic rhythm of the train's wheels.伴随着催眠的铁轨声，她很快就有了睡意 【近】drowsy, narcotic, opiate, sleepy, slumberous, soporific 【反】stimulating 剌激性的；refreshing使人精神焕发的

brisk

【考法 1 】adj.充满生机，有活力的: marked by much life, movement, or activity 【例】starting a new life in New York city bristling with possibilities 在有着无限机会的纽约开始新生活 【近】brim, overflow, swarm, teem

★axiomatic

【考法 1 】adj.公理的: based on or involving an axiom or system of axioms 【例】Euclidean geometry is based on five axiomatic principles 欧几里得几何学是在五条公理的基础上建立的 【近】dictum, fundamental, maxim 【考法 2】adj.不言自明的: taken for granted, self-evident 【例】an axiomatic truth 一个不言而明的真理 【近】self-evident, prima facie 【反】controversial 有争议的 【派】axiom n 公理

immanent

【考法 1 】adj.内在的: being a part of the innermost nature of a person or thing 【例】Beauty is not something imposed but something immanent.美丽是内在的品格而非外加的东西 【近】constitutional, essential, inborn, inbred, indigenous, ingrained, innate, integral, intrinsic, natural 【反】adventitious, extrinsic, extraneous 外在的，非本源的

original

【考法 1 】adj.创新的: independent and creative in thought or action : inventive 【例】The car has a highly original design.这车的设计很新颖 【近】ingenious, innovative, inventive 【反】commonplace, banal, trite, familiar, hackneyed, time-honored, tired, warmed-over 陈腐的 【考法 2】adj.最初的，最早的: coming before all others in time or order 【例】the original plan had to be discarded when the situation changed drastically 当环境发生剧烈变化时，最初的计划就该被放弃 【近】earliest, foremost, headmost, inaugural, initial, leadoff, maiden, pioneer, premier, virgin 【反】final, last, latter, terminal, ultimate 最终的

reconvene

【考法 1 】v.重新集合，重新召集: to gather, call together, or summon again, especially for a formal meeting 【例】The leaders will reconvene tomorrow. 明天领导们会再次召开会议。 【近】reassemble 【反】adj.ourn, suspend 休会

innovative

【考法 1 】adj.创造性的: characterized by, tending to, or introducing innovations 【例】an innovative macro-economic strategy 创造性的宏观经济战略 【近】creative, ingenious, inventive, original 【反】conservative, hidebound 保守的 【派】innovation n. 创新

acrimonious

【考法 1 】adj.刻薄的，充满仇恨的: having or showing deep-seated resentment 【例】the acrimonious debate between the two candidates 候选人之间言辞激烈的辩论 【近】embittered, hard, rancorous, resentful, sore

★dexterous

【考法 1 】adj.动作灵活的: ready and skilled in physical movements 【例】a dexterous surgeon 技术娴熟的外科医生 ； The dexterous watchmaker was able to repair the antique watch's delicate gears and parts 手巧的手表匠能够修理古董手表的精密的齿轮和部件。 【近】deft, handy 【反】ham-fisted, ham-handed, handless, heavy-handed, unhandy 手笨的 【考法 2】adj.头脑灵活的: mentally adroit and skillful: clever 【近】adroit, clever, cunning 【反】dull, foolish, silly, fatuous, unwise 儍的

industrious

【考法 1 】adj.勤勉的: constantly, regularly, or habitually occupied, diligent 【例】The industrious PhD spends all his summer holiday in the laboratory.勤奋的博士整个暑假都在做实验 【近】assiduous, busy, diligent, sedulous 【反】indolent, lazy, slothful 懒惰的 【派】industriousness n. 勤奋

diligent

【考法 1 】adj.勤勉的，辛勤的: characterized by steady, earnest, and energetic effort: painstaking 【例】A new bride is diligent for three days 新娶女直妇三日勤； a student who has been unceasingly diligent in pursuit of a degree in mathematics 一个不断勤奋追求数学学位的学生 【近】assiduous, industrious, sedulous, engaged, hopping, tied-up 【反】idle, inactive, unbusy, unemployed, unoccupied 空闲的

laborious

【考法 1 】adj.勤奋的: hard-working; industrious 【例】The volunteers have been commendably laborious in their cleanup of the beach.清理海滩的志愿者们的勤奋努力值得赞扬 He was gentle and kindly, living a laborious life in his Paris flat.他是一个温柔、好心的人，住在巴黎的公寓里过着勤奋的生活 【近】active, assiduous, bustling, diligent, engaged, industrious, occupied, sedulous 【反】idle, inactive, indolent, inert, slothful 懒散的 【考法 2】adj.费力的: marked by or requiring long, hard work 【例】the laborious task of cleaning up the oil spill 清除泄露石油的艰苦工作 【近】arduous, challenging, demanding, difficult, exacting, formidable, grueling, heavy, labored, rigorous, rough, rugged, severe, strenuous, sweaty, toilsome, tough 【反】easy, effortless, facile, light, mindless, simple, undemanding轻松的，容易的

★foolproof

【考法 1 】adj.十分简单以至于不会失败的: so simple, plain, or reliable as to leave no opportunity for error, misuse, or failure 【例】Anything foolproof is impossible and what truly counts is probability没有万无一失的事情，真正的问题在于概率 【近】guaranteed, infallible, safe, unfailing, fail-safe 【反】fallible 容易出错的

dreary

【考法 1 】adj.单调乏味的: having nothing likely to provide cheer, comfort, or interest 【例】The day is cold, rainy, and dreary 天气寒冷，阴暗而沉闷 【近】desolate, gloomy, sullen, dull, monotone, pedestrian, somber 【反】jocund 令人欢乐的 【考法 2】adj.令人不悦的: causing unhappiness 【例】decided to see a professional counselor in order to save their dreary marriage 决定咨询专业人士 以拯救他们悲剧式的婚姻 【近】depressing, dismal, heartbreaking, mournful, pathetic, melancholy 【反】cheering令人激动高兴的 【派】drearily adv令人厌烦地

★erudite

【考法 1 】adj.博学的: characterized by erudition; learned 【例】an erudite scholar渊博的学者 【近】knowledgeable, learned, lettered, literate, scholarly, well-read 【反】ignorant, unlettered, benighted, illiterate, uneducated, unscholarly 无知的

misanthropic

【考法 1 】adj.反人类的: having or showing a deep distrust of human beings and their motives 【例】a solitary and misanthropic artist 一个孤立的反人类艺术家 【近】antisocial, cynical, pessimistic 【反】philanthropic博爱的；uncynical 不愤世嫉俗的 【派】misanthrope n.反人类份子

meet

【考法 1 】adj.合适的: precisely adapted to a particular situation, need, or circumstance: very proper 【例】In this case, splitting the winnings of the contested lottery ticket seems like a meetsolution.在这种情况下，平分有争议的彩票奖金或许是个合适的解决方案 【近】applicable, appropriate, apt, becoming, befitting, felicitous, fitting, proper, right, suitable 【反】improper, inapplicable, inapposite, inappropriate, inapt, infelicitous, malapropos 不合适的

★genial

【考法 1 】adj.和蔼亲切的: having an easygoing and pleasing manner especially in social situations 【例】a genial host who makes a point of speaking personally to each and every guest 一个强调与每个客人私下交流的亲切的主人 【近】affable, agreeable, gracious, mellow, nice, pleasant, sweet 【反】caustic, mordant 尖酸刻薄的；truculent凶残的 【考法 2】adj.友好的，热心的: having or showing kindly feeling and sincere interest 【近】amicable, companionable, cordial, warmhearted 【反】antagonistic, hostile 有敌意的 【考法 3】adj.温暖的: marked by temperatures that are neither too high nor too low 【例】genial sunshine in winter 冬日的暖阳 【近】balmy, equable, gentle, mild, moderate, soft, temperate 【反】harsh, inclement, intemperate, severe 严峻的 【派】geniality n.和蔼

★consonant

【考法 1 】adj.和谐一致的: being in agreement or harmony; free from elements making for discord 【例】His performance was rarely consonant with his reputation他的表现与名气大不相符 【近】harmonious, compatible, congenial, consistent, congruous, correspondent 【反】conflicting, dissonant, discrepant, inconsistent不和皆皆的，不一致的 【派】consonance n和谐，一致

★congruent

【考法 1 】adj.和谐一致的: being in agreement, harmony, or correspondence; congruous 【例】a theory congruent with the known facts 一个与己知事实相一致的理论 【近】consonant, compatible, consistent, harmonious, accordant 【反】disagreeable 不一致的;conflicting, incompatible冲突的，不可协调的 【考法 2】adj.全等的: coinciding exactly when superimposed 【例】These two triangles are congruent 这两个三角形是全等的 【近】identical, exact 【反】disparate 迥异的 【派】congruity n和谐一致

facetious

【考法 1 】adj.喜欢开玩笑的，轻浮的: joking or jesting often inappropriately 【例】Stop being facetious! This is the life-and-death moment 别开玩笑了！这可是生死攸关的时刻 【近】humorous, jocose, jocular, waggish, witty 【反】earnest, sincere 真挚的，真诚的；lugubrious 哀怨的

obstinate

【考法 1 】adj.固执的: perversely adhering to an opinion, purpose, or course in spite of reason, arguments, or persuasion 【例】obstinate resistance to change 坚决抵制改变 【近】adamant, headstrong, intransigent, stubborn, uncompromising, unyielding, willful 【反】acquiescent, agreeable, amenable, compliant, complying, flexible, pliable, pliant, relenting, yielding 顺从服从的 【考法 2】adj.难于减轻或治愈的: not easily subdued, remedied, or removed 【例】obstinate fever高烧不退； an obstinate headache难以治愈的头痛

endemic

【考法 1 】adj.地方性的: prevalent in or peculiar to a particular locality, region, or people 【例】an endemic disease 地方性疾病 【近】aboriginal, indigenous, native, domestic 【反】exotic, foreign, nonindigenous, nonnative 国外的，外: 来的

blatant

【考法 1 】adj.大声喧哗的: noisy, especially in a vulgar or offensive manner 【例】blatant radios喧闹恼人的电台 【近】boisterous, clamant, clamorous, vociferous 【反】quiet, reticent, taciturn沉默少语的 【考法 2】adj.(让人生厌地)惹人注目的: very noticeable especially for being incorrect or bad 【例】a blatant lie 明目张胆的谎言； a blatant error in simple addition 简单的加法运算中的一个明显错误 【近】conspicuous, flagrant, glaring, patent, striking, pronounced 【反】subtle, unimpressive 细微的

medley

【考法 1 】adj.大杂烩，混合物: an unorganized collection or mixture of various things 【例】a medley of snack foods available on the buffet table 自助餐桌上供应着各式各样的小吃 【近】agglomerate, collage, hodgepodge, jumble, montage, motley, muddle, salad, shuffle, variety, welter

cherubic

【考法 1 】adj.天使般可爱的: innocent-looking usually chubby and rosy 【例】A representation of Cupid as a naked, cherubic boy usually is used as a symbol of love丘比特作为小天使般的少年裸体画像被用作爱的象征 【反】fiendish, devilish 恶魔般的

naive

【考法 1 】adj.天真纯朴的: lacking worldly experience and understanding, simple and guileless 【例】a child with a naive charm 天真无邪的孩子 【近】artless, guileless, ingenuous, innocent, natural, simple, unaffected, unsophisticated 【反】sophisticated, worldly 世故的；affected, artful, assuming, dishonest, dissembling, guileful 虚伪、做作的 【派】n.aivety n. 天真

aggressive

【考法 1 】adj.好斗的: having a quality of anger and determination that makes it ready to attack others 【例】aggressive behavior 具有攻击性的行为 【近】fierce, assaultive, combative, militant, confrontational, go-getting, self-assertive, truculent, pugnacious 【反】even-tempered, nonbelligerent, pacific, uncombative, uncontentious 心平气和的，不好斗的 【考法 2】adj.强有力的，强烈的: marked by or uttered with forcefulness 【例】an aggressive campaign to win the African-American vote 一次能够获得非裔美国人选票的强有力的竞选 【近】dynamic, energetic, full-blooded, vigorous

epic

【考法 1 】adj.宏大的，超凡脱俗的: surpassing the usual or ordinary, particularly in scope or size 【例】his genius was epic 他聪明过人 【近】august, grandiose, imposing, magnificent, majestic, monumental 【反】humble, unheroic, unimpressive, modest 适度的，印象不深的

commodious

【考法 1 】adj.宽敞舒适的 comfortably or conveniently spacious: roomy 【例】a commodious closet宽敞的衣橱 【近】spacious, roomy 【反】constricted, cramped, snug, constringed 狭窄的

★affluent

【考法 1 】adj.富裕的: having a generously sufficient and typically increasing supply of material possessions 【例】affluent society 富裕的社会 【近】opulent, loaded, deep-pocketed, silk-stocking, well-endowed, well-off, well-to-do 【反】n.eedy, impecunious, impoverished, indigent, penurious贫困的

★errant

【考法 1 】adj.居无定所的: traveling from place to place 【例】the errant gunslinger as a standard character in western novels在西部题材小说中，叛逆的持枪歹徒是经典形象 【近】ambulant, fugitive, nomadic, perambulatory, roaming, roving, vagabond, vagrant, wandering 【考法 2】adj.误入歧途的，犯错误的: straying from the proper course or standards 【例】errant youngsters误入歧途的青少年 【近】misbehaving, mischievous 【反】behaved, behaving, nice, orderly行为规矩的

imperial

【考法 1 】adj.帝国的，帝王的: of, relating to, or suggestive of an empire or a sovereign, especially an emperor or empress 【例】Imperial College London 帝国理工学院 【近】kingly, queenly, regal, royal 【考法 2】adj.巨大的，令人惊叹的: large and impressive in size, grandeur, extent, or conception 【例】envisioned an imperial city that would rival the capitals of Europe for beauty and magnificence 幻想着一个比欧洲各国首都更为动人和壮丽的巨大城市 【近】august, epic, glorious, grand, imposing, magnificent, monumental, noble, splendid 【反】common, humble, inferior, low 低下的，平凡的

★egalitarian

【考法 1 】adj.平等主义的: affirming, promoting, or characterized by belief in equal political, economic, social, and civil rights for all people 【例】the egalitarian principle guiding his endeavor引导他奋斗的平等主义原则 【近】disinterested, impartial, unprejudiced, unbiased, objective 【反】inequitable, discriminating, unfair 有偏见的，不公平的 【派】egalitarianism n平等主义

piddling

【考法 1 】adj.微不足道的: so trifling or trivial as to be beneath one's consideration 【例】raised a piddling objection to the plan 对计划提出了一个微不足道的反对 【近】inconsequential, inconsiderable, insignificant, measly, minute, paltry, peanut, slight, trifling, trivial 【反】consequential, considerable, important, material, momentous, significant 重大的，重要的

finicky

【考法 1 】adj.过分讲究的，挑剔的: extremely or excessively particular, exacting, or meticulous in taste or standards 【例】have a reputation for being finicky eater 有着挑食的名声 【近】demanding, exacting, fastidious, fussy, nice, particular 【反】undemanding, unfussy不挑剔的

committed

【考法 1 】adj.忠诚的: loyal to a belief, organization, or group, and willing to work hard for it 【例】remain committed to one's youthful ideal坚持不懈地追求自己年轻时的理想 【近】loyal, faithful, allegiant 【反】disloyal 不忠诚的 【派】n.oncommittal adj不明确的: giving no clear indication of attitude or feeling 【例】a noncommittal reply 一个不明确的回答 【反】confirmable 确定的

macabre

【考法 1 】adj.恐怖的: suggesting the horror of death and decay; gruesome 【例】Impressively, Plants vs. Zombies presented a supposedly macabre themeinsuch anenjoyableway. 令 人难忘的是，《植物大战僵尸》将一个本应该十分恐怖的主题用一种如此欢乐的方式呈现出来 【近】appalling, atrocious, dreadful, ghastly, gruesome, hideous, horrific, nightmarish, terrific 【反】agreeable, delightful, enjoyable, pleasant 令人愉悦的

malicious

【考法 1 】adj.恶意的: given to, marked by, or arising from malice; deliberately harmful 【例】spread malicious gossips 散播恶意的流言蜚语 【近】bad, cruel, despiteful, evil, malevolent, malign, mean, nasty, spiteful, vicious, virulent, wicked 【反】benevolent, benign, benignant, charitable, kind, kindly 善良的，仁慈的

malign

【考法 1 】adj.恶意的: having or showing a desire to cause someone pain or suffering for the sheer enjoyment of it 【例】Both parties to the divorce showed a malign desire to make each other's future life utterly miserable.离婚双方都表露出了恶毒的愿望，希望对方未来的生活陷入彻底的悲剧之中 【近】bad, cruel, despiteful, evil, malevolent, malicious, mean, nasty, spiteful, vicious, virulent, wicked 【反】benevolent, benign, benignant, charitable, kind, kindly 善良的，仁慈的 【考法 2】vt. 诽谤: to utter iniuriouslv misleading or false reports about: speak evil of 【例】the belief that it is possible to win an election without maligning anyone 一种信念，那就是要赢得一场选举就不得不诽谤他人 【近】asperse, blacken, calumniate, defame, libel, smear, traduce, vilify 【反】acclaim, applaud, eulogize, extol, laud, praise 赞美；defend, vindicate 辩护

pessimistic

【考法 1 】adj.悲观的: tending to stress the negative or unfavorable or to take the gloomiest possible view 【例】With that pessimistic attitude, it's no wonder you're depressed.你的人生观如此悲观，难怪你会感到压抑 【近】bearish, defeatist, despairing, downbeat, hopeless 【反】optimistic乐观的 【派】pessimism n. 悲观主义

invidious

【考法 1 】adj.惹人反感的: tending to cause discontent, animosity, or envy 【例】the invidious task of arbitration 令人反感的仲裁任务 【近】abhorrent, detestable, obnoxious, odious, repugnant, repellent 【反】agreeable, gratifying, pleasant 令人高兴的 【考法 2】adj.羡慕嫉妒恨的: having or showing mean resentment of another's possessions or advantages 【例】Inevitably, his remarkable success attracted the invidious attention of the other sales representatives.不可避免地，他巨大的成功引来了其他销售代表羡慕嫉妒恨的眼光 【近】covetous, envious, jaundiced, jealous, resentful, green-eyed

jovial

【考法 1 】adj.愉快的: markedly good-humored especially as evidenced by jollity and conviviality 【例】a jovial host 快活的主人 【近】blithesome, festive, gay, gleeful, jocular, jocund, jolly, mirthful 【反】lachrymose, saturnine 悲哀的；dour, dreary, morose, serious 阴郁的

blithe

【考法 1 】adj.愉快高兴的: of a happy lighthearted character or disposition 【例】Everyone loved her for her blithe spirit 所有人都喜欢她开朗的性格 【近】bright, buoyant, gay, jocular, jocund, jovial 【反】dour, gloomy, morose, saturnine, sulky, sullen 忧郁的 【考法 2】adj.无忧无虑的: having or showing freedom from worries or troubles 【例】He has a blithe attitude about ever having to earn a living because he knows there's a trust fund in his future他对生活无忧无虑，因为他知道他的未来有信托基金可以倚靠 【近】debonair, insouciant, lighthearted 【反】careworn焦虑的

★fateful

【考法 1 】adj.意义重大的: involving momentous consequences 【例】make a fateful decision to declare war 做出了宣战的重大决定 【近】critical, crucial, important, momentous, significant 【反】inconsequential, insignificant, petty, paltry, trivial, unimportant 不重要的 【考法 2】adj.带来灾难的，毁灭性的: bringing death or disaster 【例】a fateful journey 一趟致命的旅行 【近】calamitous, cataclysmic, catastrophic, deadly, destructive, disastrous, fatal, ruinous

inept

【考法 1 】adj.愚笨的，荒谬的: displaying a lack of judgment, sense, or reason 【例】an inept and irresponsible remark on his paper 对他文章的荒谬而不负责任的评论 【近】absurd, foolish, fatuous, preposterous, stupid, witless, unwise 【反】judicious, prudent sagacious, sapient, smart, wise 聪明的，明智的 【考法 2】adj.不恰当的，不合时宜的: not appropriate for a particular occasion or situation 【近】amiss, graceless, improper, inapposite, infelicitous, malapropos, perverse, unseemly, unsuitable 【反】appropriate, becoming, felicitous, fitting, genteel, proper, seemly, suitable 恰当的 【考法 3】adj.不称职的，无能力的: generally incompetent 【例】a hopelessly inept defense attorney严重不靠谱的辩护律师 【近】incapable, inexpert, unfitted, unskillful, unqualified 【反】capable, competent 有能力的；proficient, masterful精通的，技艺精湛的 【派】ineptitude n.不合适

indolent

【考法 1 】adj.懒惰的: averse to activity, effort, or movement 【例】The sweltering afternoon made us indolent. 炎热的午后使我们懒散不愿行动 【近】lazy, idle, shiftless, slothful, sluggish 【反】diligent, industrious 勤奋的 【派】indolence n. 懒惰

pusillanimous

【考法 1 】adj.懦弱的，胆小得令人鄙视的: lacking courage and resolution : marked by contemptible timidity 【例】pusillanimous politicians who vote according to whichever way the political wind is blowing 胆小懦弱的政客，舆论风向倒向谁就投票给谁 【近】craven, dastardly, gutless, poltroon, recreant, spineless 【反】brave, courageous, daring, dauntless, doughty, gallant, gutsy, intrepid, lionhearted, stalwart, stout, stouthearted, valiant, valorous 勇敢的

mawkish

【考法 1 】adj.过度伤感的: excessively and objectionably sentimental 【例】a mawkish love story 令人伤感的爱情故事 【近】lachrymose, maudlin, mushy, overemotional, sentimental, tearful 【反】blithe,cheerful, jocund, jovial, jubilant 高兴的;apathetic, impassive, indifferent 冷漠的

acute

【考法 1 】adj.敏锐的: marked by keen discernment or intellectual perception especially of subtle distinctions，penetrating 【例】an acute thinker 思维敏锐的思想者 【近】delicate, fine, keen, perceptive, sensitive 【考法 2】adj.严重的，急性的: needing immediate attention 【例】acute appendicitis急性阑尾炎 【近】exigent, imperative, compelling, urgent 【反】mild, noncritical, nonurgent轻微的，不严重的 【考法 3】adj.(程度、影响)极强: extreme in degree, or effect 【例】experiencing acute distress over the misunderstanding with her best friend 因误会她的死党陷入了深深的痛苦 【近】dreadful, excruciating, profound 【反】light, moderate, soft 程度温和的

impertinent

【考法 1 】adj.无关紧要的: not having a clear decisive relevance to the matter in hand 【例】Your resume needlessly lists extracurricular experiences that are impertinent to the PhD program for which you are applying.你的简历里列出的一些课外活动和你申请的博士项目是毫不相关的 【近】extraneous, immaterial, inapplicable, inapposite, irrelevant 【反】germane, pertinent, relevant 相关的;crucial, important, significant 重要的 【考法 2】adj.粗鲁无礼的，大胆的: given to or characterized by insolent rudeness 【例】I don't like strangers who ask impertinent questions. 我很讨厌那些问无礼问题的陌生人 【近】audacious, bold, brash, brassbound, brassy, brazen, impudent, insolent 【反】meek, mousy, retiring, shy, timid 内敛的，胆小的 【考法 3】adj.·不守礼节的，不为他人着想的: showing a lack of manners or consideration for others 【例】impertinent salesmen who telephone people during the dinner hour 在就餐时间打电话骚扰别人的无礼销售员 【近】discourteous, disrespectful, inconsiderate, rude, thoughtless 【反】civil, courteous, genteel, gracious, mannerly, polite有礼貌的;considerate 为他人着想的

amorphous

【考法 1 】adj.无固定形状的: having no definite form: shapeless 【例】an amorphous cloud mass 一团无定形的云 【近】shapeless, unformed, unshaped 【考法 2】adj.不可归类的 : being without definite character or nature : unclassifiable 【例】an amorphous segment of society 不可归类的社会阶段 【近】unclassifiable

★airtight

【考法 1 】adj.无瑕疵的: having no noticeable weakness, flaw, or loophole 【例】an airtight argument 滴水不漏、无懈可击的论断 【考法 2】adj.密封的，不透气的: impermeable to air or nearly so 【例】an airtight seal 不透气的封口

intrepid

【考法 1 】adj.无畏的: characterized by resolute fearlessness, fortitude, and endurance 【例】an intrepid explorer 无畏的探险家 【近】audacious, brave, bold, courageous, dauntless, fearless, gallant, valiant, valorous 【反】apprehensive 恐惧的；cowardly, craven, gutless, pusillanimous, timorous 怯懦的，胆小的 【派】intrepidity n.无所畏惧

insensible

【考法 1 】adj.无知觉的: having lost consciousness, especially temporarily 【例】The security guard was knocked insensible by a sudden blow.保安被突如其来的一击敲晕了 【近】anesthetic, insensate, senseless, unfeeling, unconscious 【反】conscious神志清醒的 【考法 2】adj.漠不关心的: not emotionally responsive 【例】insensible to workers' requests对工人的要求无动于衷 【近】apathetic, bloodless, callous, dull, impassive, indifferent, nonchalant, phlegmatic 【反】concerned 关切的 【考法 3】adj.粗俗的，没品味的: lacking in refinement or good taste 【例】She married an insensible brute upon whom the niceties of life were completely lost.她嫁给了一个毫无品味的凡夫俗子，从此她的生活再无任何情趣 【近】crass, crude, incult, lowbred, tasteless, uncouth, uncultivated, uncultured, unpolished, unrefined, vulgar 【反】civilized, cultivated, cultured, genteel, polished, refined, smooth, tasteful 有品位的

abject

【考法 1 】adj.无精打采的: cast down in spirit, spiritless 【例】a man made abject by suffering被生活折磨得无精打采的人 【近】spiritless 【反】spirited, excited, exultant 狂喜的，令人兴奋的 【考法 2】adj.(地位、身份)悲惨、凄凉的: sunk to or existing in a low state or condition 【例】abject poverty让人绝望的贫穷 【考法 3】adj.卑微的，讨好的: expressing or offered in a humble and often ingratiating spirit 【例】abject flattery卑躬屈膝般的恭维；an abject apology讨好般的道歉 【近】base, humble, menial, servile过分屈从的; 缺乏独立性的, slavish无独立性的; 无创造性的

★desultory

【考法 1 】adj.无计划、无目的的: lacking a definite plan, purpose, or pattern 【例】a desultory search for something of interest on TV 漫无目的的换台 【近】digressive, excursive, meandering, rambling, wandering 【反】carefully planned, strictly methodical, assiduous 精心计划的，有系统的，勤勉的 【考法 2】adj.令人失望的: disappointing in progress, performance, or quality 【例】a desultory fifth place finish让人失望的第五名

levelheaded

【考法 1 】adj.明智的: characteristically self-composed and sensible 【例】a levelheaded assessment of the problem 对于问题的一个明智的评估 【近】informed, justified, logical, rational, reasonable, sensible, sober, valid, well-founded 【反】foolish 愚蠢的；groundless, invalid, unfounded, unjustified, unsound 没有根据的，理由不充分的

fickle

【考法 1 】adj.易变的: likely to change frequently, suddenly, or unexpectedly 【例】a fickle lover感情善变的情人 【近】capricious, fluid, mercurial, mutable, temperamental, volatile 【反】constant, immutable, invariable, stable, steady 稳定的，不变的 【考法 2】adj.不忠诚的: not true in one's allegiance to someone or something 【例】When the family's fortune disappeared, so did their fickle friends 当这个家庭的财富消逝殆尽时，他们的那些虚伪的朋友也无影无踪了 【近】disloyal, perfidious, recreant, traitorous, treacherous, unfaithful 【反】faithful, loyal忠诚的

labile

【考法 1 】adj.易变的，不稳定的: continually undergoing chemical, physical, or biological change; unstable 【例】labile mineral不稳定的矿物质 an emotionally labile person 一个多愁善感的人 【近】capricious, fluctuating, fluid, inconstant, mercurial, temperamental, unsettled, unsteady, variable, volatile 【反】constant, immutable, invariable, stable, stationary, steady 稳定的

jaundice

【考法 1 】n.(因嫉妒或厌世而产生的)偏见: to affect with the negativity or bitterness of jaundice; bias 【例】the jaundice in the eyes of the two feuding neighbors 两个有积怨的邻居之间的偏见 【近】animosity, animus, antagonism, antipathy, gall, hostility, rancor 【反】amity和睦，好感

manifest

【考法 1 】adj.显然的，明显易懂的: clearly apparent to the sight or understanding; obvious 【例】He is a manifest poseur. 他显然是个装模作样的人 【近】apparent, clear, distinct, evident, lucid, obvious, palpable, patent, perspicuous, plain, transparent 【反】cryptic, enigmatic, indistinct, mysterious, obfuscated, obscure, unclear 晦涩的，难懂的 【考法 2】v.显现，显露: to make evident or certain by showing or displaying 【例】His frustration is often manifested by a minor facial tic.他的沮丧通常会从脸部的细微抽搐中表现出来 【近】bespeak, betray, demonstrate, display, evince, expose, reveal 【反】conceal, hide隐藏 【派】manifesto n.宣言，声明

★deleterious

【考法 1 】adj.有害的: harmful often in a subtle or unexpected way 【例】deleterious to health 对健康有害的 【近】adverse, baleful, baneful, detrimental, mischievous, nocuous, noxious, pernicious 【反】beneficial, salutary, salubrious, wholesome, benign, harmless, innocuous 有益的，安全无害的

provisory

【考法 1 】adj.有附带条件的，临时的: depending on a proviso; conditional; serving in a position for the time being 【例】a provisory permit to block off the street while movie scenes were being shot 一个同意在电影拍摄期间封锁道路的临时许可 【近】interim, provisional, provisionary, provisory 【反】unconditional, long-term, permanent 无条件的，7欠久的

★disjointed

【考法 1 】adj.机能失调的: being thrown out of orderly function 【例】a disjointed society 混乱的社会 【近】chaotic, disorderly 【反】orderly, regular, systematic有序的，规律的，系统的 【考法 2】adj.不连贯的: not clearly or logically connected 【例】a disjointed speech about a hodgepodge of things关于一大堆杂事的不连贯的演讲 【近】disconnected, unconnected 【反】coherent, connected 连贯的

★eminent

【考法 1 】adj.杰出的: exhibiting eminence especially in standing above others in some quality or position 【例】an eminent young scientist 一名杰出的青年科学家 【近】famous, celebrated, distinguished, famed, notable, prominent, renowned 【反】mediocre, undistinguished 中庸的，平凡的 【派】eminence n杰出，显赫

meticulous

【考法 1 】adj.极为谨慎的: marked by extreme or excessive care in the consideration or treatment of details 【例】He was so meticulous about everything. 他对所有事都一丝不苟 【近】careful, conscientious, exact, fussy, heedful, painstaking, punctilious, scrupulous 【反】careless, feckless, heedless, thoughtless 疏忽大意的

nebulous

【考法 1 】adj.模糊的: indistinct, vague 【例】a nebulous description of the topic 对于主题的模糊描述 【近】ambiguous, arcane, equivocal, hazy, indistinct, muddy, murky, obscure, occult, vague 【反】distinct 明显的;clear, definite, unambiguous, unequivocal 明确的 【派】n.ebula n.星云

fraudulent

【考法 1 】adj.欺诈的: characterized by, based on, or done by fraud 【例】a fraudulent interpretation of experimental data 对实验数据的欺骗性解释 【近】deceitful, deceptive, dishonest, duplicitous, guileful, underhanded 【反】reliable, trustworthy 可信的;authentic 真实的;honest, straight 诚实的 【派】fraudulence n欺骗

★figurative

【考法 1 】adj.比喻的: expressing one thing in terms normally denoting another with which it may be regarded as analogous 【例】The word here is used in its figurative sense 这个词在这里取它的比喻义 【近】extended, metaphorical 【反】literal字面上的，逐字逐句的

permanent

【考法 1 】adj.永恒的: continuing or enduring without fundamental or marked change; lasting forever 【例】A temporary compromise has been accepted until a more permanent solution can be agreed upon.在更为持久的决案被通过之前，一个暂时性的妥协方案被接受了 【近】ceaseless, dateless, deathless, endless, eternal, immortal, perpetual, undying, unending 【反】ephemeral, evanescent, transient, transitory 稍瞬即逝的；provisional, temporary 暂时性的 【派】permanence n.永恒

★eternal

【考法 1 】adj.永恒的: having infinite duration; everlasting; perpetual 【例】eternal love 永恒的爱 【近】ageless, everlasting, immortal, imperishable, perennial, perpetual, undying 【反】ephemeral 短暂的

imperturbable

【考法 1 】adj.沉着冷静的，淡定的: marked by extreme calm, impassivity, and steadiness 【例】The chef was absolutely imperturbable—even when the kitchen caught on fire. 这个厨师可谓淡定到了极致——他连厨房着火的时候都依然沉着 【近】collected, composed, cool, disimpassioned, nonchalant, unflappable, unruffled 【反】choleric, touchy 暴躁的，易怒的

meteoric

【考法 1 】adj.流星般迅速而短暂的: similar to a meteor in speed, brilliance, or brevity 【例】a meteoric rise to fame 一夜成名 【近】ephemeral, evanescent, fleeting, momentary, rapid, transient, transitory 【反】enduring, lasting, permanent, prolonged 持久的

prevalent

【考法 1 】adj.流行的，普遍的: widely or commonly occurring, existing, accepted, or practiced 【例】The kinds of accidents are frequently seen in places where snowmobiles are prevalent.这种类型的事故在摩托雪橇盛行的地区是很常见的。 【近】conventional, dominant, common, popular, predominant, preponderant, prevailing, rife 【反】absent, rare 缺少的，稀少的；unusual与众不同的 【派】prevalence n.流行，遍及

pompous

【考法 1 】adj.浮夸的: excessively elevated or ornate 【例】The candidate was given to windy rhetorical speeches.听众们听了一场冗长而浮夸的演讲。 【近】affected, bombastic, flowery, grandiloquent, magniloquent, rhetorical, sonorous 【反】homely 朴素的 【考法 2】adj.傲慢的: having or exhibiting self-importance 【例】a pompous politician who insisted on boarding the plane first 一个坚持要求优先登机的傲慢政客 【近】arrogant, egocentric, haughty, pontifical, presumptuous, supercilious 【反】humble, modest, unpretentious 谦逊的

hermetic

【考法 1 】adj.深奥的: relating to or characterized by occultism or abstruseness 【例】wrote hermetic poetry 写晦涩难懂的诗歌 【近】abstruse, arcane, esoteric, recondite 【反】easily comprehended, shallow, superficial容易理解的，肤浅的

esoteric

【考法 1 】adj.深奥难懂的: difficult for one of ordinary knowledge or intelligence to understand 【例】esoteric terminology 少数人知道的专业术语 【近】abstruse, arcane, hermetic, recondite 【反】shallow, superficial 肤浅的 【考法 2】adj.少数人知道的: not known or meant to be known by the general populace 【例】The actor must have had some esoteric motive for leaving stage 该演员淡出舞台肯定有不为人知的原因。 【近】confidential, inside, intimate, nonpublic, privy, secret 【反】common accepted, generally known, open, public 公开的，普遍接受的

★deliberate

【考法 1 】adj.深思熟虑的: characterized by or resulting from careful and thorough consideration 【例】a deliberate decision 一个慎重的决定 【近】calculated, considered, reasoned, thoughtful 【反】impetuous, haste, casual, unadvised, uncalculated, unconsidered, unstudied 随意的，未经过深思的

motley

【考法 1 】adj.混杂的，富于变化的: (especially of colors) having elements of great variety or incongruity 【例】an arrangement of motley flowers 多种不同花束的组合 【近】assorted, chromatic, kaleidoscopic, heterogeneous, indiscriminate, magpie, piebald, variegated 【反】homogeneous, monochromatic, monotonous, unvaried 单一的，同一性的

antic

【考法 1 】adj.滑稽可笑的: characterized by clownish extravagance or absurdity 【例】The clown came on with many antic gestures 小丑上场表演许多滑稽动作。 【近】chucklesome, comedic, comic, droll, farcical, laughable, ludicrous, hilarious 【反】humorless, unamusing, uncomic, unfunny, unhumorous 不好笑的 grave 庄重的；serious, solemn, somber严肃的

★deft

【考法 1 】adj.灵巧的，熟练的: characterized by facility and skjU 【例】He finished off the painting with a few deft strokes of the brush他简单熟练的几笔便完成了画作。 【近】cunning, adroit, dexterous, expert, masterful, virtuoso 【反】awkward, maladroit, ham-handed, amateur, artless, unprofessional, unskillful 笨拙的，不精通的

ostentatious

【考法 1 】adj.炫耀卖弄的: marked by or fond of conspicuous or vainglorious and sometimes pretentious display 【例】wears an ostentatious diamond ring on her finger 她手指上戴着一枚巨大的钻戒 【近】flamboyant, flaring, flashy, splashy 【反】modest, artless, austere, unpretentious, conservative, quiet, understated, unflamboyant, unflashy 谦让的，朴素的，保守地

rapt

【考法 1 】adj.狂喜的: experiencing or marked by overwhelming usually pleasurable emotion 【例】a rock band that still attracts rapt crowds 一个仍然拥有者狂热粉丝的乐队 【近】elated, elevated, enraptured, entranced, euphoric, exhilarated, intoxicated, rapturous, rhapsodic 【反】crestfallen, dejected, depressed 沮丧的；doleful, gloomy, melancholy, mournful, woeful 哀伤的 【考法 2】adj.全神贯注的: deeply absorbed; engrossed 【例】With a mixture of delight and awe, the rapt children stared at the chick in the incubator breaking out of its shell. 怀着愉快和敬畏的复杂心理，孩子们全神贯注地盯着孵化箱中的小鸡破壳而出。 【近】absorbed, concentrated, deep, engrossed, enthralled, focused, immersed, intent, observant 【反】absent, abstracted, distracted, inattentive 不专心的;apathetic, disinterested, unconcerned 冷漠的，不关心的

cunning

【考法 1 】adj.狡猾的: marked by or given to artful subtlety and deceptiveness 【例】cunning tactics狡猾的战术 【近】artful, crafty, devious, foxy, sly, tricky, wily 【反】artless, naive, unsophisticated 天真无邪的 【考法 2】adj.(手工)灵巧的: skillful with the hands 【例】Only the most cunning cabinetmaker could have crafted such a beautifully proportioned chest of drawers只有手工超凡的家具工才能打造出如此精致协调的衣柜 【近】clever, deft, handy 【反】heavy-handed, ham-handed 笨拙的 【考法 3】n.欺诈，欺骗: the inclination or practice of misleading others through lies or trickery 【例】used cunning and subterfuge to work her way up the corporate ladder 通过欺骗在公司中步步攀升 【近】artifice, deception, fraud 【反】ingenuousness, sincerity 真诚

morbid

【考法 1 】adj.病态的: affected with or induced by disease 【例】exhibit a morbid fascination展现出一种病态的迷恋 【近】diseased, pathological 【反】v.erdant青翠的 【考法 2】adj.（思想、性格等）变态的: characterized by preoccupation with unwholesome thoughts or feelings 【例】read the account of the murder with a morbid interest 怀着病态的心态读谋杀报告 【近】brainsick, crazy, deranged, lunatic, psychotic 【反】hale, salubrious, wholesome 健康的 【派】morbidity n. 病态

diurnal

【考法 1 】adj.白天发生或行动的: occurring or active during the daytime rather than at night 【例】diurnal animals 昼行性动物 【反】n.octurnal夜晚的 【考法 2】adj.每天的: occurring, done, produced, or appearing every day 【例】a love as constant and certain as the diurnal tides像每天潮汐一样始终如一的爱情 【近】daily, day-to-day, 【考法 3】adj.期刊: a publication that appears at regular intervals 【例】A microfilm contains a collection of diurnals 一个微缩胶片里包含很多期刊的合集。 【近】bulletin, magazine, periodical, review, serial, journal

★apropos [,æprə'po]

【考法 1 】adj.相关的: being both relevant and opportune 【例】The actor announced to reporters that he would only answer to apropos questions about the movie演员向记者表示，他只回答那些和电影有关的问题。 【近】appliacable, apropos, germane, pointed, relative, relevant 【反】extraneous, irrelevant, impertinent, irrelative, pointless 无关的 【考法 2】prep关于，有关: having to do with 【例】to make a number of telling observations apropos the current political situation 做了很多关于当前政治形势有力的观察 【近】apropos, apropos of, as far as, as for, as regards (also as respects), as to, concerning, of, on, regarding, respecting, touching, toward (or towards)

plausible

【考法 1 】adj.看似有理的: superficially fair, reasonable, or valuable but often specious 【例】a plausible argument 看起来头头是道的说理 【近】believable, credible, likely, possible, presumable, probable 可信的 【反】paradoxical 看似矛盾的；implausible, improbable, incredible, unbelievable, unlikely 不太可能的 【派】plausibility n. 看似有理

penalty

【考法 1 】n.(对罪行的)处罚: a punishment established by law or authority for a crime or offense 【例】The maximum penalty is 7 years' imprisonment. 最为严厉的惩罚是七年的有期徒刑 【近】fine, forfeit, punishment, retribution 【反】honor, reward奖励 【派】penalize v.处以惩罚

ascetic

【考法 1 】adj.禁欲的: practicing strict self-denial as a measure of personal and especially spiritual discipline 【例】This is an ascetic diet of rice and beans这是一顿禁欲的隐私，只有米饭和豌豆。 【近】abstemious, abstinent, self-denying 【反】sumptuous, luxurious 奢侈的；licentious, sybaritic, voluptuous 放荡的，沉溺于酒色的 【考法 2】n.禁欲者: a person who renounces material comforts and leads a life of austere self-discipline, especially as an act of religious devotion 【例】We normally see an ascetic meditating in a Yogic pose我们通常会看见一个苦行者以瑜伽的姿势来冥想。 【近】stoic, spartan 【反】sybarite, hedonist, voluptuary奢侈逸乐的，人享乐主义者，酒色之徒

★exquisite

【考法 1 】adj.程度强烈的: extreme in degree, power, or effect 【例】suffered exquisite pain遭受强烈的痛感 【近】acute, dreadful, excruciating, explosive, ferocious, fierce, furious, intensive, keen, profound, terrible, vehement, vicious 【反】light, moderate, soft 适当的 【考法 2】adj.精致精巧的: having qualities that appeal to a refined taste 【例】exquisite pen-and-ink drawings of city scenes 精巧的城市钢笔画 【近】dainty, delicate, elegant, recherche, select

maladroit

【考法 1 】adj.笨拙的: lacking or showing a lack of nimbleness in using one's hands 【例】a maladroit movement笨拙的动作 【近】awkward, bumbling, clumsy, fumbled, gauche, graceless, heavy-handed, inept, unhandy 【反】adroit,ambidexterous, deft, dexterous, handy 灵巧的

★equivalent

【考法 1 】adj.等价的，相等的: equal in force, amount, or value 【例】that huge mansion is the equivalent of five ordinary houses那栋巨大的公馆有五套一般户型的房子那么大 【近】coequal, coordinate, counterpart, peer, rival, parallel

crass

【考法 1 】adj.粗俗的，愚钝的: so crude and unrefined as to be lacking in discrimination and sensibility 【例】crass receptionist粗俗的招待员 【近】coarse, crude, rude, incult, uncouth, vulgar 【反】civilized, polished, refined, urbane genteel 有教养的

harsh

【考法 1 】adj.粗糙的，不具有美感的: unpleasantly coarse and rough to the touch, disagreeable to one's aesthetic or artistic sense 【例】the harsh lighting in the cafeteria makes the food look slightly off-color 咖啡厅劣质剌眼的灯光让食物看起来卖相不佳 【近】grating, grotesque, jarring, unaesthetic 【反】soft, aesthetic柔和的，有美感的 【考法 2】adj.严厉的: unduly exacting, given to exacting standards of discipline and self-restraint 【例】a harsh judge when it comes to drug users and especially drug dealers 对于瘾君子特别是毒贩处罚格外严厉的法官 【近】afflicting, agonizing, cruel, excruciating, galling, grievous, harrowing 【反】clement, forbearing, gentle, indulgent, lax, lenient, tolerant 温和的，宽松的

pithy

【考法 1 】adj.精练的，简洁的: precisely meaningful; forceful and brief 【例】The professor gave a pithy introduction to this course.教授就这门课程做了简短的介绍。 【近】apothegmatic, brief, capsule, compact, compendious, concise, laconic, succinct, telegraphic, terse 【反】circuitous, circumlocutory, diffuse, rambling, prolix, verbose, windy, wordy冗长累赘的 【派】pithiness n.简洁，犀利

lank

【考法 1 】adj.细长痩弱的: long, straight, and limp; not stiff in structure 【例】a woman with long, lank hair 有着长而稀疏头发的女子 【近】emaciated, lean, slender, svelte, tenuous, thin 【反】fat, fleshy, gross, obese肥胖的 【考法 2】adj.不僵硬的，柔软松弛的: not stiff in structure 【例】Right after a shower, her lank hair hung down to her shoulders.刚出浴的她柔软的头发搭在她的肩上 【近】droopy, flaccid, floppy, lank, yielding 【反】inflexible, rigid, stiff, sturdy, tense 僵硬的;resilient 有弹性的

caustic

【考法 1 】adj.腐蚀性的: capable of destroying or eating away by chemical action : corrosive 【例】The chemical was so caustic that it ate through the pipes 化学性质如此具有腐蚀性，以至于把管道都腐蚀了。 【反】palliating减缓的 【考法 2】adj.挖苦讽剌的，刻薄的: marked by incisive sarcasm 【例】caustic movie reviews尖酸刻薄的影评 【近】acerbic, acrid, barbed, mordant, pungent, sardonic, satiric, scathing, sharp 【反】genial, smooth, kind, innocuous和蔼的，(言论，行为等)无害的

grandiose

【考法 1 】adj.自命不凡的: characterized by feigned or affected grandeur 【例】grandiose words 自命不凡的话语 【近】extravagant, flamboyant, pompous, pretentious 【反】humble 谦逊的 【考法 2】adj.宏大的: characterized by greatness of scope or intent 【例】a grandiose hydroelectric project宏伟的水利工程 【近】august, glorious, grand, imposing, magnificent, monumental, splendid 【反】trivial 微不足道的；humble, unimposing, unimpressive 平凡的 【派】grandiosity n.自命不凡

nautical

【考法 1 】adj.航海的: of, relating to, or characteristic of ships, shipping, sailors, or navigation on a body of water 【例】nautical mile 海里 【近】marine, maritime, navigational 【反】aeronautic 航空的;astronautic 航天的

decrepit

【考法 1 】adj.虚弱的，衰老的，破旧的: weakened, worn out, impaired, or broken down by old age, illness 【例】a decrepit old man 一个虚弱的老年人 【反】vi.gorous, sturdy, sound, robust, hale 健壮的

fictitious

【考法 1 】adj.虚构的: not real and existing only in the imagination 【例】His wartime exploits turned out to be entirely fictitious, as he had never even been in the military 他吹嘘的战时英勇行为是彻底虚构的，因为他根本就没有参过军 【近】chimerical, fabricated, fabulous, fictional, imagined, invented 【反】actual, existing, real 事实的

ragged

【考法 1 】adj.衣衫褴褛的: dressed in tattered or threadbare clothes 【例】A ragged coat may cover an honest man. 不能以衣著取人。 【近】raggedy, ragtag, tattered, tatterdemalion, shabby 【反】kempt, neat, trim 整洁的 【考法 2】adj.凹凸不平的，不光滑的: HSl having a level or smooth surface 【例】She cut herself on the ragged edge of the tin can's lid.她被罐头盖的锋利边缘割伤了。 【近】broken, bumpy, coarse, irregular, jagged, lumpy, pebbly, rough, roughened, rugged, scraggy 【反】even, flat, level, plane 平整的；smooth 光滑的

effete

【考法 1 】adj.衰弱的: depleted of vitality, force, or effectiveness 【例】an effete monarchy 奄奄一息的君主制 【近】consumed, debilitated, decadent, degenerate, depleted, drained, exhausted, feeble 【反】hale, sound, robust 强健的，充满活力的 【考法 2】adj.缺乏信念的，懦弱的: lacking strength of will or character 【例】The government is too effete to take out the powerful special interests that really ruin this state政府过 于懦弱，不敢去摧毁那些祸害这个国家的特殊利益集团 【近】frail, invertebrate, nerveless, spineless 【反】backboned, firm, hard, strong, tough 刚毅的 【派】effetely adv 衰弱地

★awash

【考法 1 】adj.被淹没的: containing, covered with, or thoroughly penetrated by water 【例】The streets were awash from the heavy rains街道因为大雨被水淹、没了 【近】doused, drenched, saturated, sodden, soggy, soaked, afloat 【反】dry, arid, dehydrated, drained 干燥的 【考法 2】adj.(如洪水般)泛滥的: filled, covered, or completely overrun as if by a flood 【例】The program is currently awash in submissions and will not be accepting any more until next term该 项目的申请人数过多，因此下一轮之前不会再接受任何申请 【近】abounding, abundant, flush, fraught, replete, swarming, teeming, thronging 【反】dearth, insufficient, scant 匮乏的

corrugated ['kɔrə,getɪd]

【考法 1 】adj.褶皱的: shaped into a series of regular folds that look like waves 【例】corrugated paper褶皱的纸 【近】wrinkled, creased, folded 【反】smooth 光滑的 【派】corrugation n褶皱，折痕

meek

【考法 1 】adj.谦恭的: showing patience and humility; gentle 【例】He was a meek, mild-mannered fellow. 他是个谦逊、温文尔雅的的人 【近】humble, modest, unassuming, unpretentious 【反】arrogant, bumptious, haughty, imperious, pompous, presumptuous, supercilious 自大的 【考法 2】adj.顺从的: easily imposed on; submissive 【例】He may be self-effacing, but he certainly isn't meek. 他可能是个很低调的人，但他绝非软骨头 【近】compliant, docile, manageable, obedient, submissive, tractable 【反】adamant, headstrong, intractable, obstinate, refractory, stubborn, unruly, unyielding 倔强的，不顺从的

luxurious

【考法 1 】adj.豪华的: showing obvious signs of wealth and comfort 【例】The luxurious apartment was filled with the latest electronic gadgets and fine works of art.豪华的公寓里充斥着最新式的电子产品和精美的艺术作品 【近】deluxe, lavish, luxuriant, luxury, opulent, palatial, plushy, silken, sumptuous 【反】ascetic, austere, spartan 简朴的 【考法 2】adj.奢侈的: given to or marked by excessive gratification of one's desires 【例】squandered his family fortune in the relentless satisfaction of his luxurious tastes 为满足他奢侈的品味而挥霍家族的财产 【近】decadent, indulgent, overindulgent, self-indulgent, sybaritic 【反】abstemious, abstinent 克制的 【派】luxury n.豪华；奢侈，奢侈品

needy

【考法 1 】adj.贫困的: being in need; impoverished, poor 【例】As a child, she was extremely needy and had no self-confidence.她是一个非常贫穷的小孩，因此缺乏自信 【近】destitute, impecunious, impoverished, indigent, penurious, poor, threadbare 【反】affluent, opulent, wealthy 富有的

onerous

【考法 1 】adj.费时间花心思的: requiring much time, effort, or careful attention 【例】building the scale model of the frigate was an onerous task 建造军舰的小模型非常花时间 【近】arduous, burdensome, challenging, exacting, grueling, taxing, toilsome 【反】requiring little effort, light, nondemanding, unchallenging, undemanding 轻松的，不费劲的

★dominant

【考法 1 】adj.起支配地位的: commanding, controlling, or prevailing over all others 【例】the dominant culture 主流文化 【近】ascendant, leading, outweighing, paramount, prevalent, principal, supreme 【反】subordinate (等级上)低的 【考法 2】adj.(基因)显性的: of, relating to, or exerting ecological or genetic dominance 【反】recessive隐形的 【派】dominate v占主导地位，统治；dominance n主导，主流；(基因的)显性

recumbent

【考法 1 】adj.躺着的: lying down, especially in a position of comfort or rest 【例】lying recumbent on the floor躺在地板上势 【近】decumbent, procumbent, prone, prostrate, reclining, supine 【反】erect, upright直立的

★credulous

【考法 1 】adj.轻信的，易受骗的: disposed to believe too readily; gullible 【例】accused of swindling credulous investors被控欺骗轻信的投资者 【近】believing, unwary, gullible, naive, unsuspecting 【反】disbelieving, skeptical 怀疑的 【派】credulity n 轻信

frivolous

【考法 1 】adj.轻浮的: marked by unbecoming levity 【例】a frivolous young woman 一个举止轻浮的年轻女子 【近】giddy, shallow, superficial 【反】earnest, sober, serious 严肃的 【考法 2】adj.不重要的: of little weight or importance 【例】The frivolous comment was soon forgotten 那个不值一提的评论很快就被遗忘了 【近】trivial, flimsy, light, petty, trifling 【反】consequential, eventful, meaningful, momentous, weighty 重要的 【派】frivolity n轻浮，轻佻

hasty

【考法 1 】adj.轻率的: fast and typically superficial; acting or done with excessive or careless speed 【例】a hasty decision 轻率的决定 【近】cursory, headlong, precipitate, rash, rushed, pell-mell 【反】deliberate, well considered, unhurried, unrushed 深思熟虑的，不慌不忙的

migratory

【考法 1 】adj.迀移的: having a way of life that involves moving from one region to another typically on a seasonal basis 【例】migratory birds heading south for the winter 为了越冬而往南飞的候鸟 【近】migrant, mobile, nomad, nomadic, traveling 【反】n.onmigrant, resident, sedentary常居一处的，不迀移的

maudlin

【考法 1 】adj.过于感伤的: effusively or tearfully sentimental 【例】Some naive students display an almost maudlin concern for the welfare of animals while ignoring basic social inequity. 一些幼稚的学生忽视根本的社会不公平问题，而对动物的权益表现出一种多愁善感的忧虑 【近】lachrymose, mawkish, mushy, overemotional, sentimental, tearful 【反】blithe,cheerful, jocund, jovial, jubilant 高兴的；apathetic,impassive, indifferent 冷漠的

★deprivation

【考法 1 】n.匮乏: the condition of being deprived; privation 【例】serious sleep deprivation caused by long work hours 由长时间工作导致的严重睡眠不足 【反】fecundity丰饶

labyrinthine

【考法 1 】adj.迷宫似的，复杂曲折的: of, relating to, resembling, or constituting a labyrinth; extremely complex or tortuous in structure 【例】The labyrinthine political situation of Middle East left us totally befuddled.中东地区复杂迷离的政治局势让我们彻底迷惑了 【近】baroque, byzantine, complicate, complicated, convoluted, intricate, involved, knotty, sophisticated, tangled 【反】easy, effortless, plain, simple 容易的，明显的

limpid

【考法 1 】adj.透明清澈的: characterized by transparent clearness 【例】limpid streams清澈的小溪 【近】crystal, clear, lucent, pellucid, transparent 【反】cloudy, murky, opaque, unclear, turbid 模糊不清的 【考法 2】adj.镇定的，淡定的: free from emotional or mental agitation 【例】the limpid outlook of a man who is at peace with himself as he awaits death 一个人在平静等待死亡的过程当中所体现出来的淡然的世界观 【近】collected, composed, cool, level, peaceful, placid, possessed, sedate, serene, smooth, tranquil 【反】agitated, discomposed, disturbed, flustered, perturbed 焦躁的

abstruse

【考法 1 】adj.难以理解的: difficult to comprehend : recondite 【例】the abstruse calculations 复杂深奥的计算 【近】arcane, esoteric, hermetic (also hermetical), recondite 【反】accessible, patent, shallow, superficial 可了解的，肤浅的

★derivative

【考法 1 】adj.非原创的: lacking originality: banal 【例】their dull, derivative debut album他们毫无新义的首张专辑 【近】secondhand 【反】original, innovative, precursory 原创的，先驱的

perfervid

【考法 1 】adj.非常热情的: marked by overwrought or exaggerated emotion: excessively fervent 【例】perfervid love letter 热情洋溢的情书 【近】ardent, demonstrative, emotional, fervid, feverish, impassioned, passionate, torrid, vehement, warm 【反】cold, cool, detached, dispassionate, emotionless, impassive, unemotional冷漠的

pinpoint

【考法 1 】adj.非常精确的: located, fixed, or directed with extreme precision 【例】The commander demanded the pinpoint location of artillery fire.指挥官需要火炮攻击的精确位置。 【近】accurate, close, delicate, exact, fine, hairline, mathematical, precise, refined, rigorous 【反】coarse, cursory, rough 粗略的；imprecise, inaccurate, inexact 不准确的 【考法 2】v.精确定位或确认: to locate, fix, determine, or identify with precision 【例】pinpoint the target by tracking calls from his cellphone 通过跟踪手机信号精确定位了目标 pinpoint the cause of failure 准确找出失败的原因 【近】determine, distinguish, locate, identify, recognize, spot 【反】estimate估计

★hardy

【考法 1 】adj.顽强的: able to withstand hardship, strain, or exposure 【例】chrysanthemums are hardy enough to survive a light frost 菊花能够经受霜打 【近】hardened, sturdy, tough, cast-iron, inured, rugged, stout, vigorous, hard-bitten 【反】delicate, nonhardy, soft, tender, weak 柔弱的 【考法 2】adj.愿意冒风险的: inclined or willing to take risks 【例】hardy souls who pioneered new paths into outer space那些愿意冒险探索外太空的先驱们 【近】adventurous, audacious, daring, dashing, emboldened, enterprising, gutsy, venturous 【反】unadventurous, unenterprising 没有冒险精神的

lackluster

【考法 1 】adj.黯淡无光泽的: lacking brightness, luster, or vitality 【例】lackluster hair黯淡无光的头发 【近】dim, dull, flat, lusterless 【反】burnished, glistening, glossy, lustrous, polished, shiny, sleek 光亮的

hortative

【考法 1 】adj.鼓励的: giving exhortation </font>

★compound

【考法 1 】n. 混和物: composed of or resulting from union of separate elements, ingredients, or parts 【例】mixed the chemicals together to form a new compound 将化学试剂混合形成新的化合物 【近】admixture, alloy, amalgam, amalgamation, cocktail, combination, composite, fusion, intermixture, meld, mix, conflation, synthesis 【考法 2】adj.混合的: consisting of two or more substances, ingredients, elements, or parts 【例】a compound word复合词 ；"Steamboat"is a compound noun ''汽船"是一个复合名词。 【近】amalgamated 【反】n.oncompound 非混合的 【考法 3】vt.混合: to put or bring together so as to form a new and longer whole 【例】the German language's propensity for compounding words 德语喜欢复合单词 【近】chain, conjugate, couple, hook, interconnect, interlink, join, link, yoke 【反】disconnect, disjoin, disjoint, dissever, disunite, separate, unchain, uncouple, unhitch, unyoke 分开 【考法 4】v.扩大，增多: to make greater in size, amount, or number 【例】We compounded our error by waiting too long to call for help我们等着不寻求帮助会增大我们的错误。 【近】Aggrandize, amplify, augment, boost, enlarge, escalate, expand, extend, raise, swell 【反】abate, decrease, diminish, dwindle, lessen, lower, minify, reduce 缩小，减少 【考法 5】v.和解: to agree for a consideration not to prosecute (an offense) 【例】compound a felony 私了案件

lampoon

【考法 1 】n. 讽刺: a harsh satire usually directed against an individual 【例】a lampoon of the movie business at the time 对当时电影产业的一种讽剌 【近】burlesque, caricature, farce, mockery, parody, ridicule, spoof, travesty 【反】eulogy, ode, paean 颂歌

parody

【考法 1 】n.(以嘲笑原作作者的)模仿作品: a literary or musical work in which the style of an author or work is closely imitated for comic effect or in ridicule 【例】The Back Dormitory Boys specialize in parody of Backstreet Boys.后舍男生擅长恶搞后街男孩。 【近】burlesque, caricature, spoof, travesty 【考法 2】v.模仿(以嘲弄): to copy or exaggerate (someone or something) in order to make fun of 【例】parodying a public figure's mannerisms 模仿嘲弄一个公共人物的举止 【近】imitate, mock, mimic

lyric

【考法 1 】n.(可以哼唱的)小曲: a short musical composition for the human voice often with instrumental accompaniment 【例】The guitarist improvised and sang a gentle lyric while playing. 吉他手在弹奏的过程中即兴创作并哼唱了一首小曲 【近】ballad, ditty, jingle, vocal 【考法 2】adj.如诗歌般流畅甜美的: having a pleasantly flowing quality suggestive of poetry or music 【例】The film's lyric photography really enhanced its romantic mood.电影中如诗歌般的图像效果着实增强了浪漫的氛围 【近】euphonious, lyrical, mellifluous, mellow, melodious, musical, poetical 【反】prosaic, prose无聊乏味的 【派】lyrics n.歌词

pastiche

【考法 1 】n.(带嘲讽的)模仿: a literary, artistic, musical, or architectural work that imitates the style of previous work, often with satirical intent 【例】a pastiche of Botticelli's Birth of Venus 波提且利画作《维纳斯的诞生》的仿品 【近】burlesque, caricature, imitation, parody, spoof, travesty 【反】original work 原作 【考法 2】n.大杂烩: a pasticcio of incongruous parts; a hodgepodge 【例】a pastiche of dishes from many countries来自众多国家的饮食杂烩 【近】agglomerate, collage, hodgepodge, jumble, jungle, medley, montage, motley, salad, variety, welter

regimen

【考法 1 】n.(政治上的)统治: lawful control over the affairs of a political unit (as a nation) 【例】A new party will have regimen over the nation and, hopefully, bring some much-needed change. 一 个新 的政党将要上台，希望他们能带来一些迫切的改革。 【近】administration, authority, governance, jurisdiction, regime

issue

【考法 1 】n.(有争议的)话题，议题: a matter that is in dispute between two or more parties 【例】focused on economic and political issues重点关注经济和政治话题 【近】n.ut, problem, question 【考法 2】vi.发布(期刊等): to produce and release for distribution in printed form 【例】plans to issue a monthly newsletter 计划发布新闻月刊 【近】print 【考法 3】vi.流出: to go, come, or flow out 【例】strange sound issued from the abandoned house 废弃房中传来的奇怪声音 【近】discharge, emit, exude, release, vent 【反】withdraw撤回

peroration

【考法 1 】n.(演讲的)结束语: the concluding part of a discourse and especially an oration 【例】He summarized his main points in his peroration. 他在结束语中总结了自己的主要观点 【近】coda, conclusion, denouement, epilogue, finale 【反】foreword, prelude, preface, prologue, overture前言，序曲 【考法 2】n.(正式的)演讲，致辞: a usually formal discourse delivered to an audience 【例】a peroration celebrating the nation's long tradition of religious tolerance and pluralism 为庆祝该国长期以来对于宗教的容忍态度和宗教多元化所做的一个演讲 【近】address, declamation, harangue, oration, speech, talk

★bolster

【考法 1 】n./v.支持: a structural part designed to eliminate friction or provide support or bearing 【例】pillows that bolster the building支撑房屋的柱子 【近】brace, buttress, bear, sustain, undergird, underpin, uphold, prop up 【考法 2】v.鼓励，使有精力: to give a boost to 【例】n.ews that bolsters the morale of the troops 鼓舞军队士气的消息 【近】buoy, reinforce 【反】dampen泼冷水

rage

【考法 1 】n./v.暴怒: violent and uncontrolled anger 【例】Her rages rarely last more than a few minutes. 她的暴躁来得快去得也快。 【近】agitation, deliriousness, delirium, distraction, furor, hysteria, rampage

hoax

【考法 1 】n./v.欺骗: to cause to believe what is untrue 【例】a skilled forger who hoaxed the art world into believing that the paintings were long-lost Vermeers 一个老道的骗子成功让艺术界相信那些画作是遗失多年的维米尔的真迹 【近】bamboozle, beguile, bluff, con, cozen, delude, dupe, fake out, gull, hoodwink, take in

★deadpan

【考法 1 】n.不动情的言行举止，无动于衷: impassively matter-of-fact, as in style, behavior, or expression 【例】a deadpan comedy 一个没有笑点的喜剧 【近】catatonic, expressionless, impassive, inexpressive, stolid, vacant 【反】demonstrative, expressive 有表现力的

malcontent

【考法 1 】n.不满分子: one who is in active opposition to an established order or government 【例】The chaos was caused by a handful of malcontents. 混乱是由一小撮不满分子引起的 【近】complainer, faultfinder, grouch, rebel 【考法 2】adj.不满的: dissatisfied with the existing state of affairs 【例】The film follows three malcontent teenagers around Paris.电影围绕着三个不满现实的青少年在巴黎展开 【近】discontented, discontent, disgruntled, displeased, dissatisfied, ungratified 【反】contented, fulfilled, gratified, pleased, satisfied满意的

malaise

【考法 1 】n.不舒服: a vague feeling of bodily discomfort, as at the beginning of an illness 【例】He complained of depression, headaches and malaise.他抱怨说感到沮丧、头痛和身体不适 【近】debility, decrepitude, disease, feebleness, infirmity, infirmness, sickliness, unhealthiness

interim

【考法 1 】n.中间过渡时期，间隔: an interval of time between one event, process, or period and another 【例】Richard Wagner's operas usually require an interim of more than 30 minutes for performers to have a break.理查德•瓦格纳的歌剧通常需要长达30多分钟的幕间休息时间以供演员调整 【近】breach, break, gap, interruption, interval, interlude, parenthesis 【反】continuation, continuity 持续 【考法 2】adj.暂时的: serving in a position for the time being 【例】an interim government to maintain social stability 维持社会稳定的临时政府 【近】acting, provisional, temporary 【反】eternal, permanent永永恒的

dais ['deɪs]

【考法 1 】n.主席台，嘉宾席: a raised platform, as in a lecture hall, for speakers or honored guests 【例】the speaker took his place at the front of the dais 演讲者在主席台就坐 【近】podium, rostrum, tribune

lassitude

【考法 1 】n.乏力，没精打采: a state or feeling of weariness, diminished energy, or listlessness 【例】Symptoms of anaemia include general fatigue and lassitude. 贫血的通常症状包括体虚和乏力 【近】collapse, exhaustion, frazzle, languor, listlessness, stupor, torpor, prostration 【反】v.erve, vim,animation,vitality 有活力

pedant

【考法 1 】n.书呆子，墨守成规之人: one who pays undue attention to book learning and formal rules 【例】He is a perfect type of pedant.他是个十足的书呆子 【近】doctrinaire, dogmatist

polemic

【考法 1 】n.争执: a controversial argument 【例】The polemic between science and religion has never ceased. 科学和宗教之间的争论从未停息。 【近】contention, controversy, disagreement, disputation 【反】agreement 一致，协议 【派】polemical adj.好争论的

incantation

【考法 1 】n.咒语: a spoken word or set of words believed to have magic power 【例】Hovering over the sick child, the witch doctor muttered mysterious incantations. 巫医在生病的小孩子身边走来走去，嘴里念着神秘的咒语 【近】abracadabra, bewitchment, charm, conjuration, enchantment, glamour, hex, invocation

hedonism

【考法 1 】n.享乐主义: the doctrine that pleasure or happiness is the sole or chief good in life 【例】their spring break trip to Mexico became an exercise in heedless hedonism 他们春季的墨西哥之行成为了一次未加注意的享乐之旅 【近】carnality, debauchery, sybaritism, voluptuousness 【反】abstinence, asceticism, sobriety, temperance 禁欲，节制

irk

【考法 1 】n.令人烦恼的事物: something that is a source of irritation 【例】One of the prof's major irks is a cell phone that rings during a lecture.课堂上突然响起的手机铃声是最让教授火大的事情之一 【近】aggravation, bother, exasperation, frustration, headache, irritant, nuisance, vexation 【考法 2】v.使烦恼，使厌倦: to be irritating, wearisome, or vexing to 【例】She irked her friends by chewing her gum loudly during the movie.她因为看电影时嚼口 香糖弄出声响而惹怒了她的朋友们 【近】annoy, bother, fret, gall, provoke, ruffle, vex 【反】appease, assuage, pacify, placate, propitiate, soothe 安抚，平息 【派】irksome adj.令人厌烦的

imitation

【考法 1 】n.仿制品: something that is made to look exactly like something else 【例】usually wore imitations of her costly jewels 通常只戴她那些贵重珠宝的复刻品 【近】clone, copy, dupe, duplication, facsimile, mock, reduplication, replica, replication, reproduction 【反】archetype, original, prototype 原型 【派】imitating adj.仿制的

intoxicant

【考法 1 】n.使人陶醉的东西(尤指酒精饮料): an agent that intoxicates, especially an alcoholic beverage 【近】alcohol, liquor, stimulant 【反】refresher使人清醒的东西 【派】intoxicating adj. 使人陶醉的

★forbearance

【考法 1 】n.克制；忍耐: tolerance and restraint in the face of provocation; patience 【例】reach the end of my forbearance到了让我忍无可忍的地步 【近】patience, temperance, tolerance, toleration 【反】impatience 不耐烦 【考法 2】n.友好仁慈的态度: kind, gentle, or compassionate treatment especially towards someone who is undeserving of it 【例】The judge showed forbearance, and gave the teenaged first offender a suspended sentence 法官网开一面，给了初犯的少年犯一个缓刑 【近】charity, clemency, leniency, mercifulness, quarter 【反】vi.ndictiveness恶意

incursion

【考法 1 】n.入侵: a hostile entrance into a territory 【例】homes damaged by the incursion of floodwater 被洪水入侵破坏的房屋 【近】foray, inroad, invasion, irruption, raid 【反】retreat, withdrawal 撤退

impostor

【考法 1 】n.冒充者: one that assumes false identitv or title for the purpose of deception 【例】The man who claimed to be a prince turned out to be an impostor. 那个自称是王子的人原来是冒充的 【近】charlatan, fake, fraud, hoaxer, mountebank, phony, pretender, quack, sham

homily

【考法 1 】n.冗长乏味的道德讲演或训诫: an idea or expression that has been used by many people 【例】a TV movie filled with the usual hokey homilies about people triumphing over life's adversities 一 档说教性质的、充满了介绍逆境中的人们如何成就自我的电视节目 【近】banality, bromide, chestnut, cliche, groaner, platitude, shibboleth

nicety

【考法 1 】n.准确，精确: careful attention to details; delicate exactness 【例】There's a nicety of detail in his meticulously painted landscapes.在他精心绘制的景观图中，有着十分精准翔实的细节 【近】accuracy, delicacy, exactness, fineness, precision, veracity 【反】coarseness, imprecision, inaccuracy, roughness 不准确，粗糙 【考法 2】n.细微之处: a fine point or distinction 【例】the niceties of table manner餐桌礼仪的细微之处 niceties of diplomatic protocol外交礼节中的细节 【近】detail, particular, nuance, subtlety

partition

【考法 1 】n.分割，划分: the act or process of dividing something into parts 【例】the partition of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia捷克斯洛伐克被分裂成捷克共和国和斯洛伐克 【近】bifurcation, breakup, cleavage, disunion, division, fractionalization, schism, scission, split, sundering 【反】unification, union 联合

notch

【考法 1 】n.刻痕: a V-shaped cut. Such a cut used for keeping a record 【反】unserrated 没有刻痕的 【考法 2】v.通过努力获得: to obtain (as a goal) through effort 【例】a stunning performance that notched up a second Academy Award for the actor 出色的表演为该演员拿到了第二座小金人 【近】attain, bag, chalk up, clock up, gain, hit, log, make, rack up, ring up, score, win

★gadfly

【考法 1 】n.剌激物: one that acts as a provocative stimulus 【近】goad, impetus, impulse, incentive, irritant, spur, stimulus 【反】balm安抚，慰藉 【考法 2】n.令人反感的人: a person who stimulates or annoys especially by persistent criticism 【例】a tactless gadfly during post-game interviews with the losing team 在赛后采访败北方时一个令人讨厌的不懂人情世故的人 【近】annoyer, bother, persecutor, teaser, pest

cacophony

【考法 1 】n.剌耳的声音: loud, confused, and usually inharmonious sound 【例】the cacophony of a pet store full of animals 宠物商店里各种动物叽叽呱呱的声音 【近】blare, bluster, clamor, decibel, din, discordance, racket 【反】quiet, silence, still, stillness 安静

predecessor

【考法 1 】n.前任，先辈: a person who has previously occupied a position or office to which another has succeeded 【例】a political legacy left by his predecessor 他的前任留下来的政治遗产 【近】ancestor, antecedent, foregoer, forerunner, precursor 【反】successor 继任者； descendant 后代

foreword

【考法 1 】n.前言: a preface or an introductory note, as for a book, especially by a person other than the author 【例】The foreword of this book is co-written by Jason and Franklin 这本书的序由 Jason 和 Franklin 共同写成 【近】beginning, introduction, overture, preamble, preface, prelude, prologue 【反】epilogue, coda 尾声；finale终场

expedition

【考法 1 】n.动作迅速: speed in performance; promptness 【例】deal with the order with the greatest possible expedition 以可能的最快的速度处理订单 【近】passage, peregrination, travel, trek 【反】foot-dragging脚步拖沓

bargain

【考法 1 】n.协议: an agreement between parties settling what each gives or receives in a transaction 【例】They made a bargain that one would help the other next week他们达成了一项协议: 下周其中一人将帮助另外一人 【近】accord, compact, contract, covenant, deal, pact, settlement 【考法 2】vi.讨价还价: to negotiate over the terms of a purchase 【例】bargain over the price 讨价还价 【近】haggle, negotiate

impromptu

【考法 1 】n.即席的表演: something, such as a speech, that is made or done extemporaneouslv 【近】improvisation, extemporization 【考法 2】adj.即席的，即兴的: composedwithout previous preparation 【例】Our dinner guest thanked us with an impromptu song.客人们即兴高歌一首以表达谢意 【近】ad-lib, extemporary, improvised, offhand, unplanned, unpremeditated, unprepared, unrehearsed 【反】considered, planned, premeditated, prepared, rehearsed 事先有所准备的

camaraderie

【考法 1 】n.友情: a spirit of friendly good-fellowship 【例】There is great camaraderie among the teammates 组员之间有着深厚的情谊。 【近】brotherhood, comradeship, fellowship 【反】enmity 敌意

pun

【考法 1 】n.双关语: the usually humorous use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more of its meanings or the meaning of another word similar in sound 【例】He's a skillful pilot whose career has—no pun intended—really taken off.她是个技术娴熟的飞行员，飞行生涯——没有别的意思——真正腾飞了。

alacrity

【考法 1 】n.反应迅速，乐意: promptness in response : cheerful readiness 【例】accepted the invitation with alacrity 欣喜地接受了邀请 【近】amenability, gameness, obligingness, willingness 【反】dilatoriness, hesitance and reluctance 拖延，犹豫和不情愿

chameleon

【考法 1 】n.变色龙，善变的人: a person who dexterously and expediently changes or adopts opinions 【例】at the summer resort he acquired a reputation as a social chameleon—someone who could be whatever his hosts wanted him to be在度假胜地，他解释了一个被称为社交多面手的人，那人可以变成主人想要的任何角色 【近】chancer, opportunist, temporizer, timeserver, trimmer, weathercock

insurgent

【考法 1 】n.叛乱分子: one who breaks with or opposes constituted authority or the established order 【例】Insurgents armed with assault rifles and grenades ambushed a US convoy, resulting in heavy casualties.持有突击步枪和手榴弹的叛乱分子偷袭了美军车队，造成重大伤亡 【近】rebel, anarchist, antagonist, malcontent, mutineer 【派】insurgency n. 叛舌

cachet

【考法 1 】n.同意: an indication of approval carrying great prestige 【例】A Mercedes carries a certain cachet每一辆奔驰都有认证标志。 【考法 2】n.声望: prestige 【例】being rich...doesn't have the cachet it used to富甲一方再也不像过去拥有那么高的声望了

accolade

【考法 1 】n.同意，赞赏: an expression of approval 【反】disapprobation 不赞成 【例】won virtually every accolade that the film world has to offer 赢得了电影界几乎一致的赞赏 【近】applause, credit, distinction 【考法 2】v.赞扬: to praise or honor 【反】excoriation, criticism, reprobation, castigation, cutting remark, derogation, reproof denigration, denunciation, swearword 批评，谴责

peer

【考法 1 】n.同等地位的人，同辈: a person who has equal standing with others 【例】stand out among peers在同辈当中很出众 【近】coequal, compeer, coordinate, counterpart, equivalent, fellow, match, parallel 【反】inferior 地位更低的人；superior 地位更高的人 【考法 2】v.好奇地凝视: to look narrowly or curiously; 【例】peer at the variety of marine life in the aquarium's huge tank 好奇地注视着巨大水族箱中丰富多样的海洋生物 【近】blink, gape, gawk, gaze, goggle, rubberneck, stare 【反】glance, glimpse 投去一瞥 【派】peerless adj.无与伦比的，不可比拟的

★descendant

【考法 1 】n.后代: one deriving directly from a precursor or prototype 【例】They are descendants of the original English and Scottish settlers他们是最早一批英格兰和苏格兰定居者的后裔。 【反】forbears 袓先

earshot

【考法 1 】n.听力所及的范围: the range within which one may hear a person's unaided voice 【例】wait until he was out of earshot等到他听不见的时候 【近】hail, hearing, sound

faultfinder

【考法 1 】n.吹毛求疵的人: one who is given to petty criticism and constant complaint 【例】No sooner had we finished decorating the church than the parish faultfinder decided that she didn't like it我们一完成教堂的装修工作，教区里挑剔的人就说她不喜欢 【近】carper, castigator, caviler, censurer, critic, disparager, hypercritic, nitpicker

imperative

【考法 1 】n.命令: a statement of what to do that must be obeyed by those concerned 【例】a secretary of defense who was fond of issuing harshly worded imperatives 一个很喜欢发布措辞严厉的命令的国防部长 【近】command, decree, dictate, direction, directive, instruction, order, word 【考法 2】adj.命令的，强制性的: forcing one's compliance or participation by or as if by law 【例】requests that grew more and more imperative命令性越来越强的请求 【近】compulsory, forced, involuntary, obligatory, peremptory, required 【反】optional可选择的；voluntary志愿性的 【考法 3】adj.迫切的: needing immediate attention 【例】an imperative need for medical supplies in the earthquake-ravaged country 地震灾区国家对于医疗物资的迫切需求 【近】clamant, compelling, critical, crying, emergent, exigent, imperious, importunate, pressing, urgent 【反】n.oncritical, unimportant 不重要的 【考法 4】adj.必要的: impossible to do without 【例】Proper equipment is imperative for the success of this chemical experiment.合适的仪器是这个化学实验成功必不可少的条件 【近】indispensable, necessary, necessitous, requisite, vital 【反】dispensable, inessential, needless, unnecessary 非必须的

rapport

【考法 1 】n.和睦，友好: a friendly relationship marked by ready communication and mutual understanding 【例】His good rapport with his students was one of the reasons why the school board named him Teacher of the Year. 他和学生的关系和睦是他被提名为"年度教师"的原因之一。 【近】amity,communion, concord, fellowship, harmony, rapprochement 【反】animosity, antagonism, antipathy, bitterness, enmity, hostility, jaundice, rancor 敌意

mire

【考法 1 】n.困境: a difficult, puzzling, or embarrassing situation from which there is no easy escape 【例】stuck in a mire of emotional dependency陷于感情依赖的困境中 【近】dilemma, hole, impasse, jam, pickle, quagmire, rattrap, swamp 【考法 2】vt.使陷入困境，拖后腿: to hamper or hold back as if by mire 【例】be mired in the past 陷于过去的回忆不能自拔 【近】bog, broil, delay, detain, entangle, entrap, retard 【反】enfranchise, extricate, free, liberate, rescue 使解脱

epithet

【考法 1 】n.外号，绰号: a descriptive or familiar name given instead of or in addition to the one belonging to an individual ； a disparaging or abusive word or phrase 【例】King Richard I of England was given the very laudatory epithet "the Lion-Hearted"英王理查一世因英勇 大胆被赞誉为"狮心理查" 【近】alias, cognomen, sobriquet

patina

【考法 1 】n.外表: a superficial covering or exterior 【例】a superficial patina of knowledge表面肤浅的知识 【近】fafade, hull, skin, veneer 【反】essential quality 本质；core, kernel 核心 【考法 2】n.(由内而外散发的)氛围，气场: an appearance or aura that is derived from association, habit, or established character 【例】Although the winery is brand-new, it has been constructed and decorated to give it a patina of old-world quaintness.尽管酿酒厂是全新建造的，但它的构造和装饰都刻意营造出一种古色古香的奇异氛围 【近】air, ambience, aroma, atmosphere, climate, flavor, halo, odor, smell, temper, vibration

montage

【考法 1 】n.大杂烩: an unorganized collection or mixture of various things 【例】My memories of the childhood trip are a montage of the sights of two rivers, smells of hotpots, and sounds of light railway of Chongqing.我孩提时代旅行的记忆就是由两江风光、火锅的香味以及重庆的轻轨声杂糅而成的 【近】agglomerate, collage, hodgepodge, medley, motley, salad, variety

havoc

【考法 1 】n.大混乱: a state in which everything is out of order 【例】the blackout caused havoc in the city断电造成了城市一片混乱 【近】disarrangement, disarray, dishevelment, muddle, muss, tumble, welter 【反】order, orderliness 有序 【考法 2】n.大范围破坏: the state or fact of being rendered nonexistent, physically unsound, or useless 【例】the powerful hurricane wreaked havoc all along the coast 威力巨大的飓风摧毁着沿岸的一切 【近】annihilation, decimation, demolishment, desolation, devastation, extermination, extinction, obliteration, ruin, wreckage 【反】building, construction, erection, raising 建设

★catastrophe

【考法 1 】n.大灾难: the final event of the dramatic action especially of a tragedy 【近】apocalypse, calamity, cataclysm, debacle, tragedy 【考法 2】n.彻底的失败: utter failure : fiasco 【例】the party was a catastrophe该派对就是一个杯具 【近】bummer, debacle, disaster, fiasco, fizzle, washout 【反】blockbuster, hit, smash, success, winner大胜

hyperbole

【考法 1 】n.夸张: a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect 【例】The debate was carried on with increasing rhetorical hyperbole.随着辩论的进行，双方修辞当中的夸张越来越多 【近】coloring, embellishment, embroidering, exaggeration, magnification, overstatement 【反】understatement 有节制的陈述

murmur

【考法 1 】n.小声的话语: a low, indistinct, continuous sound 【例】We could hear the murmur of the audience throughout the entire performance. 我们在整个演出当中 都能听到观众的窃窃私语 【近】grunt, mumble, mutter, undertone, whisper 【反】roar怒吼 【考法 2】v.低声抱怨，发牢骚: to complain in low mumbling tones; grumble 【近】carp, fuss, gripe, grizzle, grouch, grouse, grumble, moan, repine, whine 【反】crow, delight, rejoice 欢呼，高兴

glitch

【考法 1 】n.小故障: a minor malfunction, mishap, or technical problem 【例】postponement due to a glitch in a spacecraft's fuel cell宇宙飞船燃料电池故障引起的推迟发射 【近】bug, defect, fault, lapse, imperfection, peccadillo 【反】fatal error致命错误

foible

【考法 1 】n.小缺点: a minor flaw or shortcoming in character or behavior 【例】admired their teacher despite his foibles尽管有些小缺点，但还是很敬佩他们的老师 【近】demerit, dereliction, failing, fault, frailty, shortcoming, sin, vice, want, weakness 【反】merit, virtue 优点，美德

lapse

【考法 1 】n.小过失: a slight error typically due to forgetfulness or inattention 【例】a lapse in table manner餐桌礼仪的小过错 【近】blunder, fumble, gaffe, miscue, oversight, peccadillo 【考法 2】v.结束，终止: to come to an end 【例】The contract will lapse at the end of the year.合同将于年底到期 【近】cease, conclude, die, end, expire, finish, stop, terminate 【反】continue, persist, hang on 持续

modicum

【考法 1 】n.少量: a small portion; a limited quantity 【例】a modicum of food quota 极少量的食物配额 【近】atom, iota, mite, molecule, particle 【反】abundance, affluence 大量

implement

【考法 1 】n.工具: a device used in the performance of a task 【例】gardening implements such as hoes, spades, and pruners 诸如锄头、铲子和修枝剪一类的园艺工具 【近】apparatus, device, instrument, tool, utensil 【考法 2】v.执行，实施: to put into practical effect; carry out 【例】implement the new online application procedures 实行新的网申程序 【近】administer, apply, effect, enforce, execute, invoke, perform 【反】cancel, repeal, rescind, revoke 撤销 【派】implementation n.执行，履行

★fantasy

【考法 1 】n.幻想: imaginative fiction featuring especially strange settings and grotesque characters 【例】indulge in a fantasy 沉迷于幻想 【近】chimera, conceit, daydream, delusion, dream, hallucination, illusion, vision 【反】actuality, fact, reality, truth 事实，现实 【考法 2】vt.产生幻想: to form a mental picture of 【例】He regularly fantasies romantic encounters that he knows will never happen他会定期意淫一些永远不可能发生的浪漫邂逅 【近】dream, envisage, envision, fantasize, imagine, picture 【派】fantastic adj梦幻般的，极好的

prune

【考法 1 】n.梅干: a plum dried or capable of drying without fermentation <font color="#0000ff">【考法 2】vt.修剪: to cut off or remove dead or living parts or branches of (a plant, for example) to improve shape or growth 【例】The students were asked to prune their essays. 学生们被要求修修改文章。 【近】shave, shear, snip, trim

preface

【考法 1 】n.序言: a preliminary statement or essay introducing a book that explains its scope, intention, or background and is usually written by the author 【例】An informal brunch served as a preface to the three-day conference. 一顿非正式的便餐作为为期三天的会议的序曲。 【近】exordium, foreword, introduction, overture, preamble, prelude, prologue 【反】epilogue尾声 【派】prefatory adj. 序言的

proponent

【考法 1 】n.建议者，支持者: one who argues in support of something; an advocate 【例】a proponent of the use of electric-powered cars 电动倉巨源汽车的支持者 【近】advocate, apostle, champion, expounder, espouser, friend, promoter, supporter, protagonist 【反】adversary, antagonist, opponent, detractor 诋毁者，反对者

★commencement

【考法 1 】n.开始: a beginning; a start 【例】There was a large turnout at the commencement of the conference, but the numbers dwindled as it progressed在会议开始的时候，有很多人出席。但是随着会议的发展，人慢慢变少了。 【近】birth, onset, outset, start, genesis, inception, nascence, threshold 【反】close, conclusion, end, ending 结束 【考法 2】n.毕业典礼 the ceremonies or the day for conferring degrees or diplomas 【例】The purpose of a commencement speaker is to dispense wisdom 毕业典礼的演讲者的目的是传播智慧 【反】matriculation 录取入学

inception

【考法 1 】n.开端，开始: an act, process, or instance of beginning 【例】This seemed like a good program at its inception, but it isn't working out as planned. 一开始这像是个不错的项目，但是它没有按照我们的预期发展 【近】beginning, birth, commencement, dawn, genesis, kickoff, launch, nascence, onset, outset, start, threshold 【反】close, conclusion, end, termination,omega 结束，终止 【派】inceptive adj.开端的，初生的

heresy

【考法 1 】n.异教，和普遍观点相悖: a controversial or unorthodox opinion or doctrine, departure from a generally accepted theory, opinion, or practice 【例】the heresy of asserting that Shakespeare was not a great writer声称莎士比亚不是伟大作家的非主流观点 【近】dissent, dissidence, heterodoxy, nonconformity 【反】dogma, conformity, orthodoxy 正教

★barrage

【考法 1 】n.弹幕: a heavy curtain of artillery fire directed in front of friendly troops to protect them 【例】Troops are advancing under the shield of barrage部队在弹幕的掩护下前进 【近】bombardment, fusillade 【考法 2】n.有压倒之势的、集中的倾泻(如言语): an overwhelming, concentrated outpouring, as of words 【例】The announcement was met with a barrage of criticism and protests此公告一出，批评和抗议的声音四起 【近】salvo, hail, cannonade, shower, storm, volley 【考法 3】v.(同时)袭来: to attack with a rapid or overwhelming outpouring of many things at once 【例】The athlete was barraged with requests for an autograph 请求运动员签名的呼声如排山倒海般袭来 【近】bomb

presage

【考法 1 】n.征兆: something believed to be a sign or warning of a future event 【例】The sight of the first robin is always a welcome presage of spring. 第一只知更鸟的出现总是迎接春天到来的象征 【近】augury, auspice, boding, foreboding, foreshadowing, portent, prefiguring 【考法 2】vt.预示，预言: to foretell or predict 【例】The incident may presage war.这个事件可能是战争的征兆 【近】adumbrate, augur, forecast, foretell, portend, predict, prognosticate, prophesy

hive

【考法 1 】n.忙碌之地: a place swarming with activity 【例】The house was a hive of activity as we prepared for the party. 我们筹备派对时，房子里很是熙熙攘攘。 【考法 2】v.储备，积累: to store up; accumulate</font>

allegiance

【考法 1 】n.忠诚: devotion or loyalty to a person, group, or cause 【例】They swore their allegiance to the USA他们宣誓效忠美国。 【近】commitment, dedication, piety, faithfulness, steadfastness 【反】inconstancy, infidelity, perfidiousness, treachery

gust

【考法 1 】n.情感爆发: a sudden intense expression of strong feeling 【例】the stressed-out coworker cried out with a gust of emotion 压力巨大的同事开始嚎啕大哭 【近】burst, ebullition, eruption, explosion, flush, gush

euphoria

【考法 1 】n.感觉极其愉快: a state of overwhelming usually pleasurable emotion 【例】The initial euphoria following her victory in the election has now subsided 选举成功带来的最初的欢愉感现在已经消失。 【近】elation, exhilaration, intoxication, transport, rapture, rhapsody 【反】depression 沮丧

cynic

【考法 1 】n.愤世嫉俗者: a person who believes all people are motivated by selfishness 【例】A cynic might think that the governor visited the hospital just to gain votes 一个愤青认为州长去医院 探视仅仅是为了拉票。 【近】misanthrope, naysayer, pessimist

languor ['læŋgɚ]

【考法 1 】n.懒惰: physical or mental inertness 【例】He enjoyed the languor brought on by a hot summer afternoon.他很享受夏曰午后的瞎懒 【近】collapse, exhaustion, frazzle, lassitude, listlessness, stupor, torpor, prostration 【反】v.erve, vim,animation,vitality 有活力 【考法 2】n.衰弱: weakness or weariness of body or mind 【例】The tropical heat sapped our strength, leaving us in a state of unaccustomed languor.热带的炎热气候 消磨着我们的力量，让我们感到一阵虚弱的不适 【近】debilitation, enervation, enfeeblement, fragility, infirmity 【反】robustness, strength, vivacity 强壮，有力

census

【考法 1 】n.户口 普查: an official survey of the population of a country that is carried out in order to find out how many people live there and to obtain details of such things as people's ages and jobs 【近】tale, tally

persiflage

【考法 1 】n.打趣: good-natured teasing or exchanging of clever remarks 【例】Their tongue-in-cheek persiflage is sometimes mistaken for an exchange of insults by people who don't know them.他们半开玩笑的打趣有时候被不认识他们的人误认为是在互相对骂 【近】backchat, badinage, chaff, jesting, joshing, raillery, repartee

flippancy

【考法 1 】n.轻率，无礼: unbecoming levity or pertness especially in respect to grave or sacred matters 【例】The flippancy of your answer annoyed me 你轻率的回答让我很恼火 【近】facetiousness, flightiness, frivolousness, frothiness, levity, silliness 【反】earnestness, gravity, seriousness, soberness, solemnity, solemnness 严肃，认真

buttress

【考法 1 】n.扶墙: a projecting structure for supporting or giving stability to a wall or building 【近】anchor, mainstay, pillar, reliance, standby 【考法 2】vt.提供支撑的证据或者信息: to provide evidence or information for (as a claim or idea) 【例】a mass of circumstantial evidence buttresses the prosecutor's case 大量支持起诉人案件的证据 【近】bolster, corroborate, reinforce, substantiate, shore up 【反】contravene, challenge 反对，质疑

crease

【考法 1 】n.折痕: a line made by pressing, folding, or wrinkling 【例】flatten the creases of the map抚平地图上的折痕 【近】wrinkle, corrugation, fold, furrow 【派】creased adj有折痕的

dirge

【考法 1 】n.挽歌: a slow, solemn, and mournful piece of music 【例】This funeral dirge is for the dead friend这首葬礼挽歌是写给故去的朋友的。 【近】elegy, requiem

donor

【考法 1 】n.捐赠人，给体: one that gives, donates, or presents something 【例】donors of funds to research foundations 研究基金的捐赠人 【近】donator, presenter, contributor, subscriber, patron, sugar daddy 【反】acceptor 受体

largesse ['lɑrdʒɪs]

【考法 1 】n.捐赠物: something given to someone without expectation of a return 【例】The alumna's huge bequest was an unexpected largess. 校友们的巨额遗赠是一笔意料之外的财富 【近】bestowal, donation, giveaway, present 【考法 2】n.慷慨: liberality in giving or willingness to give 【例】be noted for his largesse 因慷慨而闻名 【近】bountifulness, generosity, munificence, openhandedness, philanthropy 【反】miserliness, parsimony, penury, stinginess 小气

ratiocination

【考法 1 】n.推理: the thought processes that have been established as leading to valid solutions to problems 【例】As an expert in ratiocination, the detective Sherlock Holmes has few rivals. 作为推理专家，大侦探福尔摩斯可谓无人能及。 【近】deduction, intellection, reason, reasoning, sense

asylum

【考法 1 】n.收容所/ 保护所: an inviolable place of refuge and protection giving shelter to criminals and debtors/ something (as a building) that offers cover from the weather or protection from danger 【例】an insane asylum 疯人院 【例】The embassy serves as an asylum for that country's nationals in need of help大使馆作为那国需要帮助的公民的保护所。 【近】harbor, haven, refuge, sanctuary, sanctum

deportation

【考法 1 】n.放逐: the removal from a country of an alien whose presence is unlawful or prejudicial 【例】deport all illegal immigrants驱逐所有非法移民 【近】banishment, displacement, expatriation, expulsion, relegation

pluck

【考法 1 】n.敢于面对困难的勇气: resourceful courage and daring in the face of difficulties 【例】full of pluck 充满了勇气 【近】backbone, courage, dauntlessness, grit, guts, resolution, spirit, spunk 【反】cowardice, coward, spinelessness 胆小，怯懦 【考法 2】v.弹奏(弦乐): to sound (the strings of an instrument) by pulling and releasing them with the fingers or a plectrum 【例】pluck the harp弹奏竖琴 【近】play 【派】plucky adj.勇敢的

epilogue

【考法 1 】n.文学作品的结局: a concluding section that rounds out the design of a literary work 【反】preface 序文 【考法 2】n.戏剧的收场白: the final scene of a play that comments on or summarizes the main action 【近】coda

flag

【考法 1 】n.旗帜，象征: a piece of fabric that is used as a symbol (as of a nation) or as a signaling device 【例】We respect the flag of our fathers 我们尊敬父辈们的旗帜 【近】banner, ensign, pendant, pennant 【考法 2】v.变得衰弱: to become unsteady, feeble, or spiritless 【例】We flagged as we neared the end of the long mountain trail当我们终于快到达漫长山路的终点时，己经筋疲力尽 【近】decay, decline, deteriorate, emaciate, fade, fail, languish, sag, waste, wilt, wither 【反】thrive繁荣；revitalize, revive 恢复活力 【派】unflagging adj坚持不懈的

fury

【考法 1 】n.暴怒: intense, disordered, and often destructive rage 【例】The gods unleashed their fury on the offending mortal诸神将怒火降在了对那些对神明不敬的凡人身上 【近】anger, indignation, ire, mad, rage, wrath 【反】forbearance 容忍;delight, pleasure 快乐，愉悦 【派】furious adj狂暴的，暴怒的

potentate

【考法 1 】n.有权的人: one who has the power and position to rule over others 【例】a son of a potentate 官二代 【近】authority, autocrat, monarch, ruler, sovereign 【反】figurehead (有名无权的)傀儡

doyen

【考法 1 】n.有经验的人，资深人士: a person considered to be knowledgeable or uniquely skilled as a result of long experience in some field of endeavor 【例】a doyen in the industry业界的元老 【近】authority, expert, master, maven, veteran, virtuoso 【反】amateur, layman 业余爱好者，门外、汉；tyro, novice, neophyte, rookie, fledgling 新手 【考法 2】n.(加入时间较长的)高级会员: the senior member of a group 【例】He's the doyen of the admission committee, and his opinion has considerable weight他是招生委员会里的老人了，所以他的话往往格外有分量 【近】elder, senior 【反】junior新人

pundit

【考法 1 】n.权威人士，专家: a person who gives opinions in an authoritative manner usually through the mass media 【例】the new laptop has gotten a thumbs-up from industry pundits 新出的笔i己本电脑受到了业界专家的一致好评 【近】savant, scholar

luminary

【考法 1 】n.杰出人物: a person who has achieved eminence in a specific field 【例】Buddhist luminary 佛学大师 Luminaries from the worlds of sports, entertainment, and politics were at the gala.全球体育界、娱乐圈和政界的名人都出席了此次盛会 【近】celebrity, eminence, figure, icon, notability, star, superstar 【反】n.obody, nonentity 小人物

pillar

【考法 1 】n.柱子: a firm upright support for a superstructure 【例】stone pillars that supported the hall 支撑大厅的石柱 【近】column, pier, pilaster 【考法 2】n.(物质、精神等方面的)支柱: something or someone to which one looks for support 【例】My father has been my pillar throughout this crisis.整场危机之中我父亲都是我的支柱。 【近】anchor, buttress, mainstay, reliance, standby

★bully

【考法 1 】n.欺凌弱小者: a person who habitually treats others in an overbearing or intimidating manner 【例】they had to deal with the local bullies他们要对付当地恶霸 【近】bullyboy，hector, intimidator 【反】underdog被欺负的人 【考法 2】adj.最好的，最棒的: of the very best kind 【例】that's a bully idea for reviving the town's retail center 真是个重整镇上零售中心的好主意 【近】awesome, fabulous, fantastic, superb, marvelous, unsurpassed, excellent

anesthetic [,ænəs'θɛtɪk]

【考法 1 】n.止痛剂: something (as a drug) that relieves pain 【例】The dentist waited until the anesthetic took effect牙医等止痛药生效。 【近】analgesic, anodyne 【考法 2】adj.无感觉的，麻木的: lacking awareness or sensitivity 【例】be anesthetic to their feelings对他们的感受麻木不仁 【反】sensate有感觉的

integrity

【考法 1 】n.正直: steadfast adherence to a strict moral or ethical code, devotion to telling the truth 【例】After a thorough investigation into "Climategate", the panel concluded that the integrity of scientific community is still sound.经过对"气候门事件"的彻底调查，专家组认为学术界的信誉和道德仍然是值得信赖的 【近】conscience, honesty, incorruptibility, rectitude, righteousness, scrupulousness 【反】baseness 卑鄙；deceit, deceitfulness, dishonesty, lying, mendacity, untruthfulness欺骗 【考法 2】n.完整性: the quality or condition of being whole or undivided 【例】trying to maintain the integrity of the falling empire尽力维持日趋西山的帝国的统一 【近】completeness, entireness, perfection, wholeness

gasification

【考法 1 】n.气化: conversion into gas 【例】gasification of coals 煤的气化 【近】evaporation, sublimation 【反】solidification 固化；liquefaction 液化 【派】gasify v. 气化

mar

【考法 1 】n.污点，坏点: something that spoils the appearance or completeness of a thing 【例】mars on the furniture 家具上的污点 【近】blight, blotch, defect, deformity, disfigurement, fault, flaw, imperfection, mark, pockmark, scar 【考法 2】vt.破坏，削弱: to impair the soundness, perfection, or integrity of; spoil 【例】The once flatroad surface is now marred by numerous potholes.曾经平整的路面如今被坑洞所破坏 an election marred by sexual scandal被性丑闻蒙上阴影的选举 【近】blemish, compromise, cripple, damage, deface, disfigure, harm, hurt, impair, injure, spoil, vitiate 【反】doctor, fix, mend, patch, renovate, repair 修补；adorn, beautify, bedeck, embellish, garnish装饰

precipitation

【考法 1 】n.沉积物，尤指降水: something precipitated as a deposit on the earth of hail, mist, rain, sleet, or snow 【例】The storm brought several inches of precipitation.风暴带来的降水量高达数英尺。 【近】deposit, sediment 【考法 2】n.仓促: excited and often showy or disorderly speed 【例】I fear that I may have acted with some precipitation on this matter, so I would like to reconsider.我害怕自己在这个事情上考虑得太仓促了，因此我想再想想。 【近】haste, hastiness, hustle, precipitousness, rush 【反】deliberation 深思熟虑

marsh

【考法 1 】n.沼泽，湿地: an area of soft, wet, low-lying land 【例】The marshes along the coast support a remarkable profusion of plants and animals. 沿着海岸线一带的沼泽为大量的动植物提供了栖息所 【近】bog, fen, marshland, mire, moor, morass, quagmire, slough, swamp, wetland 【派】marshy adj.潮湿的

faction

【考法 1 】n.派系: a party or group (as within a government) that is often contentious or self-seeking 【例】affiliated with one faction 附属于某个党派 North-Ocean Faction 北洋派 【近】bloc, body, clique, coalition, sect, wing 【派】factional adj派系的，派别的

★gauge

【考法 1 】n.测量标准: a measurement (as of linear dimension) according to some standard or system 【例】polls as a gauge of voter satisfaction用以衡量选民满意度的选票结果 【近】standard, benchmark, criterion, measure, touchstone, yardstick 【考法 2】vt.判定: to determine the capacity or contents of 【例】It is hard to gauge his mood. 要判断他的情绪很困难 【近】assess, determine, evaluate, figure, measure, scale

mirage

【考法 1 】n.海市蜃楼，幻想: something illusory and unattainable like a mirage 【例】Reunion with her husband has become a mirage. 与他丈夫重逢己是可望而不可及的幻象 A peaceful solution proved to be a mirage.和平解决问题是不可能的了 【近】chimera, delusion, hallucination, illusion, phantom, vision 【反】reality 现实

insight

【考法 1 】n.深刻的理解: an instance of apprehending the true nature of a thing, especially through intuitive understanding 【例】an insight into the global-scale environmental problems对于全球性环境问题的深刻理解 【近】discernment, insight, perception, sagacity, sapience 【反】glimmer, inkling 略懂，略知一二 【派】insightful adj.有洞察力的

maelstrom

【考法 1 】n.漩涡: a powerful often violent whirlpool sucking in objects within a given radius 【例】Their raft got caught in a maelstrom.他们的筏被一个漩涡卷住了 【近】gulf, vortex, whirlpool 【考法 2】n.混乱、动荡的局势: a violent or turbulent situation 【例】the maelstrom of war 战争带来的乱世 【近】chaos, disorder, pandemonium, tulmult, turmoil, upheaval, uproar 【反】calm风平浪静

panache [pə'næʃ]

【考法 1 】n.炫耀: dash or flamboyance in style and action 【例】with great panache 极尽炫耀之能事 【反】humility, unremarkable behavior, dullness 谦逊，寻常举止，平庸乏味

mania

【考法 1 】n.热衷，狂热: an excessively intense enthusiasm, interest, or desire; a craze 【例】a mania for neatness 强烈的洁癖 【近】ardor, craze, enthusiasm, fervor, obsession, passion, preoccupation, prepossession, zeal 【反】apathy, indifference, nonchalance, torpor 冷漠，麻木 【派】manic adj.疯狂的

incendiary

【考法 1 】n.煽动者: a person who stirs up public feelings especially of discontent 【例】behind-the-scenes incendiaries who were intending to overthrow the government 企图推翻政府的幕后煽动者 【近】demagogue, exciter, firebrand, fomenter, inciter, instigator, kindler, provocateur 【考法 2】adj.煽动性的: tending to inflame 【例】an incendiary speech 煽动性的演说 【近】agitational, instigative, provocative, seditious 【反】conciliatory, pacific安抚性的

patriot

【考法 1 】n.爱国者: one who loves his or her country and supports its authority and interests 【例】The USA PATRIOT Act has generated a great deal of controversy since its enactment.自实施之日起，美国的《爱国者法案》就产生了大量的争议； a fanatical patriot 狂热的爱国者 【近】loyalist, nationalist, partisan 【反】apostate, recreant, renegade, traitor, turncoat 叛徒；insurgent, mutineer, rebel 叛乱者 【派】patriotism n.爱国主义

maverick

【考法 1 】n.特立独行之人: a person who does not conform to generally accepted standards or customs 【例】Some mavericks believe that both gravity and light are electromagnetic forces. 一些特立独行的人认为，重力和光都是电磁力 【近】bohemian, deviant, heretic, iconoclast, nonconformist 【反】conformer, conformist, conventionalist 遵从传统的人 【考法 2】adj.标新立异的，不合常规的: deviating from commonly accepted beliefs or practices 【例】a maverick view on marriage 关于婚姻的非传统看法 【近】dissentient, dissenting, dissident, heterodox, iconoclastic, unorthodox 【反】conforming, conventional, orthodox 遵从传统的

iconoclast

【考法 1 】n.特立独行的人: a person who does not conform to generally accepted standards or customs 【例】He was an iconoclast who refused to be bound by tradition.他是个不愿被传统所束缚的叛逆者 【近】bohemian, deviant, heretic, maverick, non-conformer 【反】conformer, conformist循规蹈矩的人 【派】iconoclastic adj.特立独行的

★fanatic

【考法 1 】n.狂热者: a person marked or motivated by an extreme, unreasoning enthusiasm, as for a cause 【例】a soccer fanatic 一个足球迷 【近】bigot, devotee, enthusiast, fiend, freak, maniac, partisan, zealot 【反】n.onfan 非爱好者 【考法 2】adj.狂热的；盲信的: marked by excessive enthusiasm and often intense uncritical devotion 【例】They are fanatic about sadomasochism他们对 SM 十分狂热 【近】extreme, rabid, radical, revolutionary, ultra 【反】conservative 保守的；rational理性的 【派】fanatical adj狂热的；盲信的

ingenuity

【考法 1 】n.独创性，创新性: inventive skill or imagination 【例】There is little ingenuity in his articles.他的文章鲜有独创性 【近】creativeness, innovativeness, inventiveness, originality 【反】banality, clich陈词滥调 【派】ingenuous 真挚的

monologue

【考法 1 】n.独白: a dramatic sketch performed by one actor 【例】deliver a tedious monologue做了一个冗长的独白 【近】soliloquy, solo, speech 【反】dialogue 对话

★appeal

【考法 1 】n.申请: an application (as to a recognized authority) for corroboration, vindication, or decision 【例】A piteous appeal for help虔诚的请求帮助。 【例】to make an appeal to the public to donate needed blood 向公众提出献血请求 【近】adj.uration, conjuration, entreaty, petition, pleading, supplication 【考法 2 】n.起诉 to charge with a crime : accuse 【例】My lawyer said the court's decision wasn't correct and that we should file for an appeal我的律师帀说法庭的判决不对我们应该起诉。 【近】charge, accuse, incriminate, inculpate, indict 【反】absolve 赦免；exonerate, exculpate 开脱免罪；vindicate 辩护

fatigue

【考法 1 】n.疲惫: weariness or exhaustion from labor, exertion, or stress 【例】The day-long battle against the blaze left firefighters in a state of utter fatigue与大火一整天的斗争使得消防员们处于极度疲惫的状态 【近】collapse, exhaustion, lassitude, tiredness, weariness 【反】refreshment, rejuvenation, revitalization 恢复活力 【考法 2】n.(让人厌倦的)苦差事: something, such as tiring effort or activity, that causes weariness 【例】Although he had joined the army for action and adventure, much of his day seemed to be devoted to mindless fatigues 尽管当初参军是为了上战场冒险的，但我生活的大部分时间似乎都耗费在了没意思的苦差上 【近】drudge, drudgery, grind, labor, sweat, toil, travail 【反】fun, play玩耍；sinecure 美差，闲职

proclivity

【考法 1 】n.癖性，偏好: a natural propensity or inclination; predisposition 【例】showed artistic proclivities at an early age在很小的时候就表现除了对艺术的喜好 【近】aptitude, disposition, leaning, partiality, penchant, predilection, propensity 【反】aversion, antipathy, disinclination 厌恶，反感

pen

【考法 1 】n.监狱: a place of confinement for persons held in lawful custody 【例】spent six years in a federal pen在联邦监狱中度过了六年 【近】bastille, coop, jail, prison, stockade 【考法 2】v.关押，监禁: to close or shut in by or as if by barriers 【例】remember to pen up the dogs when visitors come over客人来的时{蒺别忘了把狗给关起来 【近】box, encage, encase, envelop, fence, hedge, immure, include, wall 【反】release 释放；enfranchise, free, liberate, set free 使自由

ally

【考法 1 】n.盟友，支持者: one in helpful association with another 【例】enter the war as an ally of America以美国的同盟者身份加入战争 【近】supporter, confederate, sympathizer 【反】adversary, rival 对手 【考法 2】v.加入联盟: to enter into an alliance 【例】several tribes allied to fend off the invaders 几个部落联合起来抵抗侵略者 【反】disband解散

demolition

【考法 1 】n.破坏，毁坏: the act or process of wrecking or destroying, especially destruction by explosives 【例】the demolition of dangerous buildings 危楼的拆毁 【近】annihilation, decimation, devastation, havoc, wreckage 【反】building, construction, erection, raising 建造

★consequence

【考法 1 】n.结果: something produced by a cause or necessarily following from a set of conditions 【例】n.egative consequences of the war 战争带来的负面后果 【近】aftermath, effect, outcome, result 【反】source, origin, cause, antecedent 根源、原因 【考法 2】n.重要性，价值: significance; importance 【例】a mistake of no consequence不重要的错误 【近】moment, magnitude, weight 【反】triviality 琐碎的事 【派】consequential adj重要的

epicure

【考法 1 】n.美食家: one with sensitive and discriminating tastes especially in food or wine 【例】Thomas Jefferson was one of America's first great epicures托马斯•杰斐逊算得上是美国早期美食家一枚 【近】bon vivant, gastronomist, gourmand, gourmet

hovel

【考法 1 】n.茅屋: a small, wretched, and often dirty house 【近】cabin, camp, hooch, hut, hutch, hutment, shanty

gossamer

【考法 1 】n.虚无飘渺的东西: something light, delicate, or insubstantial 【例】the gossamer of youth's dreams年少时飘渺的梦想 【近】ether, delicacy 【反】substance, entity 实体 【考法 2】adj.轻薄的: extremely light, delicate, or tenuous 【例】a gossamer explanation 站不住脚的解释 【近】diaphanous ,ethereal, filmy, light, insubstantial, tenuous 【反】heavy, leaden, ponderous 沉重的

★demagogue

【考法 1 】n.蛊惑民心的政客: a leader who makes use of popular prejudices and false claims and promises in order to gain power 【例】that politician is just a demagogue who preys upon people's fears and prejudices 那就是一个蛊惑民心的政客，利用民众的害怕和偏见来欺骗 【近】firebrand, fomenter, incendiary, instigator, kindler, provocateur

extraction

【考法 1 】n.血统: origin; lineage; ancestry 【例】a family of French extraction 有法国血统的家族 【近】bloodline, breeding, descent, genealogy, lineage, origin, family tree

jargon

【考法 1 】n.行业术语: the specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group 【例】medical jargon that the layman cannot understand外行不理解的医学术语 【近】argot, cant, dialect, jive, lingo, patois

★forebear

【考法 1 】n.袓先: a person from whom one is descended; an ancestor 【例】The son of Abrahamis traditionally considered to be the forebear of the Arabs亚伯拉罕之子传统上被认为是阿拉伯人的袓先 【近】ancestor, antecedent, asendant,father, grandfather, primogenitor, progenitor 【反】descendant, offspring 后代

pariah ['pærɪə]

【考法 1 】n.被排斥或鄙视的人: one that is despised or rejected, outcast 【例】I felt like a pariah when I wore the wrong outfit to the dinner party. 当我穿着不恰当的礼服赴宴时，我感 觉自己被别人狠狠地鄙视了 【近】castaway, castoff, leper, reject 【反】respectable person 值得尊敬的人

prescription

【考法 1 】n.规定，传统的规矩: something prescribed as a rule; especially an inherited or established way of thinking, feeling, or doing 【近】convention, custom, decree, law, regulation, rule 【派】prescribe v.开药方；设立规定

cordon ['kɔrdn]

【考法 1 】n.警戒线: a line or ring of police, soldiers, or vehicles preventing people from entering an area 【例】a cordon of police警察围成的警戒线 【近】perimeter 【考法 2】v.围成一道防线: to form a protective or restrictive cordon around 【例】cordoned off the area around the explosion scene在爆炸现场周边设置警戒线 【近】close, obstruct, block

knack

【考法 1 】n.诀窍，聪明的做法: a clever trick or stratagem; a clever way of doing something 【例】She's tried every knack in Cupid's book to get her guy to marry her.她试过了所有爱情三十六计，希望那男人娶她 【近】artifice, device, gambit, ploy, scheme, sleight, stratagem 【反】foolishness 愚 蠢

anathema [ə'næθəmə]

【考法 1 】n.诅咒: a ban or curse solemnly pronounced by ecclesiastical authority and accompanied by excommunication 【近】curse, execration, imprecation, malediction 【反】benediction, benison, blessing 祝福

coquette [ko'kɛt]

【考法 1 】n.调情的女子: a woman who makes teasing sexual or romantic overtures; a flirt 【例】A coquette though she might appear to be at first, Violetta from Verdi's La Traviata is actually yearning for true love 乍看之下，威尔第歌剧《茶花女》中的薇奥莱塔是一个轻浮的女子，但实际上她渴望真爱 【近】v.amp, flirt 【考法 2】v.不认真对待: to deal with something playfully rather than seriously 【例】interested only in coquetting with her, not marrying her只想与她保持暧昧关系，而不结婚 【近】trifle, dally, flirt, mess around 【派】coquet v不认真对待，调情；coquettish adj调情的

★falsehood

【考法 1 】n.谎言: a statement known by its maker to be untrue and made in order to deceive 【例】Truth always rise above falsehood, as oil rise above water油月旨水面浮，真理胜谎言 【近】deception, fable, lie, mendacity, prevarication, untruth 【反】truth，verity 真相，实话

penury

【考法 1 】n.贫穷: extreme dearth; barrenness or insufficiency 【例】Some have pessimistically regarded the higher education in China as an invisible and irresistible path to penury.有人悲观地把中国的高等教育看作是一条通往贫穷的通道——无形但不可抗拒 【近】destitution, impecuniosity, impoverishment, indigence, neediness, poorness, poverty, want 【反】affluence, opulence, richness, wealth 富裕 【考法 2】n.吝啬，节俭: extreme and often niggardly frugality 【例】They bitterly complained about their father's penury.他们哀怨地抱怨父亲的节俭 【近】closeness, miserliness, niggardliness, parsimony, penuriousness, stinginess, tightfistedness, tightness 【反】generosity, largesse, munificence, openhandedness, philanthropy 慷慨的 【派】penurious adj.贫穷的；吝啬的

patrician

【考法 1 】n.贵族，名门望族: a man or woman of high birth or social position 【例】the rank of a patrician贵族等级 【近】 aristocrat, noble, blue blood 【反】 plebeian 平民，庶民 【考法 2】adj.贵族的，地位高的: of high birth, rank, or station 【例】came from a patrician family 出身贵族世家 【近】aristocratic, genteel, gentle, grand, great, highborn, highbred, upper-class, wellborn 【反】baseborn, common, humble, ignoble, low, lower-class, mean 地位低下的

panegyric [,pænə'dʒɪrɪk]

【考法 1 】n.赞颂之词: a eulogistic oration or writing 【例】wrote a panegyric on the centennial of the Nobel laureate's birth 为诺贝尔获得者百年诞辰纪念日写了一篇溢美之词 【近】accolade, citation, commendation, dithyramb, eulogium, eulogy, hymn, paean 【反】anathema, denunciation, condemnation 诅咒，谴责

levity

【考法 1 】n.轻浮: excessive or unseemly frivolity 【例】The teachers disapprove of any displays of levity during school assemblies.老师们不允许学生在学校聚会过程中表现出任何轻浮的态度 【近】facetiousness, flightiness, flippancy, frivolousness, frothiness, silliness 【反】earnestness, gravity, seriousness, soberness, solemnity 严肃

overlap

【考法 1】vt.重叠，重复: to occupy the same area in part 【例】Baseball season overlaps football season in September. 棒球赛季和橄榄球赛季在九月有时间重合。 【近】lap, overlay, overlie, overspread

eclat

【考法 1 】n.辉煌成就: brilliant or conspicuous success 【例】The premier of Mozart's Le Nozze di Figaro enjoyed a great eclat in 1786莫扎特歌剧《费加罗的婚礼》 于1786年的首演获得了极大的成功 【近】fame, renown, brilliance, triumph 【反】debacle, fiasco 惨败

dispatch

【考法 1 】n.迅速: promptness and efficiency in performance or transmission 【例】do sth with dispatch 迅速的做某事 【近】alacrity, haste, swiftness, expedition, promptitude 【反】leisureliness, delay, procrastination 悠然，拖延 【考法 2】v.发送，运输: to cause to go or be taken from one place to another 【例】to dispatch a messenger with urgent news 发送一个紧急消息 【近】transfer, transmit, transport, pack off 【反】accept, receive 接收 【考法 3】v.使死亡: to deprive of life 【例】dispatch a criminal 处决罪犯 ； The man dispatched the termites with professional efficiency 那个男人技术纯熟地杀死了白蚁。 【反】animate 使有生命 【考法 4】v.获胜: to achieve a victory over 【例】They dispatched the other team with breaking a sweat他们险胜其他的队。 【近】conquer, defeat, subdue, triumph over, prevail over 【反】lose to 输

★ethics

【考法 1 】n.道德规范: rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession 【例】an old-fashioned work ethic传统的工作行为规范 【近】ethos, morality, morals, norms, principles, standards

legacy

【考法 1 】n.遗产: something handed down from an ancestor or a predecessor or from the past 【例】the legacy of the ancient philosophers 古代哲学家们的思想遗产 【近】bequest, heritage, patrimony

quarry

【考法 1 】n.采石场: an open excavation or pit from which stone is obtained by digging, cutting, or blasting <font color="#0000ff">【考法 2】n.目标，猎物: an object of pursuit 【例】a hunter relentlessly tracking his quarry 无情捕杀猎物的猎人 【近】chase 【反】predator 捕猎者

preservative

【考法 1 】n.防腐剂: an additive used to protect against decay, discoloration, or spoilage 【例】containing no chemical preservative 不含化学防腐剂 【派】preserve v.保存

intrigue

【考法 1 】n.阴谋: a secret plan for accomplishing evil or unlawful ends 【例】The intrigue was quickly discovered, and the would-be assassins were arrested.随着阴谋的迅速识破，未得手的剌客被逮捕了 【近】conspiracy, design, intrigue, machination, scheme 【考法 2】vt.激起...的兴趣: to arouse the interest, desire, or curiosity of 【例】The children are apparently intrigued by the tale. 孩子们很明显被这个传奇故事吸引了 【近】appeal, attract, enthrall, entice, excite, fascinate, interest, occupy 【反】ennui, pall 使厌倦 【派】intriguing adj.有趣的

platitude

【考法 1 】n.陈词滥调: a trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant 【例】the platitude of most political oratory政治说辞里的陈词滥调 【近】banality, bromide, cliche, commonplace, homily, shibboleth, truism 【考法 2】n.缺乏原创性: lack of originality 【近】triteness, staleness 【反】novelty 新颖性；originality 原创新

recluse

【考法 1 】n.隐士: a person who lives away from others 【例】He was sick of cities and crowds, so he decided to go live by himself in the woods as a recluse.他厌倦了城市和拥挤的人群，因此他决定像隐士一样遁隐山林。 【近】anchorite, eremite, hermit, isolate, solitary 【考法 2】adj.隐居的，不爱社交的: marked by withdrawal from society 【例】a recluse poet who left a large amount of literature legacies一个留下了大量文学遗产的隐急居诗人 My neihgbor is so recluse that I only see him about once a year. 我的邻居太神秘了，一般我一年只能见他一面。 【近】cloistered, hermetic, secluded, secluse, seclusive, sequestered 【反】gregarious, social好交际的 【派】reclusive adj.隐居的

mercenary

【考法 1 】n.雇佣军: a professional soldier hired for service in a foreign army 【例】hire a mercenary army to protect the VIP雇佣了一支佣兵来保护重要人物 【近】hack 【考法 2】adj.唯利是图的，贪婪的: motivated solely by a desire for monetary or material gain 【例】vi.rtue flies from the heart of a mercenary man. 唯利是图的人没有美德可言 【近】acquisitive, avaricious, avid, covetous, grasping, greedy, moneygrubbing, rapacious 【反】benevolent, generous, liberal, philanthropic, munificent 慷慨的

★augur

【考法 1 】n.预言家: one who predicts future events or developments 【例】The ancient Roman augurs predicted the future by reading the flight of birds古罗马的预言家们通过鸟类的航线来预测未来 【近】forecaster, foreseer, diviner, foreteller, prophesier, visionary 【考法 2】v.出现好兆头: to show signs of a favorable or successful outcome 【例】This augurs well for us这是一个好兆头 【近】forebode, promise 【考法 3】vt.预言: to tell of or describe beforehand 【例】The fortune-teller augured nothing but a series of calamities for me占卜人预言在我身上将会有一系列大灾难发生 【近】forecast, predict, presage, prognosticate, prophesy

pigment

【考法 1 】n.颜料: a substance that imparts black or white or a color to other materials 【例】n.atural red pigment 天然红色染料 【近】colorant, dye, stain 【考法 2】vt.给...上颜色: to color with or as if with pigment 【例】pigmented silk染过色的丝绸 【近】paint, stain, tincture, tinge, tint 【反】blanch 漂白；decolorize脱色

potable

【考法 1 】n.饮品，尤指有酒精饮料: a beverage, especially an alcoholic beverage 【例】Potables are offered at bar counter for free. 饮料可以在吧台免费领取。 【近】beverage, drink, juice, liquor, spirits 【反】n.on-intoxicant, soft drink 软饮料 【考法 2】adj.适于饮用的: suitable for drinking 【例】Price of the potable water has soared. 饮用水价格飙升。 【近】drinkable, edible 【反】undrinkable 不能饮用的

charlatan

【考法 1 】n.骗子: a person who makes elaborate, fraudulent, and often voluble claims to skill or knowledge; a quack or fraud 【例】the famed broker turned out to be a charlatan 一位有声望的经纪人结果是个骗子 【近】fake, fraud, hoaxer, mountebank, phony, pretender, quack, imposter

lurk

【考法 1 】vi.潜伏: to lie in wait in a place of concealment especially for an evil purpose 【例】Dangers lurk in the path of wilderness. 在这条荒野的小路上隐伏着危险 【近】ambush, snake, steal 【反】appear, come out 出来

plateau

【考法 1 】n.高原: a usually extensive level land area raised sharply above adjacent land on at least one side 【例】Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 青藏高原 【近】highland, mesa, tableland, upland 【反】lowland 低谷；basin盆地 【考法 2】n.稳定时期，平台期: a relatively stable level, period, or state 【例】reached a plateau of development 达到了发展的稳定期 【近】equilibrium, stage, stasis

blight

【考法 1 】v.(使)枯萎: to affect (as a plant) with blight 【近】wither, shrivel 【反】flourish 生长繁茂 【考法 2】v.损害: to impair the quality or effect of 【例】Illness blighted his career伤病毁了他的职业生涯 ； Cosmetics are often used to conceal facial blemishes 化妆品常用来遮盖脸部色斑。 【近】damage, deteriorate, harm, impair, mar, ruin 【派】blighted adj枯萎的，毁坏的

purvey

【考法 1 】v.(大量)供给，供应: to supply (food, for example); furnish. 【例】a little shop purveying handmade merchandise 出售手工商品的小店

grimace

【考法 1 】v./n.因痛苦而面部扭曲: a sharp contortion of the face expressive of pain, disgust or disapproval 【例】she made a grimace when she tasted the medicine 她尝了一口药，然后做了一个鬼脸 【近】frown, moue, pout, scowl

collude

【考法 1 】v.串通，共谋(做坏事): to act together secretly to achieve a fraudulent, illegal, or deceitful purpose; conspire 【例】collude with competitors to control the price与竞争者合谋以控制价格 【近】connive, conspire, contrive, intrigue, machinate, put up 【反】act independently 单独行动

profane

【考法 1 】v.亵渎: to treat (something sacred) with abuse, irreverence, or contempt 【例】invading troops profaned the altar by playing poker on it 侵略军亵渎了祭坛，竟然在上面打扑克 【近】defile, violate 【派】profaned 被亵渎的 【反】unviolated, inviolable 未被亵渎的，不可亵渎的 【考法 2】v.滥用: to put to a bad or improper use 【例】profaned his considerable acting talents by appearing in some wretched movies 在一些烂俗的电影里面出现简直就是浪费表演才华 【近】abuse, misemploy, misuse, pervert, prostitute

barter

【考法 1 】v.以物换物: to trade (goods or services) without the exchange of money 【例】barter wheat for cotton以小麦换棉花 【近】swap, trade

designate

【考法 1 】v.任命: to pick (someone) by one's authority for a specific position or duty 【例】he has yet to designate his successor as head of the firm 他还、没有给公司选定接班人 【近】assign, commission, constitute, nominate, place 【反】discharge, dismiss, expel, fire 解雇，开除 【考法 2】v.命名: to give a name to 【例】he was designated Air Jordan by his fans他被粉丝们称为飞人乔丹 【近】denominate, dub, entitle, label, style, term, title

★forge

【考法 1 】v.伪造: to make or imitate falsely especially with intent to defraud 【例】The boy forged his father's signature on his transcript小男孩在他的成绩单上伪造了父亲的签名 【近】coin, counterfeit, fabricate, fake 【考法 2】v.锻造，铸就: to form (as metal) by or as if by heating and hammering 【例】a real man forged by adversity 一个经磨难考验而成的纯爷们 They agreed to forge closer economic and political ties他们就打造双边的紧密政治经济联系达成了共识 【近】build, construct, form, make, manufacture, mold, shape 【派】forger n打铁匠

croon

【考法 1 】v.低声歌唱或说话: to sing or speak in a gentle murmuring manner 【例】croon mellow tunes 低声唱柔和的调子 【近】whisper, grumble, mumble, murmur 【反】shout, yell 大声喊叫

petrify

【考法 1 】v.使僵化，失去活力: to cause to become stiff or stone-like; deaden 【例】Pressure from family has petrified his once innovative mind.家庭的压力使他的头脑失去了往日的创造力 【近】damp, dampen, deaden, devitalize, enervate, lobotomize, ossify 【反】brace, energize, enliven, invigorate, quicken, stimulate, vitalize, vivify使有活力 【派】petrification n.石化，僵化

★discomfit

【考法 1 】v.使尴尬: to put into a state of perplexity and embarrassment 【例】He was discomfited by the awkward situation of having his ex-girlfriend meet his current one他的前女友看到他现任女友的情况让他很尴尬。 【近】embarrass, abash, faze, fluster, mortify, nonplus, rattle 【考法 2】v.阻碍: to prevent from achieving a goal 【例】Constant interruptions discomfited her in her attempt to finish the speech经常的打断她讲话使她无法完成演讲。 【近】balk, foil, thwart, baffle, checkmate 【反】advance, forward, foster, further, promote 推进，促进；encourage 鼓励

fluster

【考法 1 】v.使慌乱: to put into a state of agitated confusion 【例】A GPA of 10 flusters him 10的绩点让他很慌乱 【近】abash, confound, confuse, discomfit, disconcert, discountenance, faze, mortify, nonplus, rattle 【反】calm, quiet, settle, soothe, tranquilize安抚，使情绪镇定

★content

【考法 1 】v.使满足: to appease the desires of 【例】One glass of beer every day could content him每天一杯啤酒就能满足他 【近】satisfy, gratify, rejoice 【反】discontent 不满足 【考法 2】n.主题: a major object of interest or concern (as in a discussion or artistic composition) 【例】Although I appreciate the poem's lyrical qualities, I don't understand its content虽然我很欣赏这首诗歌的节奏美，但我无法理解其主题 【近】motive, subject, theme, topic 【考法 3】n.内容，内涵: the idea that is conveyed or intended to be conveyed to the mind by language, symbol, or action 【例】The speech was filled with fancy words but devoid of any real content 这篇演讲辞藻华丽，但是没什么实质性内容 【近】intention, purport, sense, significance 【派】contented adj 满足的

★dilapidate

【考法 1 】v.使荒废: to bring into a condition of decay or partial ruin 【例】The house has been dilapidated by neglect由于没人照看，这个房子己经要荒废了。 【近】ruin, wreck 【反】be in use 还在使用；restore 恢复使用；mend, repair 修理;rejuvenate, renew, renovate 翻新

coalesce

【考法 1 】v.合并,融合 to unite into a whole: fuse 【例】Different units coalesced into one army不同的党派融合成了一支部队 【近】associate, coalesce, combine, conjoin, connect, couple, fuse, interfuse, join, link (up), unify, unite 【反】break up, dissever, section, separate, sever, split, sunder, unlink, disband 分开，解散

compose

【考法 1 】v.使镇定: to free from agitation: calm 【例】She took a deep breath and composed herself 她做了一个深呼吸，控制住了自己的情绪。 【近】contain, settle 【反】agitate, discompose, disquiet, disturb, perturb, upset, vex 【派】composed adj镇静的，安定的: free from agitation: calm 【反】distraught, restless 发狂的，不平静的 【派】composure n镇定: a calmness or repose especially of mind, bearing, or appearance 【考法 2】v.组成，构成: to form the substance of : constitute 【例】composed of many ingredients 有很多配料组成 【近】constitute, comprise, make up

erode

【考法 1 】v.侵蚀，慢慢减少: to consume or wear away gradually 【例】flooding eroded the hillside洪水冲刷着山岭； inflation eroding buying power通货膨胀导致购买力下降

abscond

【考法 1 】v.偷偷离开: to depart secretly and hide oneself 【例】abscond from the prison 越狱 【近】flee, run off, break out (of), clear out

eavesdrop

【考法 1 】v.偷听: to listen secretly to the private conversation of others 【例】eavesdropping on the conversation 偷听谈话 【近】overhear, wiretap

commingle

【考法 1 】v.充分混合: to blend thoroughly into a harmonious whole 【例】Ground waters originating in different beds commingle来源于不同层位的地下水相互混合； Fact and fiction commingle in the story事实和虚构混昆合成了故事。 【近】amalgamate, fuse, mix, immix, commix, compound, mingle, immingle, intermingle, intermix, merge 【反】break down, break up, separate, unmix 分开

expurgate

【考法 1 】v.净化，删去不当处: to remove erroneous, vulgar, obscene, or otherwise objectionable material from (a book, for example) before publication 【例】an expurgated edition of the letters 信件的删减版 【近】bowdlerize, obliterate, launder, red-pencil, clean up

congeal

【考法 1 】v.凝固，固化: to change from a fluid to a solid state by or as if by cold 【例】The blood had started to congeal 血液开始凝结了 【近】coagulate, solidify, indurate, clot 【反】melt, liquefy 熔化，液化 【派】congealment n 凝固

coagulate

【考法 1 】v.凝结,使变稠: to cause to become viscous or thickened into a coherent mass : curdle, clot 【例】The blood coagulates to stop wounds bleeding血液会凝结以防止伤口流血。 【近】clot, congeal, jelly 【反】melt, liquefy, fluidify, dissolve 融化，溶解；thin使变稀薄 【派】coagulant n凝结剂: an agent that causes a liquid to coagulate

goggle

【考法 1 】v.凝视: to look long and hard in wonder or surprise 【例】goggled at the characters on the stele 凝视碑文的字眼 【近】blink, gawk, gaze, peer, stare 【反】glance, glimpse 瞥视

brake

【考法 1 】v.刹车: to cause to move or proceed at a less rapid pace 【例】A seagull swooped down in front of her car, causing her to slam on the brakes 一只海鸥飞到车窗前，她猛踩刹车。 【近】decelerate, retard, slacken 【反】accelerate, hasten, rush, speed up 加速

pry

【考法 1 】v.刺探: to look or inquire closely, curiously, or impertinently 【例】don't go prying into other people's business 别去打探别人的事 【近】interlope, intermeddle, intrude, nose, obtrude, snoop

eschew

【考法 1 】v.刻意避开；戒绝: to avoid habitually especially on moral or practical grounds 【例】the minister eschews involvement in local politics, since he doesn't want to diminish his moral authority in the community 首相回避参与当地政治，因为他不想降低其道德权威 【近】dodge, elude, evade, shirk, shun, weasel out of 【反】embrace, greet, welcome, habitually indulge in, seek 乐于接受，寻觅

accelerate

【考法 1 】v.加速: to cause to move faster 【例】accelerate his steps 加快脚步 【近】balloon, escalate, snowball, mushroom, proliferate, burgeon, build up 【反】retard 减速 【考法 2】v.使提前发生: to bring about at an earlier time 【例】accelerate their departure 提前离开 【考法 3】v.变大，变多: to become greater in size, extent, volume, amount, or number 【例】toy purchases accelerate dramatically during the Christmas season 玩具销售量在圣诞期间暴涨 【近】accumulate, balloon, enlarge, escalate, mushroom, proliferate, snowball, roll up 【反】contract, decrease, diminish, dwindle, lessen, recede, wane

extort

【考法 1 】v.勒索: to obtain from a person by force, intimidation, or undue or illegal power 【例】The criminals extorted large sums of money from their victims绑匪向受害者勒索大笔钱财。 【近】wrest, wring

improvise

【考法 1 】v.即兴而作: to invent, compose, or perform with little or no preparation 【例】Since the award was a complete surprise, I improvised an acceptance speech. 因为那个奖项完全是个惊喜，所以我即兴发表了一个获奖演说 【近】ad-lib, extemporize 【反】plan, premeditate计划，预先考虑

extemporize

【考法 1 】v.即席表现: to do or perform (something) without prior preparation or practice 【例】a good talk show host has to be able to extemporize the interviews when things don't go as planned 一个好的脱口秀主持人要能够在计划之外即兴表现 【反】follow a script参考草稿 【派】extemporaneous 【反】planned有计划的

harangue

【考法 1 】v.发表长篇大论: a long pompous speech, especially one delivered before a gathering 【例】She harangued us for hours about the evils of popular culture. 她向我们絮叨了好几小时，批判流行文化的堕落。 【近】diatribe, harangue, jeremiad, philippic, rant 【反】speak temperately有节制地说话

abjure

【考法 1 】v.发誓放弃: a firm and final rejecting or abandoning often made under oath 【例】abjure one's belief发誓放弃信仰 【近】recant, renege违背诺言等; 食言; 背信, renounce, abnegate, forswear (also foreswear) （保证）放弃（某事物）; 舍弃, repudiate 【反】affirm, espouse, embrace 拥护 【考法 2】v.抵制，避免: to resist the temptation of 【例】abjure extravagance 抵制铺张浪费 【近】keep (from), refrain (from), withhold (from) 【反】bow to, give in to, submit to, succumb to不再抵抗（诱惑﹑ 疾病﹑ 攻击等）; 屈从, surrender to, yield to 屈从于

disgorge

【考法 1 】v.呕吐出: to discharge by the throat and mouth; vomit 【例】He cannot disgorge a fish bone without the doctor's assistant没有医生的帮助他吐不出鱼刺来； The volcano disgorged lava火山喷出岩浆。 【近】belch, disgorge, eject, eruct, expel, jet, spew, spout 【反】swallow, ingest 吞下，咽下 【考法 2】v.放弃: to give up on request or under pressure 【例】The corrupt officials refused to disgorge his ill-gotten gains贪官们拒绝放弃赃款。

cajole

【考法 1 】v.哄骗: to urge with gentle and repeated appeals, teasing, or flattery; wheedle 【例】cajoled her into doing his laundry for him 哄骗她帮他洗衣服 【近】blandish, blarney, palaver, wheedle, soft-soap, sweet-talk

imbibe

【考法 1 】v.喝水，摄取水分: to take in (something liquid) through small openings 【例】Plants can imbibe water through their roots. 植物可以通过它们的根摄取水分 【近】drink, guzzle, hoist, quaff, sip, sponge 【反】urinate 排尿

★boggle

【考法 1 】v.因为怀疑、恐惧而犹豫: to hesitate because of doubt, fear, or scruples 【例】boggle at the dilemma身处困境而犹豫不决 【近】hesitate, falter, waver 【考法 2】v.笨拙地做: to make or do (something) in a clumsy or unskillful way 【例】She boggled her first effort to make Christmas cookies她第一次尝试圣诞蛋糕做得笨手笨脚 【近】botch, bungle

★compromise

【考法 1 】v.妥协: to adjust or settle by mutual concessions 【例】Eventually we reached a compromise on the number of hours per week that would be devoted to piano practice最后我们在每周练琴的时间上妥协了。 【近】accommodation, negotiation 【考法 2】v.使危险: to place in danger 【例】Officials were concerned that his statements would compromise national security官员们认为他的言论会危害国家安全。 【近】hazard, imperil, jeopardy, jeopardize, menace, peril, venture

impede

【考法 1 】v.妨碍，阻碍: to interfere with or slow the progress of 【例】Storms at sea impeded our expedition. 海上的风暴阻碍了我们的远征 【近】clog, embarrass, encumber, fetter, hinder, inhibit, obstruct, retard, shackle, stymie, trammel 【反】aid, assist, facilitate, help 促进，帮助 【派】impediment n.障碍，阻碍

abrogate

【考法 1 】v.官方的正式废除: to abolish by authoritative action, annul 【例】abrogate the law/ treaty 废除法律、条约 【近】disannul, invalidate, nullify, quash, rescind, roll back, strike down 【反】embrace, uphold, institute 采纳，支持，建立 【考法 2】v.无视(某事的)存在: to treat as nonexistent 【例】abrogate their responsibilities 抛开、不顾他们的责任

cosset ['kɑsɪt]

【考法 1 】v.宠爱: to treat as a pet; pamper 【近】caress, cuddle, dote, pet, mollycoddle 【反】slight怠慢；abuse虐待 【派】cosseted adj被宠坏的

★countenance

【考法 1 】v.容忍: to put up with (something painful or difficult) 【例】The college administration will not countenance cheating大学管理部门决不容忍作弊的存在 【近】abide, endure, stand, stomach, wear 【考法 2】v.赞成，推崇: to have a favorable opinion of 【例】I don't countenance such behavior in children of any age对于任何年龄的孩子，我都不推崇那种行为 【近】accept, favor, subscribe 【反】disapprove, frown 表示反对 【考法 3】n.沉着，冷静: evenness of emotions or temper 【例】The doctor's purposeful countenance was in stark contrast to everyone else's hysteria医生带有目的性的 沉着与他人的歇斯底里形成了巨大的反差 【近】aplomb, calmness, composure, sangfroid, serenity 【反】agitation, discomposure, perturbation急躁，焦虑

★hammer

【考法 1 】v.屡次重申: to make repeated efforts especially : to reiterate an opinion or attitude. 【例】the lectures all hammered away at the same points 整场讲座都是在阐述相同论点 ； hammered the information into the students' heads把这条信息反复向学生们强调

palliate

【考法 1 】v.平息，减轻: to make less severe or intense; mitigate 【例】palliative drug缓解剂 【近】allay, alleviate, assuage, mitigate, mollify, palliate, relieve, soothe 【反】aggravate, exacerbate, worsen, increase intensity 加剧，恶化

crumple

【考法 1 】v.弄皱: to press, bend, or crush out of shape 【例】crumple a piece of paper 弄皱一张纸 【近】rumple, crimple, crease, fold, wrinkle 【反】smooth 使平滑 【考法 2】v.(因外力挤压而)垮塌: to fall down or in as a result of physical pressure 【例】The box crumpled when I accidentally dropped a brick on it我不小心扔了块石头在箱子上，它就倒塌了 【近】collapse, founder, implode, tumble, yield

perambulate

【考法 1 】v.徒步穿越，走过: to travel over or through especially on foot for exercise or pleasure 【例】We decided to lazily perambulate the entire length of the esplanade and enjoy the fresh air.我们决定悠哉地徒步走过滨海大道，享受清新的空气 【近】amble, cross, go, navigate, pass, peregrinate, proceed, ramble, transit, travel, traverse

cow

【考法 1 】v.恐吓，威胁、: to frighten with threats or a show of force 【例】cow sb into doing sth 威吓某人做某事 【近】intimidate, browbeat, bully, hector, awe 【反】embolden, encourage, inspirit 鼓励 【派】cowed adj被吓倒的

fester

【考法 1 】v.感染溃烂，腐烂: to infect, inflame, or corrupt 【例】A dirty wound will probably fester 伤口弄脏了有可能会化脓 【近】corrupt, decompose, putrefy, rot, spoil 【反】heal, cure愈合

drawl

【考法 1 】v.慢吞吞地说: to speak slowly with vowels greatly prolonged 【例】The old woman was drawling on and on老太太慢吞吞地说个没完 【近】extend, lengthen, prolong, protract, draw out 【反】drivel, gibber快速(而模糊)地说

instill

【考法 1 】v.慢慢滴入: to cause to enter drop by drop 【例】instill medication into the infected eye 将药物滴入患者受感染的眼中 【近】inject 【反】extract 抽取 【考法 2】v.灌输: to impart gradually 【例】instill a sense of responsibility to the young 向年轻人灌输一种责任感 【近】breed, enroot, implant, inculcate, infix, infuse, ingrain, plant, sow 【反】remove 移除 【派】instillation n. 滴入

abominate

【考法 1 】v.憎恶: to hate or loathe intensely, abhor 【例】We abominate jokes that make fun of people who have physical disabilities. 我们鄙视对有生理缺陷的人开玩笑。 【近】despise, detest, execrate恨, 厌恶（某人[某事物]）; 咒骂; 诅咒, loathe 【反】esteem, love, adore 尊敬，爱

discommode

【考法 1 】v.打扰，使不便: to cause inconvenience to: trouble 【例】The breakdown of her car didn't discommode her seriously车的故障没有给他带来很大麻烦。 【近】disturb, trouble, incommode, put out 【反】accommodate, assist, oblige, favor 帮忙

★disabuse

【考法 1 】v.打消错误念头，纠正: to free from error, fallacy, or misconception 【例】disabuse sb of the notion that...打消某人的...观点 ； I must disabuse you of your feelings of grandeur我必须去消除你的傲气。 【近】disenchant, undeceive 【反】lead into error导致错误；mislead 误导

capitulate

【考法 1 】v.投降，默许: to give up all resistance; acquiesce; yield 【例】one side finally capitulated when it became clear that they couldn't win the argument 意识到他们不能拿下这场辩论后，该方投降了 【近】budge, concede, relent, submit, succumb, surrender, knuckle under 【反】resist, oppose抵抗

cavil

【考法 1 】v.挑剔，吹毛求疵: to find fault unnecessarily; raise trivial objections : quibble 【例】Let us not cavil too much让我们别太挑剔； caviling about the price of a cup of coffee 对一杯咖啡 的价钱挑剌 【近】carp, fuss, niggle, nitpick, quibble

foil

【考法 1 】v.挫败: to prevent from being successful; defeat 【例】foil her enemy by pulling some strings 通过一些关系和手段挫败了她的对手 【近】baffle, balk, beat, checkmate, discomfit, frustrate, thwart 【反】forward, foster, further, promote 帮助，促进

mash

【考法 1 】v.捣碎: to cause to become a pulpy mass 【例】mash potatoesbefore adding it to the mixture 在混合之前捣碎土豆 【近】crush, grind, smash, squeeze 【反】agglomerate 聚集成团

★cultivate

【考法 1 】v.提升: to improve by labor, care, or study 【例】cultivate the mind开化心智 【近】educate, instruct, illuminate, nurse 【反】degrade, deteriorate, impair损坏，降低品质 【考法 2】v.促进成长，培养: to promote the growth of (a biological culture) 【例】cultivate vegetables 种植蔬菜 【近】grow, breed, produce, raise, develop, nurture 【反】balk, frustrate, thwart 阻碍 【派】cultivation n栽培

burnish

【考法 1 】v.擦亮，磨光: to make smooth or glossy usually by repeatedly applying surface pressure 【例】burnish the knife 磨光刀 【近】buff, polish, furbish, grind, smoothen

proselytize ['prɑslɪ,taɪz]

【考法 1 】v.改变信仰: to persuade to change to one's religious faith 【例】The efforts of early missionaries to proselytize the Native Americans of Minnesota were largely unproductive. 早期传教士对于明尼苏达的土著人的改变信仰的努力大多无功而返。 【近】convert

pertain

【考法 1 】v.有关联: to have a relation or connection; relate 【例】n.ew evidence that pertains to the accident 与事故相关的新证据 【近】appertain, bear, concern, refer, relate 【派】pertaining adj.有关系的

mime

【考法 1 】v.模仿: to use (someone or something) as the model for one's speech, mannerisms, or behavior 【例】miming a dog begging for food 模仿小狗乞食 【近】ape, copy, copycat, emulate, mimic, simulate

converge

【考法 1 】v.汇集，交汇于一点: tending to move toward one point or one another 【例】the main streets converge on a central square众主干道在中央广场交汇 【近】meet, focus, concentrate 【反】diverge, deviate, digress 分离，分岔 【派】convergent adj汇集的;convergence n汇集

addict

【考法 1 】v.沉溺，上瘾: to devote or surrender (oneself) to something habitually or obsessively 【例】be addicted to drug/ alcohol沉溺于毒品、酒 【考法 2】n. 对某事上瘾的人: a person with a strong and habitual liking for something 【例】science-fiction addicts who eagerly await each new installment in the series 科幻小说爱好者，等待着系列的每一次更新 【近】devotee, enthusiast, fanatic, maniac 【反】n.onfan 非粉丝

★articulate

【考法 1 】v.清晰地表达: to utter clearly and distinctly 【例】He cannot articulate his thoughts他不能清楚地表达他的想法。 【例】a theory first articulated by ancient philosophers 被古时哲学家阐明的理论 【近】enunciate 【反】murmur, mumble, mutter, slur 模糊地说 【考法 2】adj.表达清晰的: able to express oneself clearly and well 【例】The television crew covering the science fair were looking for photogenic and articulate students to explain their projects on the air 【近】eloquent, fluent, silver-tongued, well-spoken 【反】inarticulate, ineloquent, unvocal 表达不清楚的

★appropriate

【考法 1 】v.私自挪用 to take possession of or make use of exclusively for oneself, often without permission 【例】to appropriate private property 盗用私人财产 【例】The economy has been weakened by corrupt officials who have appropriated the country's resources for their own use经济因为腐败的官员们私自挪用国家资源而被削弱了。 【近】purloin, pirate, embezzle, peculate, usurp 【考法 2】adj.适当的: especially suitable or compatible: fitting 【例】Red wine is a more appropriate choice with the meal红酒更适合这顿饭。 【例】I don't think jeans and a T-shirt are appropriate attire for a wedding我觉得穿牛仔和 T 恤去婚礼不太得体。 【近】apt, becoming, felicitous, fitting, proper, meet, suitable, apposite, apropos 【反】improper, inapposite, inappropriate, inapt, unmeet, unseemly, unsuitable 不合适的

dilute

【考法 1 】v.稀释: to make thinner or less concentrated by adding a liquid such as water/ of relatively low strength or concentration 【例】dilute a color 稀释色彩 ； a dilute acid that's safe to handle in the classroom 稀释了的可以安全在教室处理的酸 【近】thin 【反】condense, densify, concentrate, thicken 使浓缩 【考法 2】vt.削弱: to diminish the strength, flavor, or brilliance of by admixture 【例】The hiring of the new CEO diluted the power of the company's president 新的 CEO 削弱了董事长的权力。 【近】weaken 【反】fortify, strengthen 增强

propagate

【考法 1 】v.繁殖: to cause to continue or increase by sexual or asexual reproduction 【例】the dams along the river are interfering with the salmon's ability to propagate f可上的大坝影响了大马哈鱼的繁殖 【近】breed, multiply, reproduce 【反】fail to multiply根除，繁殖失败 【考法 2】vt.传播，宣传: to cause to spread out and affect a greater number or greater area: extend 【例】the various ways in which churches can propagate the faith 不同的宣传教义的方法 【近】broadcast, circulate, disseminate 【反】check 阻止

peruse

【考法 1 】v.细读: to read or examine, typically with great care 【例】perused the manuscript to check for grammatical errors 细读手稿以检查语法错误 【近】examine, scrutinize 【反】glance, glimpse, scan, skim 一瞥，迅速浏览

★digress

【考法 1 】v.脱离主题: to turn aside especially from the main subject of attention or course of argument 【例】digress from her prepared subject 脱离她准备好的主题 ； He digressed so often that it was hard to follow what he was saying他经常跑题，以至于我们很难跟上他说的内容。 【近】excurse, ramble, diverge, get off the subject 【派】digressive adj.偏离的 【近】discursive 【派】digression n题外话: the act or an instance of digressing in a discourse 【近】aside

emancipate

【考法 1 】v.解放，解除束缚: to free from bondage, oppression, or restraint 【例】emancipate students from excessive assignments将学生从题海中解放出来 【近】discharge, enfranchise, free, liberate, loose, manumit, release 【反】bind, shackle 束缚;enslave, enthrall 奴役 【派】emancipation n解放，获得自由

cozen

【考法 1 】v.诱骗: to mislead by means of a petty trick or fraud; deceive 【例】The salesman cozened the old lady into buying his goods 推销员诱使老太太买下了他的东西 【近】bamboozle, dupe, cheat, deceive, beguile, delude, take in

mumble

【考法 1 】v.说话含糊: to utter words in a low confused indistinct manner 【例】He mumbled an apology reluctantly.他不情愿地咕哝了句抱歉 【近】grunt, murmur, mutter, whisper 【反】articulate, enunciate 清楚地表达

execrate

【考法 1 】v.谴责: to declare to be morally wrong or evil 【例】leaders from all over the world execrated the terrorists responsible for the bomb blast 世界各国首脑强烈谴责对爆炸袭击负责的恐怖分子 【近】anathematize, censure, decry, denounce, reprehend, reprobate 【反】bless保佑 【考法 2】v.痛恨: to dislike strongly 【例】execrates anyone who would physically abuse children or animals 痛恨那些虐待儿童和动物的人 【近】abhor, abominate, despise, detest, loathe 【反】love爱

★debase

【考法 1 】v.贬低，贬损: to reduce to a lower standing in one's own eyes or in others' eyes 【例】our failure to win a single game completely debased 我们一场未胜的战绩彻底让我们的形象一落千丈 【近】abase, debauch, degrade, demean, demoralize, deprave, deteriorate, profane, subvert, vitiate

bribe

【考法 1 】v.贿赂，收买: to give something, such as money or a favor, offered or given to a person in a position of trust to influence that person's views or conduct 【例】They bribed him to keep quiet about the incident他们收买他，希望其保持缄默。 【近】corrupt, pay off, square

lurch

【考法 1 】v.蹒跚: to move forward while swaying from side to side 【例】The ship lurched in the storm. 船在风暴中摇摆前行 【近】careen, dodder, falter, reel, stagger, stumble, teeter, totter, waddle 【反】progress smoothly 平稳前进；march, stride, swagger 游行，大步走

crouch

【考法 1 】v.蹲伏: to lower the body stance especially by bending the legs 【例】crouched behind a rock and watched vigilantly蹲伏石头后紧惕地观察 【近】huddle, squat 【反】arise, stand 站立

dodge

【考法 1 】v.躲避: to avoid (a blow, for example) by moving or shifting quickly aside 【例】dodge a storm of bullets 躲避枪林弹雨 ； He dodged the first punch but was hit by the second 他躲过了第一次打击但是没有躲过第二次。 【近】avoid, escape, shirk, malinger, goldbrick, evade, parry, sidestep, circumvent, fence, hedge, avert, elude, shun, skirt, bilk, eschew, weasel

paraphrase

【考法 1 】v.转述，意译，改写: to express something (as a text or statement) in different words 【例】Could you please paraphrase your diagnosis of my health condition, using simpler language? 您能否用更通俗的话语转述一下您对我健康状况的诊断呢 【近】rephrase, restate, reword, translate 【反】quote (不加以修改地)引用

★contravene

【考法 1 】v.违反，反对: to violate, to oppose in argument: contradict 【例】contravene the proposal with no reservation 毫无保留地反对这一提案 【近】breach, infringe, transgress, fracture, deny, contradict, gainsay, reject 【反】uphold, support, buttress 支持;comply, conform, observe 顺从 【派】contravention n反对；违反，触犯

accrete

【考法 1 】v.逐渐增长: to grow or increase gradually, as by addition 【例】silt accreting at the mouth of the river泥沙在河口淤积 【近】accumulate, build up, pile (up), stack (up) 【反】wear away, reduction in substance caused by erosion 侵蚀，减少 【派】accretion n慢慢增加

★bait

【考法 1 】v.逗弄，激怒: to persecute or exasperate with unjust, malicious, or persistent attacks 【例】bait him with gibes about his humble origin 取笑他的平凡出身以烦扰他 【近】badger, annoy, harass, heckle 【反】appease, pacify, mollify, disarm 平息，使缓和 【考法 2】v.引诱: to lead away from a usual or proper course by offering some pleasure or advantage 【例】the investment scheme baits the greedy and the unscrupulous 这份投资计划吸引贪婪者和轻信者上钩 【近】allure, decoy, entice, seduce 【考法 3】n.诱饵: something (as food) used in luring especially to a hook or trap 【例】The squad leader has finally realized that his team was a bait 队长终于意识到他的队伍是一个诱饵 【近】allurement, snare, trap, temptation

abut

【考法 1 】v.邻接，毗邻: to touch at one end or side; lie adjacent 【例】Our land abuts a wildlife preserve 我们的土地靠近一片野生动物保护区。 【近】skirt, verge on, border on, butt on, march with

buck

【考法 1 】v.阻止，反对: to refuse assent, to refuse to give in to 【例】buck the system不遵守制度 【近】defy, fight, oppose, repel, withstand 【反】assent to, bow to, submit to, succumb to, surrender to, yield to 赞成，服从 【考法 2】v.转移，交接: to shift possession of (something) from one person to another 【例】buck each box to the next person in line 将每一个盒子传给队伍中的后一人 【近】transfer, hand over

★balk

【考法 1 】v.阻碍: to check or stop by or as if by an obstacle 【近】circumvent, frustrate, foil, thwart 【反】advance, forward, foster, nurture, promote 推进 【考法 2】v.不愿接受，拒绝: to show unwillingness to accept, do, engage in, or agree to 【例】She balked at the very idea of compromise 她固执地拒绝妥协的想法 【近】decline, refuse, spurn, repudiate, turn down 【反】accept, approve同意 【派】balky adj倔强的

★encumber

【考法 1 】v.阻碍；妨碍: to impede or hamper the function or activity of 【例】Negotiation between the two parties were encumbered by a lack of trust 两党间的谈判因缺乏信任而受到阻碍 【近】hamper, hinder, impede, obstruct, retard, stymie 【反】promote, further 推动；aid, assist, facilitate, help 帮助 【考法 2】v.增添负担: to place a weight or burden on 【例】Don't encumber your pack animal so much that it can hardly move另 U让你的牲畜驮这么多东西，它都走不动了 【近】burden, laden, lumber, saddle 【反】unload 卸下

★constrain

【考法 1 】v.限制: to force by imposed stricture, restriction, or limitation 【例】Low temperature constrains the chemical reactivity 低温降低了化学反应活性 【近】bridle, check, confine, imprison, restrain, trammel 【反】release 释放 【考法 2】v.使人屈服于(压力、感情等): to cause (a person) to give in to pressure 【例】constrained by his conscience to tell the truth受他良心的驱使而说实话 【近】coerce, compel, oblige, sandbag 【派】constrained adj 受限的

★bridle

【考法 1 】v.限制: to keep from exceeding a desirable degree or level (as of expression) 【例】try to bridle your criticism next time so that it is helpful and not hurtful 下回控制好批评的语气，让其既顺耳又有益 【近】check, contain, curb, constrain, inhibit, regulate, restrain, tame, rein in

★concentrate

【考法 1 】v.集中: to bring or direct toward a common center or objective : focus 【例】concentrate one's efforts 集中精力 【近】center, focus, rivet 【反】deploy, dispel, disperse, dissipate散开，驱散 【考法 2】vt.浓缩: to make less dilute 【例】prolonged boiling is required to concentrate the sap when making maple syrup 【近】condense 【反】dilute, water down 稀释 【考法 3】v.聚集: to come together in one body or place 【例】recent immigrants tend to concentrate in port cities 进来的移民倾向于聚集在海港城市。 【近】accumulate, amass, assemble, collect, congregate, garner 【反】dispel, disperse, dissipate, scatter, break up, disband 驱散，解散

★embolden

【考法 1 】v.鼓励，使大胆: to instill with boldness or courage 【例】be emboldened by the wine借酒壮胆 【近】encourage, animate, cheer, hearten, strengthen 【反】daunt, discourage, dishearten, dispirit 使沮丧，使丧失信心

grin

【考法 1 】vi. 咧嘴笑: to express an emotion (as amusement) by curving the lips upward 【例】The boss grinned his approval.老板咧嘴一笑表示赞许。 【近】beam 【反】pout噘嘴生气

procrastinate

【考法 1 】vi.(因为懒散)拖延: to put off doing something, especially out of habitual carelessness or laziness 【例】She procrastinated and missed the submission deadline. 她一直拖拖拉拉，导致错过了截止日期。

pout

【考法 1 】vi.(特别是撅嘴)表示不悦: to show displeasure, especially by thrusting out the lips or wearing a sullen expression 【例】She pouted and didn't say a word to anyone all morning. 她整个早上都闷闷不乐，没和别人说一句话。 【近】grump, mope, sulk 【反】grin露齿而笑

doze

【考法 1 】vi./n.小憩: to sleep lightly or briefly 【例】He dozed off during the lecture他在讲座上睡着了 【近】drowse, nap, wink, slumber 【反】wake醒来

bifurcate

【考法 1 】vi./vt.(使)分成两支: (to cause) to divide into two branches or parts 【例】Their visions of the company's future slowly began to bifurcate我们关于公司未来的构想慢慢出现分歧 【近】divide, diverge, fork 【反】coalesce联合 converge 汇合

embark

【考法 1 】vi.上船: to go aboard a vessel or aircraft, as at the start of a journey 【例】When all cargos embarked, the ship weighed the anchor 所有货物都上船了，货船拔锚起航 【近】board 【反】disembark 下车，下船 【考法 2】vi.开始从事: to make a start 【例】embark on a world tour开始了环游世界的旅程 【近】begin, commence, launch, initiate, start, 【反】conclude, end, finish, terminate 结束

pore

【考法 1 】vi.仔细浏览，仔细研究: to read or study attentively(usually used with over) 【例】The committee will probably pore over the results of the study for a long time before making their decision.在正式做决定之前，委员会或需要花很长的时间来仔细研究调查结果。 【近】cogitate, consider, contemplate, deliberate, meditate, perpend, ruminate, study, weigh, chew over 【反】flip, glance, leaf, riffle, skim粗略地看，迅速浏览

hearken

【考法 1 】vi.倾听，关注: to give respectful attention 【近】attend, harken, heed, mind 【反】ignore 不理睬

pontificate

【考法 1 】vi.傲慢地做或说: to speak or express opinions in a pompous or dogmatic way 【例】pontificate to show a sense of superiority傲慢地说以显示高人一等的优越感 【反】condescend 屈尊，俯就 【派】pontification n.傲慢的言行；pontifical adj.傲慢的

mingle

【考法 1 】vi.参加社交活动: to take part in social activities 【例】mingling at a cocktail party在鸡尾酒会上与他人交往 【近】associate, fraternize, socialize 【考法 2】vt.混 合，结合: to mix so that the components become united 【例】mingle the ingredients将调料混合 mingle fact and fiction糅杂了现实与幻想 【近】mix, amalgamate, blend, commingle, immingle, intermix, merge 【反】divide, separate, sunder 分开

★assent

【考法 1 】vi.同意: to agree to something especially after thoughtful consideration 【例】The general proposed a detailed plan and the president assented将军提出 了一个细节化的计划，总统同意了该计划。 【近】accede, agree, assent, consent, subscribe, come round 【反】dissent, disagree 不同意

regress

【考法 1 】vi.后退: to go back; move backward 【例】To stand still is to regress.不进则退。 【近】retrogress, return, revert 【反】advance, develop, evolve, progress 前进，发展 【考法 2】vi.退化，恶化: to become worse or of less value 【例】The annual celebration has regressed to the point where it's nothing more than an excuse to get drunk.年度的庆祝活动己经堕落成一个尽情喝醉的借口了。 【近】atrophy, crumble, decay, decline, degenerate, descend, deteriorate, ebb, retrograde, rot, sink, worsen 【近】ameliorate, improve, meliorate 改善 【派】regressive adj.后退的，退化的;regression n.后退，退化

persevere

【考法 1 】vi.坚持不懈，不屈不挠: to persist in or remain constant to a purpose, idea, or task in the face of obstacles or discouragement 【例】Although he was frustrated by the lack of financial resources and support, hepersevered in his scientific research. 尽管因为资金不足而受阻，但他仍坚持进行科学研究 【近】carry on, endure, persist 【反】renounce, succumb, surrender, yield 放弃，屈服 【派】perseverance n. 坚持不懈

meddle

【考法 1 】vi.干涉，管闲事: to intrude into other people's affairs or business; interfere 【例】Please stop meddling in my marriage. 请不要来干涉我的婚姻 【近】interfere, interlope, intermeddle, intrude, obtrude, poke, pry, snoop 【反】disregard, ignore, neglect, omit, overlook 忽略，不理会 【派】meddlesome adj.爱管闲事的

reciprocate

【考法 1 】vi.往复运动: to move forward and backward alternately 【例】According to Marx's economic principle, the average price of a certain product should be reciprocating over its value. 根据马克思的经济学理论，商品的平均价格应该在它的价值周边波动。 【近】fluctuate, oscillate, sway, swing, vacillate 【考法 2】vt.报答，回报: to return in kind or degree 【例】reciprocated the favor by driving their neighbor to the airport 开车送邻居去机场以还人情 【近】recompense, repay, requite, retaliate, return 【反】owe欠(钱、人情等) 【派】reciprocal adj.相互之间的，互惠的

jabber

【考法 1 】vi.快而不清楚地说: to talk rapidly, indistinctly, or unintelligibly 【例】monkeys jabbering at each other in their cages 在笼子里唧唧歪歪的猴子 【近】babble, blabber, drivel, gabble, gibber, jabber, mumbo jumbo 【反】speak slowly慢慢地说

jibe

【考法 1 】vi.意见一致: to be in accord: agree 【例】Your figures jibe with mine.你的数据与我的一致。 【近】accord, cohere, conform, correspond, harmonize, tally 【反】conflict 冲突

★exult

【考法 1 】vi.感到欢喜: to rejoice especially with feelings or display of triumph or self-satisfaction 【例】exult in a triumph沉浸在胜利的喜欢当中 【近】delight, glory, jubilate, joy, rejoice, triumph 【反】lament, mourn哀悼;bemoan 叹息，悲伤 【派】exultant adj狂喜的

reel

【考法 1 】vi.感到眩晕: to be in a confused state as if from being twirled around 【例】My head reeled with the facts and figures. 我的头脑被这些事实和数据给弄晕了。ll His mind reeled upon hearing the news that his employer had been indicted for fraud. 当他听到雇主因为欺诈而被起诉时，他顿觉天旋地转。 【近】spin, swirl, turn, whirl 【反】calm 保持镇定 【考法 2】vi.蹒跚地走路: to move forward while swaying from side to side 【例】The drunkard reeled down the alley.醉汉蹒跚地沿着小巷走去 【近】careen, dodder, falter, lurch, stagger, stumble, teeter, totter, waddle

loll

【考法 1 】vi.懒洋洋地行动: to act or move in a lax, lazy, or indolent manner 【例】He lolled back in his comfortable chair. 他懒洋洋地倚在他舒适的椅子上 【近】slouch, lounge 【考法 2】vi.偷懒，打发时间: to spend time doing nothing 【例】Some members of the decorating committee were hard at work, and others were just lolling about.装修队的一部分人在很努力的工作，另一些则在偷懒 【近】dally, dawdle, drone, laze

prevaricate

【考法 1 】vi.支吾其词，撒谎: to stray from or evade the truth 【例】During the hearings the witness did his best to prevaricate.听证会上证人在竭尽全力地支吾其词。 【近】equivocate, fabricate, falsify, lie, palter 【派】prevarication n. 支吾其词

cavort

【考法 1 】vi.欢快地蹦跳或行走，雀跃: to bound or prance about in a sprightly manner; caper 【例】Children are cavorting in the sand 孩子们在沙子中嬉戏。 【近】caper, disport, frisk, gambol, rollick, romp 【反】trudge 蹒跚地走

perish

【考法 1 】vi.死亡，消亡: to become destroyed or ruined: cease to exist 【例】thrive in calamity and perish in soft living 生于忧患，死于安乐 adapt or perish 适应或是消亡 【近】decease, demise, die, end, expire, succumb, pass away 【反】breathe, live, survive 活着，存活

pine

【考法 1 】vi.渴望，奢望: to yearn intensely and persistently especially for something unattainable 【例】pine for a lost love渴望那段逝去的爱情 【近】ache, crave, dream, hunger, itch, long, lust, repine, thirst, yearn 【反】abhor, detest, loathe 厌恶，反感 【考法 2】vi.因渴望而憔悴: to lose vigor, health, or flesh (as through grief) 【例】Separated by their families, the lovers pined away.这对恋人因为被家人拆散而日益憔悴。 【近】decline, dwindle, fade, flag, languish, waste

ramble

【考法 1 】vi.漫步，漫游: to move aimlessly from place to place 【例】rambling under the starlight 在星光下漫步 rambling around Beijing for a week 在北京四处漫游一周 【近】amble, cruise, drift, float, meander, perambulate, roam, saunter, stroll, traipse, wander 【考法 2】vi.漫谈；长篇大论(并经常离题)地说或写: to talk at length without sticking to a topic or getting to a point 【例】rambling on about dating, homework, movies, and the local football team 扯了一些关于约会、作业、电影以及本地橄榄球队的闲谈 【近】blather, chat, chatter, drivel, maunder, patter, prattle

parch

【考法 1 】vi.烤干: to make extremely dry, especially by exposure to heat 【例】parch a surface from exposure to sun 通过太阳照射烤干一个面 【近】dehydrate, desiccate, dry, scorch, sear 【反】douse, drench, hydrate, steep, wash, water, wet 弄湿

incinerate

【考法 1 】vi.烧成灰烬: to cause to burn to ashes 【例】The government is trying to stop farmers incinerating their own waste. 政府开始阻止农民们门焚烧垃圾的行为 【近】burn, carbonize 【反】douse, extinguish, quench, put out 扑灭 【派】incineration n.焚化

linger

【考法 1 】vi.磨蹭，闲荡: to proceed slowly; saunter 【例】fans lingered outside the door 粉丝们在门外徘徊 【近】crawl, creep, dally, dawdle, lag, loiter 【反】hurry, run, rush 飞奔 【派】lingering adj.闲荡的

flounder

【考法 1 】vi.笨拙地行动，挣扎: to proceed or act clumsily or ineffectually 【例】flounder through the desert 步履蹒跚地穿越沙漠 【近】blunder, fumble, lumber, plod, struggle, trudge 【反】glide，slide 滑行；breeze, waltz 轻松地行动

flourish

【考法 1 】vi.茂盛；繁荣: to grow luxuriantly; to achieve success 【例】The program will flourish once it receives adequate funding这个项目只要有足句多的资金就能大获成功 【近】bloom, burgeon, prosper, thrive 【反】languish, wane 变得衰弱，衰败；fail失败 【考法 2】n.装饰: an embellishment or ornamentation 【例】a bedroom with cute little flourishes 一间带有可爱小装饰的卧室 Her writing style is simple and clear, without unnecessary flourishes她的文风很简单清新，没有那些不必要的修饰 【近】adornment, decoration, embellishment, ornamentation

flirt

【考法 1 】vi.调情: to behave amorously without serious intent 【例】The waitress at that restaurant flirts with all single male customers 这家餐厅的女服务员对所有的男性单身顾客都暗送秋波 【近】coquet, dally, frivol, toy, trifle 【考法 2】vi.无规则地快速运动: to make an irregular series of quick, sudden movements 【例】lazily watched the butterflies flirting among the wildflowers 傭懒地看着蝴蝶在野花丛中乱舞 【近】dance, dart, fleet, flick, flit, flutter, hurry, rush, zip

★gamble

【考法 1 】vi.赌博，孤注一掷: to bet on an uncertain outcome, as of a contest 【例】gambled on the train being late 赌火车晚点 【近】bet, adventure, chance, risk, stake, venture 【考法 2】vi.使受到威胁: to place in danger 【例】You don't want to gamble with your life, so buckle up.你不会想拿命来开玩笑的，所以系好安全带 【近】compromise, hazard, imperil, jeopardize, threaten 【派】gambling n. 赌博

interlock

【考法 1 】vi.连锁: to become united or joined closely, as by hooking or dovetailing 【例】The branches of the trees interlock to form a natural archway.树枝相互缠绕在一起，形成了天然的拱门 【近】associate, connect, join, link, unite 【反】sunder 拆散 【派】interlocking adj.连锁的

★dwindle

【考法 1 】vi.逐渐减少: to become gradually less until little remains 【例】His vast fortune is dwindling away 他的巨额财富正慢慢缩水 【近】abate, decrease, drop, diminish, reduce, shrink, taper, wane, knock down 【反】aggrandize, balloon, burgeon, increase 增加； accumulate 累积 【派】dwindling adj减少的

hew

【考法 1 】vi.遵守: confirm, adhere, to hold to something firmly as if by adhesion 【例】hew to tradition 遵守传统 【近】adhere, cling, conform 【考法 2】v.支持: to give steadfast support to 【例】n.o longer was able to hew to the party line and so he switched political parties 不再赞同该党的乡丙领，他投奔了另一个党 【近】cling to, keep to, stand by, stick to 【反】defect from 脱离，叛变

meander

【考法 1 】vi.闲逛，漫步: to move aimlessly and idlv without fixed direction 【例】meander along the river 沿着河闲逛 vagabonds meandering through life 漂泊一生的浪子 【近】amble, cruise, drift, float, ramble, roam, saunter,stroll, wander

allude

【考法 1 】vi.间接提到: to convey an idea indirectly 【例】He also alluded to his rival's past marital troubles他间接提到了对手过去的婚姻问题。 【近】imply, indicate, infer, insinuate, intimate, suggest

fawn

【考法 1 】vi.阿谀奉承: to seek favor or attention by flattery and obsequious behavior 【例】fawn on one's superior向上司谄媚 【近】cower, cringe, flatter, grovel, toady, truckle 【反】domineer统治；专横跋扈 【派】fawning adj阿谀奉承的，讨好的

carve

【考法 1 】vi.雕刻: to create a three-dimensional representation of (something) using solid material 【例】carved a statue out of rare marble 用纯的大理石雕刻了一尊雕像 【近】sculpture 【考法 2】v.(通过长期不懈努力)产生或导致: to produce or bring about especially by long or repeated effort 【例】finally carved out a niche for the sport in the school's athletic program 在学校运动计划 中寻找到了自 己的定位； carve out a way through the enemy从敌营中杀出一条血路 【近】forge, grind out, thrash out, work out, work up

cede

【考法 1 】vt.(根据条约)放弃，割让: to surrender possession of, especially by treaty 【例】cede the island to America把岛屿割让给了美国 【近】relinquish, render, yield, renounce, resign, turn in, turn over, step aside (from), give up, hand over, lay down 【反】possess拥有

★delve

【考法 1 】vt./ vi.探究，钻研: to make a careful or detailed search for information 【例】The book delves into the latest research这本书深入探究了最近的研究。 【近】probe, investigate, inquire into, look into, dig into

★annoy

【考法 1 】vt.不断烦扰: to disturb or irritate especially by repeated acts 【例】Mosquitoes annoy us in the summer 夏天蚊子总是不断烦扰我们。 【例】The sound of footsteps on the bare floor annoyed the downstairs neighbors楼上地板的脚步声吵得楼下住户心烦。 【近】aggravate, bother, chafe, gall, grate, irk, nettle, peeve, pique, rile, ruffle, spite, vex 【反】soothe, defuse, allay, conciliate, propitiate, mitigate, assuage, appease, pacify, placate, calm, settle, subdue, solace, mollify 平息，抚慰

lambaste

【考法 1 】vt.严厉斥责: to scold sharply; berate 【例】Critics lambasted his performance. 评论家严厉斥责了他的表演 【近】assail, baste, belabor, berate, castigate, excoriate, reprimand, reproach, scathe, slam, upbraid, vituperate 【反】carol, extol, glorify, hymn, laud, magnify, praise 表扬，赞美

rebuff

【考法 1 】vt.严词拒绝: to reject or criticize sharply 【例】rebuffed an invitation from her colleagues 回绝了 同事们的邀请 She rebuffed him when he asked her for a date.她拒绝了他约会的邀请。 【近】decline, deny, refuse, reject, repudiate, repulse, snub, spurn 【反】accept 接受；approve 赞同;welcome 欢迎

dissect

【考法 1 】vt.仔细分析: to examine, analyze, or criticize in minute detail 【例】dissect some basic problems in mathematics analysis 仔细分析一些数学分析的基本问题 ； let's dissect the plot of this thriller to see what makes it thrilling 让我们来仔细分析一下这个恐怖电影为什么恐怖。 【近】analyze 【考法 2】vt.切成片(尤其是为了解剖研究): to cut apart or separate (tissue), especially for anatomical study 【例】dissect the brain of Einstein解剖爱因斯坦的大脑 【近】anatomize, assay, break down

accost

【考法 1 】vt.以挑衅的形式搭讪: to approach and speak to often in a challenging or aggressive way 【例】accosted by three gang members 被三个混混搭讪

emboss

【考法 1 】vt.以浮雕效果妆点，装饰: to raise the surface of into bosses; especially to ornament with raised work 【例】embossed with a design of Shanghai skyline刻有上海城市轮廓的浮雕图案 【近】adorn, beautify, bedeck, blazon, ornament, garnish 【反】flatten, efface抹平，抹去

outmaneuver

【考法 1 】vt.以策略取胜: to overcome (an opponent) by artful, clever maneuvering 【例】outmaneuvered his congressional opponent 以计谋战胜了国会的对手 【近】outfox, outslick, outsmart, outthink, outwit 【反】yield屈服

instate

【考法 1 】vt.任命: to set or establish in a rank or office 【例】The new Secretary of the Treasury was instated on Monday. 新的财政部长于星期一被任命 【近】appoint, designate, inaugurate, induct, install, nominate 【反】dismiss, oust罢免

★emulate

【考法 1 】vt.仿效并努力超越: to strive to equal or excel, especially through imitation 【例】a role model worthy emulating值得效仿的榜样 【近】copy, imitate, mimic, mime 【派】emulation n模仿

inure

【考法 1 】vt.使习惯接受不好的东西: to accustom to accept something undesirable 【例】children inured to violence习惯了暴力的孩子们 【近】accustom, familiarize, habituate 【派】inured adj.习惯的 【考法 2】vt.使坚强: to make able to withstand physical hardship, strain, or exposure 【例】The hardship of army training inured her to the rigors of desert warfare.军营里的艰苦训练把她打造成了能适应沙漠艰苦战事的女兵 【近】fortify, indurate, season, steel, strengthen, toughen 【反】enfeeble, soften, weaken, undermine弱化，使虚弱

★exempt

【考法 1 】vt.使免除: to release or deliver from some liability or requirement to which others are subject 【例】a man exempted from military service 免服军® 的人

polarize

【考法 1 】vt.使分开对立，两极分化: to break up into opposing factions or groupings 【例】The controversy has polarized voters into pro-abortion and anti-abortion groups.这个问题使得选民分 化成支持堕胎和反对堕胎两个群体。 【近】bifurcate, diverge, divide 【反】coalesce, unite 合并，联合 【派】polarization n.两极分化；极化

exacerbate

【考法 1 】vt.使加剧，使恶化: to make more violent, bitter, or severe 【例】a heavy rainfall that exacerbated the flood problems 大雨恶化了洪水问题 【近】aggravate, complicate, worsen 【反】allay, alleviate, assuage, mitigate, relieve, palliate 缓和

emaciate

【考法 1 】vt.使变痩: to cause to lose flesh so as to become very thin 【例】become emaciated by long illness 因长年累月的病痛而消痩 【反】fatten 变胖 【考法 2】vt.使虚弱: to make feeble 【例】His hesitation emaciated the force of his argument 他的迟疑削弱了他论论证的力度 【近】droop, flag, sag, decay, enfeeble, enervate, languish, wane, wither 【反】invigorate使充满活力 【派】emaciation n虚弱

blunt

【考法 1 】vt.使变钝: to make less sharp or definite 【近】dull, deaden, hebetate, benumb, enfeeble, attenuate 【反】whet, sharpen磨尖 【考法 2】vt.减弱(力度等): to reduce or weaken in strength or feeling 【例】The abrupt music blunted the effect of the movie's final tragic scene突兀的音乐让电影结束时悲剧场景的氛围大打折扣 【近】dampen, deaden 【考法 3】adj.直率的: being or characterized by direct, brief, and potentially rude speech or manner 【例】He values honesty and is quite blunt about telling people what he doesn't like about them他重视诚实，经常直率地告诉别人他们何处使他不满 【近】abrupt, bluff, brusque, curt, gruff 【反】circuitous, mealy-mouthed 拐弯抹角的

★confound

【考法 1 】vt.使困惑: to throw into a state of mental uncertainty 【例】We are all confounded by his self-contradictory claims我们都对他自相矛盾的言论感到困惑 【近】baffle, bewilder, confuse, muddle, perplex, puzzle 【反】clarify使清醒 【考法 2】v.无法区分，混淆: to fail to differentiate (a thing) from something similar or related 【例】I think you must have confounded astrology with astronomy我想你一定是把占星术和天文学搞混了 【近】misidentify, mistake, mix up 【反】discriminate, distinguish 区分 【考法 3】v.证明为假，证伪: to prove to be false 【例】new discoveries that confounded much of what archaeologists thought they have known about the ancient Mayan civilization一些新的发现，它们颠覆了考古学家们长期以来对于古代玛雅文明的认识 【近】belie, debunk, falsify, disprove, rebut, refute 【反】confirm, validate, verify证实，证明为真 【派】confounding adj使人困惑的

★conserve

【考法 1 】vt.保存，避免浪费: to keep in a safe or sound state, especially to avoid wasteful or destructive use 【例】conserve natural resources保护自然资源 【近】husband, preserve, save 【反】dissipate, lavish, waste, squander 浪费 【派】conservation n 保护

demoralize

【考法 1 】vt.使士气低落: to undermine the confidence or morale of; dishearten 【例】demoralize the staff 使员工士气低落 【近】daunt, dishearten, dismay, dispirit, unnerve 【反】invigorate, cheer 鼓舞 【考法 2】v.贬低，堕落: to lower in character, dignity, or quality 【例】we refused to be demoralized by our humiliating defeat我们拒绝由于这场屈辱的战败而被贬低 【近】abase, corrupt, debauch, degrade, demean 【反】elevate, ennoble, uplift 使崇高

inaugurate

【考法 1 】vt.使就职: to induct into an office by a formal ceremony 【例】A new leader will be inaugurated soon. 新的领导即将就职 【近】induct, initiate, install, instate, invest, seat 【反】abdicate, resign 辞职，退位 【考法 2】vt.开始（尤指官方或正式地）: to cause to begin, especially officially or formally 【例】inaugurate a new immigration policy实施新的移民政策 【近】begin, commence, establish, institute, introduce, launch, open, plant, start 【反】cease, close, end, terminate 结束 【派】inauguration n.就职，开始

embarrass

【考法 1 】vt.使尴尬: to cause to experience a state of self-conscious distress 【例】bawdy jokes that embarrassed her 让她尴尬的荤段子 【近】abash, discomfit, disconcert, faze, fluster, mortify, nonplus 【考法 2】vt.阻挠，制造障碍: to create difficulty for the work or activity of 【例】A lot of this paperwork is unnecessary and just embarrasses the organization这些文案工作很多都是多余的，只会妨碍组织的工作 【近】encumber, handicap, hinder, impede, inhibit, obstruct, shackle, stymie, trammel 【反】aid, facilitate 促进 【派】embarrassing adj令人窘迫的；embarrassment n尴尬

miff

【考法 1 】vt.使恼怒: to cause to become offended or annoyed 【例】be miffed by her son's disobedience被她儿子的叛逆惹恼 【近】aggravate, annoy, enrage, exasperate, incense, infuriate, ire, madden, nettle, peeve, umbrage, vex 【反】appease, assuage, mollify, placate, propitiate 平息，安抚；delight, gratify, please 取悦，讨好

appall

【考法 1 】vt.使惊恐: to overcome with consternation, shock, or dismay 【例】He felt appalled by the whole idea of marriage so we broke up结婚使他恐惧，因此我们分手了。 【近】dismay, terrify, intimidate, frighten, horrify, daunt, deter 【反】embolden, encourage, nerve 使大胆，鼓起勇气

hamstring

【考法 1 】vt.使无效，使无力: to make ineffective or powerless 【例】the downtown development committee claims that it's hamstrung by city ordinances 城镇发展委员会声称它受到了城市法令的阻碍 【近】cripple, immobilize, incapacitate, prostrate

lubricate

【考法 1 】vt.使润滑: to coat (something) with a slippery substance in order to reduce friction 【例】lubricate the gears给齿轮打润滑油 【近】grease, oil, slick, smooth, wax 【派】lubricant n.润滑剂

gratify

【考法 1 】vt.使满足: to give what is desired to, to please or satisfy 【例】gratify her curiosity满足她的好奇心 Her praise will gratify all who worked so hard to earn it. 他的表 扬会使所有辛勤工作的人们高兴 【近】appease, cater, content, satisfy 【反】displease使不满；grieve 使悲痛 【派】gratification n. 满意

★estrange

【考法 1 】vt.使疏远，离间，使感情失和: to arouse especially mutual enmity or indifference in where there had formerly been love, affection, or friendliness 【例】he estranged several of his coworkers 他和好多同事疏远了 【近】alienate, disaffect, disgruntle, sour 【反】reconcile 和好

rarefy

【考法 1 】vt.使稀薄: to make rare, thin, porous, or less dense: to expand without the addition of matter 【例】rarefy the air使空气变得稀薄 【近】attenuate, dilute, thin 【反】concentrate, condense使稠密，浓缩 【派】rarefaction n.稀薄，稀疏

insulate

【考法 1 】vt.使绝缘，使隔离: to place in a detached situation 【例】greenhouse gas that insulates ground infrared radiation 能阻碍地表红外辐射的温室气体 【近】block, insolate, quarantine, seclude, segregate, separate, sequester 【反】connect, link, unite 连结;integrate 使成一体 【派】insulation n.隔绝，绝热

★daunt

【考法 1 】vt.使胆怯，吓倒: to lessen the courage or confidence of 【例】She was not at all daunted by the size of the problem她根本没有被问题的大小给吓倒。 【近】demoralize, dishearten, dismay, dispirit, frustrate, unnerve 【反】embolden, make resolute, hearten 使大胆，鼓舞 【派】dauntless undaunted a无畏的，大胆的 【反】pusillanimous, trepid, craven, easily discouraged, meek, timorous胆怯的

★debilitate

【考法 1 】vt.使衰弱: to impair the strength of; enfeeble 【例】The virus debilitates the body's immune system 病毒削弱了免疫系统。 【近】devitalize, enervate, enfeeble, prostrate, sap 【反】invigorate, fortify, strengthen, beef up使有活力，加强

★acclimate

【考法 1 】vt.使适应: to change (something) so as to make it suitable for a new use or situation 【例】acclimate oneself to a nine-to-five office job 适应早九晚五的坐班生活 【近】adj.ust, accommodate, shape, suit, tailor 【反】make unfamiliar with 使不熟悉

regenerate

【考法 1 】vt.使重获新生，使焕然一新: to bring back to life, practice, activity or a former condition of vigor 【例】The lizard is able to regenerate its tail. 蜥蜴能够重新长出断尾。 The whole community was regenerated thanks to a government grant for repairing all the old buildings.多亏了政府用于维修老楼的专项拨款，整个社区焕然一新。 【近】recharge, refresh, rejuvenate, rekindle, renew, restore, resurrect, resuscitate, revitalize, revivify 【反】degenerate, deteriorate, worsen 衰退，恶化 【考法 2】vi./vt.(使)洗心革面: to make better in behavior or character 【例】Every time he made a mistake, he would promise to regenerate.每次犯错他都会保证洗心革面，下次不再 犯。 【近】habilitate, reclaim, redeem, rehabilitate 【派】regeneration n.复兴

prod

【考法 1 】vt.促使行动: to try to persuade (someone) through earnest appeals to follow a course of action 【例】The strike may prod the government into action. 罢工也许会迫使政府采取行动。 【近】encourage, exhort, goad, nudge, prompt, spur, egg on 【反】rein抑制

react

【考法 1 】vt.做出反应: to act or behave in response (as to a stimulus or influence) 【例】didn't know how to react to the cheers of the crowd不知如何对人群的欢呼声做出回应 【近】answer, reply, respond 【派】reaction n.反应；reactant n.(化学反应当中的)反应物

abstract

【考法 1 】vt.做总结，概括: to make an abstract of，summarize 【例】abstracted the 135-page report in three short paragraphs 将一份 135 页的报告概括为三段话 【近】digest, recapitulate, synopsize, sum up, boil down 【反】elaborate详细描述 【考法 2】vt.使分心: to draw away the attention of 【例】personal problems abstracted him 私人问题让他分心 【近】detract，divert, call off, throw off 【派】abstraction n心不在焉 【反】attention关注

purloin

【考法 1 】vt.偷窃: to steal, often in a violation of trust 【例】fearing that someone might attempt to purloin a copy of the script for the show's season finale 害怕该剧的完季那集剧本被盗 【近】appropriate, filch, pilfer, snitch, thieve

oust

【考法 1 】vt.免职: to remove from a position of prominence or power (as a throne) 【例】be ousted from power 被赶下台 【近】deprive, displace, uncrown, unthrone 【反】instate, crown, enthrone, throne 任命 【考法 2】v.驱逐: to drive or force out 【例】she was ousted from her job after it was proven she'd been pilfering company supplies 贪污公司财物这事被证实后，她被驱逐了 【近】banish, boot out, cast out, chase, dismiss, drum out, expel, extrude, kick out, throw out, turf out, turn out

★extenuate

【考法 1 】vt.减轻罪过: to lessen or to try to lessen the seriousness or extent of by making partial excuses 【例】try to extenuate their vandalism with the old refrain of "Boys will be boys"企图用"江山易改本性难移"的俗语为他们的暴行开脱 【近】deodorize, excuse, explain away, gloss over, gloze over

★disengage

【考法 1 】vt.分开: to set free from entanglement or difficulty 【例】Disengage the gears when you park the car当你停车的时候要把(传动)齿轮分开； seek to disengage myself from the embarrassing situation试图把我自己从尴尬的气氛中解救出来 【近】disengage, disentangle, untangle 【反】embroil, entangle 卷入；mesh啮合

★detach

【考法 1 】vt.分离: to separate or unfasten; disconnect 【例】Detach the white part of the application form and keep it 撕下申请表的白色部分并予以保留。 【反】tether 束缚

enact

【考法 1 】vt.制定颁布法律: to establish by legal and authoritative act 【例】Congress enacted the tax reform bill国会颁布了税法改革案 【近】constitute, establish, legislate, pass, ratify, ordain, lay down 【反】abolish, repeal, rescind, revoke 废除 【派】enactment n 颁布

★goad

【考法 1 】vt.刺激驱使，激发: to incite or rouse as if with a goad 【例】goad someone to do something激励某人做某事 【近】urge, abet, exhort, instigate, prod, prompt, propel, spur, stimulate 【反】check, curb 阻止；lull 使安静

irritate

【考法 1 】vt.刺激，惹恼: to provoke impatience, anger, or displeasure in 【例】His rude interruptions really irritated her.他粗鲁的打断激怒了她 【近】aggravate, annoy, exasperate, gall, inflame, nettle, peeve, provoke, rile, roil 【反】appease, assuage, pacify, placate, propitiate, soothe 安抚，平息 【派】irritant n.剌激物

motivate

【考法 1 】vt.刺激，激发: to provide with an incentive; move to action 【例】questions that excite and motivate youth 激发青年人的问题 【近】excite, galvanize, impel, innervate, provoke, rouse, stimulate 【反】discourage, dishearten 使泄气 【派】motivation n.动机；motivated adj.被激励的

★expedite

【考法 1 】vt.加快进程: to speed up the progress of; accelerate 【例】expedite your plans加快你的计划 【反】retard 减速，阻碍

★aggravate

【考法 1 】vt.加重，恶化: to make worse, more serious, or more severe 【例】Stress and lack of sleep could aggravate the situation压力和睡眠不足使情况恶化。 【近】complicate, worsen 【反】alleviate, succor, console, assuage, mitigate, relieve 减轻，安慰 【考法 2】v.使不爽: to disturb the peace of mind of (someone) especially by repeated disagreeable acts 【例】it really aggravates me when I arrive 10 minutes before the stated closing time, and the store's closed already我在号称的打烊时间前10分钟到达，但发现商店己经关门了，让我很不爽 【近】annoy, bother, nettle, vex

beleaguer

【考法 1 】vt.包围，围攻: to surround (as a fortified place) with armed forces for the purpose of capturing or preventing commerce and communication 【例】beleaguered the castle for months 围攻堡垒长达数月 【近】siege, besiege, invest, blockade 【反】retreat, withdraw 撤退 【考法 2】vt.使困扰，使烦恼，使消沉: trouble, harass, beset 【例】We are still beleaguered by the very problem我们仍然就为这一个问题而感到困扰 【近】annoy, harass, pester, plague, tease 【反】delight 使愉悦 【派】beleaguering adj扰人的

quell

【考法 1 】vt.压制: to put down forcibly; suppress 【例】quell riot镇压骚乱 【近】quash, repress, squash, squelch, subdue, suppress, clamp down on, crack down on 【考法 2】vt.使平静，安静: to pacify; quiet 【例】quell fears 减轻害怕 【近】dumb, extinguish, hush, mute, settle 【反】foment, instigate, rouse, incite 煽动

reflect

【考法 1 】vt.反射: to prevent passage of and cause to change direction 【例】The color of an objective is largely determined by what light it reflects. 物体的颜色很大程度上是由它 能反射的光所决定的。 Mirrors indiscriminately reflect all visible lights.镜子不加区分地反射所有的可见光。 【反】absorb吸收 【考法 2】vt.反映，显露: to make manifest or apparent: show 【例】Her book clearly reflects her religious beliefs.她的书反映了她的宗教信仰。 Where you come fromcould be easily reflected in your accent. 你的口音可以轻易地暴露你来自哪里。 【近】bespeak, betray, demonstrate, evince, manifest, reveal, show 【反】conceal, cover, hide, mask, obscure, occlude, veil 隐藏 【考法 3】vi.思考: to think seriously 【例】 I reflected on my path as an undergraduate and my future as a PhD candidate. 我思考了我作为一名 本科生的成长足迹以及我读博士的未来。 【近】consider, cogitate, contemplate, deliberate, meditate, muse, ponder, ruminate, think 【派】reflective adj.思考的，深思熟虑的

★defy

【考法 1 】vt.反抗，违抗: to go against the commands, prohibitions, or rules of 【例】defy the court蔑视法庭 【近】mock, rebel, oppose, confront 【反】acquiesce, obey, comply with, conform to 默默接受，遵守 【反】capitulate to, submit to, succumb to, surrender to, yield to 屈服

depose

【考法 1 】vt.发誓作证: to testify to under oath or by affidavit 【例】he was nervous when the time to depose before the jury finally arrived 他很紧张，在陪审团面前作证的时刻终于到来了 【近】attest, swear 【反】perjure 作伪证 【考法 2】v.废黜，罢免: to remove from a throne or other high position 【例】a military junta deposed the dictator after he had bankrupted the country 军阀罢黜了将国家分崩离析的独裁者 【近】defrock, deprive, oust, uncrown 【反】crown, enthrone 授予王权 【考法 3】v.摆放: to arrange something in a certain spot or position 【例】deposed her fan and gloves on the dressing table把她的扇子和手套放在梳妆台上 【近】deposit, dispose, emplace, situate

metamorphose

【考法 1 】vt.变形: to change into a different physical form especially by supernatural means 【例】a science fiction story in which radiation metamorphoses people into giant bugs 一个描绘辐射将人变成了巨大虫子的科幻小说 【近】alchemize, transfigure, transform, transmute, transpose, transubstantiate 【反】remain 保持

★captivate

【考法 1 】vt.吸引: to attract and hold by charm, beauty, or excellence 【例】I was captivated by her brilliant mind我被她的才华横溢所吸引。 【近】allure, beguile, bewitch, enchant, fascinate, magnetize 【反】repulse 使烦感

allure

【考法 1 】vt.吸引: to attract or delight as if by magic 【近】entice, seduce, solicit, tempt, captivate, enchant, lead on 【派】alluring 诱惑的，有吸引力的 【例】an alluring smile 迷人的微笑 【反】unattractive 无吸引力的 【考法 2】v.诱惑做某事: to lead away from a usual or proper course by offering some pleasure or advantage 【例】allured by the promise of big bucks, he decided to have a go at a job on the trading floor of the stock market被赚大钱的许诺所引诱，他决定投身股票市场工作 【近】bait, beguile, decoy, entice, seduce, lead on

deplore

【考法 1 】vt.哀悼: to feel or express sorrow for 【例】a statement from the bishops deploring the loss of life in the war overseas 一份来自大主教的声明，对 海外战争中遇难的生命表示沉痛哀悼 【近】mourn, bewail, grieve for, wail for 【反】delight, exult in, glory in, rejoice in 高兴

embed

【考法 1 】vt.嵌入: to enclose closely in or as if in a matrix 【例】The thorn was embedded in her thumb剌扎入了她的拇指 【近】entrench, fix, ingrain, root 【反】extract 取出；dislodge, uproot 移出 【派】embedded adj嵌入式的

manipulate

【考法 1 】vt.巧妙操作: to move, arrange, operate, or control by the hands or by mechanical means, especially in a skillful manner 【例】manipulate a foreign language 熟练地掌握外语 【近】handle, finesse, manage 【反】bungle, fumble 笨拙地做 【考法 2】vt.暗中操控: to influence or manage shrewdly or deviously 【例】He manipulated public opinion in his favor. 他巧妙地将大众观点导向了有利于他的一边 【近】machinate, maneuver 【派】manipulation n.操纵，控制

prolong

【考法 1 】vt.延长，拖延: to lengthen in extent, scope, or range 【例】Additives are used to prolong the shelf life of packaged food. 添加剂被用来延长包装食品的保存期限。 【近】elongate, lengthen, outstretch, protract, stretch, drag (out), draw out 【反】abbreviate, abridge, curtail, cut, cut back, shorten , truncate 截短

pervade

【考法 1 】vt.弥漫，充满: to be present throughout; permeate 【例】The mixed smell of sawdust and glue pervaded the whole factory. 锯末与胶水的味道弥漫了整个工 厂 the corruption that pervades every stratum of society 充斥在社会每个阶层中的腐败 【近】interpenetrate, percolate, riddle, suffuse, transfuse 【派】pe rvasive adj .弥漫的

★fascinate

【考法 1 】vt.强烈吸引，使入迷: to hold an intense interest or attraction for 【例】toys that fascinate infants 吸引婴儿们的玩具 【近】allure, arrest ,attract, bewitch, captivate, charm, enchant, enthrall, grip 【反】disgust, repel 使厌恶，使反感 【派】fascinating adj引人入胜的

grieve

【考法 1 】vt.感到悲伤: to feel deep sadness or mental pain 【例】we all grieved over the lost cat 看到他这副样子真让我痛苦 【近】agonize, anguish, suffer，bemoan, bewail, deplore 【反】delight, exult in, glory in, joy, rejoice in

faze

【考法 1 】vt.打扰，使尴尬: to disturb the composure of: disconcert, dismay 【例】Nothing can faze her没有什么可以使她气馁 【近】abash, annoy, bother, disconcert, dismay, disturb, discomfit, embarrass, fluster, rattle 【反】calm, lull使平静，使镇定

perturb

【考法 1 】vt.扰乱，使烦躁不安: to trouble the mind of; to make uneasy 【例】perturbed me enough to keep me awake that night让我烦躁到当晚失眠 【近】agitate, ail, bother, discomfort, discompose, distress, unsettle, upset 【反】calm, compose, quiet, settle, soothe, tranquilize 使镇定 【派】perturbation n.打扰，扰乱

excruciate

【考法 1 】vt.折磨，使痛苦: to inflict severe pain on; torture 【例】She has long been excruciated by a persistent pain in her back她长久以来被背痛折磨 【近】agonize, anguish, plague, rack, torment, torture, harrow 【反】exult使欢跃

flatter

【考法 1 】vt.拍马屁，奉承，讨好: to praise excessively especially from motives of self-interest 【例】Friends who flatter you to your face are not true friends 当面拍你马屁的朋友都不是真正的朋友 【近】adulate, blandish, compliment, court, massage, overpraise, stroke, wheedle 【反】abuse 辱骂；censure, criticize 批评 【考法 2】vt.自我感觉良好: to think highly of (oneself) 【例】Don't flatter yourself that no one has ever thought of that idea before不要自欺欺人地认为别人没有考虑过那个想法 【近】pique, plume 【考法 3】vt.使显得更漂亮: to show off becomingly or advantageously 【例】Orange flatters those with golden skin tones橙色让黄肤色的人显得更漂亮 【近】become, enhance, suit 【反】mar, spoil破坏 【派】flattering adj令人满足的，令人迷恋的

★constitute

【考法 1 】vt.指派，任命: to appoint to an office, function, or dignity 【例】He was constituted manager 他被任命为经理 【近】n.ominate, designate, authorize 【反】discharge, dismiss 撤除职务；abdicate, resign 退位，辞职 【考法 2】v.构成: make up, form, compose 【例】Water constitutes the greater part of the human body 人体中包含着大量的水分 【近】compose, comprise, form 【派】constitution n构成；宪法；体格

★frustrate

【考法 1 】vt.挫败，阻挠: to prevent from accomplishing a purpose or fulfilling a desire 【例】frustrated their scheme in time 及时挫败了他们的阴谋 【近】ruin, baffle, balk, circumvent, foil, thwart 【反】abet帮助，鼓舞，教唆 accomplish, fulfill 实现 【考法 2】vt.使沮丧: to lessen the courage or confidence of 【例】frustrated by his failure为他的失败感到沮丧 【近】chill, daunt, dishearten, dismay, dispirit 【反】embolden, encourage, nerve, steel 鼓舞 【派】frustration n沮丧；阻挠；frustrated adj沮丧的

★fabricate

【考法 1 】vt.捏造: to make up for the purpose of deception 【例】be accused of fabricating evidence 被指控有捏造证据的行为 【近】concoct, coin, devise, forge, fake, feign, invent 【考法 2】vt.搭建，组建；打造: to bring into being by combining, shaping, or transforming materials 【例】The house was essentially fabricated at the factory and then shipped to the site for assembly 这间房 屋的核心主体在工厂内建好之后，它被运往目的地直接进行组装 All the key parts are fabricated from high quality titanium alloy 所有的关键零件都是由上好的钛合金打造的 【近】assemble, construct, erect, frame, fashion, manufacture, produce, rear, set up 【反】demount, disassemble, dismantle, dismember拆解，拆毁 【派】fabrication n组建；虚构的事物

align

【考法 1 】vt.排成一行: to bring into line or alignment 【例】align the cars with the curb使车与路缘对齐 【反】askew, awry, warped 歪斜的 【考法 2】vt.调准，校准: to adjust to produce a proper relationship or orientation 【例】align the wheels of the truck调整卡车的轮子 【反】improperly adjusted, irregular 调整不当的，不规则的

excrete

【考法 1 】vt.排泄: to separate and discharge (waste matter) from the blood, tissues, or organs 【例】excrete sweat排汗 【反】absorb, ingest 吸收

knead

【考法 1 】vt.揉捏，塑造: to make or shape by or as if by folding, pressing, and stretching with the hands 【例】knead dough揉面团 kneading a painful calf muscle给疼痛的小腿肌肉按摩 【近】massage, manipulate, mould, squeeze, stroke

★harbor

【考法 1 】vt.提供住处，隐匿: to provide a place, home, or habitat for 【例】harbor a fugitive 隐匿逃亡者 【近】accommodate, bestow, board, camp, chamber, domicile, lodge, quarter, take in, put up 【反】evict赶出 【考法 2】v.认为，牢记: to keep in one's mind or heart 【例】he had long harbored a grudge against his old employer, who had fired him without cause 他对他的前老板一直耿耿于怀，无缘无故炒了他 【近】bear, cherish, entertain, hold, nurse

nurture

【考法 1 】vt.提供营养: to supply with nourishment 【例】nurtured her children through the winters with home-cooked soup 一整个冬天都给孩子们喂自制的汤 【反】withhold sustenance from 停止提供营养物 【考法 2】vt.培育，培养: to provide (someone) with moral or spiritual understanding 【例】he feels that his lifelong practice of reading the Bible daily has nurtured him in ways he cannot describe一生中每天都阅读圣经在潜移默化中影响了他 【近】edify, illuminate, inspire 【反】impede, stunt, disregard 阻碍，漠视

★exalt

【考法 1 】vt.提升，提拔: to raise in rank, character, or status; elevate 【例】popular support and media hype have exalted Super Bowl Sunday to the level of a national holiday 大众广泛的支持和媒体的大肆宣传己然将超级碗杯星期天变成了一个全民狂欢的大节日 【近】aggrandize, canonize, deify, dignify, elevate, ennoble, magnify 【反】abase, degrade, demean ,humble, lower in status 贬抑，降低身份 【考法 2】vt.赞扬: to glorify, praise, or honor 【近】emblazon, extol, glorify, laud, magnify 【反】condemn谴责

refine

【考法 1 】vt.提纯，精炼: to free (as metal, sugar, or oil) from impurities or unwanted material 【例】Oil is refined so as to remove naturally occurring impurities.原油通过精炼可去除其中天然存在的杂质。 【近】filter, garble, purify, winnow 【反】adulterate, contaminate, pollute 掺杂，污染 【考法 2】vt.改善，改进: to improve or perfect by pruning or polishing 【例】You'd better refine your backhand before the big tennis match if you want to throne. 如果你想获得冠军的话，你最好在网球大赛开赛前再提升一下反手的技术。 【近】ameliorate, amend, better, enhance, enrich, help, meliorate, perfect, polish, upgrade 【反】deteriorate, worsen 恶化，降低 【派】refined adj.(物品)精雕细琢的，(人)彬彬有礼的；refinery n.炼油厂

antagonize

【考法 1 】vt.敌对,反对: to act in opposition to : counteract 【例】He did not mean to antagonize you 他并没有要反对你。 【例】antagonize a bill反对一项议案 【近】counteract, disagree 【反】agree, concede, grant同意；win over使某人同意 【考法 2】vt.激起敌意: to incur or provoke the hostility of 【例】His remark antagonized his friends他的评述激怒了他的朋友。 【近】aggravate, exasperate, gall, inflame, nettle, provoke, peeve, pique, irritate, rile, roil, chafe, grate, ruffle,vex 【反】soothe, defuse, allay, conciliate, propitiate, mitigate, assuage, appease, pacify, placate, calm, settle, subdue, solace, mollify 平息，抚慰

★exhort

【考法 1 】vt.敦促；力劝: to urge by strong, often stirring argument, admonition, advice, or appeal 【例】The speaker exhorted the graduating students to go forth and try to make a difference in the world演讲者鼓励毕业生们去广阔天地有所作为。 【近】encourage, goad, nudge, prod，prompt, egg on

liken

【考法 1 】vt.显示相似，比较: to see, mention, or show as similar; compare 【例】Life is often likened to a journey.生活经常被比作一次旅行 【近】analogize, bracket, equate, equalize 【反】contrast对比，对照以产生反差

contaminate

【考法 1 】vt.染污，掺杂: to soil, stain, corrupt, or infect by contact or association 【例】Bacteria contaminated the wound细菌感染了伤口 【近】pollute, defile, taint, infect 【反】purify, sanitize净化 【派】contamination n 污染； contaminant n 污染物

mottle

【考法 1 】vt.标记上杂色斑点: to mark with spots or blotches of different shades or colors 【例】a black horse mottled with white身上带有白色斑点的黑马 【近】blotch, dapple, dot, marble, splotch, spot, stain 【反】blanch 漂白 【派】mottled adj.斑驳的

proofread

【考法 1 】vt.校对: to read (copy or proof) in order to find errors and mark corrections 【例】She proofread the paper carefully. 她仔细把论文校对了。

★deracinate

【考法 1 】vt.根除: to pull out by the roots; uproot 【反】plant种植

hoodwink

【考法 1 】vt.欺骗: to take in by deceptive means; deceive 【例】Don't let yourself be hoodwinked into buying things you don't need.别被忽悠着去买用不着的东西。 【近】beguile, con, delude, dupe, fool, hoax, humbug 【反】disabuse消除错误念头

plumb

【考法 1 】vt.测深度: to measure the depth of (as a body of water) typically with a weighted line 【例】We will plumb the bay to make sure it was deep enough for the huge vessel.为了确证水深足够容乡内这 艘巨轮，我们将会测量海湾的深度。 questions that plumb the depths of stupidity 测量智商下限的问题 【近】fathom 【考法 2】adj.垂直的: exactly vertical 【近】perpendicular, upright, vertical 【反】horizontal水平的 【考法 3】adj.完全的，绝对的: having no exceptions or restrictions 【派】Such a movie is plumb trash and further evidence of the deterioration of popular culture. 这样的电影就是彻头彻尾的垃圾，它进一步证明了大众文化的堕落和腐化。 【近】absolute, categorical, complete, consummate, definite, pure, sheer, thorough, utter, very 【反】doubtful, dubious, equivocal, questionable, uncertain 不确定的；qualified 有条件的 【考法 4】v.仔细深入地检查: to examine closely or deeply 【例】plumbing the book's complexities 审阅这本书的复杂度 【近】explore, delve, inquire, investigate, probe

★fathom

【考法 1 】vt.测量(深度): to measure the depth of (as a body of water) typically with a weighted line 【例】The pilot had to continually fathom the river, which drought conditions had lowered to unprecedented levels舵手不得不时刻注意河水深度，因为干旱己经使水深下降到了前所未有的程度 【近】plumb 【考法 2】vt.彻底理解，弄懂: to penetrate and come to understand 【例】unable to fathom the what he was talking about 无法弄懂他在说什么 【近】apprehend, cognize, comprehend, grasp, know, understand 【反】misunderstand 误解 【派】fathomable adj可测量的；可知晓的

macerate

【考法 1 】vt.浸泡(以软化): to make soft by soaking or steeping in a liquid 【例】macerate the sample in ethanol用乙醇浸软试样 【近】drench, drown, impregnate, saturate, sodden, sop, souse, steep 【反】wring梓干；dehydrate, desiccate, parch, sorch, sear 烤干，烤焦

mollycoddle

【考法 1 】vt.溺爱: to treat with an excessive or absurd degree of indulgence and attention 【例】mollycoddle his only grandson 溺爱他唯一的孙子 【近】coddle, cosset, indulge, pamper, spoil 【反】abuse, ill-treat虐待

rankle

【考法 1 】vt.激怒: to cause anger, irritation, or deep bitterness 【例】It rankles me when some schools can't even afford paper and pencils for the students.当我获悉有些学校连纸张和铅笔都无法提供给学生时，我感到十分愤怒。 【近】aggravate, enrage, exasperate, incense, inflame, infuriate, ire, madden, rile, roil 【反】delight, gratify, please 使愉悦；appease, assuage, conciliate, mollify, placate, propitiate 安抚

potentiate

【考法 1 】vt.激活，加强: to make effective or active, or more effective or more active 【例】additives to potentiate the drug增强药效的添加剂 【近】activate, energize, enhance, intensify, stir, wake, vitalize 【反】deactivate 使无效；abate, attenuate, dwindle, lessen, moderate, reduce 减弱，削弱

irrigate

【考法 1 】vt.灌溉: to supply (dry land) with water by means of ditches, pipes, or streams; water artificially 【例】irrigate crops periodically 定期灌溉农作物 【近】water 【考法 2】vt.冲洗: to flush (a body part) with a stream of liquid (as in removing a foreign body or medicating) 【例】irrigate the wound冲洗伤口 【近】flush, rinse, wash 【派】irrigation n.灌溉

kindle

【考法 1 】vt.点燃: to build or fuel (a fire); to set fire to; ignite 【例】kindle interest激发兴趣 【近】enkindle, ignite, inflame, torch 【反】douse, extinguish, quench, put out, snuff out 熄灭

ignite

【考法 1 】vt.点燃: to cause to burn; to set fire to 【例】The bombs ignited a fire which destroyed some 60 houses.炸弹引发的大火摧毁了大约60间房屋 【近】enkindle, fire, inflame, kindle, light, torch 【反】douse, extinguish, quench, put out 熄灭 【考法 2】vt.激起，唤起(感情等): to arouse the passions of 【例】The insults ignited my anger. 那些侮辱让我倍感愤怒 【近】arouse, incite, instigate, pique, spark, stimulate, stir 【反】appease, assuage, calm, conciliate, mollify, pacify, placate, propitiate, soothe 平息怒火，安抚

★extinguish

【考法 1 】vt.熄灭: to put out (a fire, for example); quench 【例】the fire in the skillet was quickly extinguished by slamming the lid on 平底锅的火苗很快被水浇灭了 【近】blanket, douse, quench, put out, snuff out 【反】ignite, rekindle点燃 【考法 2】v.终止: to bring to a complete end the physical soundness, existence, or usefulness of 【例】a fatal blunder that extinguished all hope that the team would actually win the play-offs 一个致命的失误使得队伍赢得季后赛的希望完全破灭 【近】annihilate, decimate, demolish, desolate, devastate, pulverize, ruin, shatter, smash, tear down, pull down, rub out 【反】build, construct, erect, raise, rear, set up, put up 建立

distill

【考法 1 】vt.用蒸馏法提高纯度: to increase the concentration of, separate, or purify by or as if by distillation 【例】distill the water before pouring it in the steam iron 在把水f到到M: 斗里前蒸馏一下 【近】purify, filter, refine, fine 【派】distillate n蒸馏物，纯化物，本质: a purified form; an essence 【考法 2】v.渗出；滴下: to fall or let fall in or as if in drops 【例】The basement walls distill water every time it rains heavily 地下室的墙壁每次下大雨都渗出水来。 【近】distill, dribble, drop, trickle

★corroborate

【考法 1 】vt.用证据或权威证实: to support with evidence or authority; make more certain 【例】n.ew evidence to corroborate the defendant's story能证实被告的故事的新证据 【近】confirm, authenticate, justify, substantiate, validate, verify 【反】controvert, contradict, deny 反驳，否认 【考法 2】vt.提供证据，支持: to provide evidence or information for (as a claim or idea) 【例】My personal experience does not corroborate your faith in the essential goodness of people 我的经历可不赞同你关于"人性本善"的信念 【近】back, bolster, buttress, reinforce, support 【派】corroboration n证实

coop

【考法 1 】vt.监禁，困于...之中: to confine in a restricted and often crowded area 【例】Those restless kids were cooped up in the house on a rainy 雨天那些好动的孩子们被困在房子里 【近】box, cage, corral, encage, enclose, envelop, fence, hedge, immure, include, pen, wall 【反】free, liberate, release 释放

pirate

【考法 1 】vt.盗版，盗用: to take or make use of under a guise of authority but without actual right 【例】a pirated version of the software 盗版软件 【近】arrogate, commandeer, convert, expropriate, preempt, press, seize, usurp 【考法 2】n.海盗: a robber on the high seas 【例】little boys dreaming of sailing as pirates 梦想成为海盗的小男孩 【近】corsair, freebooter, rover

embezzle

【考法 1 】vt.盗用: to appropriate (as property entrusted to one's care) fraudulently to one's own use 【例】limitations on the right of the state to embezzle private property 限制政府挪用私人财产的权利 【近】appropriate, peculate 【反】confiscate 没收充公 【派】embezzlement n挪用，盗用

★confront

【考法 1 】vt.直接对抗，直面: to come face to face with, especially with defiance or hostility 【例】You must confront your fear in order to conquer it要战胜你的恐惧，就必须首先敢于面对 【近】affront, brazen, encounter, face, meet 【反】dodge, duck, parry, shirk, sidestep 躲避 【派】confrontation n对抗，冲突

pulverize

【考法 1 】vt.研磨成粉: to bring to a complete end the physical soundness, existence, or usefulness of 【例】Bits of pulverized rock filled the air. 被碾碎的岩石碎片充斥在空气里。 【反】solidify, build, construct, erect, put up, raise, rear, set up 硬化，构建

★decipher

【考法 1 】vt.破译: to read or interpret (ambiguous, obscure, or illegible matter) 【例】we deciphered the hidden message to find out when we were supposed to meet 破解了暗语后，发现我们要碰头 【近】break, crack, decrypt, decode 【反】cipher, encipher, encode, encrypt 加密 【考法 2】v.有清晰想法，理解，解读: to have a clear idea of 【例】a convoluted thriller, the plot of which I was never able to actually decipher 一部错综复杂的恐怖电影，情节我一直没有理解 【近】apprehend, perceive, recognize, seize, sense, make out

interdict

【考法 1 】vt.禁止: to forbid in a usually formal or authoritative manner 【例】Though not interdicted by law, such an action is morally wrong.尽管这种行为不被法律所禁止，但是道德上来说是不对的 【近】ban, forbid, prohibit, proscribe 【反】authorize 授权；allow, permit, suffer 允许；approve, endorse, ratify, sanction 才比准 【考法 2】vt.阻止: to stop, seize, or interrupt while in progress or on course 【例】Federal agents are able to interdict only a small percentage of the narcotic shipments into the country.联邦调查员们只能阻止一小部分流入国内的毒品 【近】bar, block, check, hinder, intercept, impede, obstruct 【反】expedite促进，加速 【派】interdiction n.禁止，封锁

★fumble

【考法 1 】vt.笨拙地做: to make awkward attempts to do or find something 【例】fumbled in his pocket for a coin从口袋里笨拙地摸出一枚硬币 【近】botch, flounder, mess, stumble 【考法 2】n.(无意识的)失误: an unintentional departure from truth or accuracy 【例】played the entire piano piece without a single fumble 完美地演绎了整首钢琴曲 【近】blunder, fault, gaffe, lapse, misstep, mistake

jot

【考法 1 】vt.简要记录: to write briefly or hurriedly 【例】jot down an address 简要地记下地址 【近】log, mark, put down, register, report, set down, take down, write down

kidnap

【考法 1 】vt.绑架勒索: to seize and detain by unlawful force or fraud and often with a demand for ransom 【例】the child was kidnapped and held for ransom歹徒绑架了孩子，并且向家属勒索赎金 【近】abduct 【反】release, set free 释放

★curtail

【考法 1 】vt.缩短，削减: to make less in extent or duration 【例】curtail your holiday缩短你的假期 【近】abbreviate, abridge, syncopate, truncate, cut back 【反】elongate, protract, prolong, extend, lengthen 延长

★exhaust

【考法 1 】vt.耗尽: to consume entirely, : to make complete use of 【例】exhausted our funds in a week在一周内就耗尽了我们的经费 【近】consume, devour, drain, expend, spend, use up 【派】exhaustive adj彻底的，完整的，详尽的: testing all possibilities; thorough； complete 【例】conduct an exhaustive investigation 做详尽的调查 【反】incomplete, partial 不完全的 【考法 2】vt.使筋疲力尽: to wear out completely 【例】exhausted by overwork加班使得筋疲力尽 【近】fatigue, frazzle, harass, wear out, weary, knock out

denude

【考法 1 】vt.脱去，使赤裸: to divest of covering; make bare 【例】Drought has completely denuded the hills of grass干旱脱去了山上的草使山变得光秃秃的。 【反】cover遮盖

★evince

【考法 1 】vt.表明: to make known (something abstract) through outward signs 【例】evince a strong desire明显地表现出强烈的欲望 【近】bespeak, betray, declare, demonstrate, expose, manifest, reveal, give away, 【反】conceal, keep hidden 隐藏

pillory

【考法 1 】vt.被示众嘲弄: to expose to public contempt, ridicule, or scorn 【例】The candidate mercilessly pilloried his opponent. 候选人在大众面前无情地羞辱他的对手。 He resigned after being pilloried by the press. 在遭到媒体嘲弄之后他愤然辞职。 【近】abase, debase, degrade, denounce, humiliate, ridicule 【反】carol, eulogize, exalt, extol, laud 赞美

diocesan [daɪ'ɑsəsn]

【考法1】adj.主教管辖区的: of or relating to a diocese 【例】n.ational or diocesan authority 国家或教区权利 【反】ecumenical 世界范围的

decode

【考法 1 】vt.解码: to change (as a secret message) from code into ordinary language 【例】the agents worked into the night to decode the intercepted message from the enemy spy 情报人员夜 以继日地破解从敌方间谍拦截的信息 【近】break, crack, decipher, decrypt 【考法 2】v.有清晰想法，理解,解读: to have a clear idea of 【例】a convoluted thriller, the plot of which I was never able to actually decipher 一部错综复杂的恐怖电影，情节我一直没有理解 【近】apprehend, perceive, recognize, seize, sense ,make out

★discern

【考法 1 】vt.识别，辨别差异: to perceive with the eyes or intellect; detect 【例】discern the motives 彭辛识出动机 ； too young to discern between right and wrong 太年轻了而辨别不了是非 【近】behold, descry, distinguish, espy, perceive, regard, differentiate, discriminate 【反】confuse, mix up 混淆 【派】discerning adj有洞察力的，洞悉的: showing insight and understanding 【例】a very discerning art critic眼光敏锐有洞察力的艺术评论家； She has a discerning palate她的味觉很敏锐。 【近】insightful, incisive 【反】myopic, shortsighted 目光短浅的;undiscerning无辨别能力的 【派】discernible/ discernable adj可辨识的，可辨别的: perceptible 【例】a discernible mark可辨别的痕迹 【近】perceptible, detectable, distinguishable 【反】indiscernible, imperceptible 不可辨识的

denigrate

【考法 1 】vt.诋毁，污蔑: to express scornfully one's low opinion of 【例】denigrate one's opponents诋毁某人的对手 【近】belittle, depreciate, derogate, dismiss, disparage 【反】honor, acclaim, applaud, exalt, extol, glorify, magnify 给以荣誉，赞扬

inveigle

【考法 1 】vt.诱骗: to win over by coaxing, flattery, or artful talk 【例】inveigle consumers into buying the item 诱骗顾客购买商品 【近】allure, bait, decoy, entice, entrap, seduce, tempt 【反】demand 强求 【派】inveigling adj. 诱骗性的

interrogate

【考法 1 】vt.质问，审问: to question formally and systematically 【例】interrogate the prisoner of war for valuable intelligence 审问战俘以获取有价值的情报 【近】ask, grill, inquire, milk, question 【反】answer, reply, respond回答，回复 【派】interrogation n.审讯

★depreciate

【考法 1 】vt.贬低价值: to lower the price or estimated value of 【例】New cars start to depreciate as soon as they are on the road 新车一上路便开始贬值。 【近】cheapen, depress, devalue, downgrade, mark down 【反】appreciate, enhance, upgrade, mark up 提价，升值 【考法 2】vt.轻视: to lower in estimation or esteem 【例】dared to depreciate Shakespeare, saying his works have no relevance for modern audiences 胆敢贬低莎大人，说他的作品对于现代观众来说没有意义 【近】denigrate, disparage, play down, talk down 【反】acclaim, exalt, extol, glorify, magnify 赞扬

expiate

【考法 1 】vt.赎罪，纠正: to extinguish the guilt incurred by 【例】expiate one's sin赎罪 【近】mend，redeem, atone for

circumvent

【考法 1 】vt.躲避(不遵从),规避: to avoid having to comply with (something) especially through cleverness 【例】circumvent all the red tape 绕过所有官方程序繁文缛节 ； He found a way to circumvent the law他发现了 一个逃避法律的方法。 【近】avoid, bypass, dodge, sidestep, skirt, get around 【反】comply with, follow, obey, observe 遵从;confront, direct encounter 直接面对

decant

【考法 1 】vt.轻轻倒出: to pour off (wine, for example) without disturbing the sediment 【例】The bottles were uncorked and the wine was decanted an hour before the meal瓶塞被打开，美酒在正餐前一小时倒出

convey

【考法 1 】vt.运输: to take or carry from one place to another; transport 【例】goods conveyed by sea 海路运输的货物 【近】carry, transfer, ferry, transmit 【考法 2】v.传递，交流: to impart or communicate by statement, suggestion, gesture, or appearance 【例】struggling to convey his feelings挣扎着表达他的情感 【近】conduct, communicate, impart, pass on 【反】withhold隐瞒

nonplus

【考法 1 】vt.迷惑，困惑: use to be at a loss as to what to say, think, or do: perplex 【例】Iwas nonplussed by his openly expressed admiration of me. 我被她公开表现的仰慕弄得很窘迫。 【近】confound, confuse, discomfit, disconcert, discountenance, mortify, abash, faze, fluster

qualify

【考法 1 】vt.限定: to reduce from a general to a particular or restricted form 【例】qualified support 有限的支持 【派】qualified 【反】unreserved, absolute, categorical 无保留的，不受限制的 【考法 2】v.使有资格，有能力: to make competent (as by training, skill, or ability) for a particular office or function 【例】raising five children has qualified her to be an advice columnist on parenting 抚养五个孩子的经历让她成为了育儿板块的专栏作家 【近】equip, fit, prepare, ready, season, train

obliterate

【考法 1 】vt.除去: to remove from existence 【例】the March snowstorm obliterated our hopes for an early spring 三月的暴风雪摧毁了我们对于一个早春的念想 【近】efface, eradicate, expunge, expurgate, exterminate, extirpate, wipe out

★forestall

【考法 1 】vt.预先阻止: to delay, hinder, or prevent by taking precautionary measures beforehand 【例】You can often forestall skidding on the ice simply by driving more slowly通常你只需慢点开车就可以防止车辆在冰面上失控打滑 【近】avert, deter, obviate, preclude, prevent 【反】abet, assist, facilitate, further, precipitate, promote 帮助，促进

preclude

【考法 1 】vt.预先阻止: to make impossible, as by action taken in advance 【例】Age alone will not preclude him from standing as a candidate. 年龄并没有阻止他成为候选人。 【近】avert, deter, forestall, obviate, prevent, stave off 【考法 2】vt.排斥: to exclude or prevent (someone) from a given condition or activity 【例】He refused to preclude the subject from discussion. 他拒绝将这个话题排出讨论范围。 【近】bar, exclude, except 【反】enclose 圈入 【派】preclusive adj.预先阻止的

intransigent

【考法 1】adj.不妥协的，固执的: characterized by refusal to compromise or to abandon an extreme position 【例】an intransigent attitude不妥协的态度 【近】adamant, headstrong, intractable, obstinate, pertinacious, stubborn, uncompromising, unyielding 【反】compliant, pliable易受影响的；tractable, yielding容易驾驭的 【派】intransigence n.顽固

banish

【考法 1 】vt.驱逐出境: to require by authority to leave a country 【例】Since the diplomatic relation between the two nations has been broken, diplomats were all banished随着两国外交关系的断裂，所有的外交人员都被驱逐出境 【近】deport, exile, expatriate, expel 【反】repatriate 遣返 【考法 2】vt.赶出: to drive or force out 【例】permanently banished the troublemakers from the youth recreational center 永久剥夺肇事者进入青年娱乐中心的权力 【派】banishment n 驱逐

inanimate

【考法 1】 adj.无生命的: not having the qualities associated with active, living organisms 【例】He thinks that inanimate objects have a life of their own. 他认为无生命的事物其实也是有生命的 【近】dead, lifeless, insensible, insentient, senseless, unfeeling 【反】animate, living 有生命的

ponderable

【考法 1】 adj.有价值的，值得考虑的: considerable enough to be weighed or assessed 【例】Climate change has exerted a ponderable influence on world politics. 气候变化对世界政局有着不容忽视的影响。 【近】 appreciable, perceptible, sensible 【反】 inappreciable 微不足道的

inane

【考法 1】 adj.空洞的: lacking significance, meaning, or point 【例】inane comments 空洞的评论

peck

【考法 1】 n.大量: a considerable amount 【例】Now you're in a peck of trouble.现在你有一堆麻烦了 【近】abundance, bunch, bundle, dozen, mass, mountain, much, multiplicity, myriad, pile, plenitude, profusion, ton, volume, wealth 【反】bit, glimmer, handful, hint, little, mite, nip, ounce, peanuts, pittance, spot, sprinkle, trace少量 【考法 2】v.(不情愿地)小口咬: to eat reluctantly and in small bites 【例】Fashion models never really eat: they just peck at small meals in expensive restaurants. 时装模特们几乎不吃东西——他们只是随便咬一口昂贵餐厅里的食物 【近】bite, nibble, sip, tipple 【近】devour, gobble, gorge, guzzle, quaff, swill 贪婪地吃喝，大口吃喝

paucity

【考法 1】 n.少量，缺乏: smallness of number; dearth 【例】an extreme paucity of natural resources 极度缺乏自然资源 【近】dearth, deficit, drought, inadequacy, insufficiency, lack, scantiness, scarcity, shortage, undersupply, want 【反】 abundance, adequacy, amplitude, opulence, plenitude, sufficiency, wealth大量，丰富

oath

【考法 1】 n.誓言: a solemn, formal declaration or promise to fulfill a pledge 【例】an oath to defend the nation保卫袓国的誓言 【近】pledge, troth, vow, word

descend

【考法 1】 v.下降: to lead or extend downward 【例】the pathway descends to the river bank 通道一直向下延伸到河岸

impugn

【考法 1】 v.责难，攻击抨击: to attack as false or questionable; challenge in argument 【例】impugn a political opponent's character 就政治对手的人品发难 【近】attack, assail, contradict, contravene, cross, disaffirm, deny, gainsay, negate, negative, traverse 【反】advocate, back, support, uphold 支持；authenticate 证实，证明

devout

【考法 1】adj. (对于宗教)虔诚的: devoted to religion or to religious duties or exercises 【例】a devout Buddhist虔诚的佛教徒 【近】pious, religious, sainted 【反】antireligious, impious 不虔诚的 【考法 2】adj.忠诚的: firm in one's allegiance to someone or something 【例】Devout Mavericks fans never lost faith in Nowitzki忠诚的小牛队球迷从来没有对诺维斯基失去信心。 【近】constant, loyal, allegiant, dedicated, devout, loyal, pious, staunch, steadfast 【反】disloyal, faithless, perfidious, unfaithful 不忠诚的;recreant, traitorous, treacherous 背背叛的

indigenous

【考法 1】adj. 土产的，本地的: originating and living or occurring naturally in an area or environment 【例】the culture of the indigenous people of that country那个国家原著民的文化 【近】aboriginal, endemic, native 【反】exotic, extraneous, foreign 外来的；nonnative 非本地的 【考法 2】adj.与生俱来的，先天的: being a part of the innermost nature of a person or thing 【例】The drive to create is indigenous to humanity.人类创造的动力是与生俱来的 【近】constitutional, essential, immanent, inborn, inbred, ingrained, innate, integral, intrinsic, natural 【反】adventitious, extrinsic 外在的；acquired, studied 后天习得的

amenable

【考法 1】adj. 顺从的，服从的: readily brought to yield, submit, or cooperate 【例】a high-spirited and rebellious girl not at all amenable to persuasion 一个泼辣而反叛的女孩根本不听从劝告 【近】compliant, docile, submissive, tractable, obedient 【反】intransigent, contumacious 不妥协的；intractable, recalcitrant, refractory 倔强的；uncontrollable, ungovernable, unruly 难管束的

inert

【考法 1】adj.(人)懒惰缺乏活力的；(物品)惰性的: sluggish in action or motion; deficient in active properties 【例】inert ingredients in drugs 药品中的惰性成分 【近】dead, dormant, lethargic, idle, inactive, passive, torpid 【反】active, dynamic 充满活力的；passionate 饱含激情的 【派】inertia n. 惰性

indelible

【考法 1】adj.(印记等)无法擦除的: impossible to remove, erase, or wash away 【例】indelible ink 难以擦拭的墨水 【近】ineffaceable, ineradicable, inerasable, ingrained 【反】eradicable, erasable, removable, washable 可抹去的 【考法 2】adj.无法忘怀的: not easily forgotten 【例】most indelible experiences最难以磨灭的经历 【近】impressive, memorable, unforgettable 【反】forgettable 容易被忘记的

abstemious

【考法 1】adj.(吃喝等)有节制的，节俭的: marked by restraint especially in the consumption of food or alcohol, sparring 【例】an abstemious diet有节制的饮食，abstemious meals节俭的晚餐 【近】continent, temperate, self-abnegating, self-denying 【反】indulgent放纵的

coltish

【考法 1】adj.不守纪律的: net subjected to discipline 【反】disciplined 遵守纪律的 【考法 2】adj.爱开玩笑的: given to good-natured joking or teasing 【例】Off camera the actor is high-spiritedly coltish, but turns serious once the camera starts rolling镜头下这个演员是很喜欢开玩笑，但是当镜头开启，他就马上变得严肃了起来。 【近】antic, frisky, frolicsome, larky, spotftul 【反】earnest, serious-minded, sober 严肃的

recessive

【考法 1】adj.(基因等)隐性的，由隐形基因控制的: of, relating to, or designating an allele that does not produce a characteristic effect when present with a dominant allele 【例】a recessive disease 阴性基因控制的疾病 【反】dominant 显性的 【考法 2】adj.内向的，内敛的: not comfortable around people 【例】For such a recessive genius, the most comfortable thing is working alone in his lab. 对于这样一个内向的天才而言，最舒服的事情就是一个人在实验室里干活。 【近】backward, bashful, coy, demure, diffident, introverted, modest, retiring, self-effacing, sheepish, withdrawn 【反】extroverted, immodest, outgoing 外向的；gregarious, sociable 好交际的 【派】recession n.后退，衰退

monotonous

【考法 1】adj.(声音)单调的: uttered or sounded in one unvarying tone 【例】a monotonous apathetic voice 单调而冷漠的声音 【反】v.ociferous 嘈杂的 【考法 2】adj.清一色的，无聊的: tediously uniform or unvarying 【例】a sparkle in the monotonous background单调背景中的一个亮点 【近】arid, dreary, drudging, dull, jejune, monochromatic, pedestrian, ponderous, stale, stodgy, tiresome 【反】absorbing, engaging, engrossing, gripping, interesting, intriguing, involving, riveting 吸引人的

indulgent

【考法 1】adj.(对己)放纵的，(对他人)纵容的: showing, characterized by, or given to indulgence 【例】indulgent aristocrats 生活放纵的贵族 【近】decadent, forbearing, lenient, luxurious, tolerant, sybaritic 【反】ascetic 禁欲的；draconian 严酷的 【派】indulgence n. 放纵

★considerable

【考法 1】adj.(数量上)可观(而值得注意)的: sufficiently large in size, amount, or number to merit attention 【例】a considerable amount of fortune 一笔可观的财富 【近】extensive, substantial, large-scale 【考法 2】adj.值得考虑的，重要的: worth consideration; significant 【例】a considerable artist 一位举足轻重的艺术家 【近】important, significant, consequential, momentous, weighty 【反】trivial 不值一提的；insubstantial, negligible, nominal, trifling 不要重的，可忽视的

flush

【考法 1】adj.(肤色)健康红润的: having a healthy reddish skin tone 【近】blooming, florid, glowing, red, rosy, rubicund, sanguine 【反】ashen, doughy, livid, pale, pallid, wan 苍白的，病态的 【考法 2】adj.富有的: having goods, property, or money in abundance 【例】She's very flush now that she has her inheritance自从继承了那份遗产，她变得十分富有 【近】affluent, loaded, opulent, wealthy 【反】destitute, impoverished, indigent, needy, impecunious 贫穷的 【考法 3】adj.大量的: marked by abundance 【例】a field flush with flowers 充满了鲜花的原野 【近】abounding, abundant, awash, fraught, lousy, replete, swarming, teeming, thronging 【反】inadequate, insufficient, scant, scarce, short 匮乏的，不足的 【考法 4】vi.冲洗: to pour liquid over or through in order to cleanse 【例】flush a wound with iodine 用碘酒冲洗伤口 【近】irrigate, rinse, sluice, wash

★equable

【考法 1】adj.(脾气、性情)温和的: not easily disturbed; serene 【例】equable temperament温和的性情 【近】balmy, genial, gentle, moderate, temperate 【反】harsh, inclement, intemperate, severe 严厉的 【派】equanimity n温和 【反】agitation, excitability 激动

insular

【考法 1】adj.(观念、想法等)孤立狭隘的: being, having, or reflecting a narrow provincial viewpoint 【例】the insular thinking of peasant communities 农民阶级的狭隘思想 【近】confined, local, narrow, parochial, provincial, regional, restricted 【反】cosmopolitan, ecumenical有国际视野的；catholic (兴趣等)广泛的；receptive善于接受的

grandiloquent

【考法 1】adj.(语言等)浮夸的: a lofty, extravagantly colorful, pompous, or bombastic style, manner, or quality especially in language 【例】feel disgusted with his grandiloquent speech对他浮夸的演讲表示厌恶 【近】rhetorical, bombastic, inflated, magniloquent, pretentious 【反】secretive低调的，隐秘的；simple 简单的 【派】grandiloquence n. 夸张的话语

discursive

【考法 1】adj.(谈话内容)杂乱的: moving from topic to topic without order 【例】a long, discursive article 冗长杂乱的文章 ； The speaker's discursive style made it difficult to understand his point演讲者讲话杂乱，很难让人理解他的观点。 【近】desultory, digressional, excursive, meandering, rambling, wandering 【反】keen on title, concentrated关注主题的，集中的

blasé [blɑ`zeɪ]

【考法 1】adj.(过度放纵之后)厌倦享乐的，腻烦的: apathetic to pleasure or excitement as a result of excessive indulgence or enjoyment 【例】Years of extravagance has made him totally blase长期的奢华生活己使他彻底麻木 【近】indifferent, jaded, unconcerned, world-weary 【反】zealous, fanatic 狂热的 curious 好奇的

insipid

【考法 1】adj.(食品)清淡无味的: lacking flavor or zest; not tasty 【例】a rather insipid soup 味道清淡的汤 【近】flat, flavorless, mild, sapless, savorless, tasteless 【反】piquant 辛辣的 【考法 2】adj.平淡的，无聊的: lacking in qualities that interest, stimulate, or challenge 【例】an insipid story of the prince and the princess 一个关于王子和公主的无聊故事 【近】banal, bland, driveling, prosaic, tedious, uninteresting, vapid 【反】enchanting 引人入胜的

ambrosial

【考法 1】adj.(食物或者气味)特别美味的: something extremely pleasing to taste or smell 【例】The ambrosial aroma of the roast stimulated our appetites烤肉的美味香气剌激了我们的食欲。 【近】savory, aromal, aromatic, perfumed, redolent, odorous 【反】fetid，noisome, stenchy, malodorous, rancid 恶臭的

reckless

【考法 1】adj.不考虑后果的，大胆鲁莽的: careless of consequences; foolishly adventurous or bold 【例】His reckless driving accounted for the accident. 他鲁莽的开车行为导致了这场事故。 【近】audacious, bold, brash, brassy, brazen, careless, daredevil, rash, madcap, temerarious 【反】careful, cautious, circumspect, guarded, heedful, prudent, wary 慎重的，小心的

raffish

【考法 1】adj.低俗的: marked by or suggestive of flashy vulgarity or crudeness 【例】the dowager cringed at the thought of raffish tourists tromping all over her Persian rugs 寡妇一想到低俗的游客践踏她的波斯地毯就痛苦不己 【近】crass, lowbred, uncouth, uncultivated, uncultured, unpolished, unrefined, vulgar 【反】civilized, cultivated, cultured, genteel, polished, refined, ultrarefined, well-bred 有教养的

profligate

【考法 1】adj./n.挥金如土的，挥霍的: recklessly wasteful; wildly extravagant 【例】leading a profligate life过着骄奢淫逸的生活 【近】extravagant, high-rolling, spendthrift, squandering, thriftless, unthrifty, wasteful 【反】parsimonious, provident, thrift, economical, frugal, conserving 吝啬的，节俭的 【考法 2】n.败家子: someone who spends money freely or foolishly 【例】profligate who could not really afford the grand style he maintained at Monticello, Jefferson died deeply in debt再也支撑不了在蒙蒂塞洛之时的大手大脚的作风，败家子杰斐逊最终深陷债务危机 【近】fritterer, high roller, spender, spendthrift, squanderer, waster, wastrel 【反】economizer, penny-pincher 吝啬的人 【考法 3】n.堕落的人: a person who has sunk below the normal moral standard 【例】a drunken profligate, he was given to wretched excess in every aspect of his life 一个喝醉的堕落的人，在生活的方方面面都日趋堕落 【近】backslider, debauchee, debaucher, decadent, deviate, libertine, perv, pervert, profligate, rake, rakehell, rip

nomad

【考法 1】adj./n.游牧的；居无定所的人: a member of a people who have no fixed residence but move from place to place usually seasonally and within a well-defined territory 【例】after college she became quite the nomad, backpacking through Europe with no particular destination大学毕业后她开始漂泊，漫无目的地游遍欧洲 【近】ambulant, fugitive, gallivanting, perambulatory, peripatetic, ranging, roaming, vagabond, vagrant, wandering, wayfaring 【反】settled 定居的

provincial

【考法 1】adj./n.狭隘的: limited in perspective; narrow and self-centered 【例】an artist who has been criticized for being provincial一个被批评非常狭隘的艺术家 【近】illiberal, insular, parochial, sectarian, narrow-minded 【反】ecumenical, broad-minded, catholic, cosmopolitan, liberal, open, open-minded, receptive, tolerant 世界范围的，开放包容的

daredevil

【考法 1】adj./n大胆鲁莽的(人): foolishly adventurous or bold 【例】His daredevil stunts are sure to end in disaster someday 玩火者必自焚。 【近】audacious, brash, madcap, overbold, reckless, temerarious 【反】circumspect, guarded, heedful, prudent, wary 小心谨慎的 【考法 2】adj.不考虑后果的: having or showing a lack of concern for the consequences of one's actions 【例】a daredevil driver who thinks that racing on city streets is a harmless game 不计后果的司机认为在大街上飙车对人无害 【近】foolhardy, irresponsible, harum-scarum 【反】responsible 负责任的

prostrate

【考法 1】adj./v.平躺: lying flat or at full length 【例】He was lying prostrate on the bed.他平躺在床上。 【近】debilitated, effete, enervated, enfeebled, languid, sapped 【反】erect, upright直立的 【考法 2】adj./v.衰弱的/使衰竭: to reduce to extreme weakness or incapacitation 【例】illness that prostrated an entire family 将整个家庭拖垮的疾病 【近】debilitate, devitalize, enervate, enfeeble, etiolate, sap, tire 【反】fortify, strengthen, beef up

bawdy

【考法 1】adj.下流的，猥亵的: boisterously or humorously indecent 【例】a bawdy joke黄色笑话； bawdy house妓院 【近】obscene, lewd, ribald, vulgar 【反】decent, decorous 得体的chaste, noble纯洁的，高贵的

immutable

【考法 1】adj.不可变的: not capable of changing or being changed 【例】One of the immutable laws of television is that low ratings inevitably lead to cancellation. 电视行业中一个不变的原则就是: 低收视率的节目必然会被撤掉 【近】constant, fixed, inalterable, inflexible, invariable, unalterable, unchangeable 【反】alterable, changeable, elastic, flexible, mutable, variable 可变的 【派】immutability n. 不变性

invincible

【考法 1】adj.不可战胜的，不可超越的: incapable of being conquered, overcome, or subdued 【例】The soccer team proved to be invincible.这支球队证明了自己是不可战胜的 【近】bulletproof, impregnable, invulnerable, unbeatable, unconquerable 【反】conquerable 可被征服的；surmountable 可超越的；vulnerable脆弱的，敏感的 【派】invincibility n.无敌

inevitable

【考法 1】adj.不可避免的，必然的: incapable of being avoided or evaded 【例】The impact of the scandal on the election was inevitable. 丑闻对于选举的冲击是不可避免的 【近】certain, ineluctable, inescapable, inevasible, sure, unalterable, unavoidable 【反】evitable, avoidable 可避免的；uncertain, unsure 不确定的 【派】inevitability n. 必然性

inconsequential

【考法 1】adj.不合逻辑的: not using or following good reasoning 【例】an inconsequential line of argument 不合逻辑的论述 【近】fallacious, illogical, invalid, irrational, unreasonable, unsound, weak 【反】logical, rational, reasonable, sound, valid, well-founded, well-grounded 有理的，论证有力的 【考法 2】adj.不重要的: of no significance 【例】That's an inconsequential problem compared to the other issues. 和其他问题相比，这就是个无关痛痒的小事 【近】fiddling, frivolous, inconsiderable, insignificant, minor, minute, negligible, nugatory, petty, slight, trivial 【反】consequential, eventful, important, meaningful, momentous, significant, substantial, weighty重要的

dire

【考法 1】adj.不吉利的，不祥的: being or showing a sign of evil or calamity to come 【例】a dire forecast of a plunge in stock prices股市大跌不祥的预测 【近】baleful, direful, foreboding, ill-boding, inauspicious, menacing, minatory, portentous, sinister, threatening 【反】propitious , unthreatening 吉利的，吉祥的 【考法 2】adj.可怕的，恐怖的: causing fear 【例】a series of dire tremors that hinted at a volcanic eruption 一系列暗示火山爆发的恐怖的震动 【近】alarming, dire, direful, dread, dreadful, fearsome, forbidding, formidable, frightening, frightful, ghastly, hair-raising, horrendous, horrible, horrifying, intimidating, redoubtable, scary, shocking, terrible, terrifying 【考法 3】adj.迫切的: needing immediate attention; urgent 【例】There is a dire need for food and medicine in the famine-stricken country在闹饥荒的国家迫切需要食物和药品。 【近】immediate, burning, compelling, critical, crying, emergent, exigent, imperative, imperious, importunate, instant, necessitous, pressing, urgent 【反】n.onurgent, noncritical 不迫切的 【考法 4】adj.悲惨的: causing or marked by an atmosphere lacking in cheer 【例】With stock prices steadily falling, these are dire days on the trading floor股价稳步走低，交易大厅一片悲惨的景象。 【近】cheerless, chill, depressing, depressive, desolate, disconsolate, dismal, drear, dreary, funereal, glum, lugubrious, miserable, morose, saturnine, somber, sullen, sunless, wretched 【反】bright, cheerful, cheering, cheery, festive, gay, sunshiny 愉快的

peremptory

【考法 1】adj.不容反抗的: not allowing contradiction or refusal; imperative 【例】a peremptory order from the general将军下达的不容反抗的命令 【近】compulsory, forced, imperative, incumbent, involuntary, obligatory, required 【反】elective, optional, voluntary 可选择的 【考法 2】adj.爱发号施令的: fond of ordering people around 【例】The peremptory secretary began telling the crowd of reporters and photographers exactly where they had to stand.爱发号施令的秘书开始部署记者和摄影师们应该站在哪里了 【近】authoritarian, despotic, dictatorial, domineering, imperious, masterful, overbearing, tyrannical, tyrannous 【考法 3】adj.傲慢的: having a feeling of superiority that shows itself in an overbearing attitude 【例】She had such a peremptory approach to running the club that people started to avoid her.她用一种如 此傲慢自大的方式来管理俱乐部，以至于大家纷纷开始躲避她 【近】assumptive, bumptious, haughty, imperious, lofty, pompous, presumptuous, pretentious, supercilious 【反】humble, lowly, modest 谦逊的

off-key

【考法 1】adj.不寻常的，不合适的: being out of accord with what is considered normal or appropriate 【例】a high-flown, off-key speech by a newcomer来自于新手的颇有野心、不寻常的一次演讲

phenomenal

【考法 1】adj.不寻常的，非凡的: being out of the ordinary;extraordinary; outstanding 【例】the phenomenal growth that the suburb has experienced over the last decade过去几十年间郊区所经历的令人称奇的快速发展 【近】especial, exceptional, extraordinary, peculiar, preternatural, rare, singular, uncommon, unusual 【反】common, normal, ordinary, typical 普通的，典型的

offbeat

【考法 1】adj.不平常的: noticeably different from what is generally found or experienced 【例】this writer has an enjoyably offbeat sense of humor 这个作者笑点很奇特 【近】extraordinary, peculiar, queer, unaccustomed, uncommon, uncustomary, out-of-the-way 【反】conventional, bathetic, hackneyed, common, ordinary, plain, usual 传统陈腐的，平常普通的

impenitent

【考法 1】adj.不悔悟的: feeling or expressing humble or regretful pain or sorrow for sins or offenses 【例】remain impenitent about her criminal past 对她过去所犯罪行执迷不悟 【近】remorseless, regretless, shameless, unashamed, unrepentant 【反】contrite, regretful, remorseful, rueful, penitent 感到悔恨的

loath

【考法 1】adj.不情愿的，讨厌的: unwilling or reluctant; disinclined 【例】I was loath to accept the fact that he had been killed in a terrorist attack.我很不情愿地接受了他在一场恐怖袭击中丧生的事实 【近】disinclined, indisposed, reluctant, reticent 【反】eager 渴望的；disposed, inclined有意向的

impious

【考法 1】adj.不敬神的: lacking reverence for holy or sacred matters 【例】made impious remarks about the church对教会做出不敬的评论 【近】blasphemous, irreverent, profane, sacrilegious 【反】pious虔诚的；reverent敬神的 【派】impiety n.(对神的)不敬

imprudent

【考法 1】adj.不明智的: lacking discretion, wisdom, or good judgment 【例】an imprudent investment ha made many years ago 他许多年前做的一笔不明智的投资 【近】impolitic, inadvisable, indelicate, injudicious, tactless, undiplomatic, unwise 【反】advisable, politic, prudent, tactical, wise 明智的

★half-baked

【考法 1】adj.不明智的: showing or marked by a lack of good sense or judgment 【例】a half-baked scheme 不明智的计划 【近】daffy, daft, dippy, harebrained, half-witted, preposterous 【反】judicious, prudent, sagacious, sapient, sensible, sound, wise 明智的

immune

【考法 1】adj.不易被感染的，有免疫力的: of, relating to, or having resistance to infection 【例】The blood test will tell whether you are immune to the disease.验血可以判断你是否对这种疾病免疫 【近】resistant 【反】susceptible, vulnerable易感染的，易受攻击的 【考法 2】adj.不受影响的: not affected by a given influence 【例】immune to persuasion不听劝 【近】insusceptible, unaffected, unresponsive 【反】ductile, pliable, pliant, yielding 易受影响的 【考法 3】adj.不受约束的: not subject to an obligation imposed on others 【例】immune from taxation 免税 【近】exempt, free 【反】liable, responsible负有责任的 【派】immunity n. 免疫性

contumacious

【考法 1】adj.不服从的，倔强的: stubbornly disobedient; rebellious 【例】Contumacious insurgents refuse to talk不愿服从命令的叛军拒绝对话 【近】balky, contumacious, defiant, insubordinate, intractable, obstreperous, rebellious, recalcitrant, refractory, restive, ungovernable, unruly, untoward, wayward, willful 【反】obedient, docile, ruly 顺从的 【派】contumacy n不服从从，反抗

pathological

【考法 1】adj.不正常的，病态的: being such to a degree that is extreme, excessive, or markedly abnormal 【例】She has a pathological fear of snakes. 她对蛇有一种病态的恐惧 【近】abnormal, aberrant, anomalous, morbid 【反】n.ormal正常的；natural自然的

circuitous

【考法 1】adj.不直接的: not being forthright or direct in language or action 【例】We took a circuitous route to the airport so as to avoid the massive traffic jam我们走了一条迂回的路线 去机场来躲避堵车。 【近】indirect, circular, roundabout 【反】direct, straight, straightforward直接的 【派】circuity n不直接: lack of straightforwardness 【反】straightforwardness, direction 直接 【考法 2】adj.冗长的: using or containing more words than necessary to express an idea 【例】a circuitous explanation for what seems like a fairly basic concept 对一个非常基本的概念的冗长的解释 【近】circumlocutory, diffuse, long-winded, prolix, rambling, verbose, windy 【反】compact, concise, pithy, succinct, terse 简洁的

oblivious

【考法 1】adj.不知道的，不知情的: lacking conscious awareness; not informed about or aware of something 【例】He seemed oblivious to the fact that he had hurt her.他似乎并不在意他伤害了她. 【近】incognizant, insensible, unaware, unconscious, uninformed, unwitting 【反】mindful, vigilant, acquainted, cognizant, conscious, conversant, grounded, informed, knowing, mindful, witting 留意的，机警的

flaccid

【考法 1】adj.不结实的，松弛的: not firm or stiff; lacking normal or youthful firmness 【例】flaccid muscles 松弛的肌肉 【近】droopy, floppy, lank, loose, slack, yielding 【反】stiff, sturdy 结实的，坚硬的；resilient有弹性的

★barren

【考法 1】adj.不育的: incapable of producing offspring 【例】a poor, barren woman 一名可怜的不孕女子 【近】fruitless, impotent, infertile, effete 【反】prolific, fecund多产的 【考法 2】adj.不产生结果的，无效的: producing no results; unproductive 【例】That line of investigation proved barren, so the police tried other avenues 那个方向的调查己经被证 明是没有结果的了，所以警察开始尝试其他的途径 【近】bootless, ineffective, inefficacious, unavailing, vain 【反】effective, successful, productive, virtuous 有效的，成功的 【考法 3】adj.贫瘠的: deficient in production of vegetation and especially crops 【例】barren deserts and wastelands贫瘠的沙漠和荒野 【近】desolate, impoverished, waste 【反】arable, fruitful, luxuriant, verdant 富饶繁茂的 【考法 4】adj.极度匮乏的: utterly lacking in something needed, wanted, or expected 【例】Their proposal for revitalizing the downtown business district is utterly barren of practical methods 他 们意图重振中心商业区的计划缺乏能够起效的方法 【近】bare, bereft, destitute, void 【反】filled, flush, fraught, full, replete, rife 充沛的

irradicable

【考法 1】adj.不能根除的: impossible to uproot or destroy 【例】Smoking has become an irradicable bad habit for him.吸烟己成了他不能根除的恶习 【近】entrenched, ineradicable, ingrained, inveterate, rooted 【反】eradicable 可根除的

mannered

【考法 1】adj.不自然的，做作的: having an artificial or stilted character 【例】a mannered speech做作的演讲 【近】affected, artificial, assumed, factitious, fake, feigned, pretended, pseudo, sham, spurious 【反】n.atural 自然的；artless, genuine, unfeigned 真诚的

arrhythmic

【考法 1】adj.不规律的: lacking rhythm or regularity 【例】arrhythmic pulse不规律的脉搏 【近】irregular, disorderly 【反】regular, orderly 规律的

mute

【考法 1】adj.不说话的，缄默的: deliberately refraining from speech 【例】He always remained mute no matter how much we pleaded for an answer 不论我们怎么恳求回答，他总是保持沉默 【近】dumb, inarticulate, speechless, uncommunicative, voiceless, wordless 【反】communicative, expansive, loquacious, talkative 爱说话的，话多的 【考法 2】vt.使颜色、音调等柔和: to soften the tone, color, shade, or hue of 【例】mute a color对颜色进行柔化 【近】attenuate, soften, subdue 【反】sharpen 锐化 【考法 3】vt.减弱声音: to soften or muffle the sound of 【近】dampen, deaden, muffle, stifle 【反】amplify, magnify 增强，放大 【派】muted adj.消声的，静音的

opaque

【考法 1】adj.不透光的: impenetrable by light; neither transparent nor translucent 【近】blurry, dim, misty, murky, obscure, shadowy, unclear 【反】diaphanous, transparent精致透明的 【考法 2】adj.晦涩的: so obscure as to be unintelligible 【例】opaque prose晦涩的诗歌 【近】ambiguous, arcane, enigmatic, equivocal, inscrutable, occult 【反】clear, accessible, obvious, plain, unambiguous, unequivocal 清晰易懂的

★consummate

【考法 1】adj.专业的，有造诣的: extremely skilled and accomplished 【例】a consummate liar 一个老练的骗子 【近】accomplished, finished, virtuosic, versed, veteran 【反】amateur 业余的 【考法 2】adj.无纰漏的，完美的: complete in every detail; perfect 【例】The difficult aria displayed her consummate skill 高难度的咏叹调展示了她完美的技巧 【近】flawless, impeccable, perfect 【反】defective有漏洞的 【考法 3】adj.最高档次的，最大规模的: of the greatest or highest degree or quantity 【近】maximum, paramount, supreme, top, utmost 【反】minimal 最少量的

absolute

【考法 1】adj.专制的: unconstrained by constitutional or other provisions 【例】absolute ruler专制的统治者 【近】arbitrary, autocratic, despotic, dictatorial, monocratic, tyrannical 【考法 2】adj.无限的: unqualified in extent or degree; total 【例】absolute silence 鸦雀无声 【近】complete, utter, deadly, downright, out-and-out 【反】qualified有限的，有保留的 【考法 3】adj.完美的、纯净不掺杂的: free from imperfection; free or relatively free from mixture 【例】absolute alcohol 无水酒精(纯酒精) 【近】plain, refined, unadulterated, unalloyed, undiluted, unmixed 【反】adulterated, alloyed, diluted, impure, mixed 掺杂的，不纯的 【考法 4】adj.不容置疑的，确凿的: positive, unquestionable 【例】absolute proof确凿的证据 【近】clear, deciding, decisive, definitive 【反】inconclusive, indecisive, unclear 不明确的

★despotic

【考法 1】adj.专制的，暴虐的: arbitrary, autocratic, monocratic, tyrannical 【例】a despotic tyrant 专制的暴君 【近】authoritative, dictatorial, imperious, overbearing, peremptory, tyrannous

★copious

【考法 1】adj.丰富的，大量的: large in quantity; abundant 【例】a copious harvest大丰收 【近】plentiful, abundant, ample, gushing 【反】sparse, dearth, scant 稀少的，缺乏的

plump

【考法 1】adj.丰满的: weM-rounded and full in form 【例】In Tang Dynasty, being plump was a sign of ultimate beauty.在唐代，身材丰满是最美丽的象征。 【近】chubby, fleshy, fat, gross, obese, rotund, round 【反】lean, slender, svelte, thin 纤痩的，苗条的；angular因消痩而棱角分明的 【考法 2】vi.鼎力支持，赞不绝口: to give full support or praise 【例】We will plump for any candidate who supports stem cell research. 我们会鼎力支持那些拥护干细胞研究的候选人。 【近】advocate, back, champion, endorse, patronize 【反】baffle, foil, frustrate, sabotage 阻挠，从中破坏

principal

【考法 1】adj.主要的，重要的: first, highest, or foremost in importance, rank, worth, or degree 【例】The region's principal city is getting hammered by a series of terrorist attacks.该地区的中心城市正在被一系列恐怖袭击攻击。 【近】capital, cardinal, chief, dominant, grand, main, major, paramount, predominant, preeminent, primary 【反】secondary, subordinate 次要的

★cardinal

【考法 1】adj.主要的，非常重要的: of foremost importance; paramount 【例】the cardinal rule of medicine: do no harm药物的首要标准就是无害 【近】dominant, overbearing, overriding, paramount, preeminent, primal, supreme 【反】minor 次要的

diplomatic

【考法 1】adj.使用策略的，机智的: employing tact and conciliation especially in situations of stress 【例】be very diplomatic with awkward clients 总是有办法对付难缠的顾客 【近】diplomatic, politic 【反】gauche, impolitic, tactless, undiplomatic, untactful 笨拙的，不机智的

★beneficent

【考法 1】adj.仁慈的，好慈善的: characterized by or performing acts of kindness or charity 【例】beneficent couple who are regular volunteers at an orphan 一对在孤儿院做义工的慈善的夫妇 【近】kind, altruistic, benevolent, philanthropic, benign, compassionate, sympathetic 【反】atrocious, barbarous, truculent, vicious 残忍的 【考法 2】adj.(对个人或社会)有益的: promoting or contributing to personal or social well-being 【例】the beneficent effect of sunshine 日光浴的益处 【近】helpful, advantageous, favorable, kindly, profitable, salutary 【反】detrimental, harmful, noxious, toxic 有害的 【派】beneficently adv仁慈地

★conscientious

【考法 1】adj.仔细的，一丝不苟的: taking, showing, or involving great care and effort 【例】a conscientious researcher 一丝不苟的研究者 【近】careful, exact, heedful, meticulous, painstaking, scrupulous 【反】careless, remiss 粗心大意的 【考法 2】adj.有良心的，正直的: governed by or conforming to the dictates of conscience 【例】a conscientious police officer 一名有良心的警察 【近】conscionable, ethical, honest, moral, upright, principled, scrupulous 【反】unscrupulous 不正直的 【派】conscience n 良心

★cogent

【考法 1】adj.令人信服的: appealing forcibly to the mind or reason: convincing 【例】Six Sigma is one of the most cogent methods for modern enterprises to control quality and optimizing process "六西格玛"方法是现代企业进行质量控制和工艺优化最令人信服的方法之一。 【近】convincing, compelling, conclusive, telling, persuasive, satisfying 【反】unconvincing, unpersuasive 不令人信服的 【考法 2】adj.相关的: pertinent, relevant 【例】a cogent analysis 一项相关的研究 【近】apropos, germane, relative, relevant 【反】extraneous, irrelevant, impertinent, irrelative 无关的

★formidable

【考法 1】adj.令人害怕的: causing fear, dread, or apprehension 【例】a nation that possesses formidable nuclear deterrence一个拥有可怕核威个聂力量的国家 【近】direful, dreadful, fearsome, forbidding, ghastly, horrible, intimidating, redoubtable, terrifying 【反】comforting 给人安慰的 【考法 2】adj. 艰难的: requiring considerable physical or mental effort 【例】running a marathon is a formidable undertaking 跑马拉松是个困难的任务 They have recently made a formidable decision他们最近做出了一个艰难的决定 【近】arduous, challenging, demanding, exacting, grueling, heavy, laborious, sweaty, toilsome, tough, strenuous 【反】easy, effortless, facile, mindless, simple 轻松的，简单的

heartrending

【考法 1】adj.令人心碎的: causing intense sorrow or distress 【例】a heartrending choice between saving his mother or his wife 先救老妈还是先救老婆的纠结选择

despicable

【考法 1】adj.令人鄙视的: arousing or deserving of one's loathing and disgust 【例】even within the prison population, pedophiles are regarded as particularly despicable 即使在囚犯内部，恋童癖者也被认为极其让人鄙视的。 【近】contemptible, detestable, dishonorable 【反】admirable, commendable, creditable, meritorious, praiseworthy 值得赞扬的 【考法 2】adj.不荣耀的，不得体的: not following or in accordance with standards of honor and decency 【例】the cad's despicable behavior toward women公车售票员对女性不得体的举动 【近】currish, dirty, execrable, ignominious, sordid, wretched 【反】honorable, lofty, noble, upright, venerable, virtuous 崇高的

★counterfeit

【考法 1】adj.仿制的，假冒的: made in imitation of something else with intent to deceive 【例】counterfeit money假币 【近】forged, bogus, spurious, pseudo, feigned, artificial, phony 【反】authentic, genuine真实的 【考法 2】vt.仿制: to make a fraudulent replica of 【例】counterfeit the signature 仿造签名 【近】copy, forge, imitate, simulate, mimic 【考法 3】vt.伪装成: to present a false appearance of 【例】to counterfeit a happy expression while visiting a sick friend在看望患病的朋友时装出一副高兴的样子 【近】affect, assume, fake, pretend

mimic

【考法 1】adj.仿真的，仿造的: being such in appearance only and made with or manufactured from usually cheaper materia 【例】Police were concerned that the mimic gun, although intended only as a toy, might be confused with the real thing in certain situations.尽管仿真枪只是玩具，但警方担忧在某些情况下它会被误认为是真枪 【近】artificial, bogus, factitious, fake, false, imitative, mock, sham, simulated, substitute, synthetic 【反】genuine, natural, real 真实的 【考法 2】v.做滑稽的模仿(以取笑): to copy or exaggerate (someone or something) in order to make fun of 【例】The comedian was famous for mimicking the President's distinctive lisp.这个演员因能滑稽地模仿总统特有的口齿不清而闻名 【近】burlesque, caricature, do, imitate, mock, parody, send up, spoof, travesty 【考法 3】v.模仿: to use (someone or something) as the model for one's speech, mannerisms, or behavior 【例】began to learn their language by mimicking the sounds they made 通过模仿发音来学习语言 【近】ape, copy, copycat, emulate, mimic, simulate 【派】mimicry n. 模仿

fallow

【考法 1】adj.休耕的: left untilled or unsown after plowing 【例】The field was lying fallow 那田地正在休耕中 【近】untilled, uncultivated 【考法 2】adj.闲置的: not being in a state of use, activity, or employment 【例】The coal mine has been lying fallow since the drop in prices made it unprofitable自从煤价下足失: 造成亏损，这个煤矿就一直处于停工状态 【近】dead, dormant, inert, inoperative, latent, unused, vacant

preeminent

【考法 1】adj.优秀的，重要的: having paramount rank, dignity, or importance 【例】The writer's style is brilliant and his command of words, preeminent.作者的文风和用词都十分出色 【近】distinguished, illustrious, incomparable, notable, outstanding, peerless, superb, supreme, unmatchable 【反】n.egligible, trivial 不重要的 【派】preeminence n.杰出

orthodox

【考法 1】adj.传统的: following or agreeing with established form, custom, or rules 【例】He believes in the benefits of both orthodox medicine and alternative medicine. 他既盲目信传统药物又相信替代药物的效用。 【近】ceremonial, conventional, regular, routine 【反】casual, freewheeling, informal, irregular, unceremonious, unconventional, unorthodox 不常见的

careworn

【考法 1】adj.伤心焦虑的: showing the effect of grief or anxiety 【例】a careworn face 忧心忡忡的脸 【反】lightheaded 心情愉快的

★exceptional

【考法 1】adj.例外的，特别的，非凡的: being an exception; uncommon; extraordinary 【例】exceptional bravery 非凡的勇敢 【近】aberrant, abnormal, anomalous, exceeding, extraordinary, peculiar, unwonted 【反】commonplace, prosaic, customary, normal, ordinary, typical, unextraordinary, usual 平凡常见的

fluky

【考法 1】adj.侥幸的: coming or happening by good luck especially unexpectedly 【例】a fluky coincidence that kept me safely at home when the blizzard hit 一个偶然的巧合让我在暴风雪来袭 时安全地待在家里 【近】fortuitous, lucky, providential 【反】hapless, unfortunate, unlucky, ill-fated 不幸的 【考法 2】adj.偶然的: happening by or depending on chance 【近】casual, chance, inadvertent, incidental, unintended, unintentional 【反】calculated, deliberate, intended, intentional, planned, premeditated 蓄意的，有预谋的 【派】fluke n侥幸，偶然

invective

【考法 1】adj.侮辱性的: of, relating to, or characterized by insult or abuse 【例】invective comments on female activists 对女权主义者的侮辱性评论 【近】abusive, opprobrious, scurrile, scurrilous, truculent, vitriolic, vituperative 【反】adulatory, flattery 阿i臾奉承的；complimentary 禾尔赞的

★gaudy

【考法 1】adj.俗丽的: ostentatiously or tastelessly ornamented, excessively showy 【例】gaudy movie posters 俗丽的电影海报 【近】blatant, brazen, flashy, garish, glaring, meretricious, tawdry 【反】austere, homely, plain 朴素的；conservative, understated, unflamboyant, unflashy 不张扬的

refractory

【考法 1】adj.倔强的，不顺从的: resisting control or authority 【例】Refractory players will be ejected from the game.不服从裁判命令的球员将会被驱逐出场。 【近】balky, contumacious, defiant, incompliant, insubordinate, intractable, obstreperous, rebellious, refractory, unruly 【反】amenable, compliant, conformable, docile, governable, obedient, ruly, submissive, tractable服从的，顺从的

★estimable

【考法 1】adj.值得尊敬的: deserving of esteem; admirable 【例】an estimable adversary 一位值得尊敬的对手 【近】prestigious, reputable, applaudable, commendable, creditable, meritorious, praiseworthy 【反】contemptible, infamous, censurable, discreditable, illaudable, reprehensible 令人鄙视的

apocryphal

【考法 1】adj.假的: of doubtful authenticity : spurious 【例】an apocryphal story about the president's childhood 一个假的关于总统童年的故事 【近】spurious, unauthentic, ungenuine 【反】factual, true, truthful, authentic 真的

partial

【考法 1】adj.偏袒的，偏爱的: inclined to favor one party more than the other: biased 【例】He is partial to Maverick. 他偏爱小牛队 【近】biased, one-sided, partisan, prejudiced 【反】disinterested, equitable, evenhanded, fair, impartial, neutral, objective, unbiased, unprejudiced 公平的 【考法 2】adj.部分的，不完整的: lacking some necessary part 【例】a partial answer to the problem 一部分的解答 【近】deficient, fragmental, fragmentary, half, halfway 【反】complete, entire, full, intact, integral, perfect, whole 完整的 【派】partially adv.部分地；partiality n.偏袒，偏爱

mesmeric

【考法 1】adj.催眠的，催眠术的: of, relating to, or induced by mesmerism 【近】hynoptic 【反】awaking 觉醒的 【考法 2】adj.令人着迷的，难以抗拒的: attracting and holding interest as if by a spell 【例】the mesmeric recital 迷人的独奏 【近】attractive, alluring, captivating, charming, drawing, enchanting, riveting 【反】disgusting, loathesome, repellent, repulsive 令人厌恶的；unappealing, unattractive 没有吸引力的 【派】mesmerism n.催眠术，难以抗拒的魅力；mesmerize v.催眠

★dubious

【考法 1】adj.充满不定性的，值得怀疑的: giving rise to uncertainty; questionable or suspect as to true nature or quality 【例】a dubious assertion 一个值得怀疑的论调 【近】debatable, doubtful, disputable, equivocal, problematic, questionable, shaky 【反】certain, incontestable, undeniable 确定的，毋庸置疑的；reliable 可靠的 【考法 2】adj.(对事实等)持怀疑态度的: not feeling sure about the truth, wisdom, or trustworthiness of someone or something 【例】dubious about a diet that claims I can eat all I want and still lose weight 对于一份声称可以一边随心所欲地吃和一边减肥的节食方案表示怀疑 【近】distrustful, skeptical, suspicious, unsure 【反】convinced, positive, sure 表示肯定态度的，确信的 【考法 3】adj.迟疑不决的，不愿行动的: slow to begin or proceed with a course of action because of doubts or uncertainty 【例】I'm dubious about our plan to go hang gliding without having had any training我对于不做任何训练就去玩滑翔感到很迟疑 【近】undecided, disinclined, loath, reluctant, reticent 【反】disposed, inclined倾向于的 【派】dubiety n可疑，怀疑

fraught

【考法 1】adj.充满的: full of or accompanied by something 【例】an experience fraught with peril充满危险的经历 【近】abounding, abundant, awash, flush, replete, thronging 【反】scarce 稀缺的 【考法 2】adj.令人忧虑的: causing or characterized by emotional distress or tension 【例】a fraught relationship between the two neighboring countries 两邻国间令人担忧的关系 【近】uneasy, agitating, anxious, distressful, disturbing, restless, tense, unsettling, nail-biting 【反】calming, relaxing使人镇静的，使人放松的

effulgent

【考法 1】adj.光辉灿烂的: shining brilliantly; resplendent 【例】an effulgent sunset on the Atlantic 大西洋上壮丽辉煌的日落 【近】bright, beaming, glorious, luminous, radiant, splendid 【反】dim, murky, dull 模糊的，黯淡的 【派】effulgence n 光辉

panoramic

【考法 1】adj.全景的: of an unobstructed or complete view of an area in every direction 【例】a panorama of American history美国历史总览 【近】compendious, complete, comprehensive, cyclopedic, embracive, exhaustive, thorough, in-depth 【反】n.arrow 狭窄的

ecumenical

【考法 1】adj.全球基督教会的: of, relating to, or representing the whole of a body of churches 【近】catholic 【反】diocesan主教管辖特定小教区的 【考法 2】adj.世界范围的，普遍性的: worldwide or general in extent, influence, or application 【例】an ecumenical scope 国际视野 【近】universal, cosmopolitan, global, planetary, worldwide 【反】provincial, insular狭隘的

indifferent

【考法 1】adj.公平的: marked by impartiality 【例】They believed their art teacher could offer an indifferent judgment on their works' merits. 他们相信艺术老师会对他们作品的价值做出公正的评价 【近】disinterested, equal, impartial, just, nonpartisan, objective, unbiased, unprejudiced 【反】biased, one-sided, partial, prejudiced有偏好的；unjust 不公平的 【考法 2】adj.(质量、档次等)中规中矩的，一般的: of average to below average quality 【例】an indifferent but drinkable cup of coffee 一杯尚可入口的咖啡 【近】average, common, fair, intermediate, mediocre, medium, moderate, ordinary, passable, so-so 【反】exceptional, extraordinary 极好的;inferior, poor 低档次的 【考法 3】adj.不感兴趣的，冷漠的: marked by a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern for something 【例】indifferent about the result of CET-4对四级成绩不感兴趣 【近】aloof, apathetic, detached, incurious, nonchalant, numb, pococurante, remote, unconcerned, uninterested 【反】attentive, concerned, interested 关切的，有兴趣的 【派】indifference n. 漠然

★disinterested

【考法 1】adj.公正的，无偏见的: free from selfish motive or interest: unbiased 【例】a disinterested decision 公正的决定 【近】equal, evenhanded, impartial, just, nonpartisan, dispassionate, objective, square, unbiased, unprejudiced 【反】biased, inequitable, nonobjective, one-sided, partial, partisan, prejudiced, unjust 不公正的，有偏见的 【考法 2】adj.没有兴趣的: having or showing a lack of interest or concern 【例】The city's philistines, naturally disinterested in art, voted to cut the museum's budget城市里对艺术本 来就不感兴趣的俗人们，投票表决要缩进博物馆的预算。 【近】apathetic, incurious, insouciant, nonchalant, perfunctory, unconcerned 【反】concerned, interested 关心的，感兴趣的

★concerted

【考法 1】adj.共同完成的，协同的: planned or accomplished together 【例】The ITER project, commendable though it is, should be merely a component of a concerted effort "国际热核聚变实验堆"计划虽然是值得称赞的，但是它仅仅是(人类)齐心协力的一部分； A victory results from the concerted effort of the entire team 一项成功来自于整个团队的齐心协力。 【近】collaborative, combined, cooperative, united 【反】separate 分开的；individual, single, sole, solitary 单独的

inherent

【考法 1】adj.内在的，本质的: involved in the constitution or essential character of something 【例】a disposition inherent in human nature 人性内在的倾向 【近】constitutional, elemental, essential, inborn, ingrained, innate, intrinsic 【反】adventitious 外: 来的，偶禺然的；extraneous, extrinsic 外在的 【派】inherently adv.内在地

impetuous

【考法 1】adj.冲动的，性急的，轻率的: marked by impulsive vehemence or passion 【例】He is young and impetuous.他年轻易冲动 【近】ardent, hasty, headlong, impassioned, impulsive, passionate, rash, vehement 【反】cautious, circumspect, wary谨慎的，小心的 【考法 2】adj.剧烈的，猛烈的: marked by force and violence of movement or action 【例】an impetuous wind猛烈的风 【近】abrupt, hasty, hurried, precipitate, precipitous, rushing, sudden, violent 【反】calm, halcyon, placid, quiet 风平浪静的 【派】impetus n.推动力

offish

【考法 1】adj.冷淡的: Inclined to be distant and reserved; aloof 【例】consistently surly and offish with the would-be suitors who came calling 对于追求者总是阴沉并且冷淡 【近】aloof, detached, distant, remote, unbending, unsociable 【反】sociable, cordial, friendly, social, warm 热情的

nonchalant

【考法 1】adj.冷漠的: having an air of easy unconcern or indifference 【例】She was surprisingly nonchalant about winning the award.她竟然对得奖很淡然。 【近】apathetic, disinterested, insensible, insouciant, perfunctory, unconcerned 【反】concerned, interested 忧虑的，有兴趣的

impassive

【考法 1】adj.冷漠的，无感情的: giving no sign of feeling or emotion 【例】She remained impassive as the officers informed her of her son's death.她面不改色地听着警官宣读她儿子的死讯 【近】affectless, apathetic, cold-blooded, deadpan, emotionless, numb, phlegmatic, stoic, undemonstrative 【反】demonstrative, emotional, fervent, fervid, impassioned, passionate, vehement 充满感情的

phlegmatic

【考法 1】adj.冷静的，无感情的，淡漠的: having or suggesting a calm, sluggish temperament; unemotional 【例】a strangely phlegmatic response to what should have been happy news 对本该是一个让人开心的新闻的冷漠回复 【近】affectless, apathetic, cold-blooded, emotionless, impassible, numb, stoic, stolid 【反】demonstrative, emotional, fervent, fervid, impassioned, passionate, vehement感情丰富的，热情的

ominous

【考法 1】adj.凶兆的: of or being an omen, especially an evil one 【例】an ominous threat of war 战争来临的凶兆 【近】baleful, foreboding, inauspicious, portentous, sinister, threatening, minatory 【反】auspicious, unthreatening 吉兆的，不具有威胁的

convex

【考法 1】adj.凸起的: having a surface or boundary that curves or bulges outward, as the exterior of a sphere 【例】A convex function has the property that a line joining any two points on its graph lies on or above the graph凸函数具有如下的性质: 其图像上任何两点连线的任何部分都不低于连结两点函数曲线 【近】bulging 【反】dent, concave凹陷的

concave

【考法 1】adj.凹的: curved like the inner surface of a sphere 【例】a concave lens 凹透镜 【近】dented, depressed, dished, indented, recessed 【反】bulging, convex, protuberant 凸的

disjunctive

【考法 1】adj.分离的: marked by breaks or disunity 【例】a disjunctive narrative sequence 分散的余又述顺序 【近】discrete, separate, disconnected, disunited 【反】combined, connected, jointed, mixed, united 连接的，混合的

★egoistic

【考法 1】adj.利 己的，以自我为中心的: being centered in or preoccupied with oneself and the gratification of one's own desires 【例】egoistic behaviors others detest 令他人厌恶的利己行为 【近】egocentric, self-centered, individualistic, navel-gazing 【反】altruistic, selfless 利他的，无私的 【派】ego n自大，自我；egoism n利己主义；egoist n以自我为中心的人

jarring

【考法 1】adj.剌耳的: harsh or discordant 【例】the final chord of that song is too jarring for me 那首歌最后的合声部分太剌耳了 【近】astounding, blindsiding, jolting, startling, stunning 【反】melodious 音调优美的 【考法 2】adj.震惊的: causing a strong emotional reaction because of unexpectedness 【例】the jarring news that major financial institutions were on the verge of collapse 有消息称主要的几个金融机构处于倒闭的边缘，真是让人震惊 【近】amazing, astonishing, astounding, blindsiding, dumbfounding, flabbergasting, jaw-dropping, jolting, shocking, startling, stunning

anterior

【考法 1】adj.前面的: coming before in time or development 【例】finish the work anterior to the schedule 提早完成任务 【例】tests anterior to the college entrance examination 高考前的考试 【近】antecedent, foregoing, former, forward, precedent, preceding, prior 【反】after, ensuing, following, posterior, subsequent, succeeding 后面的，后来的

assiduous

【考法 1】adj.勤勉的，专心仔细的: marked by careful unremitting attention or persistent application; busy 【例】tended his garden with assiduous attention专心仔细地照看他的花园 【例】The project required some assiduous planning项目需要细心的规划。 【近】diligent, industrious, sedulous 【反】idle, inactive, unbusy, unemployed, unoccupied 空闲的 【派】assiduity n勤勉: persistent application or diligence; unflagging effort

precipitate

【考法 1】adj.匆忙的: acting or done with excessive or careless speed 【例】the army's precipitate withdrawal from the field of battle匆忙将军队从战场上撤下 【近】cursory, flying, headlong, hurried, overhasty, precipitous, rash, rushed 【反】deliberate慎重考虑的；leisurely, unhurried, unrushed 从容不迫的，不慌不忙的 【考法 2】vt.促使，导致: to cause to happen, especially suddenly or prematurely 【例】to precipitate an international crisis 产生国际危机 【近】accelerate, escalate, expedite, hasten, impel, speed, trigger 【反】check, encumber, enfetter, hamper, handicap, hinder, manacle, obstruct, retard, trammel 阻碍 【派】precipitation n.急促；沉淀；降水

★cursory

【考法 1】adj.匆忙的，不注意细节的: acting or done with excessive or careless speed 【例】a cursory glance at the headline匆匆地瞥了一眼标题 【近】headlong, overhasty, pell-mell, precipitate, precipitous, rash 【反】fastidious, thorough, deliberate, unhurried, unrushed 极关注细节的，彻底的，不匆忙的

incarnate

【考法 1】adj.化身的，人体化的: invested with bodily nature and form 【例】He referred to her as devil incarnate.他把她视作恶魔的化身 【近】embodied, materialized, personified, typified 【考法 2】v.(思想、理论的)具化，体现: to constitute an embodiment or type of 【例】the general view that Hitler incarnated extreme egotism通常认为希特勒代表了极端的以自我为中心 【近】epitomize, incorporate, manifest, materialize, personalize, personify, substantiate, symbolize 【反】disembody使(灵魂等)脱离躯体 【派】incarnation n. 化身

anonymous

【考法 1】adj.匿名的: not named or identified 【例】He made an anonymous phone call to the police他给警察打了一个匿名电话。 【例】The donor wishes to remain anonymous 捐赠者希望保持匿名身份。 【近】incognito, innominate, unnamed, unidentified, untitled 【反】dubbed, named, termed有名字的 【考法 2】adj.无特色的 lacking individuality, distinction, or recognizability 【例】the anonymous faces in the crowd 大众脸

baroque

【考法 1】adj.华丽装饰的，过分雕琢，复杂的: characterized by extravagance, complexity, or flamboyance 【例】a baroque prose 一篇辞藻华丽的散文 【近】byzantine, complicated, convoluted, elaborate, fancy, intricate, knotty, labyrinthine, lavish, tangled 【反】austere, plain, simple 朴实无华的 【考法 2】adj.(程度)过分的: going beyond a normal or acceptable limit in degree or amount 【例】Eventually even the movie seems bored by its baroque violence 到最后这电影也因为其中过度的暴力元素而显得让人厌烦 【近】exorbitant, extravagant, lavish, overdue 【反】moderate, modest, temperate 适度的

mangy

【考法 1】adj.卑劣的: mean; contemptible 【例】a mangy trick卑鄙的手段 【近】base, contemptible, debased, despicable, detestable, execrable, mean, sordid, squalid 【反】lofty, noble, upright, venerable, virtuous 正直的，有道德的

monochromatic

【考法 1】adj.单色的: having or consisting of one color or hue 【例】monochromatic filter 单色滤光片 【近】colorless, monochrome 【反】chromatic, colorful, iridescent, motley, rainbow, variegated 五光十色的 【考法 2】adj.单调无聊的: lacking variety, creativity, or excitement 【例】a monochromatic article eulogizing a hero 一个无聊的赞颂英雄的文章 【近】arid, dreary, drudging, dull, jejune, monotonous, pedestrian, ponderous, stale, stodgy, tiresome 【反】absorbing, engaging, engrossing, gripping, interesting, intriguing, involving, riveting 吸引人的 【派】monochromatism n.全色盲

prosaic

【考法 1】adj.单调的，常见的: being of the type that is encountered in the normal course of events 【例】prosaic advice老掉牙的建议 【近】commonplace, everyday, routine, unexceptional, unremarkable, workaday 【反】abnormal, exceptional, extraordinary, odd, out-of-the-way, strange, exciting, preternatural, ingenious, imaginary 不寻常的，有独创性的

philanthropic

【考法 1】adj.博爱的，为他人着想的: having or showing a concern for the welfare of others 【例】the philanthropic aims of the organization这个机构的博爱、利他的目标 【近】altruistic, beneficent, benevolent, eleemosynary, good, humanitarian 【反】misanthropic反人类的；selfish自私的 【派】philanthropist n.博爱的人

preponderant

【考法 1】adj.占优势的，更重要的: having superior weight, force, importance, or influence 【例】a preponderant misconception 一个影响甚广的错误概念 【近】dominant, paramount, predominant, prevalent, overruling 【反】secondary, subsidiary 次要的 【派】preponderance n. 优势地位

perceptible

【考法 1】adj.可察觉的: capable of being perceived especially by the senses 【例】You should be able to note a perceptible temperature change when you add the second reagents. 当你加入第二种试剂的时候，你应该能够察觉到明显的温度变化 【近】appreciable, apprehensible, detectable, discernible, distinguishable, palpable, sensible 【反】impalpable, imperceptible, inappreciable, indistinguishable, insensible, undetectable 不能感知的

precarious

【考法 1】adj.危险不稳定的: dangerously lacking in security or stability 【例】a precarious livelihood不稳定的生计 【近】delicate, fragile, sensitive, touchy, unstable 【反】firm, stable 稳定的；safe, secure安全的 【考法 2】adj.可疑的，不明确的: dependent on uncertain premises 【例】His entire argument relies on a precarious assumption.他的整篇论证都建立在一个可疑的假设之上。 【近】ambiguous, doubtful, dubious, equivocal, uncertain, unfounded 【反】indubitable, unambiguous, unequivocal, unquestionable 明确的，毋庸置疑的

ad-lib

【考法 1】adj.即兴的: made or done without previous thought or preparation 【例】n.ot bad for an ad-lib comedy routine对即兴喜剧表演来说己经不错了 【近】extemporary, impromptu, improvisational, offhanded 【反】considered, planned, premeditated, rehearsed

offhand

【考法 1】adj.即兴的，没有准备的: without premeditation or preparation 【例】couldn't give the figures offhand 【近】ad-lib, extemporary, impromptu, improvised, unplanned, unpremeditated, unrehearsed 【反】considered, planned, premeditated, prepared, rehearsed 事先谋划的

impending

【考法 1】adj.即将发生的: being soon to appear or take place 【例】an impending celebration of the 100th anniversary of the college's founding 即将来临的百年校庆 【近】approaching, coming, imminent, nearing, pending, proximate, upcoming, around the corner 【反】late, recent 最近发生的；distant, remote 遥远的

primordial

【考法 1】adj.原始的，最初的: being or happening first in sequence of time 【例】primordial forms of life最原始的生命形态 【近】ancient, early, primal, primeval, primitive 【反】late, recent 最近的

★amicable

【考法 1】adj.友善的: characterized by friendly goodwill; amiable 【例】maintain amicable relations 保持友好关系；an amicable divorce 和平离婚 【近】friendly, affable, amicable, genial, easy to get along with 【反】antagonistic, hostile, unfriendly 有敌意的

outgoing

【考法 1】adj.友好的，外向的: openly friendly and responsive: extroverted 【例】a salesman whose aggressively outgoing personality could sometimes be overbearing 一个销售员如果过于热情会让人不能忍 【近】companionable, extroverted, gregarious, sociable 【反】antisocial, introverted, nongregarious, reclusive, unsociable, unsocial不合群的，不善交际的

reactionary

【考法 1】adj.反对变革的，极保守的: characterized by reaction, especially opposition to progress or liberalism; extremely conservative 【例】reactionary rulers保守的统治者 【近】brassbound, conservative, die-hard, hidebound, traditionalistic, ultraconservative 【反】liberal 允许变革的；progressive 进步的；radical, aggressive 激进的

outlandish

【考法 1】adj.古怪的，奇异的: strikingly out of the ordinary: bizarre 【例】an outlandish costume奇装异服 【近】bizarre, cranky, eccentric, erratic, offbeat, peculiar, remarkable 【反】conventional, familiar, nonexotic, nonglamorous, plain-Jane, unglamorous, unromantic 常规的，平凡的

immemorial

【考法 1】adj.古老的: dating or surviving from the distant past 【例】a modern version of an immemorial myth 一个远古传说的现代版本 【近】aged, age-old, antediluvian, antique, dateless, hoary, old, venerable 【反】contemporary, modern当代的，现代的；recent 近来的

★accessible

【考法 1】adj.可以到达的: situated within easy reach 【例】the town accessible by rail有铁路通达的城镇 【近】handy, reachable 【反】inconvenient, unhandy, unreachable, untouchable 【考法 2】adj.可理解的: capable of being understood or appreciated 【例】The information ought to be made more accessible 信息应该更清晰易懂。 【近】apprehensible, fathomable, legible, scrutable 【反】abstruse, incoherent, incomprehensible, inscrutable, insensible 深奥的 【考法 3】adj.能够获得的: possible to get 【例】The data is not currently accessible数据目前还不可用。 【近】available, attainable, obtainable, procurable 【反】unattainable, unavailable, unobtainable

malleable

【考法 1】adj.可塑的: capable of being extended or shaped by beating with a hammer or by the pressure of rollers 【例】a malleable metal有延展性的金属 【近】moldable, waxy 【考法 2】adj.易控制的: capable of being altered or controlled by outside forces or influences 【例】The cult leader took advantage of the malleable, compliant personalities of his followers. 这个头目利用了他的信徒们容易被控制和顺从的特征 【近】ductile, elastic, fluid, modifiable, plastic, pliable, pliant, supple, variable 【反】adamant, intractable, recalcitrant, refractory, ungovernable, unmanageable, unruly 难管制的

plastic

【考法 1】adj.可塑的: susceptible of being modified in form or nature 【例】the plastic quality of modeling clay 模型泥的可塑性质 【近】adaptable, ductile, flexible, malleable, pliable, pliant, resilient, supple 【反】inflexible, rigid, stiff僵硬的 【考法 2】adj.虚假的，做作的: lacking in natural or spontaneous quality 【例】There's usually a plastic cordiality at these corporate events. 通常在公司的活动上都有一种虚假的热情和友好。 【近】affected, assumed, bogus, factitious, fake, false, feigned, mock, phony, pretended, pseudo, spurious 【反】artless, genuine, natural, spontaneous, unaffected, uncontrived, unfeigned 真诚的 【派】plasticity n. 可塑性

★ductile

【考法 1】adj.可塑的，有延展性的: easily molded or shaped, malleable 【例】Gold is a kind of ductile metal 金是一种有延展性的金属 【近】malleable, moldable 【反】inflexible僵硬的 【考法 2】adj.易受影响的: easily led or influenced 【例】a ductile personality 易受他人影响的性格 【近】pliant, yielding, supple 【反】adamant, intractable, refractory, obdurate 倔强的，不易改变立场的

limber

【考法 1】adj.可塑的，柔软的: capable of being shaped: flexible 【例】She shaped the basket out of limber branches. 她用柔软的树枝编了一个筐 【近】flexible, lissome, lithesome, pliable, pliant, supple 【反】inflexible, rigid, stiff, stiffened 僵硬的

★diabolic

【考法 1】adj.恶魔一般的: of, relating to, or characteristic of the devil 【例】The police quickly mobilized to track down the diabolical serial killer警察迅速调动起来来追查出这个恶魔般的连环杀人狂。 【近】demoniac, demonian, demonic, devilish, satanic 【反】angelic, seraphic 天使般的

★appreciable

【考法 1】adj.可感知的,明显的: capable of being perceived or measured; perceptible 【例】the appreciable changes in temperature 气温明显的变化 【例】There doesn't seem to be any appreciable difference between this piece and that one这个和那个看上去没什么差别。 【近】apprehensible, perceptible, detectable, discernible, palpable, distinguishable, sensible 【反】impalpable, imperceptible, inappreciable, indistinguishable, insensible, undetectable 不能感知的

heinous

【考法 1】adj.可憎的，十恶不赦的: hatefully or shockingly evil, abominable 【例】a heinous crime 十恶不赦的罪行 【反】commendable值得赞美的

permeable

【考法 1】adj.可渗透的: capable of being permeated or penetrated, especially by liquids or gases 【例】a permeable fabric that allows your body heat to escape 一种能使身体热量耗散的透气纤维 【近】passable, penetrable, pervious, porous 【反】waterproof 防水的；impassable, impenetrable, impervious, impermeable 不倉巨渗透的

combustible

【考法 1】adj.可燃的: capable of igniting and burning 【例】release a combustible gas释放出可燃性气体 【近】burnable, combustive, flammable, ignitable, inflammable 【反】incombustible, nonburnable, noncombustible, nonflammable, noninflammable, unburnable 不可燃的； fireproof防火的 【考法 2】adj.容易激动的: easily excited 【例】a high-strung combustible temper一碰就火的性格 【近】excitable, agitable, touchy

intelligible

【考法 1】adj.可理解的: capable of being understood 【例】military codenames intelligible only to those high-rank commanding officers 只有高级指挥官才能理解的军事暗号 【近】accessible, apprehensible, comprehensible, fathomable, lucid, understandable 【反】abstruse, recondite, inscrutable, insensible 难以理解的 【派】intelligibility n. 可理解性

mobile

【考法 1】adj.可移动的: capable of moving or being moved 【例】a mobile missile launcher 可移动导弹发射装置 【近】motile, movable, portable, transportable 【反】immobile, immovable 不可移动的 【考法 2】adj.可变的: changeable in appearance, mood, or purpose 【例】a highly mobile face 善变的面孔 【近】adaptable, fluid, inconstant, mercurial, mutable, protean, unstable, unsteady, variable, versatile 【反】fixed, steadfast, stable稳定的，不变的 【派】mobility n.可移动性；mobilize v.动员

rational

【考法 1】adj.合乎逻辑的: consistent with or based on reason; logical 【例】He insisted there was a rational explanation for the strange creaking noises and that there were no such things as ghosts.他坚持认为奇怪的咯吱声一定有一个合理的解释，而不是所谓的鬼在作怪。 【近】analytic, coherent, consequent, logical, reasonable, sensible, sound, valid, well-founded, well-grounded 【反】illogical, incoherent, inconsequent, invalid, irrational, unreasonable, unsound, weak 不合逻辑的 【考法 2】adj.理性的: based on sound reasoning or information 【例】Betting all of your savings on the lottery is not a rational move. 把你所有的存款赌在采多票上可不是一个理智的决定。 【近】commonsensical, firm, informed, just, justified, levelheaded, sober, solid 【反】groundless, unfounded, unjustified 无理由的，无根据的 【派】rationalize v.使合理化；找借口

opportune

【考法 1】adj.合适的，适当的: suitable or convenient for a particular occurrence 【例】an opportune moment方便的时机 【近】seasonable, well-timed 【反】inconvenient, untimely, inappropriate, unseasonable 不合适的

propitious

【考法 1】adj.吉祥的: favorably disposed: pointing toward a happy outcome 【例】propitious sign吉祥的征兆 【近】auspicious, encouraging, fair, heartening, optimistic, promising, upbeat 【反】dim, discouraging, disheartening, futureless, hopeless, inauspicious, unfavorable, unpromising, unpropitious不吉利的

★coeval

【考法 1】adj.同时代的，同龄的: of the same or equal age, antiquity, or duration 【例】Two stars thought to be coeval because they have nearly the same mass and brightness两个星星同龄因为他们的质量和亮度几乎相同。 【近】coetaneous, coexisting, concurrent, contemporaneous, simultaneous, synchronic, synchronous 【反】asynchronous, noncontemporary, nonsimultaneous 不同时的

★commensurate

【考法 1】adj.同样大小的: equal in measure or extent 【例】Five yards is commensurate with fifteen feet 5 码等于 15 英尺。 【近】equal, tantamount 【反】unequal, disparate, preponderant 不相同的，(重量，重要性，数量上)超过的 【考法 2】adj.相称的，相当的: corresponding in size or degree; proportionate 【例】a job commensurate with her abilities 一份与她能力相称的工作 【近】commensurable, commensurate, proportionate 【反】disproportionate 不相称的

miserly

【考法 1】adj.吝啬的: marked by grasping meanness and penuriousness 【例】a miserly couple devoid of social conscience and responsibility 一对没有社会良心和责任感的吝啬夫妻 【近】closefisted, mean, niggard, parsimonious, penurious, stingy, tightfisted 【反】lavish, prodigal, spendthrift, squandering 浪费的；generous, liberal, munificent, openhanded 慷慨的 【派】miser n.守财奴

obscure

【考法 1】adj.含义模糊的: not clearly understood or expressed; having an often intentionally veiled or uncertain meaning 【例】a fantasy writer who likes to put lots of obscure references in her tales of wizards and warlocks 一个喜欢在巫师故事中添加很多含义模糊的引用的魔幻小说作家 【近】ambiguous, arcane, enigmatic, equivocal, fuliginous, inscrutable, opaque 【反】explicit, manifest, clear, certain, accessible, nonambiguous, obvious, plain, unambiguous, unequivocal 明晰的，没有歧义的 【考法 2】adj.平凡的，不知名的: not prominent or famous 【例】an obscure poet 无名的诗人 【近】n.oteless, uncelebrated, unfamous, unknown, unrecognized, unsung 【反】legendary, celebrated, famed, famous, noted, notorious, prominent, renowned, well-known 有名的 【派】obscurity无名之辈 【反】celebrity 名人 【考法 3】v.使模糊: to make dark, dim, or indistinct 【例】when it isn't obscured by smog, the view of the city from the observatory can be spectacular 如果在 晴朗的天气，从天文台看出去的城市全景非常赞 【近】blear, blur, darken, dim, overshadow, shroud 【反】elucidate, brighten, illuminate, light up, lighten 阐明

★grisly

【考法1】adj.令人反感的，令人恐惧的: inspiring repugnance; gruesome 【例】a series grisly murders 一系列令人恐惧的谋杀 【近】appalling, dreadful, ghastly, gruesome, hideous, horrifying, macabre

elliptical

【考法 1】adj.含糊不清的: of or relating to deliberate obscurity (as of literary or conversational style) 【例】give an elliptical response to the inquiry 就问题给出一个含糊其辞的回答 【近】ambiguous, arcane, cryptic, enigmatic, equivocal, inscrutable, murky, nebulous, occult, opaque, vague 【反】clear, explicit, unambiguous, unequivocal 清晰明确的 【考法 2】adj.椭圆的: of, relating to, or shaped like an ellipse 【近】oval, ovate 【反】circular, round 圆形的 【派】ellipse n 椭圆

★arresting

【考法 1】adj.吸引人的: attracting and holding the attention; striking 【例】an arresting spectacle 吸引人的奇观 【近】absorbing, engaging, engrossing, enthralling, fascinating, gripping, immersing, intriguing, riveting 【反】boring, drab, tedious, monotonous, uninteresting 乏味的，单调的

★bland

【考法 1】adj.味道平淡的: not irritating or stimulating; soothing 【例】stick to bland diet to lose weight坚持清淡的饮食以减肥 【近】mild, light, soft, soothing, tender 【反】pungent, tangy, zesty 味道剌激的 【考法 2】adj.无趣的: dull, insipid 【例】a bland story with naive plot一个情节幼稚的无聊故事 【近】banal, sapless, insipid 【反】riveting, enchanting 诱人的 【考法 3】adj.温和的，和蔼的: not harsh or stern especially in nature or effect 【例】bland food that was good for babies and invalids 对婴儿和病患有益的温和的食物 【近】balmy, benign, bland, delicate, mellow, nonabrasive 【反】abrasive, caustic, coarse, hard, harsh, rough, scathing, stern 剌激性的

★congenial

【考法 1】adj.和善的，友好的: having or marked by agreement in feeling or action 【例】a congenial host who invited us for a feast 一位邀请我们美餐一顿的和善主人 【近】agreeable, amicable, compatible, unanimous, united 【反】discordant, incompatible 不和睦的，不和谐的 【考法 2】adj.令人愉悦的: giving pleasure or contentment to the mind or senses 【例】a couple relaxing in the congenial atmosphere of a luxury health SPA 一对沉浸在奢华水疗寓所中令人愉快气氛里的夫妻 【近】delightful, dulcet, felicitous, palatable 【反】unpleasant 令人不悦的 【派】congeniality n 友善

affable

【考法 1】adj.和蔼的，温和的: characterized by ease and friendliness 【例】an affable manner随和的举止 【近】cordial, genial, hospitable, sociable, good-natured, good-tempered, well-disposed 【反】irascible, testy, ill-tempered, unamiable, ungenial 易怒的，不随和的

★harmonious

【考法 1】adj.和谐一致的: having the parts agreeably related 【例】a harmonious arrangement of archways and doorways in the palace courtyard 宫殿的庭院，拱门和门廊排列有序协调 【近】balanced, congruous, consonant, eurythmic, harmonic, accordant, coherent, compatible, concordant, conformable, congruent, consonant, correspondent, nonconflicting 【反】disharmonic, disharmonious, incongruous, unbalanced 不协调的;conflicting, incompatible, incongruous, inconsistent 冲突的

metaphysical

【考法 1】adj.哲学上的，理论上的: dealing with or expressing a quality or idea 【例】a work that deals with such metaphysical questions as the very nature of knowledge 一部探讨诸如"知 识的本性是什么"的理论问题的著作 【近】conceptual, ideal, ideational, notional, theoretical 【反】concrete具体的，实实在在的 【考法 2】adj.非尘世的: of, relating to, or being part of a reality beyond the observable physical universe 【例】a metaphysical world beyond the one in which we live在我们居住的世界之上的"超然世界" 【近】ethereal, heavenly, otherworldly, paranormal, preternatural, transcendental, unearthly, unworldly 【反】mundane世俗的；natural自然界的

★garrulous

【考法 1】adj.啰嗦的，话多得令人厌烦的: given to excessive and often trivial or rambling talk; tiresomely talkative 【例】garrulous traveling companions 多话的旅伴 【近】talkative, chatty, loquacious, verbose, voluble 【反】laconic, reserved, reticent, taciturn 缄默的 【派】garrulity n.啰嗦

erratic

【考法 1】adj.善变的: not staying constant 【例】business at the fast-food restaurant has been so erratic lately that the manager never knows how much staff to have on hand快餐店的生意最近非常起伏以至于经理也不清楚需要多少人手 【近】changing, fluctuating, irregular, unequal, unstable, unsteady, varying 【反】changeless, constant, stable, steady, unchanging, unvarying 不变的 【考法 2】adj.异常的，不同寻常的: different from the ordinary in a way that causes curiosity or suspicion 【例】the key to the code was the erratic punctuation the killer used 解开密码的关键是杀手使用的不同寻常的标点符号 【近】bizarre, eccentric, offbeat, outlandish, out-of-the-way, peculiar, quaint, queer, remarkable, screwy, spaced-out, way-out, weird

protean

【考法 1】adj.善变的，多才多艺的: displaying great diversity or variety; versatile 【例】He loved to show off his protean talent. 他喜欢炫耀自己多样的才华. 【近】adaptable, universal, all-around 【反】static固定的

jubilant

【考法 1】adj.喜悦的: exultingly joyful 【例】The nominee delivered a jubilant speech before the cheering crowd.在欢呼的人群面前，被提名人发表了充满喜悦的演说 【近】exulting, glorying, rejoicing, triumphant 【反】lachrymose, saturnine 悲哀的；dour, dreary, morose, serious 阴郁的

didactic

【考法 1】adj.喜欢说教的: designed or intended to teach 【例】Parents' speech to their kids often seems to be painfully didactic 父母对他们孩子的话都是让人痛苦的说教。 【近】homiletic, preachy, moralistic, sententious 【反】undidactic 不喜欢说教的

rambunctious

【考法 1】adj.喧闹的，骚乱的: being rough or noisy in a high-spirited way 【例】That beach is often taken over by packs of rambunctious young people, so don't go there expecting peace and quiet.那个海滩经常被一帮吵闹的年轻人占领，所以不要指望过去能享受到平静和安宁。 【近】boisterous, clamorous, raucous, riotous, rowdy, tumultuous, turbulent 【反】orderly 有秩序的；calm, noiseless, peaceful, placid, quiet, serene, silent, soundless, tranquil 安静的

paranoid

【考法 1】adj.多疑的，对他人极端恐惧和怀疑的: exhibiting or characterized by extreme and irrational fear or distrust of others 【例】a paranoid suspicion that the phone might be bugged 疑神疑鬼地担心电话被窃听了 【近】distrustful, nervous, suspicious, unbelieving, worried 【反】credulous轻信的 【派】paranoia n.偏执狂

obdurate

【考法 1】adj.固执的: resistant to persuasion or softening influences 【例】She is known for her obdurate determination.她以坚定不移著称。 【近】adamant, hard-nosed, headstrong, inflexible, intransigent, pertinacious, stubborn, unbending, uncompromising, unrelenting, unyielding, willful 【反】acquiescent, agreeable, amenable, compliant, complying, flexible, pliable, pliant, relenting, yielding 温顺的 【考法 2】adj.冷酷无情的: having or showing a lack of sympathy or tender feelings 【例】the obdurate refusal of the crotchety old man to let the neighborhood kids retrieve their ball from his backyard 那个怪老头冷酷无情地拒绝了孩子们进他后院找球的请求 【近】affectless, callous, compassionless, hard-hearted, heartless, indurate, inhuman, insensate, ironhearted, merciless, remorseless, ruthless, unsparing 【反】charitable, compassionate, humane, kindhearted, kindly, merciful, softhearted, sympathetic, tender, warmhearted同情的，有爱的

implacable

【考法 1】adj.固执的: sticking to an opinion, purpose, or course of action in spite of reason, arguments, or persuasion 【近】adamant, dogged, headstrong, intransigent, mulish, obdurate, pertinacious, stubborn, unyielding 【反】acquiescent 倾向于默认的;compliant, flexible, pliable, pliant, yielding 易受影响的 【考法 2】adj.无法平息的: not capable of being appeased, significantly changed, or mitigated 【例】an implacable enemy 无法与之和解的敌人 【近】determined, grim, relentless, unappeasable 【反】placable 可平息的，可缓和的

mulish

【考法 1】adj.固执的: unreasonably and inflexibly obstinate 【例】a mulish determination to act on his own 铁了心、要单打独斗 【近】adamant, headstrong, immovable, intractable, obstinate, pertinacious, perverse, refractory, stubborn 【反】flexible, pliable, pliant, yielding 易改变立场的，易受影响的 【派】mulishly adv.固执地

★adamant

【考法 1】adj.固执的，不可动摇的: unshakable or insistent especially in maintaining a position or opinion, unyielding; inflexible 【例】adamant about staying here执意留下来 【近】hardheaded, headstrong, intransigent, pertinacious, obdurate, uncompromising 【反】v.acillatory, incline to yield, amenable, compliant, relenting, yielding 动摇的，易屈从的

intrinsic

【考法 1】adj.固有的，内在的: of or relating to the essential nature of a thing 【例】the intrinsic worth of a gem宝石的内在价值 【近】congenial, constitutional, immanent, inborn, inherent, innate, native, natural 【反】adventitious, extraneous, extrinsic 外在的

★dogged

【考法 1】adj.坚持的，坚决的: continuing despite difficulties, opposition, or discouragement； showing no signs of slackening or yielding in one's purpose 【例】gain respect through sheer dogged determination 凭借单纯的坚决赢得了尊重 ； A madman who spent his life in dogged pursuit of power 一个一生都坚持追求权力的疯子 【近】insistent, persevering, pertinacious, tenacious, determined 【反】easily discouraged容易气馁的；yielded屈服的 【考法 2】adj.固执的，任性的: sticking to an opinion, purpose, or course of action in spite of reason, arguments, or persuasion 【例】Your dogged adherence to a really lame argument is embarrassing你固执的坚持一个站不住脚的观点令人很尴尬。 【近】adamant, hardheaded, headstrong, inflexible, intransigent, mulish, obdurate opinionated, ossified, pertinacious, self-opinionated, self-willed stubborn, unbending, uncompromising, unrelenting, unyielding, willful 【反】acquiescent, amenable, compliant, complying, flexible, pliable, pliant, relenting, yielding 顺从的

crestfallen

【考法 1】adj.垂头丧气的，沮丧的: dispirited and depressed; dejected 【例】be crestfallen at the failure因失败而垂头丧气 【近】downcast, dispirited, low, gloomy, melancholic, sorrowful, woeful 【反】elated, buoyant, excited, exhilarated, exultant 激动的，欢f兌的

magnificent

【考法 1】adj.壮丽的: strikingly beautiful or impressive 【例】a magnificent cathedral宏伟壮观的大教堂 【近】august, epic, glorious, grand, imperial, imposing, massive, monumental, noble, regal, splendid 【反】humble, unimpressive 平凡的 【派】magnificence n.壮丽，壮观

peripheral

【考法 1】adj.外围的: related to, located in, or constituting an outer boundary or periphery 【例】development in the peripheral areas of megacities 大城市边缘地区的发展 【近】circumferential, marginal 【反】central 中心的；interior 内部的 【考法 2】adj.辅助性的: available to supply something extra when needed 【例】The IT consultant suggested that we update the drivers for all of the computer's peripheral devices. IT 咨询师建议我们更新电脑所有外围辅助设备的驱动程序 【近】accessorial, accessory, appurtenant, supplemental, supplementary 【反】chief, main, principal 主要的

adventitious

【考法 1】adj.外来的，后天的: coming from another source and not inherent or innate 【例】Moral considerations are adventitious to the study of art 道德的考量对于艺术研究来说是不必要的。 【近】alien, extraneous, external, foreign, supervenient 【反】constitutional, essential, intrinsic, inborn, inbred, innate, inherent 天生的

fecund

【考法 1】adj.多产的，肥沃的: fruitful in offspring or vegetation 【例】fecund black soil 肥沃的黑土地 【近】cornucopian, fertile, fruitful, lush, luxuriant, productive, prolific, rich 【反】barren, infertile, sterile 贫瘠的 【派】fecundity n 多产

redundant

【考法 1】adj.多余的，冗余的: exceeding what is necessary or normal 【例】This area is already chockablock with shopping malls; another one would be redundant. 这个地区己经是商场扎堆了，再建一个完全是多此一举。 【近】excess, extra, supererogatory, superfluous, supernumerary, surplus 【反】deficient, inadequate, insufficient, meager, niggardly, scant, scarce, short, sparse 缺乏，稀疏 【派】redundancy n.过剩，过多

porous

【考法 1】adj.多孔可渗透的: admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices 【例】Lava rock has a porous structure which makes the material lightweight and highly moisture-retentive. 火山岩的多孔结构使得它密度很小，同时有很高的吸湿性。 【近】passable, penetrable, permeable, pervious 【反】impassable, impenetrable, impermeable, impervious 无法穿透的 【派】porosity n.多孔性

officious

【考法 1】adj.多管闲事的: thrusting oneself where one is not welcome or invited 【例】an officious little man who was always telling everyone else how to do their jobs 一个多管闲事的人，总喜欢对他人的事情指手画脚 【近】interfering, intruding, meddlesome, obtrusive, presuming, prying, snoopy 【反】unobtrusive 不引人注目的

knotty

【考法 1】adj.多结的，复杂的，困难的: marked by or full of knots especially: so full of difficulties and complications as to be likely to defy solution 【例】The candidates cautiously gave their views on an array of knotty issues.候选人就一系列的困难问题谨慎地给出了自己的看法 【近】baroque, byzantine, complicated, convoluted, intricate, involved, labyrinthine, sophisticated, tangled 【反】easy, effortless, plain, simple 容易的，明显的

nocturnal

【考法 1】adj.夜间的: of, relating to, or occurring in the night 【例】a nocturnal raid 夜间突袭 【近】n.ightly, nighttime 【反】daily, diurnal 白昼的 【考法 2】adj.夜间活动的: active at night 【例】a nocturnal predator 夜间活动的捕食者 【派】n.octurne n.夜曲

★audacious

【考法 1】adj.大胆的，(但往往)愚勇的: fearlessly, often recklessly daring; bold 【例】an audacious plan 一个冒进的计划 【近】bold, adventurous, brash, brassy, brazen, rash, reckless 【反】cautious, circumspect, guarded, wary 小心谨慎的 【考法 2】adj.蔑视(法律、礼节)的，无礼的: contemptuous of law, religion, or decorum 【近】impertinent, impudent, insolent 【反】timid, meek 温顺的 【考法 3】adj.乐于冒险的: inclined or willing to take risks 【例】audacious adventurers risking everything they had for a shot at glory 为了荣誉而孤注一掷的冒险家们 【近】daring, emboldened, enterprising, nervy, venturesome 【考法 4】adj.大胆创新的: marked by originality and verve 【例】an audacious interpretation of two dramas 对两部戏剧的创造性阐述 【派】audacity n胆量，不敬

paunchy

【考法 1】adj.大腹便便，大肚子的: having a potbelly 【例】a paunchy middle-aged man 一个大腹便便的中年男子 【近】corpulent, fat, potbellied 【反】slender, slim, svelte, thin 痩的，苗条的

abundant

【考法 1】adj.大量的: marked by great plenty (as of resources) 【例】a abundant land 一片富饶的土地 【近】ample, cornucopian, teeming, replete, abounding 【反】infrequent, rare, uncommon, inadequate, scanty, scarce 稀少的，罕见的

providential

【考法 1】adj.天意的，幸运的: happening as if through divine intervention 【例】a providential escape 幸运的逃脱 【近】lucky, fluky, fortuitous 【反】unfortunate, mishap, hapless, ill-fated, ill-starred, luckless, star-crossed 不幸的

ingenuous

【考法 1】adj.天真淳朴的: lacking in cunning, guile, or worldliness 【例】Photographs captured the ingenuous smiles of young children at play. 摄影家捕捉到了演出中孩子们天真无邪的笑脸 【近】artless, innocent, guileless, naive, simple, unaffected, unpretending, unsophisticated 【反】artful, cunning, sly 狡猾的；assuming, hypocritical 虚伪做作的；sophisticated, worldly 世故的，老练的 【考法 2】adj.坦白的: openly straightforward or frank 【例】her ingenuous thirst for knowledge 她对知识毫不掩饰的渴望 【近】candid, frank, open, plain, unconcealed 【反】ambiguous, equivocal, evasive 含糊其辞的

lavish

【考法 1】adj.奢侈的，大量的: characterized by or produced with extravagance and profusion 【例】lavish buffet 奢侈的自助餐 【近】copious, exuberant, gushing, lush, luxuriant, opulent, profuse, riotous 【反】moderate, modest, reasonable, temperate 适度的，合理的 【考法 2】v.挥霍，浪费: to give readily and in large quantities; to use up carelessly 【例】a great actor who lavished his talent in lousy movies 将才华浪费在低劣电影上的影星 【近】blow, dissipate, fritter, misspend, squander, waste 【反】conserve节约

★benign

【考法 1】adj.好心的，仁慈的: showing kindness and gentleness 【例】a benign coach 一名仁慈的教练 【近】beneficent, gentle, kind 【反】abrasive, caustic, coarse, hard, harsh, rough, scathing, stern 粗暴的，严厉的 【考法 2】adj.无害的: not causing or being capable of causing injury or hurt 【例】Don't worry; his eccentricities are entirely benign别担心，他那些古怪行为不会给人带来伤害 【近】harmless, innocent, innocuous, inoffensive 【反】baleful, deleterious, detrimental, harmful, injurious, pernicious 有害的

aloof

【考法 1】adj.孤高的，不合群的: removed or distant either physically or emotionally 【例】an aloof church 一座孤零零的教堂；stood apart with aloof dignity 带着超然的尊严站在一旁 【近】detached, offish, unsociable, withdrawn, standoffish 【反】sociable好社交的

halcyon

【考法 1】adj.宁静的，平静的: free from storms or physical disturbance 【近】hushed, peaceful, placid, serene, tranquil, untroubled 【反】tempestuous, stormy, agitated, inclement, restless, rough, turbulent, unquiet, unsettled 暴风雨的，暴躁的 【考法 2】adj.繁荣的，丰富的: prosperous, affluent, vigorous growth and well-being especially economically 【例】halcyon years丰年 【近】booming, flourishing, lush, palmy, prospering, roaring, thriving 【反】miserable, depressed, unprosperous 萧条的，少得可怜的

★conservative

【考法 1】adj.守旧的，不愿改变的: favoring traditional views and values; tending to oppose change 【例】a conservative political stance 一个守旧的政治立场 【近】hidebound, reactionary, die-hard 【反】radical, aggressive激进的 【考法 2】adj.不招摇的，低调的: not excessively showy 【例】dressing in conservative outfits so as to make a good impression at job interviews 身着低调得体的套装以期待在面试时留下一个好印象 【近】muted, repressed, low-key, understated, unpretentious 【反】flamboyant, ostentatious, splashy 浮夸的，张扬的 【考法 3】adj.谨慎小心的: having or showing a close attentiveness to avoiding danger or trouble 【例】He made conservative investments, and so he wasn't ruined when the market went into a free fall他只做了一份谨慎保守的投资，以防市场崩盘时不至于破产 【近】alert, heedful, cautious, circumspect, gingerly, guarded, wary, vigilant 【反】heedless不谨慎的，莽撞的

oblique

【考法 1】adj.斜的: inclined or twisted to one side 【例】gave the eavesdropper an oblique glance 给了偷听者一个白眼 【近】askew, cant, inclined, leaning, listing, slanted, sloping, tilted 【反】direct, even, level, straight 笔直的

imposing

【考法 1】adj.宏伟壮丽的: impressive in size, bearing, dignity, or grandeur 【例】The corporation's imposing headquarters were designed by one of the nation's cutting-edge architects.这家公司宏伟壮丽的总部是由该国最优秀的建筑师设计的 【近】august, epic, glorious, grand, imperial, magnificent, monumental, noble, splendid 【反】common, humble, inferior, low 低下的，平凡的

palatial

【考法 1】adj.宫殿般奢华的: of the nature of a palace, as in spaciousness or ornateness 【例】a palatial penthouse apartment 一套豪华的顶层公寓 【近】deluxe, lavish, luxuriant, opulent, sumptuous 【反】ascetic, austere, humble, no-frills, spartan

lenient

【考法 1】adj.宽大仁慈的: inclined not to be harsh or strict; merciful, generous, or indulgent 【例】the lenient sentences 仁慈的审判 【近】clement, gentle, merciful, mild, sparing, tender, tolerant 【反】harsh, merciless, severe, strict 残酷的，严厉的 【派】lenience n. 仁慈

★clement

【考法 1】adj.宽容的，善良的: tolerant and kind in the judgment of and expectations for others 【例】Clement judge reduced the sentence 仁慈的法官减轻了刑罚。 【近】charitable, lenient, merciful 【反】harsh, severe, stern, strict严厉的,严格的 【派】clemency n 仁慈 【考法 2】adj.气候温和的: marked by temperatures that are neither too high nor too low 【例】Hawa is known for its delightfully clement climate 夏威夷以它宜人的温和气候著称。 【近】mild, genial, gentle, balmy, equable 【反】harsh, inclement, severe 严酷的

measly

【考法 1】adj.少得可怜的，微不足道的: so small or unimportant as to warrant little or no attention 【例】gave the parking attendant a measly tip给了停车保安少得可怜的小费 【近】inconsequential, inconsiderable, insignificant, minute, paltry, peanut, petty, slight, trifling, trivial 【反】big, consequential, considerable, significant 大量的，重要的

mordant

【考法 1】adj.尖酸刻薄的: biting and caustic in thought, manner, or style 【例】feel embarrassed about the mordant satire of the critics对评论家刻薄的讽剌感到尴尬 【近】acerbic, acid, acrid, barbed, caustic, corrosive, pungent, sardonic, satiric, scalding, scathing, tart 【反】congenial, genial 和蔼的

mundane

【考法 1】adj.尘世的，世俗化的: of, relating to, or typical of this world 【例】As for opera,Iprefer mundane to religious themes. 与宗教主题相比，我更喜欢世俗主题的歌剧 【近】carnal, earthly, materialistic, secular, sensual, worldly 【反】spiritual精神上的；ethereal 虚无缥缈的，非尘世的 【考法 2】adj.平凡的: relating to, characteristic of, or concerned with commonplaces 【例】mundane concerns of day-to-day life关于日常生活的一般顾虑 【近】common, ordinary, prosaic 【反】extraordinary非凡的

lofty

【考法 1】adj.崇高的: elevated in character and spirit, noble 【例】lofty ideals 崇高的理想 【近】chivalrous, elevated, greathearted, high-minded, magnanimous, sublime 【反】base, debased, ignominious, mean 可耻的 【考法 2】adj.高的: rising to a great height 【例】lofty mountains 高耸的山峰 the ever-increasing lofty heights of the world's skyscrapers 不断攀升的摩天大楼的高度 【近】altitudinous, tall, towering 【反】low低的 【考法 3】adj.自大的: having a feeling of superiority that shows itself in an overbearing attitude 【例】She acts all lofty and superior just because she went to Stanford University.她之所以表现得这么自大和不可一世，只因为她考进了斯坦福 【近】assumptive, bumptious, haughty, lordly, peremptory, pompous, presumptuous, supercilious, superior 【反】humble, lowly, modest谦逊的，低调的

peripatetic [,pɛrəpə'tɛtɪk]

【考法 1】adj.巡游的，四处游历的: walking about or from place to place 【派】peripatetic preachers四处游历的传教士 【近】ambulant, errant, nomadic, perambulatory, peregrine, vagabond, wandering 【反】sedentary, settled定居的

elephantine

【考法 1】adj.巨大的: having enormous size or strength 【例】an elephantine meteor crate巨大的陨石坑 【近】huge, colossal, enormous, gargantuan, gigantic, massive, prodigious, tremendous 【反】microscopic, minute, tiny , infinitesimal 细微的 【考法 2】adj.笨拙的: clumsy, ponderous 【例】elephantine movements 笨拙的行动 【近】awkward, graceless, maladroit 【反】graceful优雅的

prodigious

【考法 1】adj.巨大的: impressively great in size, force, or extent; enormous 【例】a prodigious supply of canned food kept in the basement 地下室贮存着大量罐头食品 【近】colossal, elephantine, enormous, gigantic, titanic, tremendous 【反】slight微小的 【派】prodigy n.天才，神童 【考法 2】adj.惊人的，了不起的: causing wonder or astonishment 【例】stage magicians performing prodigious feats for rapt audiences舞台魔术师在全神贯注的观众们面前表演 【近】amazing, astonishing, astounding, awesome, fabulous, miraculous, portentous, staggering, stunning, stupendous, sublime, surprising

colossal

【考法 1】adj.巨大的: of a size, extent, or degree that elicits awe or taxes belief; immense 【例】a colossal waste of public money对公共财产的巨大浪费 【近】huge, giant, titanic, gargantuan, mammoth, tremendous, elephantine, prodigious 【反】tiny, micro, minute, miniature, minuscule, wee, infinitesimal 微小的

gargantuan

【考法 1】adj.巨大的: tremendous in size, volume, or degree 【例】a gargantuan waterfall in the rainforest 热带雨林中的巨大瀑布 【近】huge, astronomical, colossal, elephantine, enormous, gigantic, immense, mammoth, monstrous, titanic 【反】infinitesimal, minuscule 微小的

inimical

【考法 1】adj.带有敌意的: reflecting or indicating hostility 【例】a cold, inimical voice 冰冷而不友好的声音 【近】antagonistic, hostile, opposing, unfriendly 【反】amiable, amicable, friendly, hospitable 友好的;amenable 服从的 【考法 2】adj.危及某人利益的，不利的: opposed to one's interests 【例】Laws were designed to enhance national security but some regard as inimical to cherished freedoms.法律旨在维护国家安全，但有人认为它危及了人们最为珍贵的自由 【近】counter, disadvantageous, negative, prejudicial, unfavorable 【反】advantageous, favorable, positive, supportive, well-disposed 有利的，利好的

minatory

【考法 1】adj.带来威胁的，有凶兆的: being or showing a sign of evil or calamity to come 【例】The novel's protagonist is haunted by a minatory black specter.小说的主人公被不详的黑色幽灵所骚扰 【近】baleful, direful, doomy, foreboding, ill-boding, inauspicious, menacing, portentous, sinister, threatening 【反】unthreatening不威胁的；reassuring令人安心的

immaculate

【考法 1】adj.干净的，纯净的: free from dirt or stain; free from any trace of the coarse or indecent 【例】an immaculate soul 一个纯净的灵魂 【近】antiseptic, chaste, clean, decent, modest, pristine, pure, spotless, stainless, virgin 【反】coarse, indecent, obscene, vulgar 粗俗的，下流的；besmirched, dirty, filthy, foul, spotted, stained, sullied 有污点的，不干净的 【考法 2】adj.完美的，没有任何错误的: being entirely without fault or flaw 【例】an immaculate rendering of the Queen of the Night's aria (《魔笛》中)夜后咏叹调的完美演绎 【近】absolute, faultless, flawless, impeccable, indefectible, irreproachable, perfect, seamless, unblemished 【反】amiss, defective, faulty, flawed, imperfect 有错误的，有误差的

quotidian

【考法 1】adj.平凡的: everyday; commonplace 【例】plagued by a quotidian coughing每天被咳嗽困扰 【近】commonplace, everyday, frequent, ordinary, routine, ubiquitous 【反】remarkable, striking, extraordinary, unusual, rare, infrequent, seldom 不平常的

nondescript

【考法 1】adj.平凡的，不吸引人的: lacking distinctive or interesting qualities 【例】Their performance was disappointingly nondescript. 他们的演出令人失望，味同嚼蜡。 【近】beige, characterless, featureless, indistinctive, vanilla 【反】conspicuous, remarkable, striking 明显的，惊人的

bathetic

【考法 1】adj.平凡的，陈腐的: characterized by exceptional commonplaceness 【例】a bathetic funeral scene 平凡的葬礼场面 【近】trite, cliche, commonplace, hackneyed, stale, stereotyped 【反】offbeat 离奇的exceptional 不平常的，非凡的 【派】bathos n平凡的事物

mediocre

【考法 1】adj.平庸的，质量中等偏下的: moderate to inferior in quality; ordinary 【例】Without a desire for success, life is at best mediocre. 没有对成功的强烈渴望，人生最多也就是碌碌无为 【近】average, common, commonplace, fair, indifferent, medium, ordinary 【反】outstanding, excellent, exceptional, extraordinary, impressive, superior 优秀的 【派】mediocrity n.平庸者；平庸

glossy

【考法 1】adj.平滑的，有光泽的: having a smooth, shiny, lustrous surface 【例】glossy surface of the floor 平整光亮的地板 【近】lustrous, burnished, glistening, polished, shining 【反】coarse 粗糙的；dull, dim无光泽的

quiescent

【考法 1】adj.平静的，静止的: being quiet, still, or at rest; inactive 【例】a group of quiescent loungers 一群平静懒散的流浪汉 【近】dull, inert, lethargic, sluggish, torpid 【反】rambunctious, tumultuous, active, restlessly active 骚乱的

illusory

【考法 1】adj.幻觉的，虚幻的: produced by, based on, or having the nature of an illusion 【例】the illusory definition of nationhood 国家的虚幻定义 【近】chimerical, fanciful, fantastic, fictional, fictitious, imaginary, suppositious, supposititious, unreal 【反】factual 事实的 【派】illusion n. 幻觉

puerile

【考法 1】adj.幼稚的，不成熟的: immature; lacking in adult experience or maturity 【例】puerile remarks 幼稚的评论 【近】adolescent, green, immature, puerile, unfledged, unformed, unripened 【反】adult, experienced, grown-up, mature, ripe, sagacious 睿智的，成熟的

★expansive

【考法 1】adj.广阔的: having a great expanse or extent 【例】expansive beach 广阔的沙滩 【近】broad, extended, far-reaching, rangy 【反】limited, narrow 有限的 【考法 2】adj.健谈的，外向的: open and communicative; talkative or effusive 【例】Wine made the guest expansive 宾客们酒后变得话多。 【反】reserved, taciturn, withdrawn, diffident 内向的

merited

【考法 1】adj.应得的，理所当然的: being what is called for by accepted standards of right and wrong 【例】a merited bonus 应得的奖金 The punishment, although harsh, was entirely merited. 虽然惩罚很严厉，但的确是应得的 【近】condign, deserved, due, fair, justified, right, warranted 【反】undeserved, undue 不应得的；gratuitous, unjustified, unwarranted没有根据的，无正当理由的

aberrant

【考法 1】adj.异常的，非常规的: deviating from the usual or natural type 【例】This behavior might be aberrant enough to draw attention这样的行为己经异常得足以引起人们的注意。 【近】abnormal, anomalous, peculiar, singular, unwonted, uncustomary 【反】normal, natural, regular, standard, typical 正常的，标准典型的

heretical

【考法 1】adj.异教的，异端的: departure from established beliefs or standards 【例】the belief that women should be allowed to have careers outside the home was once considered heretical 女人应该拥有自己的事业这一观点一度被认为是异端想法 【近】heterodox, nonconformist, unconventional, unorthodox 【反】conforming, conformist, conventional, orthodox 正统的

★contentious

【考法 1】adj.引起争论的: likely to cause contention; argumentative 【例】contentious contents in a movie电影中引发争论的内容 【近】controversial, disputatious, polemical, scrappy 【考法 2】adj.好争论的，好战的: exhibiting an often perverse and wearisome tendency to quarrels and disputes 【例】The Tartars were a contentious people who terrorized much of Asia and eastern Europe during the Middle Ages 鞑靼是一个好斗的民族，他在中世纪时期统治了大片亚洲和东欧的土地 【近】belligerent, bellicose, combative, truculent, litigious, pugnacious 【反】dovish, peace-loving 爱好和平的

malodorous

【考法 1】adj.恶臭的: having an unpleasant smell 【例】American musteline will eject amalodorous fluid when startled. 美洲鼬科动物受惊吓时会喷出有恶臭味的液体 【近】fetid, foul, frowsy, funky, fusty, musty, noisome, rank, reeky, smelly, stinking, stinky 【反】ambrosial, aromatic, fragrant, perfumed, redolent, savory, scented, sweet芳香的，有香味的 【派】malodorn. 恶臭

awry

【考法 1】adj.弯曲或扭曲的: in a turned or twisted position or direction 【例】Her sunglass is awry 她墨镜戴歪了 【近】askew, aslant, lopsided, slanted 【反】aligned, direct, even, straight 成行的，笔直的 【考法 2】adj./adv走样的(地)，出差错的(地): off the correct or expected course 【例】Operation Redwing was initially launched by US special-operation troops in hopes of capturing or killing a Taliban leader but went awry由美军特种部队发起、代号为"红翼"的军事行动的起初目的是捕获或击杀一名塔 利班头目，然而行动在执行过程中出现了差错 【近】amiss, aside, astray, erroneous 【反】right, well 无差错的

obligatory

【考法 1】adj.强制性的: of the nature of an obligation; compulsory 【例】obligatory military service 强制性的服军役 【近】compulsory, imperative, involuntary, peremptory, required 【反】discretionary, selective, elective, optional, voluntary 自由选择的，志愿的 【考法 2】adj.(见得多以至于)无聊的: used or heard so often as to be dull 【例】the obligatory cliff-hanger endings for season finales of TV shows 电视剧总是以恶俗的惊心动魄的结局作为完季 【近】banal, cliche, commonplace, hack, hackneyed, moth-eaten, musty, shopworn, stereotyped, threadbare, timeworn, trite, well-worn 【反】fresh, new, novel, original, uncliched, unhackneyed 新奇的

mandatory

【考法 1】adj.强制的: forcing one's compliance or participation 【例】GRE test is mandatory for all students, regardless of their nationality, who wish to apply for graduate schools in the United States. GRE是每个申请美国研究生院的学生(无论国籍)所必须参加的考试 【近】compulsory, forced, imperative, incumbent, involuntary, necessary, obligatory, peremptory, required 【反】elective, optional, voluntary可自由选择的，选修的

hale

【考法 1】adj.强壮的，健壮的: free from infirmitv or illness; sound 【例】a hale and hearty old lady 硬朗矍铄的老奶奶 【近】bouncing, fit, robust, sound, well-conditioned, wholesome 【反】effete, infirm, anemic, wan, decrepit, blighted 衰弱的，衰老的 【考法 2】v.拖，拉: to cause to follow by applying steady force on 【例】the fishermen haled the huge net onto the deck of the ship渔民们将巨大的渔网拖到渔船甲板上 【近】drag, draw, haul, lug, tow, tug 【反】drive, propel, push 推

chromatic

【考法 1】adj.彩色的: relating to colors or color 【例】the chromatic paintings of Matisse and the other Fauvists 马蒂斯和其他野兽派画家的彩色画 【近】colored , colorful, motley, multicolored, multihued, varicolored, variegated, kaleidoscopic 【反】colorless, pallid, blanched 无色的;monochromatic, monochromic, monotone, self-colored 单色的

puny

【考法 1】adj.微小的，弱小的: of inferior size, strength, or significance; weak 【例】I wouldn't mess with him—he makes bodybuilders look puny in comparison.我不敢招惹他——其他健身的人和他比起来都像小孩。 【近】diminutive, dwarfish, slight, subnormal 【反】enormous, considerable, grand, husky, king-size, outsize, overscale, substantial, whacking, whopping巨大的

dolorous

【考法 1】adj.忧伤的: causing, marked by, or expressing misery or grief 【例】He lifted a pair of sapphire, dolorous eyes 他抬起了一双忧郁的蓝宝石般的眼睛 【近】agonized, bemoaning, bewailing, deplorable, grievous ,miserable, plaintive, rueful, sorrowful, woeful 【反】happy, joyful, jovial, jubilant 高兴的

morose

【考法 1】adj.忧郁的: having a sullen and gloomy disposition 【例】morose job seekers who are inured to rejection 习惯了被拒的郁郁寡欢的求职者 【近】bleak, chill, dark, depressed, dire, dour, gloomy, lugubrious, saturnine, solemn, sulky, sullen, surly 【反】bright, cheerful, festive, jovial, jocund, sanguine, lighthearted, rejoiced 高兴的，欢快的

leery

【考法 1】adj.怀疑的，不信任的: suspicious or distrustful; wary 【例】be leery of strangers 对陌生人的怀疑 【近】dubious, distrustful, skeptical, suspicious, wary 【反】credulous轻信的

liberal

【考法 1】adj.思想前卫的: not bound by traditional ways or beliefs 【例】parents who take a very liberal attitude toward letting their children stay out late 思想开放，同意让他们的小孩晚归的家长们 【近】n.onconventional, nonorthodox, nontraditional, open-minded, progressive, radical 【反】conservative, conventional, hidebound, old-fashioned, stodgy, traditional 守旧的，传统的 【考法 2】adj.慷慨的，大方的: marked by generosity 【例】a doctor who has been very liberal in dispensing low-cost care to patients who could not otherwise afford it一个慷慨的医生，愿意帮助无法支付低额药费的病人 【近】charitable, munificent, unselfish, unsparing, unstinting 【反】closefisted, miserly, niggardly, parsimonious, stingy, tightfisted 吝啬的

★avid

【考法 1】adj.急切渴望的: marked by keen interest and enthusiasm 【例】avid movie fans 急切的影迷 【近】agog, ardent, eager, keen, impatient, thirsty 【反】apathetic, i ndifferent 不在乎的 【考法 2】adj.贪婪(钱财)的: having or marked by an eager and often selfish desire especially for material possessions 【例】She stared at the jewels with an avid glint in his eye 她带着贪婪的目光注视着那些珠宝 【近】acquisitive, avaricious, covetous, greedy, rapacious 【派】avidity n 贪婪

★apt

【考法 1】adj.恰当的,合适的: exactly suitable; appropriate 【例】apt remark/ choice/ description恰当的评述、选择、描述 【近】apropos, germane, relative, relevant, appropirate 【反】extraneous, irrelevant, impertinent, irrelative 无关的；inappropriate, improper, unseemly 不恰当的，不合时宜的 【考法 2】adj.有...倾向的，可能的: having a tendency : likely 【例】He is apt to fly out in rage他容易发脾气。 【近】likely, inclined, tending, given 【反】unlikely不可能的；disinclined没有倾向的 【考法 3】adj.聪明的 keenly intelligent and responsive 【例】an apt pupil 一个聪明的小学生 【例】He is apt at mathematics他擅长数学。 【近】brilliant, clever, quick-witted, ready-witted, smart 【反】foolish, dull, dumb, stupid, unintelligent 儍的

fetid

【考法 1】adj.恶臭的: having a heavy offensive smell 【例】Ammonia has a fetid odor that sickened the people 氨气有着令人作呕的气味 【近】foul, fusty, malodorous, noisome, reeking, smelly, stinky, strong 【反】ambrosial, aromatic, balmy, fragrant, redolent, scented 芳香的

penitent

【考法 1】adj.悔过的: feeling or expressing humble or regretful pain or sorrow for sins or offenses 【例】a penitentbusinessman who had come to ask for forgiveness 一个来寻求宽恕的决定悔过自新的商人 【近】apologetic, compunctious, regretful, remorseful, repentant, rueful, sorry 【反】impenitent, remorseless, unapologetic, unrepentant 不知悔改的

euphonious

【考法 1】adj.悦耳的: pleasing or agreeable to the ear 【近】mellifluous, melodious, canorous, harmonizing, symphonious, tuneful 【反】cacophonous, discordant, disharmonious, dissonant, tuneless, unmelodious 剌耳的

dulcet

【考法 1】adj.悦耳的，令人愉悦的: pleasing to the ear; melodious; generally pleasing or agreeable 【例】dulcet tones from harps and flutes 竖琴和长笛发出的悦耳音调 【近】sweet, agreeable, delightful, euphonic, mellifluous, tuneful, winsome 【反】cacophonous, grating 剌耳的

mournful

【考法 1】adj.悲伤的: feeling or expressing sorrow or grief 【例】The mournful survivors of the disaster were faced with the grim task of burying the dead. 悲伤的幸存 者面临着掩埋灾难中死者尸体的可怕任务 Mrs. Murphy fainted at the mournful news of her son's death. Murphy 太太听到她儿子的死讯后晕了过去 【近】aching, agonized, anguished, doleful, dolorous, grievous, lamentable, lugubrious, melancholy, sad, woeful 【反】cheerful, delighted, jocund, jovial, jubilant 快活的 【派】mournfulness n.悲伤

brash

【考法 1】adj.愚勇的，鲁莽的: foolishly adventurous or bold 【例】that brash motorcyclist likes to show off by riding on only one wheel 那个鲁莽的摩托车手喜欢炫耀单轮骑车 【近】audacious, brassy, daredevil, madcap, reckless, temerarious 【反】circumspect, guarded, heedful, prudent, wary 【考法 2】adj.缺乏判断力的，不明智的: showing poor judgment especially in personal relationships or social situations 【例】He was reprimanded for his brash comments to the media about the team's coaching staff他因对媒体 说了一些有关教练组的不明智的评论被指责。 【近】imprudent, injudicious, tactless, undiplomatic 【反】advisable, discreet, tactful 明智的

fatuous

【考法 1】adj.愚笨的: complacently or inanely foolish 【例】Emperor Yang in the Sui Dynasty is not only a rare fatuous tyrant but also an outstanding poet隋炀帝 不仅仅是少有的昏暴之君，在文学上还是一位杰出的诗人 【近】asinine, brainless, foolish, obtuse, silly, simple, stupid, unwitty, witless 【反】sagacious, sapient 聪明的，睿智的；judicious, prudent, sensible, wise 谨慎的，明智的

obtuse

【考法 1】adj.愚钝的: having or showing an ability to absorb ideas readily 【例】Are you being deliberately obtuse?你是故意装笨吗？ 【近】dumb, fatuous, mindless, oafish, opaque, senseless, unintelligent, vacuous 【反】insightful, apt, brainy, bright, brilliant, clever, fast, intelligent, keen, nimble, quick, quick-witted, sharp, sharp-witted, smart 有洞察力的，智慧的

palatable

【考法 1】adj.感到愉悦满足的: giving pleasure or contentment to the mind or senses 【例】I always associate the palatable aroma of roasting turkey with Thanksgiving.我总是把香喷喷的烤火鸡的味道和感恩节联系起来 【近】agreeable, blessed, congenial, delectable, delightful, delightsome, dreamy, dulcet, enjoyable, felicitous, grateful, gratifying, heavenly, jolly, luscious, pleasurable, satisfying, savory 【反】disagreeable, pleasureless, unpalatable, unpleasant, unwelcome 不愉悦的

melodramatic

【考法 1】adj.感情夸张的，伤感的: exaggeratedly emotional or sentimental; histrionic 【例】Our office drama queen yet again made the melodramatic declaration that she was contemplating suicide.我们办公室的"影后"又一次在危言耸听了: 这回她说她准备自杀 【近】dramatic, hammy, histrionic, mannered, pretentious, stagy 【反】n.ondramatic, nontheatrical平淡无奇的，非戏剧性的

eleemosynary

【考法 1】adj.慈善的: of, relating to, or supported by charity 【例】an eleemosynary foundation funded by the Bill Gates 由比尔•盖茨夫妇资助的慈善基金 【近】benevolent, charitable, humane, humanitarian, philanthropic 【反】parsimonious吝啬的

munificent

【考法 1】adj.慷慨的: very liberal in giving 【例】The university received a munificent foundation grant.大学收到了一笔慷慨的基金资助 【近】bountiful, charitable, generous, liberal, openhanded, unsparing 【反】closefisted, mean, miserly, niggardly, parsimonious, penurious, stingy, tightfisted 小气的 【派】munificence n. 慷慨

histrionic

【考法 1】adj.戏剧的，演员的: of or relating to actors, acting, or the theater 【例】a penchant for dish throwing, door slamming, and other histrionic displays of temper 有倾向做出一些砸盘子、摔门和其他一些电视剧里的经典生气动作 【近】melodramatic, operatic, stagy, theatrical 【反】undramatic

prosperous

【考法 1】adj.成功的，繁盛的: marked by vigorous growth and well-being especially economically 【例】The company had a prosperous year. 公司今年业绩斐然。 【近】booming, flourishing, halcyon, lush, palmy, roaring, thriving 【反】depressed, impecunious 萧条的，贫穷的

★devoted

【考法 1】adj.投入的，忠诚的: characterized by loyalty and devotion 【例】Good teachers are devoted to learning好老师会专心学习。 【近】constant, loyal, allegiant, dedicated, devout, loyal, pious, staunch, steadfast 【反】disloyal, faithless, perfidious, unfaithful 不忠诚的;recreant, traitorous, treacherous 背背叛的 【考法 2】adj.示爱的，恩爱的: feeling or showing love 【例】a devoted couple will enjoy sharing their lives with one another一对恩爱的情侣喜欢和对方一起度过自己的人生。 【近】adoring, affectionate, fond, tender, tenderhearted 【反】unloving无爱心的，冷漠的

★dilatory

【考法 1】adj.拖延的，磨蹭的: tending or intended to cause delay, characterized by procrastination 【例】dilatory tactics拖延战术 ； The homeowner is claiming that local firefighters were dilatory in responding to the call业主声称本地的消防队员对(火警)电话的有拖延。 【近】delaying, procrastinating, dragging, lagging, tardy 【反】rapid, fast, fleet, precipitate, rocketing, swift hasty, hurrying, scurrying 快速的

fastidious

【考法 1】adj.挑剔的，极仔细的，追求完美的: possessing or displaying careful, meticulous attention to detail 【例】be fastidious about personal hygiene and appearance 极其注意个人卫生和外表 【近】demanding, exacting, fussy, hypercritical, squeamish 【反】undemanding不挑剔的；cursory 粗略的，敷衍的；indiscriminate, uncritical 不加区分的

extravagant

【考法 1】adj.挥霍的: given to spending money freely or foolishly 【例】has always been extravagant with her money 挥金如土 【近】profligate, spendthrift, squandering, thriftless, unthrifty, wasteful 【反】frugal, conserving, economical, penny-pinching, scrimping, skimping, thrifty 节省的 【考法 2】adj.过度的，不必要的: going beyond a normal or acceptable limit in degree or amount 【例】the book doesn't quite merit the extravagant praise that it has received 这本书被盛赞过度 【近】baroque, exorbitant, immoderate, inordinate, lavish, overdue, overmuch, overweening, plethoric, unconscionable, unmerciful 【反】middling，moderate, modest, reasonable, temperate 适当适度的

prodigal

【考法 1】adj.挥霍的: recklessly spendthrift 【例】prodigal outlays for her clothes 买衣服时挥金如土 【近】extravagant, profligate, squandering, unthrifty, wasteful 【反】frugal, parsimonious, conserving, economical, economizing, penny-pinching, scrimping, skimping, thrifty节省的，吝啬的 【派】prodigality 浪费挥霍 【反】penury, husbandry贫困，节约 【考法 2】n.败家子: someone who spends money freely or foolishly 【例】The million-dollar lottery winner was such a prodigal that his windfall was exhausted after only a few years.靠彩票中了百万的赢家是个败家子，几年之内就把这笔意外之财全部花完了。 【近】fritterer, high roller, profligate, spender, spendthrift, squanderer, waster, wastrel 【反】economizer, penny-pincher 吝啬的人

contiguous

【考法 1】adj.接壤的，相邻的: sharing an edge or boundary; touching 【例】contiguous nations at war 交战中的邻国 【近】adj.acent, abutting, neighboring, juxtaposed, verging 【反】apart, separate 分开的 【派】contiguity 接壤

jocular

【考法 1】adj.搞笑的，欢乐的: characterized by joking, playful 【例】a jocular man who could make the most serious people laugh 这个搞笑的人可以使得最严肃的人都开怀大笑 【近】blithesome, festive, gleeful, jocund, jovial, mirthful 【反】lachrymose, saturnine 悲哀的；dour, dreary, morose, serious 阴郁的

condescending

【考法 1】adj.摆出高人一等的姿态的: displaying a patronizingly superior attitude 【例】treat sb in a condescending manner 以屈尊俯就的态度对待某人 【近】patronizing 【派】condescension n屈尊俯就: patronizing attitude or behavior

ramshackle

【考法 1】adj.摇摇欲坠的: appearing ready to collapse; rickety 【例】a ramshackle cabin in the woods 树林中摇摇欲坠的小木屋 【近】rickety, shaky, tottering 【反】concrete, firm, solid, sturdy 坚固的；stable 稳定的

palpable

【考法 1】adj.摸得到的: capable of being touched or felt 【例】a small but palpable lump in my neck我脖子上有一块小但是能摸得到的肿块 【近】touchable 【反】impalpable, intangible 【考法 2】adj.明显的，易觉察的: easily perceived; obvious 【例】a palpable difference 易觉察的差别 【近】apprehensible, detectable, discernible, distinguishable, sensible 【反】imperceptible, inappreciable, indistinguishable, insensible, undetectable 隐晦的，细微的

impudent

【考法 1】adj.放肆大胆的，无礼的: marked by contemptuous or cocky boldness or disregard of others 【例】Some children were well behaved, while others were impudent. 一些孩子表现得很得体，另一些则很无礼 【近】audacious, barefaced, bold, brash, brazen, impertinent, insolent, shameless 【反】courteous, genteel, mannerly, polite, proper 举止得体的 【派】impudencen.放肆无礼

presumptuous

【考法 1】adj.放肆的，冒昧的: overstepping due bounds (as of propriety or courtesy) 【例】Under such a circumstance his demand for attention was utterly presumptuous. 在那种情况下他要求被关注是极其冒昧的 【近】audacious, bold, brash, impertinent, impudent, insolent, pompous, presuming 【反】courteous, decorous, genteel, gracious, urbane 举止得体的，有礼貌的 【考法 2】adj.傲慢的: having a feeling of superiority that shows itself in an overbearing attitude 【例】The presumptuous doctor didn't even bother to explain to me the treatment that I would be receiving.傲慢的医生连给我说明我会接受何种治疗的耐性都没有。 【近】assumptive, bumptious, cavalier, haughty, imperious, lofty, overweening, peremptory, supercilious 【反】humble, modest 谦卑的

licentious

【考法 1】adj.放荡的，性欲强的: lacking legal or moral restraints ； having a strong sexual desire 【例】a moralist who decried what she regarded as the licentious and corrupt culture of the entertainment indust^ 一个公开谴责在她看来无比堕落和放荡的娱乐圈文化的道德家 【近】concupiscent, horny, lascivious, lecherous, libidinous, lubricious, salacious, wanton 【反】frigid, undersex 性冷淡的 【派】licentiousness n.放荡

dissolute

【考法 1】adj.放荡的，无节制的: lacking moral restraint; indulging in sensual pleasures or vices 【例】lead a dissolute life 过着放荡无节制的生活 【近】dissipated, libertine, rakish, reprobate 【反】abstinent, abstemious, temperate, ascetic, stoic, spartan, self-denying 自制节制的；pure, uncorrupt, uncorrupted纯洁的，未堕落的

rakish

【考法 1】adj.放荡的，行为不检点的: having or showing lowered moral character or standards; dissolute 【例】He wore his hat at a rakish angle. 他帽子戴得吊儿郎当的。 【近】debased, debauched, demoralized, depraved, dissolute, libertine, perverse, perverted, reprobate 【反】good, moral, pure, righteous, virtuous 有美好品德的；uncorrupted 不放荡的 【派】rake n.行为不检点的人，放荡的人

lithe [laɪð]

【考法 1】adj.敏捷的，轻盈的: characterized by easy flexibility and grace 【例】lithe dancers灵活优雅的舞者 【近】agile, featly, feline, gracile, lightsome, nimble 【反】awkward, clumsy, graceless, ungainly 笨拙的 【考法 2】adj.柔软的: easily bent or flexed 【例】lithe branches柔软的枝条 【近】flexible, limber, lithe, pliable, pliant, supple 【反】solid 坚硬的；inflexible, rigid, stiff, stiffened 僵硬的

novel

【考法 1】adj.新奇的: strikingly new, unusual, or different 【例】a novel scheme to collect money 一种新颖的筹钱手段 【近】original, unaccustomed, unfamiliar, unheard-of, unknown, unprecedented 【反】banal, timeworn, familiar, hackneyed, time-honored, tired, warmed-over 陈腐的

nascent

【考法 1】adj.新生的: coming or having recently come into existence 【例】The rise of the nascent middle class catalyzed a new economic boom. 新生中产阶级的崛起催生了一场新的经济繁荣 【近】beginning, emerging, inceptive, inchoate, incipient, initial, introductory 【反】full-blown, full-fledged, mature, ripe 成熟的；moribund 将死的 【派】n.ascence n.新生的状态

inchoate

【考法 1】adj.新生的: in an initial or early stage 【例】inchoate feelings of affection for a man 刚刚产生的好感 【近】aborning, beginning, inceptive, incipient, initial, nascent 【反】adult, full-blown, full-fledged, mature, ripe 成熟的，成型的；moribund 将死的 【考法 2】adj.未完全成型的: imperfectly formed or developed 【例】a vague, inchoate notion 模糊而不成形的想法 【近】amorphous, formless, shapeless, undeveloped, unformed, unshaped

★extraneous

【考法 1】adj.无关的: having no relevance 【例】an extraneous digression 无关的跑题 【近】impertinent, inapplicable, irrelative, accidental, adventitious, external 【反】applicable, apposite, apropos, germane, pertinent, relative, relevant 相关的 【考法 2】adj.非主要因素的: not forming an essential or vital part 【例】the architect's streamlined modern style shuns any sort of extraneous ornamentation 建筑师流线型的 现代设计避免了一切多余的装饰 【近】accidental, adventitious, alien, external, foreign 【反】essential, inherent, innate, intrinsic 本质的，核心的

nugatory

【考法 1】adj.无关紧要的: of little or no consequence; inconsequential 【例】the book is entertaining, but its contributions to Shakespearean scholarship are nugatory 这本书娱乐性不错，但是对于莎士比亚研究的贡献微不足道 【近】incidental, inconsequential, inconsiderable, insignificant, negligible, trifling, trivial 【反】consequential, eventful, important, major, meaningful, momentous, significant, substantial, unfrivolous, weighty重要的

innocuous

【考法 1】adj.无害的: producing no injury 【例】The government enacted a more strict regulation on innocuous preservatives.政府对无害防腐剂制定了更为严格的规定 【近】anodyne, benign, harmless, inoffensive, nontoxic, safe 【反】damaging, detrimental, harmful, injurious, noxious, pernicious 有害的 【考法 2】adj.乏味的，不会引起敌意的: likely to give offense or to arouse strong feelings or hostility 【例】He made an innocuous remark to avoid conflict. 为了避免冲突，他做了一个中庸的评价 【近】bland, inoffensive, insipid, neutral, sapless 【反】provoking剌激性的

interminable

【考法 1】adj.无尽头的: having or seeming to have no end 【例】A large audience fell asleep during the interminable sermon. 许多观众都在冗长的布道演说上睡着了

infinite

【考法 1】adj.无尽的，无限的: having no boundaries or limits 【例】the idea of an infinite universe 无限宇宙的概念 【近】endless, boundless, limitless, immeasurable, unfathomable 【反】finite 有限的；bounded, circumscribed, confined, definite, limited, restricted 有界限的，受限的 【派】infinity n. 无限

insouciant

【考法 1】adj.无忧虑的，不在乎的: free from concern, worry, or anxiety 【例】an insouciant shrug 无所谓地耸耸肩 【近】carefree, casual, indifferent, nonchalant, unconcerned 【反】anxious, careworn焦虑的；concerned, worried 关注的，担心的 【派】insouciance n. 不在乎

insentient

【考法 1】adj.无感觉，无知觉的: lacking perception, consciousness, or animation 【例】He refused to believe that the universe as we know it evolved from the random interactions of insentient particles of matter. 他拒绝相信我们所知的宇宙是经由无生命的粒子间的相互作用演化而来的 【近】impassive, insensate, insensible, senseless, unresponsive 【反】perceiving, sensible, sensitive 有知觉的 【考法 2】adj. 一知半解的，略懂的: not having or showing a deep understanding of something 【例】an insentient therapist who failed to see what the teenager's real problem was一个对这名青少年的真正问题所在一知半解的医生 【近】impercipient, unwise 【反】discerning, insightful 深邃的，有洞察力的；sagacious, sage, sapient 睿智的

omniscient

【考法 1】adj.无所不知的: possessed of universal or complete knowledge 【例】an omniscient deity无所不知的神 【反】v.acuous无知的

★footloose

【考法 1】adj.无拘无束的，自由的: having no attachments or ties; free to do as one pleases 【例】After having been chained for so long, the suddenly footloose dog ran about the yard tirelessly这只长期被锁链束缚的小狗因为突然之间获得了自由，在院子里不知疲倦地奔跑 【近】loose, unbound, unconfined, unfettered, unrestrained, untrammeled 【反】bound, confined, restrained, tied 有束缚的

★futile

【考法 1】adj.无效的，无用的: serving no useful purpose; completely ineffective 【例】It would be an undoubtedly futile effort to persuade him. 想说服他毫无疑问是徒劳的 【近】abortive, bootless, fruitless, ineffective, useless, vain 【反】effectual, efficacious 有效的 【考法 2】adj.不严肃的: lacking in seriousness or maturity the futile chatter of gossip columnists about the comings and goings of Hollywood celebrities 八卦的专栏作家们对于好莱坞名人来来往往的随意闲谈 【近】flighty, frivolous, frothy 【反】earnest, serious 严肃认真的 【派】futility n.徒劳，无益

aboveboard

【考法 1】adj.无欺诈的，光明正大的: free from all traces of deceit or duplicity 【例】This transaction was totally aboveboard, so there was no reason to question it. 这项交易完全公开公正，没有必要质疑。 【反】chicanery, surreptitious(usu derog 通常作贬义)暗中进行的; 偷偷的, underhanded 偷偷摸摸的

intangible

【考法 1】adj.无法感知的，无形的: incapable of being perceived by the senses 【例】intangible value of a good reputation良好声誉的无形价值 【近】impalpable, imperceptible, imponderable, inappreciable, indiscernible, insensible, invisible 【反】corporeal 肉体的，有形的；palpable, tactile, tangible, touchable可感知的

ineluctable

【考法 1】adj.无法逃避的，必然的: not to be avoided, changed, or resisted 【例】Although death is an ineluctable fate for any and every individual organism, it lays the foundation of the metabolism that perpetuates the planetary ecosystem. 尽管死亡对于任何单个的有机体而言是不可避免的宿命，但它奠定了能使整个行星生态系统永不衰竭的新陈代谢的基础 【近】certain, inescapable, inevasible, inevitable, unavoidable 【反】avoidable, evadable 可避免的；uncertain, unsure (结果等)不确定的 【派】ineluctability n.不可避免

impotent

【考法 1】adj.无生育能力的: unable to produce fruit or offspring 【例】Most mules are impotent. 绝大多数的骡子都无法生育 【近】barren, fruitless, infertile, unfruitful 【反】fecund, fertile, fruitful, productive高产的，硕果累累的 【考法 2】adj.无力的，无能的: lacking in power, strength, or vigor 【例】an impotent ruler who was just a figurehead 一个无能的傀儡统治者 【近】hamstrung, handcuffed, helpless, impuissant, paralyzed, weak 【反】mighty, potent, powerful, puissant, strong 强大的，有能力的

★bootless

【考法 1】adj.无用的: useless, unprofitable, futile 【例】The meeting turns out to be a bootless attempt 这个会议被证明是一次徒劳的尝试 【近】barren, ineffective, futile, abortive, fruitless, vain 【反】worthy, virtuous有价值的

haphazard

【考法 1】adj.无秩序的，无目标的: marked by lack of plan, order, or direction 【例】We were given a haphazard tour of the city. 我们进行了一次城市漫游。 【近】aimless, arbitrary, desultory, erratic, scattered, stray 【反】methodical, systematic, nonrandom, orderly, organized, regular 系统的

impeccable

【考法 1】adj.无罪的: free from sin, guilt or blame 【例】the belief that there can be no such thing as an impeccable soul 不相信存在无罪的灵魂 【近】blameless, clear, guiltless, inculpable, pure, sinless 【反】guilty, sinful 有罪的 【考法 2】adj.无瑕的，无可挑剔的: free from fault or blame 【例】She had impeccable taste in clothes.她有着无可挑剔的穿衣品味 【近】absolute, faultless, flawless, immaculate, indefectible, irreproachable, perfect, seamless, unblemished 【反】amiss, defective, faulty, flawed, imperfect 有错误的，有误差的

incessant

【考法 1】adj.无间断的: continuing or following without interruption 【例】The incessant noise from an outside repair crew was a real distraction during the test.窗外维修工发出的持续不断的噪音着实让人在考试里分心 【近】ceaseless, continual, nonstop, perpetual, running, unbroken, unceasing, uninterrupted, unremitting 【反】interrupted 中断的；discontinuous, intermittent 有间断的

myriad

【考法 1】adj.无限的，大量的: constituting a very large, indefinite number 【例】the myriad stars of a summer night 夏日夜空中的无尽繁星 【近】innumerable, numerous, uncountable, untold 【反】few, scarce, scanty少的，缺乏的；countable, enumerable 可数清的

incandescent

【考法 1】adj.明亮灿烂的: strikingly bright, radiant, or clear 【例】incandescent light bulbs 明亮的灯泡 【近】beaming, brilliant, dazzling, effulgent, glowing, lucent, luminous, lustrous, radiant, refulgent, shining 【反】dim, dull, lackluster 黯淡的 【考法 2】adj.热情饱满的: characterized by glowing zeal 【例】It makes me incandescent with fury.它让我愤怒不己 【近】ardent, demonstrative, emotional, fervid, impassioned, passionate, torrid, vehement 【反】cold, cool, dispassionate, emotionless, impassive, unemotional 无感情的，漠然的

overt

【考法 1】adj.明显的，公开的: open and observable; not hidden, concealed, or secret 【例】overt hostility公然的敌意 【反】shadowy模糊的

prudent

【考法 1】adj.明智的: marked by wisdom or judiciousness; wise 【例】prudent advice 明智的建议 【近】advisable, desirable, judicious, politic, tactical, intelligent 【反】fool傻的 【考法 2】adj.小心谨慎的，审慎的: marked by circumspection </font>

judicious

【考法 1】adj.明智的，慎重的: having or exhibiting sound judgment; prudent 【例】a judicious choice明智的抉择 【近】intelligent, judgmatic, prudent, tactical, wise 【反】daft, imprudent, inadvisable, inexpedient, indiscrete, impolitic, unwise 愚蠢的，轻率的

dingy

【考法 1】adj.昏暗的，肮脏的: darkened with smoke and grime; dirty or discolored 【例】A dingy room is always Dickensian image of the poor 一个肮脏而昏暗的房间经常作为狄更斯时代的穷 人形象； The bed sheets were pretty dingy so we threw them in the laundry pile 床单太脏了 以至于我们把它扔进了脏衣服堆。 【近】darkened, dirty, bedraggled, bemired, besmirched, dusty, mucky, muddy, nasty, smudged, soiled, sordid, stained, sullied 【反】clean, cleanly, immaculate, spotless, stainless, unsoiled, unstained, unsullied 干净的

★gullible

【考法 1】adj.易受骗的，易被利用的: easily duped or cheated, readily taken advantage of 【例】They sell overpriced souvenirs to gullible tourists.他们卖高价纪念品给易上当的旅客们。 【近】dewy-eyed, exploitable, naive, susceptible, unwary, wide-eyed

pliable

【考法 1】adj.易弯曲的，柔软的: supple enough to bend freely or repeatedly without breaking 【例】pliable optical fiber柔软的光纤 【近】adaptable, ductile, flexible, limber, plastic, supple 【反】inflexible, rigid, stiff不易弯曲的;unbending 难弯曲的 【考法 2】adj.易受影响的，温顺的: easily influenced, persuaded, or swayed 【例】He took advantage of the pliable mind of youth. 他利用了年轻人容易受他人教唆的特点。 【近】compliant, docile, obedient, pliant, tractable, subdued 【反】contumacious, insubordinate, intractable, obstreperous, recalcitrant, refractory, unruly 难控制的

irascible

【考法 1】adj.易怒的: marked by hot temper and easily provoked anger 【例】The new boss is so irascible that several employees have resigned. 由于新老板太容易发飙，许多员工己经递交了辞呈 【近】choleric, irritable, peevish, petulant 【反】affable 和蔼的

perpetual

【考法 1】adj.永恒的，不断的: continuing forever: everlasting 【例】perpetual motion machine 永动机 【近】ceaseless, dateless, deathless, endless, eternal, immortal, perpetual, undying, unending 【反】ephemeral, evanescent, transient, transitory 稍瞬即逝的；provisional, temporary 暂时性的 【派】perpetuate v. 使永恒

choleric

【考法 1】adj.易怒的，暴躁的: easily angered; bad-tempered 【例】choleric disposition 易怒的性情 ； men of the choleric type take to kicking and smashing 易怒的人喜欢踢和打碎东西 【近】crabby, cranky, irascible, peevish, petulant, bad-tempered, hot-tempered, short-tempered, testy 【反】difficult to provoke, pacific, placid, calm, serene, tranquil, composed, nonchalant 难以被激怒的，平静的 【派】choler n易怒: ready disposition to irritation : irascibility also : anger 【考法 2】adj.生气的: feeling or showing anger: angry, irate 【例】I absolutely get choleric when a salesman calls during the dinner hour当一个推销员午休时间打来电话的时候我彻底愤怒了。 【近】angered, apoplectic, ballistic, enraged, furious, incensed, inflamed, enflamed, infuriated, irate, ireful, outraged, rankled, riled, wrathful 【反】angerless, delighted, pleased

★fretful

【考法 1】adj.易怒的，烦躁的: inclined to be vexed or troubled 【例】Adolescence is the most fretful stages of human development青春期是人类发展过程中最恼人的阶段 【近】irritable, fractious, peevish, pettish, petulant 【反】easygoing 随和的 【派】fret v 使烦躁

★fragile

【考法 1】adj.易碎的: easily broken or destroyed 【例】a fragile piece of glass 一块易碎的玻璃 【近】breakable, feeble, frail, friable, frangible, infirm, unsound, weak 【反】tough, durable抗打击的 【考法 2】adj.易受伤的，脆弱的: easily injured without careful handling 【例】Babies are extremely fragile, so remember to care for them gently小孩子特别容易受伤，所以要记得温 柔地对待他们 【近】delicate, sensitive 【派】fragility n 脆弱

friable

【考法 1】adj.易碎的: easily crumbled or pulverized 【例】friable mineral rock易碎的矿石 【近】crumbly, delicate, feeble, fragile, frail, infirm, weak 【反】sturdy, substantial坚固的

★conspicuous

【考法 1】adj.显而易见的，吸引人的: obvious to the eye or mind, attracting attention 【例】a conspicuous change in her appearance她外貌的明显改变 【近】apparent, clear, distinct, evident, manifest, plain, patent, noticeable 【反】hidden, concealed隐藏的 【派】conspicuousness n显然性

patent

【考法 1】adj.显而易见的，明显的: readily visible or intelligible: obvious 【例】Unfortunately, the patent flaw of the proposal did not deter the city council from putting it up for a vote. 不幸的是，尽管提案中有着显而易见的缺陷，市议会依然将它拿出来进行投票 【近】apparent, blatant, conspicuous, evident, flagrant, manifest, obvious, plain 【反】concealed, hidden, invisible隐藏的，不可见的

catholic

【考法 1】adj.普遍的，包容的: not limited or specialized in application or purpose 【例】a catholic taste in music 对于音乐的兼容并包的品味 【近】unlimited, unqualified, unrestricted, unspecialized, all-around (also all-round) 【反】n.arrow, limited, restricted, specialized 狭隘的

paramount

【考法 1】adj.最重要的: of chief concern or importance 【例】The paramount goal is to restore the colonial-era house with complete historical accuracy.最重要的任务就是十分精确地依照历史重建殖民时期的建筑 【近】cardinal, chief, key, leading, main, predominant, preeminent, primary, principal, supreme 【反】ancillary, secondary 次要的；paltry, petty, trifling, trivial 不重要的

★cosmopolitan

【考法 1】adj.有世界性眼光的，包容的: having worldwide rather than limited or provincial scope or bearing 【例】a cosmopolitan traveler 云游四海的旅行者 【近】universal, catholic, global, worldwide 【反】insular, provincial 狭隘的 【派】cosmopolitism n世界主义，天下主义

★confident

【考法 1】adj.有信心的，自信的: having or showing assurance and self-reliance 【例】Thicker and fuller hair would make a man more confident at work 越来越浓密的头发让男人在工作中更加自信。 【近】assured, self-assured, self-confident 【反】diffident不自信的

lustrous

【考法 1】adj.有光泽的: having a shiny surface or finish 【例】lustrous black hair乌黑光亮的头发 【近】brilliant, burnished, gleaming, glistening, glossy, polished, refulgent, rubbed, shining, sleek, splendid 【反】dim, dull, lackluster, lusterless 昏暗的

★germane

【考法 1】adj.有关的，适当的: being at once relevant and appropriate 【例】details not germane to the discussion 与讨论无关的细节 【近】applicable, apropos, apposite, pertinent, relevant 【反】extraneous, irrelevant 无关的；inappropriate不适当的

ambiguous

【考法 1】adj.有多种理解方式的；不确定的: open to more than one interpretation； doubtful or uncertain 【例】Students have ambiguous feelings about their role in the world学生们为他们在世界中的角色感到迷茫。 Frustrated by ambiguous instructions因为不明确的指示而受挫 【近】doubtful, equivocal, unclear, uncertain 【反】distinct, pellucid, patent, blatant, explicit, lucid, perspicuous 清楚的，明显的

★baleful

【考法 1】adj.有害的: harmful or malignant in intent or effect 【例】a policy with baleful effects 一个带来不良后果的政策 【近】harmful, pernicious, detrimental 【反】beneficent 有益的 【考法 2】adj.凶兆的: foreboding or threatening evil 【例】a baleful look面露凶色 【近】direful, doomy, ominous, ill-boding, minatory, portentous, sinister 【反】unthreatening不构成威胁的 【考法 3】adj.致命的: likely to cause or capable of causing death 【例】a medicine that is beneficial in small doses but baleful in large 是药三分毒 【近】deadly, fatal, lethal 【反】healthy, wholesome 有益健康的

pernicious

【考法 1】adj.有害的: higWy injurious or destructive 【例】Business may be troublesome but idleness is pernicious. 工作烦人，懒散害人 【近】adverse, baleful, damaging, deleterious, detrimental, hurtful, injurious, mischievous, nocuous, noxious 【反】anodyne, benign, harmless, innocent, innocuous, inoffensive, safe 温和的，无害的

pensive

【考法 1】adj.沉思的，(尤指)哀思的: given to or marked by long, quiet and often musingly sadthinking 【例】Rainy days often put her in a pensive mood. 雨天总是让她陷入深深的思考之中 【近】broody, cogitative, meditative, melancholy, musing, reflective, ruminant, ruminative, thoughtful 【反】mindless, thoughtless, unreflective 不加思考的

noxious

【考法 1】adj.有害的，有毒的: harmful to living things; injurious to health 【例】n.oxious waste有害的废弃物 【近】unwholesome, baneful, deleterious, detrimental, nocuous, pernicious, wicked 【反】beneficial, salubrious, anodyne, benign, harmless, hurtless, innocent, innocuous, inoffensive, safe 有 益的，无害的 【考法 2】adj.产生强烈厌恶的: causing intense displeasure, disgust, or resentment 【例】a noxious new breed of horror movie in which graphic depictions of torture are presented as entertainment在一部新的恐怖电影中，对于酷刑生动的描述被当做是娱乐 【近】abhorrent, abominable, appalling, awful, disgusting, distasteful, dreadful, foul, fulsome, gross, hideous, horrid, loathsome, nasty, nauseating, noisome, obnoxious, odious, repellent, repugnant, repulsive, revolting, scandalous

★elastic

【考法 1】adj.有弹性的: easily resuming original shape after being stretched or expanded 【例】elastic rubber band 弹性橡胶圈 【近】bouncy, flexible, malleable, resilient, stretchable, supple 【反】rigid, stiff僵化的 【考法 2】adj.能(迅速从伤痛中)恢复的: capable of recovering quickly especially from depression or disappointment 【例】owe her success to an elastic optimistic nature 将她的成功归因于能迅速走出悲伤的乐观品质 【近】adaptable, adjustable, buoyant, pliable, volatile 【反】established, fixed, immutable 不变的 【派】inelastic adj无弹性的，非弹性的

★ascendant

【考法 1】adj.有影响力的，主宰的: dominant in position or influence; superior 【例】This idea was in the ascendant 这种思想处于主导地位。 【近】superior, dominant, sovereign 【反】having no influence/ power没有影响力的 【考法 2】adj.上升的: moving upward : rising 【例】The teacher told the students to write even numbers in ascendant order老师让学生们按升序写出偶数。 【反】declining下降的

polished

【考法 1】adj.有教养的: showing a high degree of refinement and the assurance that comes from wide social experience 【例】He maintained a very polished tone in his correspondences. 他在通信中保持着一种极有教养的口吻。 【近】cultivated, cultured, genteel, refined, urbane 【反】gauche, rustic, philistine 粗俗的；uncivilized, untutored 未开化的 【考法 2】adj.擦亮的: having a shiny surface or finish 【例】She could see her face reflected in the polished hood of the car.她可以通过引擎盖光亮的表面看到自己的脸。 【近】buffed, burnished, glistening, lustrous, rubbed, satiny, sleek 【反】dim, dull, flat, lusterless黯淡无光的 【派】polish v. 擦亮

dappled

【考法 1】adj.有斑点的，花的: marked with small spots or contrasting with the background; mottled, spotted 【例】a dappled fawn 一只小花鹿 【近】blotchy, mottled, specked, piebald, splotched, stippled 【反】unspotted没有斑点的 【考法 2】adj.色彩斑斓的: having blotches of two or more colors 【例】a forest that was vibrant with the dappled foliage of autumn充满秋天的生机、色彩斑斓的森林 【近】marbled, mottled, piebald, pinto, splotched, spotted

intimate

【考法 1】adj.有紧密联系的，亲密无间的: marked by very close association, contact, or familiarity 【例】intimate friends since childhood孩童时期以来的密友 【近】familiar, close, confidential 【反】distant, remote 疏远的 【考法 2】adj.不为人知的: not known or meant to be known by the general populace 【例】They broke up after she shared intimate information with all 500 of her closest friends.在她把那些不为人知的消息告诉了她500个朋友之后，他们分手了 【近】confidential, esoteric, nonpublic, secret 【反】open, public 公开的 【考法 3】n.密友: a person who has a strong liking for and trust in another 【例】Usually quite aloof in public, he's actually quite relaxed with his intimates.通常他在大众面前显得比较孤 傲，但和好朋友在一起时他却是个很放松的人 【近】acquaintance, amigo, comrade, confidant, friend, insider, mate 【反】stranger 陌生人；enemy, foe敌人 【考法 4】v.迂回地交流，间接地沟通: to communicate delicately and indirectly 【例】intimate a wish to leave暗示想离开 【近】allude, connote, hint, imply, indicate, infer, suggest 【反】articulate清晰明确地说

obedient

【考法 1】adj.服从的，顺从的: submissive to the restraint or command of authority 【例】that girl is so obedient that she does everything the first time she is asked这个妹子如此顺从，叫她做故事随叫随到 【近】amenable, compliant, submissive, tractable 【反】contumacious, imperial, balky, contrary, contumacious, defiant, disobedient, froward, incompliant, insubordinate, intractable, noncompliant, obstreperous, rebel, rebellious, recalcitrant, refractory, restive, unamenable, ungovernable, unruly, untoward, wayward, willful 顽固的，不服从的

immature

【考法 1】adj.未完全发展的，未发育成熟的: lacking complete growth, differentiation, or development 【例】immature frogs are called "tadpoles"为发育成熟的青蛙被称为"蝌蚪" 【近】adolescent, juvenile, youngish, youthful 【考法 2】adj.(思维、举止)不够成熟的: lacking in adult experience or maturity 【例】Many high school students are still too immature to foresee the consequences of their actions.很多高中生还是不够成熟，不能意识到他们的行为所带来的后果 【近】green, inexperienced, puerile, raw, unfledged, unripe 【反】adult, experienced, mature, ripe 成年的，成熟的

ingrained

【考法 1】adj.本质的，根深蒂固的: forming a part of the essence or inmost being; firmly established 【例】ingrained prejudice against foreigners 对外国人根深蒂固的偏见 【近】constitutional, immanent, inborn, indigenous, inherent, innate, intrinsic 【反】adventitious 外来的，偶然的；extraneous, extrinsic非本质的，外在的 【派】ingrain 灌输，使根深蒂固

★astute

【考法 1】adj.机敏的，有洞察力的: having or showing shrewdness and perspicacity 【例】Astute salesmen know how to invest emotionally精明的推销员知道如何进行感情投资。 【近】canny, smart, shrewd, perspicacious, clear-eyed, clear-sighted, savvy, hardheaded 【反】unknowing无知的

piebald

【考法 1】adj.杂色的: of different colors 【例】a piebald horse 一匹杂色马 【近】blotched, dappled, marbled, mottled, splotched, spotted 【反】monochromatic 单色的 【考法 2】adj.混合的，杂糅而成的: consisting of many things of different sorts 【例】his piebald ethnic background 他身为混血儿的背景 【近】assorted, eclectic, heterogeneous, hybrid, magpie, mixed, motley, promiscuous, varied 【反】homogeneous由相同类型事物组成的

★atrocious

【考法 1】adj.极坏的，极其残忍的: extremely wicked, brutal, or cruel 【例】Murder is an atrocious crime 犯罪是一种极其恶劣的犯罪活动。 【近】heinous 【反】benign, kind, kindhearted, benignant, good-hearted, humane, sympathetic, tenderhearted 善良的，好的 【考法 2】adj.让人极为不满意的extremely unsatisfactory 【例】The service on plane was atrocious飞机上的服务让上人极为不满满意。 【反】satisfactory令人满意的；wonderful精彩的，极好的

nefarious

【考法 1】adj.极坏的，邪恶的: flagrantly wicked or impious 【例】a nefarious scheme to assassinate the archbishop企图剌杀大主教的邪恶阴谋 【近】atrocious, degenerate, devious, evil, heinous, infamous, miscreant, vicious, villainous, wicked 【反】ethical, righteous, upright, virtuous 品德高尚的；beneficial 有益的；exemplary 模范的

agog

【考法 1】adj.极度感兴趣的: showing urgent desire or interest 【例】Children were agog over new toys 孩子们见到了新玩具极其兴奋。 【近】avid, ardent, enthusiastic, solicitous, voracious 【反】apathetic, indifferent, uneager, unenthusiastic 漠不关心的，无情的

apoplectic

【考法 1】adj.极度愤怒的: extremely angry; furious 【例】He became apoplectic about wasteful government spending 他对于政府的浪费开销变得怒不可遏。 The coach was so apoplectic when the player missed the free throw that he threw his clipboard onto the court教练对球员罚篮不进非常气愤以至于把战术板扔到了球场上。 【近】choleric, enraged, furious, incensed, indignant, infuriated, irate, ireful, outraged 【反】angerless, delighted, pleased不生气的，高兴的

perspicacious

【考法 1】adj.极敏锐的，有洞察力的: having or showing penetrating mental discernment; clear-sighted 【例】an impartial and perspicacious judge 一个明镜高悬的法官 【近】astute, savvy, sharp, sharp-witted, shrewd, smart 【反】ignorant, oblivious, unknowing 未察觉的，无知的 【派】perspicacity n.敏锐，洞察力

momentous

【考法 1】adj.极重要的: of utmost importance; of outstanding significance or consequence 【例】Battle of Stalingrad is a momentous campaign in World War 2.斯大林格勒之战是第二次世界大战中具有重大意义的一次战役 【近】consequential, considerable, crucial, eventful, important, monumental, pivotal, significant, vital, weighty 【反】inconsequential, negligible, slight, trifling, trivial 无关紧要的

lissome

【考法 1】adj.柔软的: easily bent; supple 【例】Rattan is such a lissome material that it can be used for all manner of furniture and baskets. 藤是一 种非常柔软而有韧性的材料，因此可以被用于形形色色的家具和篮子之中 【近】flexible, limber, lithe, pliable, pliant, supple 【反】solid 坚硬的；inflexible, rigid, stiff, stiffened 僵硬的 【考法 2】adj.敏捷的，轻盈的: having the ability to move with ease; limber 【例】a lissome ballerina身姿矫捷的女芭蕾舞演员 【近】agile, featly, feline, gracile, lithesome, nimble 【反】awkward, clumsy, graceless, ungainly 笨拙的

limp

【考法 1】adj.柔软的，松散的: lacking firm texture, substance, or structure 【例】Her hair hung limp about her shoulders.她的头发软沓沓地垂在肩上 【近】droopy, flaccid, floppy, lank, yielding 【反】firm, stiff, sturdy, tense 坚硬的;resilient 有弹性的 【考法 2】adj.软弱的，、没有精神的: lacking strength or firmness; weak or spiritless 【例】The team's limp performance has many people calling for the head coach's resignation. 队伍不给力的表现让许多人呼吁教练下课 【近】enervated, lackadaisical, languid, languishing, languorous, spiritless 【反】ambitious, enterprising有雄心壮志的；animated, energetic, motivated 精力充沛的，有积极性的 【考法 3】vi.跛行，艰难地行走: to move or proceed haltingly or unsteadily 【近】The project limped along with half its previous funding. 项目靠着之前一半的资金艰难隹地进展 【近】blunder, bumble, lumber, plod, struggle, stumble, trudge

★exemplary

【考法 1】adj.榜样的，值得效仿的: constituting, serving as, or worthy of being a pattern to be imitated 【例】as a hospital volunteer he has given exemplary service to his community 他作为医疗志、愿者为社区起到了模范的作用 【近】monitory, archetypal, imitable, paradigmatic, quintessential 【派】exemplify v(通过榜样)示范，显示: to show or illustrate by example 【考法 2】adj.作为警告的: serving as or offering a warning 【例】armies have traditionally used public execution as an exemplary punishment for the crime of desertion军队通常将公开处决作为玩忽职守罪的惩罚，以儆效尤 【近】admonishing，admonitory, monitory, premonitory, warning

★ancillary

【考法 1】adj.次要的: of secondary importance 【例】The company hopes to boost its sales through ancillary products 公司想通过辅助产品来增加销量。 【近】subordinate, subsidiary 【反】main主要的；paramount最主要的 【考法 2】adj.辅助的，补充的: auxiliary, supplementary 【例】the need for ancillary evidence 对补充证据的需要 【例】Some practice in the deft use of words may well be ancillary to the study of natural science熟练使用文字的练习对于自然科学的研究也是有帮助的。 【近】auxiliary, supplementary

jocund

【考法 1】adj.欢快的，高兴的: sprightly and lighthearted in disposition, character, or quality 【例】old friends engaged in jocund teasing 老朋友相见，互相打趣调侃 【近】blithesome, jocose, jocular, jolly, jovial, mirthful, sunny 【反】lachrymose, saturnine 悲哀的；dour, dreary, morose, serious 阴郁的

★assertive

【考法 1】adj.武断的，强烈自信的: inclined to bold or confident assertion; aggressively self-assured 【例】You will have to make many personal judgments when being assertive当武断的时候你不得不做出很多个人选择。 【近】assertory, self-assured, self-assertive, peremptory 【反】diffident 不自信的

hidebound

【考法 1】adj.死板的，极度保守的: tending to favor established ideas, conditions, or institutions 【例】the hidebound innkeeper refused to see the need for a Web site死板的酒馆老板坚决不肯装宽带 【近】archconservative, brassbound, die-hard, old-fashioned, standpat, ultraconservative 【反】broad-minded, large-minded, liberal, nonconservative, nonconventional, nonorthodox, nontraditional, open-minded, progressive进步的，开放包容的

ponderous

【考法 1】adj.沉重的: of very great weight 【例】 a ponderous machine 沉重的机器 【近】 cumbersome, heavy, hefty, massive, onerous, weighty 【反】 ethereal, gossamer, light, weightless 轻飘飘的 【考法 2】adj. 沉闷无聊的: oppressively or unpleasantly dull 【例】 a ponderous sermon no one really cares 实际上无人关心的沉闷无聊的布道 【近】 dreary, dull, flat, elephantine, monotonous, insipid, vapid 【反】 absorbing, engaging, engrossing, gripping, interesting, intriguing, involving, riveting 极吸引人的

lethargic

【考法 1】adj.没精打采的，行动迟缓的: of, relating to, or characterized by lethargy, sluggish 【例】a big nice meal always makes me feel lethargic and sleepy 一顿大餐吃完总是让我既慵懒又想睡 【近】dull, inert, quiescent, sluggish, torpid 【反】dynamic, energetic, robust, vigorous 有精力的；active 活跃的

punctilious

【考法 1】adj.注意细节的，一丝不苟的: strictly attentive to minute details of form in action or conduct. 【近】decorous, proper, starchy, stilted 【反】remiss, slipshod, casual, easygoing, informal, laid-back, unceremonious 粗心的

★animate

【考法 1】adj.活的: having or showing life 【例】The lecture was about ancient worship of animate and inanimate objects演讲是关于对生命体和非生命体的古代崇拜。 【近】breathing, live, living 【反】dead, expired, deceased, lifeless, nonliving 无生命的 【考法 2】adj.有活力的: having much high-spirited energy and movement 【例】Animate dance will get the blood pumping 有活力的舞蹈会让人热血沸腾。 【近】bouncing, brisk, energetic, sprightly, vivacious 【反】inactive, lackadaisical, languid, listless, leaden 没有活力的，无精打采的 【考法 3】v.使有活力，支持: to give spirit and support to 【例】The writer's humor animates the novel 作者的幽默使小说富有生命力。 【近】brace, energize, enliven, invigorate, ginger (up), pep up, vitalize 使有活力 【反】damp, dampen, deaden 使没活力 【派】animation 生命力，活力: the quality or condition of being alive, active, spirited, or vigorous 【反】lassitude, lethargy疲倦,疲乏 【考法 4】v.使行动，驱使: to move to action 【例】a criminal animated by greed 一个受贪婪驱使的罪犯 【近】goad, prod, spur, galvanize, stimulate 【考法 5】v.使活灵活现，使栩栩如生: to make or design in such a way as to create apparently spontaneous lifelike movement 【例】Kongfu Panda's very realistic panda was animated by CG《功夫熊猫》电影里面的熊猫是通过CG技术使熊猫变得活灵活现的。

recondite

【考法 1】adj.深奥的，难解的: difficult or impossible for one of ordinary understanding or knowledge to comprehend 【例】 I think Quantum Mechanics and Random Process arethe two most recondite courses in our curriculum this semester. 我觉得量子力学和随机过程是这学期课表中最难的两门课程 【近】abstruse, arcane, deep, enigmatic, esoteric, hermetic, occult, profound 【反】facile, shallow, superficial 肤浅的；easy, simple 简单的

latent

【考法 1】adj.潜在的，不活跃的: present or potential but not evident or active 【例】a latent infection 潜伏性传染病 He has a latent talent for acting that he hasn't had a chance to express yet.他有着表演的天赋，只不过他还没有机会来表现这一才能 【近】dormant, fallow, inert, inoperative 【反】apparent, evident, manifest, obvious, plain 明显的；active 活跃的 【派】latency n.潜伏期

extinct

【考法 1】adj.灭绝的: no longer existing or living 【例】extinct species 灭绝的物种 【近】bygone, bypast, defunct, expired, nonextant, vanished 【反】alive, extant, existing, living, resuscitated 现存的 【派】extinction n 灭绝 【反】perpetuation 永存

★flexible

【考法 1】adj.灵活的，可变的: capable of being readily changed 【例】Our schedules are highly flexible 我们的计划是非常灵活的 【近】adaptable, adjustable, alterable, changeable, elastic, fluid, malleable, modifiable, pliable, variable 【反】fixed, immutable, inflexible, invariable 确定的，不可变的;stiff, rigid 僵化的 【考法 2】adj.易受影响的: susceptible to influence or persuasion 【例】Their boss was flexible and lenient他们的老板既好说话，又很仁慈 【近】docile, manageable, tractable 【反】adamant, headstrong, intractable, mulish, recalcitrant, refractory, stubborn, obstinate 倔强的 【派】flexibility n灵活性

painstaking

【考法 1】adj.煞费苦心的: taking pains: expending, showing, or involving diligent care and effort 【例】It took months of painstaking research to write the book. 这本书的写作耗费了几个月的苦心研究。 【近】careful, conscientious, fussy, meticulous, scrupulous 【反】slipshod, cursory, careless 漫不经心的，草率的

★conversant

【考法 1】adj.熟悉的: having frequent or familiar association 【例】conversant with the accounting system 熟知会计系统 【近】acquaint, aware, familiar, informed, versed 【反】ignorant, unfamiliar 无知的，不熟悉的 【派】conversance n熟知，造诣

proficient

【考法 1】adj.熟练的，精通的: having or marked by an advanced degree of competence, as in an art, vocation, profession, or branch of learning 【例】proficient in translating foreign languages 精通外语吾翻译 【近】accomplished, complete, expert, skilled, versed, virtuoso 【反】inept, incompetent, amateur, inexperienced, inexpert, jackleg, unprofessional, unseasoned, unskilled 无能的

imperious

【考法 1】adj.爱发号施令的: fond of ordering people around 【例】an imperious little boy who liked to tell the other scouts what to do 一个爱发号施令的小男孩，总是喜欢指挥别的童子军做事 【近】authoritarian, autocratic, despotic, dictatorial, domineering, masterful, tyrannical 【考法 2】adj.傲慢的，专横的: arrogantly domineering or overbearing 【例】an imperious movie star who thinks she's some sort of goddess 一个把自己当成某种女神的傲慢的影星 【近】arrogant, bumptious, haughty, lofty, lordly, peremptory, pompous, presumptuous, supercilious, superior 【反】humble, lowly, modest 谦逊的 【考法 3】adj.迫切的: intensely compelling 【例】As war casualties mounted, the need for trained nurses became imperious. 随着战争伤亡人数的攀升，对于受训护士的需求变得愈发迫切 【近】clamant, compelling, critical, crying, dire, emergent, exigent, imperative, importunate, pressing, urgent 【反】n.oncritical, unimportant 不重要的

gregarious

【考法 1】adj.爱社交的: likely to seek or enjoy the company of others 【近】convivial, extroverted, genial, outgoing, sociable, outgoing 【反】aloof疏远的；antisocial 不合群的；introverted, reclusive 内向的 【考法 2】adj.群居的: tending to group with others of the same kind 【例】ecologically define human as gregarious carnivore从生态学上将人类定义为群居类肉食动物 【近】social 【反】solitary 独自的

rabid

【考法 1】adj.狂热的，不冷静的: extremely zealous or enthusiastic; fanatical 【例】soccer fans whose rabid enthusiasm makes them go berserk when their team wins 不冷静的粉丝们在球队获胜以后变得很狂暴 【近】delirious, ferocious, feverish, fierce, frantic, frenetic, violent 【反】logical, detached合常理的，客观的

derelict

【考法 1】adj.玩忽职守的，不认真的: lacking a sense of duty; marked by a carelessly easy manner 【例】the guards were judged derelict in their duty 守卫们被判玩忽职守罪 【近】disregardful, lax, neglectful, neglecting, remiss, slack 【反】extremely careful, attentive, conscientious, nonnegligent 特别仔细的 【考法 2】n.被社会遗弃的人: a destitute homeless social misfit 【例】a section of the city that seemed to be frequented mostly by derelicts流浪汉的集中区 【近】deserted, desolate, disused, forgotten, forsaken, rejected 【反】pillar of society 社会的栋梁

★extant

【考法 1】adj.现存的: still in existence; not destroyed, lost, or extinct 【例】the most charming writer extant目前活着的作家中最有魅力的一位； extant manuscripts未毁坏的手稿 【近】current, immediate, ongoing, present-day, existent 【反】destroyed, extinct ,lost, missing, dead, extinct, nonextant 丢失的，不存在的

negligent

【考法 1】adj.疏忽大意的: failing to give proper attention or care 【例】n.egligent in taking care of the children 粗心大意地照顾孩子 【近】careless, derelict, heedless, neglectful, remiss 【反】attentive, careful, cautious, heedful 专心的，谨慎的 【派】n.egligence n. 疏忽

jaded

【考法 1】adj.疲惫的: depleted in strength, energy, or freshness 【例】After that long bar exam, I'm too jaded for anything but a nap. 律师资格考试结束后，我累得只想睡觉 【近】drained, exhausted, fatigued, prostrate, spent, wearied, worn-out 【考法 2】adj.厌倦的，没兴趣没热情的: having one's patience, interest, or pleasure exhausted 【例】Even jaded sci-fi fans are finding this new space adventure fresh and exciting.即使是见多识广、口味很挑的科幻小说忠粉也觉得这次的太空探险非常新鲜有趣 【近】bored, tired, wearied, fed up 【反】absorbed, engaged, engrossed, interested, intrigued, rapt 有兴趣的

chauvinistic

【考法 1】adj.盲目爱国的: having or showing excessive favoritism towards one's own country 【例】At times I have also been aggressive, chauvinistic and hot-tempered 我曾经非常好斗，愤青，还脾气暴躁。 【近】jingoist, jingoistic, nationalistic, superpatriotic

★forthright

【考法 1】adj.直率的，说话率真的: free in expressing one's true feelings and opinions 【例】her forthright way of dealing with people 她率真的为人处事方式 【近】candid, forthcoming, frank, honest, open, outspoken, straightforward 【反】dissembling 虚伪的 【考法 2】adj.直接的，不绕弯子的: free from ambiguity or evasiveness: going straight to the point 【例】was forthright in appraising the problem 直截了当地评价这个问题 【近】direct, plain, straight 【反】circuitous, indirect, roundabout 不直接的，绕弯子的

intuitive

【考法 1】adj.直觉的: knowing or perceiving by intuition 【例】The twins have an intuitive awareness of each other's feelings.这对双胞胎天生就能感知彼此的感受 【近】instinctive 【反】acquired后天习得的 【派】intuition n. 直觉

★apposite

【考法 1】adj.相关的，合适的 highly pertinent or appropriate: apt 【例】to enrich his essay with some very apposite quotations from famous people 用名人名言来丰富他的文章 【近】appliacable, apropos, germane, pointed, relative, relevant 【反】extraneous, irrelevant, impertinent, irrelative, pointless 无关的

pertinent

【考法 1】adj.相关的，恰当的: having a clear decisive relevance to the matter in hand 【例】He impressed the jury with his concise, pertinent answers to the attorney's questions.他对律师提出的问题的简洁而恰当的回答给陪审团留下了深刻的印象 【近】applicable, apposite, apropos, germane, material, pointed, relative, relevant 【反】extraneous, immaterial, impertinent, inapplicable, inapposite, irrelevant, pointless 无关的 【派】pertinence n.相关，恰当

★authentic

【考法 1】adj.真实的，非仿造的: being exactly as appears or as claimed 【例】found an authentic Native American arrowhead 发现了一支美洲土著的箭头 【近】bona fide, certified, genuine 【反】bogus, counterfeit, fake, mock, phony, spurious 伪造的 【考法 2】adj.准确的，相符合的: following an original exactly 【例】an authentic reconstruction of the Parthenon 帕台农神殿的准确复刻 【近】accurate, exact, precise, right, veracious 【反】corrupt, false错误的 【派】authenticity n真实，真实性

cognizant

【考法 1】adj.知道的，意识到的: fully informed; conscious; aware 【例】We are cognizant of the problem我们己经意识到了问题。 【近】aware, conscious, witting, apprehensive, sensible 【反】oblivious, unconscious, unaware, unmindful 没意识到的 【派】incognizance n不认识，没有知识

★ephemeral

【考法 1】adj.短暂的: lasting a very short time 【例】ephemeral pleasures 暂时的压力 【近】evanescent, fleeting, impermanent, temporary, transient, transitory, fugacious, fugitive 【反】eternal, permanent, perpetual, enduring, everlasting, ceaseless, immortal, undying永久的

daft

【考法 1】adj.神经错乱的: having or showing a very abnormal or sick state of mind 【例】The king was clearly daft, talking to trees and rocks 国王俨然己经疯了，对着树和石头说话。 【近】bedlam, demented, deranged, lunatic, psychotic, unbalanced, unsound 【反】balanced, sane 头脑正常的 【考法 2】adj.不明智的: showing or marked by a lack of good sense or judgment 【例】a daft plan, doomed to wretched failure and merciless ridicule 一个不明智的决定，最终难逃悲催的结局和无情的嘲讽的下场 【近】fatuous, featherheaded, nonsensical, preposterous, senseless 【反】judicious, prudent, sagacious, sapient, wise 明智的

inveterate

【考法 1】adj.积习的: firmly established by long persistence 【例】the inveterate tendency to overlook the obvious 总是忽视显而易见事物的习惯 【近】chronic, entrenched, ingrained, rooted, settled, hard-cored 【反】adventitious 偶然的

★commonsensical

【考法 1】adj.符合常识的，有依据的: displaying common sense，based on sound reasoning or information 【例】The only commonsensical solution would be to divide the children into groups according to age唯一合理的解决办法就是按照年龄把孩子分成组。 【近】justified, logical, rational, reasonable, reasoned, valid, well-founded, levelheaded 【反】groundless, illogical, invalid, irrational, nonrational, nonsensical, nonvalid, unfounded, uninformed, unjustified, unreasonable, unreasoned, unsound 无逻辑的，不合理的；preposterous 荒谬的

ham-handed

【考法 1】adj.笨手笨脚的: lacking dexterity or grace 【例】too ham-handed to use one of those tiny cell phones 手指太不灵活了，用不了那种迷你型手机 【近】awkward, handless, heavy-handed, maladroit, unhandy 【反】deft, dexterous, handy, sure-handed, adroit 敏捷的

clumsy

【考法 1】adj.笨拙的: lacking or showing a lack of nimbleness in using one's hands； a lack of skill and tact 【例】turn out to be a clumsy sleight of hand 弄巧成拙 【近】awkward, ham-handed, heavy-handed, maladroit, unhandy, bungling, inept, maladroit 【反】adroit, deft, dexterous, dexterous, handy 熟练的，灵巧的 【考法 2】adj.不文雅的: lacking social grace and assurance； showing an inability to move in a graceful manner 【例】be clumsy on the dance floor在舞池表现不优雅的 【近】awkward, graceless, ungainly, gauche, inelegant, rustic, ungraceful 【反】graceful, urbane, refined 【考法 3】adj.不精致的 hastily or roughly constructed 【例】A clumsy mock-up of the real thing 一个粗糙的实物模型 【近】rough, unrefined 【反】refined精致的

★cumbersome

【考法 1】adj.笨重的，难处理的: difficult to handle because of weight or bulk 【例】a cumbersome piece of machinery 一件笨重的机器 【近】unhandy, ponderous, heavy, unwieldy, onerous ,thorny 【反】light, weightless 轻的；handy容易处理的

★concise

【考法 1】adj.简洁的: marked by brevity of expression or statement 【例】a clear and concise account of the accident 一个清楚间断的事故描述 Concise Design of Spacecraft Automatic System 航天器自动控制系统简要设计 【近】aphoristic, compendious, curt, laconic, pithy, succinct, terse, elliptical 【反】circuitous, circumlocutory, diffuse, long-winded, prolix, verbose, windy, wordy 冗长的

insolent

【考法 1】adj.粗野的，无礼的: audaciously rude or disrespectful 【例】an insolent child with no respect or regard for anyone 对他人不敬的无礼的小孩 【近】arrogant, audacious, bold, haughty, supercilious, impertinent, impudent 【反】courteous, polite 有礼貌的；respectful 恭敬的；meek, mousy, timid 胆小的 【派】insolence n. 无礼

loutish

【考法 1】adj.粗鲁的: having the characteristics of a lout; awkward, stupid, and boorish 【例】a boy with a loutish air 一个举止粗鲁的男孩 【近】boorish, churlish, clumsy, crude, discourteous, uncouth, uncivilized, uncultured, unrefined 【反】courteous, civilized, genteel, graceful, polished, refined, urbane 有教养的 【派】lout n.举止粗鲁的人

politic

【考法 1】adj.精明能干的: characterized by shrewdness in managing, contriving, or dealing 【例】a politic secretary能干的秘书 【近】diplomatic, judicious, perspicacious, sagacious, tactful, wise 【反】tactless, unsophisticated 缺乏谋略的，头脑简单的 【考法 2】adj.合时宜的，明智的: suitable for bringing about a desired result under the circumstances 【例】It probably would not be politic to tell your boss that his latest idea is the worst thing you've ever heard.不要现在去告诉你老板说他的想法是你听过的最糟的，这不是一个合时宜的做法。 【近】advisable, desirable, prudent, tactical 【反】imprudent, inadvisable, injudicious, unwise 不明智的，不合时宜的

distraught

【考法 1】adj.精神狂乱的，极疯狂的: deeply agitated, as from emotional conflict; insane 【例】Her distraught mother had spent all night waiting by the phone她母亲忧心如焚，在电话旁守了一个晚上。 【近】agitated, delirious, distracted, frenzied, hysterical 【反】collected, composed, recollected, self-collected, self-composed, self-possessed 镇静的，平静的

exigent

【考法 1】adj.紧急的: requiring immediate aid or action 【例】exigent circumstances紧急情况 【近】compelling, dire, emergent, exigent, imperative, importunate, necessitous, pressing, urgent 【反】deferrable, noncritical, nonurgent 可拖延的，不紧急的

palmy

【考法 1】adj.繁荣的: marked by prosperity 【例】the palmy days of the British drama英国戏剧的繁荣时期 【近】flourishing, prosperous, thriving, booming, lush, roaring, halcyon 【反】failed, depressed, unprosperous, unsuccessful 不成功，不繁荣的

pristine

【考法 1】adj.纯净的，质朴的，未被文明腐蚀的: remaining in a pure state; uncorrupted by civilization. remaining free from dirt or decay; clean 【例】a pristine forest 一片未被文明影响的森林 【近】immaculate, spotless, stainless, unsoiled, unstained, unsullied 【反】tainted, squalid, contaminated, besmirched ,corrupted by civilization 污染的，被文明腐蚀的

★chronic

【考法 1】adj.经常发生的，复发的: marked by long duration or frequent recurrence 【例】chronic disease慢性病 【近】frequent, usual, routine 【反】sporadic偶然发生的；infrequent不经常的 【考法 2】adj.习惯性的，不可能改变的: being such by habit and not likely to change 【例】a chronic smoker who has quit many times 一个戒了很多次烟的老烟民 【近】inveterate

prepossessing

【考法 1】adj.给人好感的: serving to impress favorably 【例】He was fascinated by her prepossessing appearance at first sight. 他第一眼就被她迷人的外表吸引了。 【近】alluring, attractive, appealing, captivating, charming, enchanting, pleasing, riveting 【反】abhorrent, appalling, disgusting, hideous, loathsome, repellent, repulsive 令人反感的 【派】unprepossessing adj.不吸引人的

callow

【考法 1】adj.缺乏老练、不成熟的: lacking in adult experience or maturity 【例】callow young man未经世事的年轻人 【近】green, immature, inexperienced, juvenile, unfledged, unripened, puerile 【反】adult, experienced, grown-up, mature, ripe 成熟的

diffuse

【考法 1】adj.罗嗦的: being at once verbose and ill-organized 【例】a diffuse report 冗长的报告 【近】circuitous, circumlocutory, long-winded, prolix, verbose, windy, rambling 【反】concise, pithy, succinct, terse, laconic 简洁的 【考法 2】adj.不集中的，扩散的: not concentrated or localized 【例】diffuse lighting 散射光 【反】concentrated 集中的 【考法 3】v.扩展，散开: extend, scatter 【例】The photographer uses a screen to diffuse the light 摄影师用一个屏幕来分散光线。 【近】spread, extend, disperse, disseminate, scatter 【反】concentrate, center, centralize, focus 集中

prolix

【考法 1】adj.罗嗦的，冗长的: tending to speak or write at excessive length 【例】habitually transforms brief anecdotes into prolix sagas that exhaust his listeners 总是将简短的小趣事变成冗长的传说故事，让听众很疲倦 【近】diffuse, garrulous, rambling, verbose, windy 【反】pithy, taciturn, terse, succinct, concise, extreme brief 精炼的，寡言的 prologue 【考法 1】n.序言: the preface or introduction to a literary work 【例】the burglary, which he committed while still a teen, was but a prologue to a wasted life of crime 他青少年时犯过的入室抢劫拉开了他偷盗生涯的序幕 【近】exordium, foreword, preamble, preface, prelude, proem, prolusion 【反】epilogue结尾

ingenious

【考法 1】adj.聪明的，有创造才能的: marked by originality, resourcefulness, and cleverness in conception or execution 【例】Ingenious designers soon came up with a solution to the battery problem.聪明的设计者们很快便提出了电池问题的解决方案 【近】artful, clever, imaginative, innovative, inventive, original 【反】awkward笨拙的；uncreative, unimaginative无创造力或想象力的

glutinous

【考法 1】adj.胶状的，粘的: of the nature of or resembling glue 【例】glutinous liquid 胶状液体 【近】adherent, adhesive, cloggy, gluey, sticky, tenacious, viscid 【反】fluid流体的

motile

【考法 1】adj.能动的: exhibiting or capable of movement 【例】Aircraft carriers are recognized as a motile combat platform.航空母舰是一种移动作战平台 【近】mobile, movable, portable, transportable 【反】immobile不可移动的 【派】motility n.可运动性

corrosive

【考法 1】adj.腐蚀性的: tending to destroy slowly by chemical action 【例】Concentrated sulfur acid is highly corrosive浓硫酸有极强的腐蚀性 【近】erosive, caustic 【反】n.oncorrosive无腐蚀性的 【考法 2】adj.讽剌性的: bitingly sarcastic 【例】corrosive satire 讽刺性的作品 【近】sarcastic, barbed, acerbic, satiric, acrid, barbed, mordant, tart 【派】corrosion n侵蚀

★discretionary

【考法 1】adj.自主决定的: left to discretion : exercised at one's own discretion 【例】In many restaurants, discretionary tipping is being replaced by a standard service charge在很多饭店，标准的服务价格取代了随意支付的小费。 【近】elective, voluntary 【反】compulsory, mandatory, nonelective, nonvoluntary, obligatory, required 强制性的，非自愿的

infamous

【考法 1】adj.臭名昭著的: having an extremely and deservedly bad reputation 【例】an infamous city for smuggling and prostitution 因走私而和卖淫垩而臭名昭著的城市 【近】n.otorious, opprobrious 【反】distinguished, esteemed, prestigious, reputable 声名显赫的，受尊敬的 【派】infamy n.声名狼藉

flamboyant

【考法 1】adj.艳丽夺目的，炫耀的，充满装饰的: marked by or given to strikingly elaborate or colorful display or behavior; ornate 【例】Las Vegas showgirls wearing flamboyant headdresses 打扮花口肖的拉斯维加斯舞女 【近】flaring, florid, garish, ornate, ostentatious, showy 【反】n.atural 自然的；conservative, quiet, understated 低调的 【派】flamboyance n炫目，炫耀

provident

【考法 1】adj.节俭的: frugal; economical 【例】it is possible to be provident without being miserly人可以做到节俭但不吝啬 【近】economical, sparing, thrifty, farsighted, provident, scrimping 【反】profligate挥霍的 【考法 2】adj.有远见的: having or showing awareness of and preparation for the future 【例】her provident measures kept us safe while we waited out the hurricane 她之前有远见的准备让我等待飓风结束的期间安全无恙 【近】farseeing, farsighted, forehanded, foreseeing, forethoughtful, prescient, proactive, visionary 【反】half-baked, half-cocked, improvident, myopic, shortsighted 目光短浅的

redolent

【考法 1】adj.芳香的: having or emitting fragrance 【例】be redolent with the aroma of baking bread 充满了烤面包的香味 【近】ambrosial, aromatic, fragrant, perfumed, savory, scented, sweet 【反】unscented 没有香味的；fetid, foul, malodorous, noisome, rancid, reeky, stinky 恶臭的，腐臭的 【派】redolence n.芳香，香味

★gallant

【考法 1】adj.英勇的: brave, spirited; nobly chivalrous and often self-sacrificing 【例】Gallant paratroopers jumped out of the plane without hesitation.英勇的伞兵们毫不犹豫地跳出 了飞机 【近】bold, courageous, dauntless, heroic, stouthearted, valorous 【反】craven, pusillanimous 胆小的 【考法 2】adj.高贵的，慷慨的: having, characterized by, or arising from a dignified and generous nature 【例】The members of that service club are known for their gallant service to the community.那个服务社的成 员因为他们对社区的慷慨贡献而为人所知 【近】chivalrous, elevated, loft, magnanimous, sublime 【反】base, debased, degenerate, ignoble 卑鄙的 【派】gallantly adv. 英勇地

loquacious

【考法 1】adj.话多的: given to fluent or excessive talk 【例】Sometimes the loquacious talk show host barely lets her guests get a word in.有时候多话的脱口秀主持人让她的客人一句话都插不进来 【近】chatty, conservational, gabby, garrulous, talkative, voluble 【反】laconic, reserved, reticent, taciturn, uncommunicative 话少的 【派】loquaciousness, loquacity n.话多

★culpable

【考法 1】adj.该受谴责的，有罪的: deserving of blame or censure as being wrong, evil, improper, or injurious 【例】culpable behaviors值得谴责的行为 【近】blameworthy, censurable, guilty, reprehensible, sinful, reproachable 【反】inculpable, innocent 无罪的 【派】culpability n有罪

lush

【考法 1】adj.茂盛的: growing vigorously especially with luxuriant foliage 【例】lush grass 茂盛的草 【近】booming, exuberant, flourishing, lively, luxuriant, rampant, thriving, verdant, vivacious 【反】blighted, faded, sere, withered 干枯的，凋谢的 【考法 2】adj.多产的: producing abundantly 【例】His lush fields were the envy of neighboring farmers. 他富饶多产的土地让邻居羡慕嫉妒恨 【近】cornucopian, fecund, fruitful, productive, prolific, rich 【反】barren, dead, infertile, sterile, unproductive 贫瘠的 【考法 3】adj.(声音、味道)优美的，令人愉悦的: appealing to the senses 【例】the lush sounds of the orchestra管弦乐队奏出的悦耳声音 【近】ambrosial, luscious, palatable, savory, sensuous, tasteful, tasty, voluptuous 【反】flat, flavorless, insipid, stale, tasteless 乏味的

rash

【考法 1】adj.草率的，仓促的: marked by or proceeding from undue haste or lack of deliberation or caution 【例】That was too rash a move: for now you've lost your bishop and probably the whole chess game.那一招 棋着实是太草率了，现在你丢掉了象，很有可能会输掉整场比赛。 【近】cursory, gadarene, headlong, hurried, overhasty, precipitate, precipitous, rushed 【反】deliberate慎重考虑的；leisurely, unhurried, unrushed 从容不迫的，不慌不忙的 【派】rashly adv.草率地，仓促地

preposterous

【考法 1】adj.荒谬的，不符合常理的: contrary to nature, reason, or common sense 【例】a preposterous conclusion of quantum mechanics量子力学里有悖于常理的结论 【近】absurd, asinine, fallacious, fatuous, lunatic, ludicrous, insane, irrational, unreasonable 【反】commonsensical 常识性的；reasonable, sensible 有道理的

hypocritical

【考法 1】adj.虚伪的: not being or expressing what one appears to be or express 【例】It's hypocritical to say mean things behind someone's back, and then to act nice when you want something from her. 这种在背后说别人坏话、而有求于人时又装出另一副样子的人就是虚伪 【近】artificial, backhanded, feigned, mealy-mouthed, phony, pretended, unctuous 【反】artless, candid, genuine, honest, sincere, undesigning, unfeigned 真诚的，诚实的 【派】hypocrite n.虚伪的人，伪君子

infirm

【考法 1】adj.虚弱的: weak in body, especially from old age or disease 【例】her aging, infirm husband 她上了年纪、身体虚弱的丈夫 【近】debilitated, effete, enervated, feeble, frail, languid, sapped, unsubstantial 【反】hale, mighty, powerful, rugged, stalwart, stout, strong 强壮的，有力的 【考法 2】adj.不果断的，优柔寡断的: lacking firmness of will, character, or purpose 【例】She has little patience with the "infirm of purpose".她对那些优柔寡断的人没什么耐心 【近】faltering, irresolute, vacillating, wavering 【反】resolute 果断的

eccentric

【考法 1】adj.行为出格的，不循规蹈矩的: deviating from conventional or accepted usage or conduct 【例】an eccentric millionaire行为怪异的百万富翁 【近】strange, bizarre, erratic, idiosyncratic, odd, offbeat, outlandish, quaint, weird 【反】ordinary, regular 常规的 【派】eccentricity n离心率；古怪

dapper

【考法 1】adj.衣冠整洁的: being strikingly neat and trim in style or appearance 【例】The students all looked very dapper in their uniforms学生们穿着校服显得非常整洁。 【近】n.atty, sharp, snappy, spruce 【反】frowsy, unkempt, slovenly, unkempt 不整洁的

laudatory

【考法 1】adj.表示赞扬的: of, relating to, or expressing praise 【例】a laudatory review of the new play 对新剧目的赞扬性的评论 【近】adulatory, commendatory, complimentary, extolling, eulogistic, panegyric 【反】derogatory, depreciatory, disparaging, pejorative 贬低的 【派】laudable adj.值得赞扬的

★fluent

【考法 1】adj.表达流利的: able to express oneself clearly and well 【例】a very fluent speaker who always communicates his points well 一个总能明确指出要点的流利演说家 【近】eloquent, silver-tongued, well-spoken 【反】inarticulate, ineloquent, unvocal 说话不清的 【考法 2】adj.不费力的: involving minimal difficulty or effort 【例】a fluent performance of one of the oldest magic tricks in the book 一场毫不费力的魔术，表演的是书本上最老的魔术之一 【近】effortless, facile, fluid, painless, ready, simple, smooth 【反】arduous, demanding, exacting, formidable, grueling, hard, laborious, murderous, rough, toilsome, tough 【派】fluency n流畅，流利

★explicit

【考法 1】adj.表达清晰的: fully revealed or expressed without vagueness, implication, or ambiguity 【例】explicit instructions表达清晰的指示说明 【近】clear-cut, definite, specific, unambiguous, unequivocal, univocal 【反】obscure, implicit, implied, inferred, ambiguous, circuitous, equivocal, indefinite, unspecific, vague 模糊的 【考法 2】adj.成熟的，完全形成的: fully developed or formulated 【例】explicit plan 成熟的计划 【反】inchoate未完成形成的

★facile

【考法 1】adj.表面的，浅尝辄止的: having or showing a lack of depth of understanding or character 【例】propose a facile solution to a complex problem 给一个复杂的问题提议一个肤浅的解决方案 【近】cursory, shallow, simplistic, superficial 【反】deep, profound 深刻的；comprehensive, exhaustive 全面的，详尽的 【考法 2】adj.容易的，唾手可得的: easily accomplished or attained 【例】a facile victory 一场轻松易得的胜利 【近】cheap, easy, effortless, painless, royal 【反】arduous, demanding, difficult, formidable, hard, laborious, toilsome, tough 费力的，困难的

feeble

【考法 1】adj.衰弱的: markedly lacking in strength 【例】The heartbeat was feeble and irregular心跳虚弱而不规则 【近】debilitated, effete, enervated, faint, fragile, frail, infirm, languid, sapped 【反】mighty, powerful, robust, stalwart, stout, strong 强壮的，强健的 【派】enfeeble vt使衰弱

curt

【考法 1】adj.言词简略、直接(以至显得粗鲁)的: being or characterized by direct brief, and potentially rude speech or manner 【例】his curt reply他简略而略显粗鲁的回答 【近】abrupt, bluff, brusque, downright, unceremonious 【反】circuitous, mealymouthed 迂回的 【考法 2】adj.言简意赅的: marked by the use of few words to convey much information or meaning 【例】on a daily basis she e-mailed to her commanders curt reports on the situation 她每天向长官做故简短汇报 【近】aphoristic, compendious, elliptical, laconic, pithy, sententious, succinct, terse 【反】diffuse, long-winded, prolix, verbose 冗长啰嗦的

★elaborate

【考法 1】adj.详细的，复杂的: marked by complexity, fullness of detail, or ornament 【例】an elaborate manual 内容详尽的使用手册 【近】circumstantial, complex, complicated, intricate, knotty, minute, particular, particularized, sophisticated 【反】sketchy, brief, compendious, summary概要性的 【考法 2】vt.详细阐述: to expand something in detail 【例】The defense committee asked the PhD candidate to elaborate one critical assumption in his thesis答辩委员会要求答辩的博士进一步说明他毕业论文中的一个关键假设 【近】develop, expand, amplify, explain 【反】abstract, abbreviate, condense, simplify 简化;downplay, ignore, neglect, overlook 忽视，忽略

mischievous

【考法 1】adj.调皮的，嬉闹的: playful in a naughty or teasing way 【例】The mischievous child broke the vase. 调皮的孩子打碎了花瓶 【近】annoying, devious, errant, impish, misbehaving, naughty, playful, wicked 【反】decorous, urbane举止得体的 【考法 2】adj.有害的: causing harm or trouble 【例】mischievous rumors that defame him恶意中伤他的谣言 【近】adverse, baleful, baneful, deleterious, detrimental, evil, hurtful, injurious, nocuous, noxious, pernicious 【反】beneficial 有益的；anodyne, benign, harmless, innocent, innocuous, inoffensive, safe 无害的

obsequious

【考法 1】adj.谄媚的，奴性的: marked by or exhibiting a fawning attentiveness 【例】She's constantly followed by obsequious assistants who will do anything.她总是有一群谄媚的跟班，愿意为她赴汤蹈火。 【反】supercilious 目中无人的

humble

【考法 1】adj.谦逊的: marked by meekness or modesty in behavior, attitude, or spirit; not arrogant or prideful 【例】a medical scientist who remained remarkably humble even after winning the Nobel Prize 获得诺贝尔奖之后仍然保持谦逊的医学家 【近】modest, unassuming, unpretentious, demure, down-to-earth 【反】arrogant, bumptious, conceited, egotistic, haughty, high-and-mighty, imperious, lordly, overweening, peremptory, pompous, presuming, presumptuous, pretentious, self-assertive, supercilious, superior, toplofty, uppish, uppity 傲慢的 【考法 2】adj.顺从的，谦卑的: showing, expressing, or offered in a spirit of humility or unseemly submissiveness 【例】please accept my humble thanks 请接受我的卑微的感谢 【近】base, humble, menial, servile, slavish

circumspect

【考法 1】adj.谨慎的；小心的: careful to consider all circumstances and possible consequences: prudent 【例】The banks should have been more circumspect in their dealings银行本应该在它们的交易当中更加谨慎。 【近】alert, careful, gingerly, guarded, heedful, prudent, cautious, chary, wary 【反】careless, incautious, unmindful, unwary 不小心，不谨慎的;audacious, reckless 大胆的，鲁莽的

★covetous

【考法 1】adj.贪婪的，渴求财富的: marked by inordinate desire for wealth or possessions or for another's possessions 【例】cast covetous eyes on their neighbors' fields 对他邻居的土地垂涎 【近】acquisitive, avaricious, avid, rapacious, grasping 【反】easily-satiated容易满足的；unenvious 不艳羡的 【派】covet v觊觎，贪婪

meager

【考法 1】adj.贫乏的: deficient in quantity, fullness, or extent; scanty 【例】meager cultural resources 贫乏的文化资源 【近】exiguous, niggardly, poor, scanty, scarce, skimpy, slender, slim, sparing, sparse, stingy 【反】abundant, ample, bountiful, copious, generous, liberal, plenteous, plentiful 大量的，富足的

impecunious

【考法 1】adj.贫穷的: having very little or no money 【例】They were so impecunious that they couldn't afford to give one another even token Christmas gifts. 他们穷到了连象征性的圣诞礼物都互送不起的地步 【近】beggared, destitute, impoverished, indigent, necessitous, needy, penniless, penurious, threadbare 【反】affluent, flush, opulent, rich, wealthy 富有的

indigent

【考法 1】adj.贫穷的: lacking money or material possessions 【例】indigent people who require some outside assistance 需要外来援助的贫苦人民 【近】beggared, destitute, impecunious, impoverished, necessitous, needy, penniless, penurious, threadbare 【反】affluent, opulent, rich, wealthy 富裕的 【派】indigence n. 贫穷

grueling

【考法 1】adj.费时间花心思的: requiring much time, effort, or careful attention 【例】cutting diamonds can be grueling work 切割钻石是项劳神的活儿 【近】arduous, burdensome, laborious, onerous, taxing, toilsome 【反】effortless, light, unchallenging, undemanding, undemanding, facile 不费力气的

★favorable

【考法 1】adj.赞许的: expressing approval 【例】Favorable reviews for the movie were few 关于电影的正面评价极少 【近】admiring, applauding, commendatory, complimentary, positive 【反】adverse, disapproving, negative 否定的 【考法 2】adj.有利的: tending to promote or facilitate 【例】mild climate favorable to his health 有利于他健康的温和气候 【近】advantageous, benefic, beneficial, favoring, good, helpful, salutary 【反】unfavorable, disadvantageous, untoward, unpropitious 不利的

incipient

【考法 1】adj.起初的，初现的: beginning to come into being or to become apparent 【例】an incipient economic recovery刚刚出现的经济复苏 【近】aborning, beginning, inceptive, inchoate,initial, nascent 【反】adult, full-blown, full-fledged, mature, ripe 成熟的，成型的；moribund 将死的

preternatural

【考法 1】adj.超乎寻常的: surpassing the normal or usual 【例】They exhibited preternatural courage in face of danger.他们在危险面前显示出了超乎寻常的勇气。 【近】aberrant, abnormal, anomalous, extraordinary, phenomenal, magical, miraculous, unearthly 【反】common, ordinary, prosaic 平凡的

gangly

【考法 1】adj.身材痩长的: awkwardly tall or long-limbed 【例】The suspect is a gangly high school boy.嫌咨E是一个痩高的中学生 【近】gangling, lanky, rangy, spindling, spindly 【反】stalwart 壮实的

★exorbitant

【考法 1】adj.过度的: exceeding the customary or appropriate limits in intensity, quality, amount, or size 【例】exorbitant prices 过高的价格 【近】extravagant, intolerable, lavish, overdue, overweening, unconscionable 【反】middling, moderate, modest, reasonable, temperate 适度的，合适的

plangent

【考法 1】adj.轰鸣的: having a loud reverberating sound 【例】The camera man was stunned by the plangent roar of wild animals. 摄影师被野生动物发出的怒号吓得不知所措。 【近】blaring, blasting, clamorous, deafening, earsplitting, resonant, resounding, sonorous, thunderous, vibrant 【反】muffled, muted 声音被减弱的；gentle, low, soft声音轻柔的 【考法 2】adj.凄凉的，哀伤的: having an expressive and especially plaintive quality 【例】a plangent song about a long-ago love 一首关于往日爱情的凄凉歌曲 【近】doleful, dolorous, funeral, grieving, lamentable, lugubrious, plaintive, rueful, sorrowful, woeful 【反】agreeable, cheerful, delightful, enjoyable, jolly, pleasing令人愉快的

ethereal

【考法 1】adj.轻巧精致的: resembling air in lightness, highly refined; delicate 【例】the bakery's scrumptious pastries have a wonderfully ethereal consistency 面包师可口 的糕点有着一 种奇妙的蓬松轻巧的质感 【近】fluffy, gossamer, light 【反】heavy, leaden, ponderous 沉重的 【考法 2】adj.天国的: of, relating to, or suggesting heaven 【例】a land of ethereal beauty and tranquility 具有缥缈的美感和宁静的一片土地 【近】elysian, empyreal, heavenly, supernal 【反】chthonic, hellish, infernal, Tartarean 地狱的 【考法 3】adj.非物质的，精神(上)的: not of this world; spiritual; not composed of matter 【例】that ethereal attribute that every performer should have——charisma 每位演奏者都应该具有一种精神上 的特质——那就是个人魅力 【近】bodiless, formless, incorporeal, insubstantial, nonmaterial, nonphysical, spiritual 【反】bodily, corporeal, material, physical, substantial 物质的，有实体的

jaunty

【考法 1】adj.轻快的，活泼的: sprightly in manner or appearance: lively 【例】a jaunty stroll轻快的散步 【近】animate, brisk, energetic, frisky, perky, racy, spirited, vivacious 【反】staid, dead, inactive, inanimate, lackadaisical, languid, languishing, leaden, limp, listless, spiritless, vapid无生气的

giddy

【考法 1】adj.轻浮不严肃的: lacking in seriousness or maturity 【例】teach a bunch of giddy Girl Scouts how to make a fire教一群漫不经心的女童子军如何生火 【近】flighty, frivolous, frothy 【反】grave, serious严肃的；earnest认真的 【考法 2】adj.喜悦的: joyfully elated 【例】He's clearly giddy at the news that his ailing grandfather will be fine.听到他袓父的病将无大恙，他的喜悦之情溢于言表 【近】elated, elevated, euphoric, exhilarated, exultant, intoxicated, rapturous 【反】depressed, melancholy 忧郁的

accessory

【考法 1】adj.辅助的，附属的: having a secondary, supplementary, or subordinate function 【例】accessory features such as call-waiting 类似呼叫等待的附属功能 【近】accessory, peripheral, supplementary 【反】of primarily importance, chief, main, principal 主要的 【考法 2】n.帮凶: one associated with another in wrongdoing 【例】two accessories, the driver of the getaway car and the dishonest bank teller, were charged in the robbery case 两个帮凶，逃逸车辆的司机和不诚信的银行出纳，在抢劫案中被控告 【近】abettor, confederate

refulgent

【考法 1】adj.辉煌的，灿烂的: shining radiantly; resplendent 【例】Refulgent sunlight broke through the clouds, creating huge swaths of light in the valley below us. 耀眼的阳光穿透了云层，在我们脚下的峡谷中投下了一块巨大的光斑 【近】beaming, brilliant, dazzling, incandescent, lucid, luminous, lustrous, radiant, resplendent, splendid 【反】dim, dull, lackluster 黯淡无光的 【派】refulgence n.灿烂，光芒四射

piquant ['pikənt]

【考法 1】adj.辛辣开胃的: pleasantly pungent or tart in taste 【例】a piquant sauce 开胃的酱汁 【近】peppery, poignant, salty, savory, spicy, zesty 【反】insipid, vapid, zestless索然无味的 【考法 2】adj.令人振奋的: appealingly provocative 【例】a piquant glance 充满挑逗的一瞥 【近】exciting, pungent, racy, stimulating 【反】flat, pallid单调的，无聊的

acrid

【考法 1】adj.辛辣的，剌鼻的: sharp and harsh or unpleasantly pungent in taste or odor : irritating 【例】acrid smell of tobacco烟草剌鼻的味道 【考法 2】adj.刻薄的: marked by the use of wit that is intended to cause hurt feelings 【例】acrid temper刻薄的性情 【反】gentle 温和的

pungent

【考法 1】adj.辛辣的，讽刺的: marked by the use of wit that is intended to cause hurt feelings 【例】pungent language辛辣讽剌的语言 【近】acerbic, acid, acrid, caustic, mordant, sardonic, scalding, scathing

florid

【考法 1】adj.辞藻华丽的，花哨的: full of fine words and fancv expressions 【例】gave a florid speech to attract attention 做了个辞藻华丽的演说以吸引眼球 【近】bombastic, flowery, grandiloquent, magniloquent, rhetorical 【考法 2】adj.装饰华丽的: elaborately and often excessively decorated 【例】a florid architectural style 华丽的建筑风格 【近】baroque, bedizened, flamboyant, fussy, luscious, ornate 【反】austere, plain, severe, stark, unadorned 朴素的，简单的

opprobrious

【考法 1】adj.辱骂的: expressing contemptuous reproach; scornful or abusive 【例】opprobrious language 脏话 【近】scurrilous, vitriolic, vituperative, contumelious 【考法 2】adj.臭名昭著的，令人鄙视的: bringing disgrace; shameful or infamous 【例】opprobrious conduct 令人鄙视的行为 【近】discreditable, disgraceful, dishonorable, ignominious, infamous, notorious, shameful, unrespectable 【反】irreproachable, honorable, reputable, respectable 无可指责的，受人尊敬的 【派】opprobrium 恶名 【反】good repute 好名声

★garish

【考法 1】adj.过于鲜艳的，过于张扬的: marked by strident color or excessive ornamentation 【例】With garish makeup on, she looks exceedingly frivolous. 浓妆艳抹之下的她显得格外轻佻 【近】gaudy, blatant, brazen, flamboyant, glaring, ostentatious 【反】dim, gloomy, murky, somber黑音淡的；conservative, quiet 不张扬的

inquisitive

【考法 1】adj.过分好奇的: inordinately or improperly curious about the affairs of others 【例】big sunglasses to frustrate inquisitive journalists 让狗仔队企图无法得逞的大墨镜 【近】curious, inquiring, investigative, prying 【反】indifferent , unconcerned, uninterested 不感兴趣的；incurious 无好奇心的 【派】inquisitiveness n. 好奇

cement

【考法 1】n./v.粘合: a uniting or binding force or influence 【例】justice is the cement that holds a political community together 正义是让政治个体团结的粘合剂 【近】cord, knot, link, tie

moth-eaten

【考法 1】adj.过时的: having passed its time of use or usefulness 【例】dressed in a moth-eaten style 过时的衣着 【近】antiquated, archaic, dated, fossilized, moribund, outdated, outworn, rusty 【反】fresh, new崭新的；promising 充满希望的

fussy

【考法 1】adj.过时的: rigidly old-fashioned or reactionary 【例】fusty old carpets 过时的旧地毯 【近】antiquated, archaic, bygone, moldy, outdated 【考法 2】adj.腐臭的: saturated with dust and stale odors 【例】the fusty odor of a damp cellar潮湿的地下室里的腐臭味道 【近】malodorous, fetid, musty, noisome, smelly, stale 【反】ambrosial, aromatic, fragrant, perfumed, redolent, savory, scented, sweet有香味的，芳香的

★archaic

【考法 1】adj.过时的，久远的: no longer current or applicable; antiquated 【例】archaic laws过时的法律 【近】antiquated, outdated, outmoded, prehistoric, superannuated 【反】fashionable 流行的；up-to-date, fresh, modern, new, novel 新的 【派】archaism 古语: the use of archaic diction or style 【反】modern diction 新语

distal

【考法 1】adj.远离中心的，(神经)末梢的: situated away from the point of attachment or origin or a central point 【例】the distal end of nerve 神经末梢 【反】proximal接近中心的

★disparate

【考法 1】adj.迥然不同的: fundamentally distinct or different in kind; entirely dissimilar 【例】This couple of seemingly disparate topics have something in common这两个看似无关的主题其实有些相同之处。 【近】dissimilar, distinct, distinguishable, diverse, nonidentical, unalike 【反】alike, identical, indistinguishable, kindred, like, parallel, same, similar相似的，相同的

pellucid

【考法 1】adj.透明的: admitting the passage of light 【例】pellucid spring water 清澈透明的泉水 【近】crystal, crystalline, limpid, liquid, lucent, transparent 【反】opaque 不透明的 【考法 2】adj.清晰明确的，易懂的: transparently clear in style or meaning 【例】Her poetry has a pellucid simplicity that betrays none of the sweat that went into writing it.她的诗歌风格十分清新简约，丝毫没有体现出她为此付出的汗水 【近】apparent, distinct, evident, lucid, manifest, obvious, palpable, patent, perspicuous, plain, straightforward 【反】clouded, cryptic, enigmatic, indistinct, mysterious, obfuscated, obscure 模糊难懂的

frowsy

【考法 1】adj.邋遢的: having a slovenly or uncared-for appearance 【例】frowsy hair 邋遢的头发 【近】slovenly, unkempt, untidy 【反】dapper, neat, tidy, spruce 整洁的 【考法 2】adj.味道难闻的: having an unpleasant smell 【例】The abandoned house was dank and frowsy and barely fit for human habitation这座废房子光线又暗，气味又难闻，几乎无法供人居住 【近】fetid, noisome, smelly, stinky 【反】ambrosial, aromatic, fragrant, redolent 芳香的

fervid

【考法 1】adj.酷热的: having a notably high temperature 【例】set out when the fervid heat subsides 当酷热消散之后才出发 【近】boiling, hot, scorching, searing, sultry, sweltering, torrid 【反】arctic, chilling, cold, freezing, frigid, frozen, glacial, icy 冰冷的，寒冷的 【考法 2】adj.热情的: marked by great passion or zeal 【例】a fervid patriot热情洋溢的爱国者 【近】ardent, fervent, impassioned, passionate, perfervid 【反】cold, cool, dispassionate, emotionless, impassive, unemotional 淡定的，不为所动的

acerbic

【考法 1】adj.酸涩的心情、心境或者语调: marked by the use of wit that is intended to cause hurt feelings 【例】acerbic commentary 尖酸的评论 【近】pungent, sardonic, satiric, scalding, scathing 【反】sweet, saccharin甜的，糖精(甜) 【派】acerbity n 酸

★full-bodied

【考法 1】adj.重要的: having importance, significance, or meaningfulness 【例】a full-bodied study of genetic engineering 一项基因工程的重要研究 【近】important, consequential, momentous, significant, weighty 【反】trivial不重要的 【考法 2】adj.味道浓烈的: having richness and intensity of flavor or aroma 【例】full-bodied perfume in the cabin车厢内浓郁的香水味 【近】strong, concentrated 【反】insipid 平淡无奇的

pregnant

【考法 1】adj.重要的，意味深长的: weighty or significant; full of meaning 【例】the pregnant phrases of the Bible 《圣经》中充满哲理的话语 【近】eloquent, meaningful, momentous, profound, revelatory, significant, suggestive 【反】inane空洞的 【考法 2】adj.怀孕的: containing a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body 【例】Being pregnant represents great news, but it comes with a lot of responsibilities.怀孕是件大好事，但是 它也带来了许多的责任。 【近】enceinte, expectant, expecting, gravid 【派】pregnancy n. 怀孕

feral

【考法 1】adj.野生的: not domesticated or cultivated 【例】Animal experts discourage homeowners from trying to adopt feral animals as pets动物专家们不建议户主们将野生动物收养为宠物 【近】undomesticated, untamed, wild 【反】cultivated人工培养的；domestic, tame 家养的，被驯化的 【考法 2】adj.动物性的: having or showing the nature and appetites of a lower animal 【例】The movie reveals just how thin the veneer of civilization is and how feral we are at bottom这部电影展示了所谓文明只不过是薄薄的一层纱，而内心深处我们仍然是野兽 【近】animalistic, beastly, brutal 【反】rational 理性的

indurate

【考法 1】adj.铁石心肠的，冷酷无情的: having or showing a lack of sympathy or tender feelings 【例】an indurate heart that admits no love or mercy一颗不认可爱或仁慈的冷酷心灵 【近】affectless, callous, heartless, inhumane, merciless, obdurate, pitiless, ruthless, unsparing, cold-blooded 【反】charitable, compassionate, humane, kindhearted, merciful, tender 仁慈的 【考法 2】vt.使变硬: to become physically firm or solid 【例】Great heat indurates clay. 高温使黏土变硬 【近】concrete, congeal, firm, freeze, set, solidify 【反】liquefy 液化；soften柔化 【考法 3】vt.使习惯于: 使习惯于（艰苦或尴尬之境况）: to make able to withstand physical hardship, strain, or exposure 【例】Such a brutal upbringing could only callous his soul and indurate his heart to the suffering of others.这样一种残暴的培养方式只会让他的灵魂变得麻木，让他的心灵对于他人所受的折磨无动于衷 【近】fortify, inure, season, steel, strengthen, toughen 【反】enfeeble, weaken, undermine 弱化，使虚弱

byzantine

【考法 1】adj.错综复杂的: complicated or secretive, having many parts or aspects that are usually interrelated 【例】a bill to simplify the byzantine tax structure 一项试图简化繁琐税收制度的提案 【近】convoluted, intricate, involved, labyrinthine, sophisticated, tangled 【反】straightforward, plain, simple, uncomplicated 直截了当的，不复杂的

intermittent

【考法 1】adj.间歇的，断断续续的: coming and going at intervals, not continuous 【例】intermittent rain in June六月里断断续续的梅雨

dank

【考法 1】adj.阴湿的: slightly or moderately wet 【例】v.egetables tended to go bad quickly in the dank cellar蔬菜在潮湿的地下室很容易变坏 【近】damp, wettish

★hackneyed

【考法 1】adj.陈腐的，缺乏创造的: lacking in freshness or originality 【例】hackneyed slogans 老掉牙的口号 【近】banal, cliche, commonplace, hack, threadbare, trite, well-worn, stereotyped 【反】fresh, offbeat, original, novel 新鲜的

protuberant

【考法 1】adj.隆起的，凸出的: thrusting out from a surrounding or adjacent surface often as a rounded mass 【例】protuberant eyes 暴鱼眼 【反】depressed 下陷的 【派】protuberance 隆起 【反】concavity 凹陷

random

【考法 1】adj.随机的，随意的: lacking a definite plan, purpose, or pattern 【例】We received several answers and picked one at random. 我们收到了若干答案，并随机抽取了一个。 【例】aimless, arbitrary, desultory, erratic, haphazard, scattered, slapdash, stray 【反】methodical, orderly, organized, regular, systematic, systematized 井然有序的，系统化的 【派】randomly adv.随机地；randomize v.随机挑选、排列

★covert

【考法 1】adj.隐蔽的，秘密的: not openly shown, engaged in, or avowed 【例】covert alliance秘密联盟 【近】cloistered, hidden, secret, sheltered 【反】open, overt, aboveboard 公开的 【考法 2】n.隐秘掩护所: a place where a person goes to hide or to avoid others 【例】set up a covert from which to watch wildlife without being detected 设立了一个隐蔽的野生动物观测点 【近】concealment, hermitage, hideaway, nest, lair

clandestine

【考法 1】adj.隐藏的，秘密的: kept or done in secret, often in order to conceal an illicit or improper purpose 【例】their clandestine love affair 他们的秘密恋情 【近】secret, covert, furtive, surreptitious, sneaky, stealthy, undercover, underground, underhand, underhanded 【反】open, overt, public公开的；aboveboard 光明正大的

★arduous

【考法 1】adj.难以做到，费劲的: hard to accomplish or achieve: difficult 【例】a long and arduous undertaking 一项长期艰苦的任务 【例】an arduous journey across miles of desert 艰苦的沙漠之旅 【近】grueling, laborious, taxing, onerous, burdensome 【反】easy, simple, unchallenging, undemanding, facile, effortless 不费劲的

occult

【考法 1】adj.难以理解的: not easily apprehended or understood : abstruse, mysterious 【例】an occult reference in the text that has puzzled scholars 文章中一处晦涩的难倒了学者们的引注 【近】ambiguous, arcane, equivocal, inscrutable, opaque, impenetrable 【反】bare, manifest, patent, readily fathomable暴露的，可理解的 【考法 2】v.使隐藏或神秘: to keep secret or shut off from view 【例】occulted their house from prying eyes by planting large trees around it 在住所周围种满大树防止别人偷窥 ； the actor's private life had long been occulted by a contrived public persona 演员的私人生活被一个精心打造的公众形象所遮掩 【近】belie, blanket, cloak, conceal, cover, curtain, disguise, enshroud, mask, obscure, screen, shroud, suppress, veil, blot out, paper over 【反】bare, disclose, display, divulge, expose, reveal, show, uncloak, uncover, unmask, unveil 暴露

ineffable

【考法 1】adj.难以表达的: incapable of being expressed 【例】ineffable ecstasy 无法用语言表达的狂喜 【近】indefinable, indescribable, inexpressible, unspeakable, unutterable 【反】communicable可传达的；expressible 可描述的 【派】ineffability n.不可描述性

grotesque

【考法 1】adj.难看的: unpleasant to look at 【例】that bloody Halloween mask is grotesque那个血腥的万圣节面具丑死了 【近】hideous, homely, ill-favored, monstrous, unappealing, unattractive, uncomely, unsightly 【反】aesthetic, attractive, beautiful, bonny, comely, fetching, gorgeous, knockout, ravishing, seemly, sightly, stunning, taking, well-favored 悦目的，吸引人的

obstreperous

【考法 1】adj.难驾驭的，任性的: stubbornly resistant to control; unruly; given to resisting authority or another's control 【例】the club's president was at his wits' end with obstreperous members who refused to cooperate 俱乐部主席拿那些不合作的会员一点办法都没有 【近】balky, defiant, incompliant, insubordinate, intractable, rebellious, recalcitrant, refractory 【反】disciplined, amenable, biddable, compliant, conformable, docile, obedient, ruly, submissive, tractable守 纪律的，顺从的 【考法 2】adj.吵闹的: engaging in or marked by loud and insistent cries especially of protest 【例】an obstreperous crowd protesting the government's immigration policy 一堆吵闹的民众游行抗议政府的移民政策 【近】blatant, clamant, clamorous, squawking, vociferant

earsplitting

【考法 1】adj.震耳欲聋的: distressingly loud or shrill 【例】earsplitting noise of airplane engines飞机引擎的巨大噪音 【近】blaring, blasting, deafening, loud, piercing, plangent, resounding, roaring, stentorian, thunderous 【反】gentle, soft (音乐)轻柔的

dormant

【考法 1】adj.静止的，不活跃的: in a state of rest or inactivity; inoperative; in abeyance 【例】v.olcanoes which have been dormant for thousand years 休眠了上千年的火山 【近】dead, latent, lurking, abeyant, quiescent, inert 【反】active, busy, operating 活跃的 【考法 2】adj.(动物)冬眠的: having biological activity suspended 【例】The bears lay dormant in their den during the winter 在冬季，熊在他们的穴里冬眠 【近】asleep, resting, napping, slumbering 【反】awake 清醒的 【派】dormancy n不活跃；冬眠

clasp

【考法 1】n./v.紧握: the act or manner of holding 【例】Be careful that your clasp on the cat isn't too tight, or she could get hurt注意别抓那只猫太紧，否则她会受伤的。 【近】clench, grapple, grasp, grip, handgrip, handhold

immaterial

【考法 1】adj.非实体的: not composed of matter 【例】It is only possible to study immaterial forces like gravity by observing their effects on the physical world.要研究那些非实体的作用力——例如万有引力，只能观察它们对于现实世界的影响 【近】ethereal, formless, incorporeal, insubstantial, nonmaterial, spiritual 【反】bodily, corporeal, material, physical, substantial 实体的 【考法 2】adj.无关的，不重要的: of no importance or relevance 【例】While undoubtedly upsetting, that story is immaterial to the question of why you are late. 尽管那个故事的确很让人遗憾，但是和你为什么迟到没有半点关系 【近】extraneous, impertinent, inapplicable, inapposite, irrelevant 【反】applicable, apposite, apropos, germane, pertinent, relevant 相关的;crucial, important, significant 重要的

hilarious

【考法 1】adj.非常好笑的: marked by or causing hilarity: extremely funnv 【例】hilarious cartoons that the whole family can enjoy适合全家观看的搞笑动画片 【近】hysterical, ludicrous, ridiculous, screaming, sidesplitting, uproarious 【反】humorless, lame, unamusing, uncomic, unfunny 不好笑的

craven

【考法 1】adj.非常懦弱的，因胆小令人鄙视的: lacking the least bit of courage; contemptibly fainthearted 【例】a craven deserter 一个懦弱的逃兵 【近】cowardly, gutless, pusillanimous, spineless 【反】dauntless, fearless, gallant, gutsy, intrepid, stalwart, stout, stouthearted, valiant, valorous 勇敢的

precipitous

【考法 1】adj.非常陡峭的: very steep, perpendicular, or overhanging in rise or fall 【例】a precipitous gorge 险峻的峡谷 【近】abrupt, arduous, precipitate, sheer, steep 【反】flat, level平坦的 【考法 2】adj.匆忙的: acting or done with excessive or careless speed 【例】They soon regretted their precipitous actions in international affairs 他们很快就为他们在国际事务中的匆忙举动感到后悔。 【近】cursory, flying, headlong, hurried, overhasty, precipitate, rash, rushed 【反】deliberate慎重考虑的；leisurely, unhurried, unrushed 从容不迫的，不慌不忙的

heterodox

【考法 1】adj.非正统的，异端的: holding unorthodox opinions or doctrines, not rigidly following established form, custom, or rules 【例】her heterodox approach to teaching science initially met with some resistance from her peers 她对于 教学的一些非正统方法最开始受到了同辈的抵触 【近】dissenting, out-there, unconventional, unorthodox 【反】conforming, conventional, orthodox, regular, routine 正常的，正统的

compliant

【考法 1】adj.顺从的: ready or disposed to comply: submissive 【例】a corrupt regime aided by a compliant television station 一个在顺从的电视台帮助下的腐败政府 【近】amenable, conformable, docile, submissive, tractable 【反】balky, contumacious, disobedient, incompliant, insubordinate, intractable, noncompliant, obstreperous, rebel, rebellious, recalcitrant, refractory, unamenable, ungovernable, unruly, willful, wayward 顽固，难驾驭的

diehard

【考法 1】adj.顽固的，保守的/ n顽固的人，保守的人: strongly or fanatically determined or devoted/ someone who opposes change and refuses to accept new ideas 【例】Some diehard smokers belied the doctors' suggestion 一些顽固的烟民违背了医生们的建议。 【近】conservative, hidebound, old-fashioned, reactionary, ultraconservative 【反】liberal, nonconservative, open-minded, liberal 自由的，开放的

pertinacious

【考法 1】adj.顽固的，固执地坚持的: sticking to an opinion, purpose, or course of action in spite of reason, arguments, or persuasion 【例】The pertinacious boy won't stop crying unless his desire is satisfied.这个固执的男孩在愿望没有满足的情况下是不会停止哭泣的 【近】adamant, headstrong, implacable, inflexible, intransigent, mulish, obdurate, perverse, stubborn, willful 【反】compliant, flexible, pliable, pliant, yielding 容易受影响的，容易控制的

★hard-bitten

【考法 1】adj.顽强的，经受得住困境、压力的: able to withstand hardship, strain, or exposure 【例】hard-bitten Chinese people could endure both the scorching heat and the freezing cold坚强勇敢的中国人民既能受得住酷暑，又能受得住严寒 【近】hardened, sturdy, tough, cast-iron, inured, rugged, stout, vigorous, hardy 【反】delicate, nonhardy, soft, tender, weak柔弱的

recalcitrant

【考法 1】adj.顽抗的，不顺从的: marked by stubborn resistance to and defiance of authority or guidance 【例】a recalcitrant teenager 执拗的少年 The manager worried that the recalcitrant employee would try to undermine his authority. 经理担心那些不听命的员工会削弱它的权威。 【近】balky, contumacious, defiant, incompliant, insubordinate, intractable, obstreperous, rebellious, refractory, unruly 【反】amenable, compliant, conformable, docile, governable, obedient, ruly, submissive, tractable服从的，顺从的 【派】recalcitrance n.固执，不服从命令

portentous

【考法 1】adj.预兆性的，凶兆的: being or showing a sign of evil or calamity to come 【例】an eerie and portentous stillness阴森神秘，充满凶兆的寂静 【近】baleful, direful, doomy, foreboding, inauspicious, menacing, minatory, ominous, sinister, ill-omened 【反】auspicious, propitious 吉兆的 【考法 2】adj.勾起兴趣的，令人遐想的: eliciting amazement or wonder 【例】The way in which he could bring together opposing forces was truly portentous. 他整合两股对抗势力的方法着实令人好奇 【近】amazing, astonishing, astounding, fabulous, marvelous, miraculous, prodigious, wonderful 【反】common, commonplace, ordinary 普通的

apocalyptic [ə,pɑkə'lɪptɪk]

【考法 1】adj.预言的，启示的: of a revelatory or prophetic nature 【例】No one listened to her apocalyptic predictions没有人听她的预言。 【近】prophetic, predictive, prognostic, farsighted 【考法 2】adj.重要的，转折点的 of, relating to, or being a major turning point 【例】the apocalyptic Battle of Stalingrad leading to the ultimate defeat of Nazi Germany 具有转折点意义的斯大林格勒战役导致了最后纳粹德国的战败 【反】trivial, petty, minor, immaterial, inconsequential, insignificant 不重要的 【考法 3】adj.夸大的 wildly unrestrained : grandiose 【例】apocalyptic tone 夸大的语气

prophetic

【考法 1】adj.预言的，预示的: foretelling events: predictive 【例】those lower-than-expected sales numbers were a prophetic indicator of the financial trouble the company would soon be in那些低于预期的销售数字就是公司即将陷入的金融危机的先兆 【近】predictive

personable

【考法 1】adj.风度翩翩的，吸引人的: pleasing in personality or appearance; attractive 【例】apparently be attracted by a personable young man 明显被一位风度翩翩的少年迷住了 【近】alluring, appealing, attractive, captivating, charismatic, charming, comely, enchanting, handsome, pretty 【反】grotesque, hideous, ugly 丑陋的；homely相貌平庸的

headlong

【考法 1】adj.鲁莽的: without deliberation 【例】terrified forest creatures in a headlong retreat from the rapidly spreading fire 受惊的动物们惊慌失措地从不断蔓延的森林大火中逃离出来 【近】cursory, overhasty, precipitate, precipitous, rash, pell-mell, helter-skelter 【反】deliberate, unhurried, unrushed 深思熟虑的

gloomy

【考法 1】adj.黯淡无光的: being without light or without much light 【近】black, dark, dim, dimmed, murky, obscure, stygian, pitch-dark 【反】bright, luminous, lucent, lucid 明亮的 【考法 2】adj.忧郁的: low in spirits 【例】feel gloomy about future career就未来的职业生涯倍感忧心 【近】sullen, dejected, dour, melancholy, morose, saturnine, surly 【反】frothy 欢乐轻挑的；buoyant, cheerful, jubilant高兴的

murky

【考法 1】adj.黯淡的，昏暗的: being without light or without much light 【例】I didn't like walking around the murky campground without a flashlight. 我不喜欢在没有手电的情况下在营地里走动 【近】black, caliginous, darkened, dim, gloomy, stygian 【反】bright, brightened, brilliant, illuminated, illumined, lucent, lucid, luminous 明亮的 【考法 2】adj.模糊的，晦涩的: lacking clarity or distinctness 【例】He felt lost in the murky bureaucratic rhetoric.他感觉自己被官僚主义的晦涩说辞弄晕了 【近】ambiguous, arcane, cloudy, equivocal, muddy, nebulous, obscure, occult, vague 【反】clear, limpid, pellucid, plain 清晰的

aloft

【考法 1】adv在空中: in the air especially : in flight (as in an airplane) 【例】The balloon stayed aloft for days 气球在空中停留了很多天。 【近】overhead 【反】grounded 着陆地

★batch

【考法 1】n. 一批次的量: a number of things considered as a unit 【例】a batch of cookies 一批次烘烤的饼干 【近】array, collection, package, parcel, group 【考法 2】n.一小群人: a usually small number of persons considered as a unit 【例】Show the next batch of applicants in, please请带下一批申请人进来 【近】band, body, cluster, party

peep

【考法 1】n. 一瞥: a brief and sometimes furtive look 【例】take a peep at the new neighbors偷偷瞄了我们的新邻居一眼 【近】gander, glance, glimpse, peek 【考法 2】n.轻声: a slight sound or utterance 【例】Ihaven't heard a peep out of the children for an hour.我已经一个小时没听到孩子们的声音了 【近】mumble, murmur, mutter, twitter, whisper 【反】clamor, noise, outcry, roar 喧哗，吵闹

★consensus

【考法 1】n. 一致同意: general agreement; unanimity 【例】The board has finally reached a consensus董事会最终达成了一致 【近】accord, assent, agreement, harmony, unanimity, unison 【反】disagreement不同意见

★concord

【考法 1】n. 一致，和睦: harmony or agreement of interests or feelings; accord 【例】No discord, no concord不打不成交 【近】comity, compatibility, peace 【反】conflict, discord, dissension, variance 冲突，不和

asperity

【考法 1】n.(举止、性情)粗暴: roughness of manner or of temper 【例】She responded with such asperity that we knew she was offended by the question她如此粗鲁的回答问题 以至于我们知道这个问题冒犯到了她。 【近】roughness, crudity, rudeness, poignancy, harshness 【反】softness, mildness 脾气好 【考法 2】n.(环境)艰苦: rigor, severity 【例】He has encountered more than his share of asperities on the road to success在成功的道路上他己经遇到过比他应该承受的更多的艰辛。 【近】severity, hardness, hardship, rigor

calligraphy

【考法 1】n.(优美的)书法: artistic, stylized, or elegant handwriting or lettering 【例】she specializes in scrollwork with beautiful calligraphy 她很擅长花体字 【近】longhand, manuscript, penmanship, script

nerve

【考法 1】n.(坚强的)意志，勇气: power of endurance or control; strength of mind to carry on in spite of danger 【例】n.erves of steel 钢铁般的意志 【近】bravery, fortitude, guts, intrepidity, resolution, stamina 【反】cowardice, pusillanimity 怯懦 【考法 2】vt.给予勇气，鼓励: to flive strength or courage to 【例】n.eeds to nerve himself for the big game tomorrow需要为明天的大赛给自己加油鼓劲 【近】animate, brace, cheer, embolden, encourage, inspirit, steel, strengthen 【反】appall 使胆寒；discourage, dishearten 使沮丧 【派】n.ervy adj.有勇气的

★delicacy

【考法 1】n.(外貌、建筑、表演)精致: fineness of appearance, construction, or execution; elegance 【例】lace of great delicacy 精致的蕾丝 【近】dainty, delectable, kickshaw, tidbit 【反】crudity, husk, coarseness, roughness粗糙

denouement

【考法 1】n.(小说的)结局: the final resolution or clarification of a dramatic or narrative plot 【例】a surprising/ unexpected denouement 令人惊奇的、出人意料的结局

defile

【考法 1】n.(山间)小道: a narrow passage or gorge 【例】They climbed up the mountain through a defile 他们通过一条小路爬到山上。 【考法 2】v.亵渎: to treat (a sacred place or object) shamefully or with great disrespect 【例】art conservators were careful not to do anything that might defile the holy relic公物管理员要防止任何玷污圣迹的行为 【近】profane, violate 【考法 3】v.不能被使用: to make unfit for use by the addition of something harmful or undesirable 【例】supplies of meat that had been defiled by maggots 肉已经生蛆了，不能再食用了 【近】befoul, foul, pollute, taint 【反】decontaminate, purify 使纯净

farce

【考法 1】n.(带有嘲讽元素的)滑稽戏: a light dramatic composition marked by broadly satirical comedy and improbable plot 【近】burlesque, caricature, parody, sham, travesty 【反】serious play 正剧 【考法 2】n.闹剧: ridiculous or empty show 【例】The enforcement of this law became a farce这条法律的执行过程成了一场闹剧 【近】joke, mockery, nonsense 【派】farcical adj荒谬的

paroxysm

【考法 1】n.(感情、动作的)突发: a sudden outburst of emotion or action 【例】a paroxysm of coughing突然一阵咳嗽 【近】burst, ebullition, eruption, explosion, flare, flash, flush, gush, outburst, storm 【考法 2】n.(政治、社会领域的)大动荡: a violent disturbance (as of the political or social order) 【例】Darwin's introduction of the theory of evolution created paroxysms in both religion and science that are still being felt today.达尔文提出的进化论给宗教界和科学界都带来了巨大的冲击，时至今日我们仍然可以感觉到 【近】bouleversement, cataclysm, earthquake, hurricane, storm, tempest, tumult, upheaval, uproar

indemnity

【考法 1】n.(损害、伤害等的)保险补偿: compensation for damage, loss, or injury suffered 【例】The widow now lives on a pension and an indemnity from her late husband's company.这个寡妇如今依靠社保和前夫公司的保险赔偿过日 【近】compensation, indemnification, quittance, recompense, redress, remuneration, reparation, requital

husk

【考法 1】n.(果类或谷物的)外壳: a usually dry or membranous outer covering (as a pod or one composed of bracts) of various seeds and fruits (as barley and corn) 【例】a grey squirrel nibbling on a peanut husk 一个啃着花生壳的灰松鼠 【近】bark, chaff, hull, shell 【反】core, kernel 核 【考法 2】v.剥去: to remove the natural covering of 【例】the tedious task of husking coconuts无聊的任务——剥花生 【近】bark, flay, hull, shell, shuck, skin

★authority

【考法 1】n.(某领域的)权威人士: a person with a high level of knowledge or skill in a field 【例】a leading authority on neural anatomy 一名神经解剖学领域的权威人士 【近】expert, connoisseur, maestro, master, virtuoso 【反】amateur业余爱好者 inexpert 非专家 【考法 2】n.管辖权，控制: lawful control over the affairs of a political unit (as a nation) 【例】The sheriff had authority over the whole county 郡守对于整个郡都有管辖权 【近】administration, governance, regime, regimen 【考法 3】n.影响力: the power to direct the thinking or behavior of others usually indirectly 【例】He speaks with a persuasive authority on matters of public health 他就公共健康事务发表了带有影响力的、令人信服的评论 【近】clout, credit, leverage, weight 【考法 4】n.(管束他人的)权力: the right or means to command or control others 【例】By the authority vested in me,Inow pronounce you married 依我所拥有的权力，我宣布你们成为夫妻 【近】arm, command, control, dominion, reign 【反】impotence, powerlessness 无权力 【考法5】n.根据，理由: a warrant for action 【例】On what authority do you make such a claim?你的指控有何理由？ 【近】grounds, justification

★amenity

【考法 1】n.(环境，设备等的)舒适，人性化: something that conduces to comfort, convenience, or enjoyment 【例】the amenity of the new surroundings新环境的宜人之处 【近】comfort, convenience, affability 【考法 2】n.融洽，和谐: the quality of being pleasant or agreeable 【例】a discussion conducted in perfect amenity在和谐融洽的气氛中进行的讨论 【近】agreeability, cordiality, harmony, accord, concord, consonance 【反】discordance, inharmony 不和谐

latitude

【考法 1】n.(行动或言论)自由: freedom from normal restraints, limitations, or regulations 【例】Students are allowed considerable latitude in choosing courses.学生在选课时被给予相当大的自由度 【近】authorization, license, freedom, leeway, free hand 【反】limitation限制；custody 监护，拘留

oration

【考法 1】n.(颇有野心、自高自大的)演说: a speech delivered in a high-flown or pompous manner 【近】address, declamation, harangue, peroration

cliche

【考法 1】n./ adj陈词滥调(的): a hackneved theme, characterization, or situation 【例】Cliche is a feature of bad news拙劣的新闻的特征是使用陈词滥调。 【近】banality, bromide, platitude, trite, bathetic, hackneyed, stereotypical 【反】fresh, new, original, creative 新的，创造性的

compliment

【考法 1】n./ vt称赞，恭维: an expression of praise, admiration, or congratulation 【例】a man meriting the compliments and homage of his fellows 一个值得他的伙伴们尊敬和称赞的人 【近】praise, commend, eulogize, extol, laud 【反】vi.tuperate 责骂 【派】complimentary adj称赞的: expressing or containing a compliment 【反】vi.tuperative 责骂的 【考法 2】n.敬意，免费赠送的礼物: formal and respectful recognition : honor 【例】How about a delicious dessert then, with our compliment? 给您上点甜点怎么样，算是我们小小的敬意。

crescendo

【考法 1】n./v.(声音)渐强: a gradual increase in volume of a musical passage 【例】The movement begins with a crescendo of a clarinet 乐章伴随着渐强的单簧管奏响 【反反】decrescendo (声音)渐弱 【考法 2】n.(渐强之后到达的)顶峰: the peak of a gradual increase 【例例】complaints about stifling smog conditions reach a crescendo 对于让人窒息的烟雾的抱怨；到达了顶峰 【近】apex, acme, apogee, climax, peak, pinnacle, summit, zenith 【反】n.adir最低点

boo

【考法 1】n./v.嘘(以表示不满或嘲笑): a sound uttered to show contempt, scorn, or disapproval 【例】boo the actor off the stage把演员嘘下舞台 【近】jeer, scorn 【反】applaud 鼓掌

flout

【考法 1】n./v.嘲弄性不理会，蔑视: to treat with contemptuous disregard 【例】flout the academic norm by plagiarizing 通过抄袭来蔑视学术规范 【近】despise, disregard, gibe, sneer, taunt 【反】respect, revere, venerate 尊敬

esteem

【考法 1】n./v.尊重: to regard with respect; prize 【例】be held in high esteem被高度敬仰 【近】appreciation, estimation, favor, regard, respect 【反】disfavor, odium 不喜欢，憎恶

filibuster

【考法 1】n./v.拖延议事: the use of obstructionist tactics, especially prolonged speechmaking, for the purpose of delaying legislative action 【例】The Senator used a filibuster to stop the bill参议员拖延了草案的实施 【近】delay, hindrance, impediment, obstruction, postponement ,procrastination

crutch

【考法 1】n./v.支撑，支柱: something that supports or sustains 【例】a crutch for local economy 当地的经济支柱 【近】brace, buttress, column, stay, support, underpinning, underpropping

★eclipse

【考法 1】n.下降，衰退: a change to a lower state or level 【例】the eclipse of the town from a grand seaside resort to a tacky tourist trap 从壮丽辉煌的海边旅游圣地退化成了俗气的坑人景点 【近】decadence, degeneration, degradation, deterioration, ebb, fall 【反】ascent, rise, upswing 上升，崛起 【考法 2】vt.使声望下降，使黯然失色: to obscure or diminish in importance, fame, or reputation 【例】Her score eclipsed the old record 她的分数使旧的纪录黯然失色 【近】adumbrate, obscure, overshadow 【考法 3】vt.(在数量、品质上)超越: to be greater, better, or stronger than 【例】The brilliant young pianist now eclipsed even his own mentor in musical artistry 极富天赋的小钢琴家如今甚至己超越了他的音乐导师 【近】beat, exceed, excel, outshine, outstrip, surpass, transcend 【反】fall behind 落后

★equity

【考法 1】n.不偏不倚，公平: lack of favoritism toward one side or another 【例】the lower wages paid to women for equal work violated the notion of equity 同等工作付给女性更低的报酬违背了公平的理念 【近】disinterestedness, equity, evenhandedness, fairness, impartiality, neutrality, nonpartisanship 【反】bias, favoritism, nonobjectivity, one-sidedness, partiality, partisanship, prejudice 歧视，偏见 【派】equitable a公平的 【反】biased, discriminatory偏袒的，差别对待的

★acumen

【考法 1】n.不同寻常的洞察力和鉴别力: exceptional discernment and judgment especially in practical matters 【例】the business acumen 商业方面的洞察力 【近】keenness, shrewdness, canniness, clear-sightedness, hardheadedness 【反】unable to discerning 不能辨别的

dissonance

【考法 1】n.不和谐，剌耳: a harsh, disagreeable combination of sounds; discord 【例】cognitive dissonance 认识上的分歧 ； Dissonance among the three partners doomed the project 三个股东间的不调和注定了那计划的失败。 【近】conflict, disaccord, discordance, discordancy, disharmony, dissent, dissidence, dissonance, disunion, disunity, division, friction, inharmony, schism, strife 【反】accord, agreement, concord, concordance, harmony, consensus, unanimity 不和谐，不一致

disinclination

【考法 1】n.不喜欢，厌恶，不情愿: a lack of willingness or desire to do or accept something； a lack of willingness or desire to do or accept something 【例】showing a marked disinclination表现出明显的不情愿 【近】aversion, disfavor, disliking, disrelish, mislike, unwillingness 【反】appetite, favor, fondness, liking, partiality, preference, relish, inclination 喜欢;willingness 情愿

alibi

【考法 1】n.不在场的证明；托辞，借口: an excuse usually intended to avert blame or punishment (as for failure or negligence) 【例】He always has a very creative alibi for undone homework 他对于不完成作业总是有各种新奇的借口。 【近】defense, justification, plea, reason

misfortune

【考法 1】n.不幸: bad fortune or ill luck 【例】unable to grasp why he had been struck by such a misfortune 无法理解他为何会遇上如此不幸之事 【近】adversity, calamity, cataclysm, catastrophe, disaster, ill, mischance, mishap, tragedy 【反】fortune, luck, serendipity 幸事

mishap

【考法 1】n.不幸之事: an unfortunate accident 【例】Mishap followed wherever he went.不论他走到哪里，厄运总是形影相随 【近】adversity, calamity, cataclysm, catastrophe, disaster, ill, mischance, misfortune, tragedy 【反】fortune, luck, serendipity 幸事

perfidy

【考法 1】n.不忠，背信弃义: an act or an instance of disloyalty 【例】As loyalty unites lovers, so perfidy estranges friends. 忠诚是爱情的纽带，欺诈是友谊的敌人 【近】backstabbing, disloyalty, infidelity, sellout, treachery, unfaithfulness, double cross 【反】allegiance, devotion, faithfulness, fidelity, loyalty, staunchness, steadfastness 忠诚 【派】perfidious adj. 不忠诚的

nonentity

【考法 1】n.不重要的人: a person or thing of little consequence or significance 【例】she was so quiet she was almost a nonentity at the meeting她非常沉默，在会议上是个边缘人物 【近】cipher, half-pint, insignificancy, lightweight, nullity, snippersnapper, twerp, whippersnapper, zero, zilch 【反】mogul, big shot, big wheel, bigwig, eminence, figure, magnate, personage, somebody 显要人物 【考法 2】n.虚构的东西: a conception or image created by the imagination and having no objective reality 【例】the arctic circle is a nonentity一you won't see it on the way to the north pole 北极圈是虚构的概念，去北 极的路上你不会见到那么一个圈 【近】chimera, conceit, daydream, delusion, fancy, figment, hallucination, illusion, phantasm, unreality, vision

maven

【考法 1】n.专家: one who is experienced or knowledgeable: expert 【例】As an investment maven, he was doing well even when the market was doing poorly.作为一名投资高手，他在市场不景气的时候也能赚钱 【近】ace, adept, connoisseur, expert, maestro, master, professional, proficient, virtuoso 【反】amateur, dabbler, dilettante 业余爱好者

★crux

【考法 1】n.中心，关键点: the basic, central, or critical point or feature 【例】the crux of the problem问题的核心所在 【近】core, substance, kernel, gist, pivot 【反】trifle, triviality无价值之物

profusion

【考法 1】n.丰富，大量: the state of being profuse; abundance 【例】snow falling in profusion 雪量很大 【近】abundance, mass, plentitude, scads, volume, wealth 【反】paucity 极小量 【派】profuse 丰富的 【反】scanty 缺乏的 【考法 2】n.挥霍，浪费: the quality or fact of being free or wasteful in the expenditure of money 【例】in giving gifts to his girlfriend, he was generous to the point of profusion 对于给女朋友的礼物支出一项，他慷慨到了几乎奢侈的地步 【近】extravagancy, lavishness, prodigality, wastefulness 【反】economy, frugality, penny-pinching

fracas

【考法 1】n.争吵，吵闹: a physical dispute between opposing individuals or groups; a rough and often noisy fight usually involving several people 【例】The police were called in to break up the fracas警察奉命去制止骚乱 【近】battle, clash, combat, conflict, contest, hassle, skirmish, struggle, tussle

★extol

【考法 1】v.赞美；吹捧: to praise highly; glorify 【例】extol the virtues of...赞美......的优点 【近】carol, exalt, glorify, laud, magnify, resound 【反】censure, impugn, malign, deprecate, detract rail, villify, excoriate批评

flock

【考法 1】n.人群，兽群: a great number of persons or creatures massed together 【例】a flock of ill-disposed reporters at the press conference新I闻发布会上一群不怀好意的记者 【近】army, drove, herd, legion 【考法 2】vi.聚集，集体行动: to congregate or travel in a flock or crowd 【例】v.acationers flocked to the towns along the shore in order to escape the August heat度假段的人们一起 涌向海岸，以躲避八月里的热浪 【近】mob, swarm, throng

marvel

【考法 1】n.令人惊奇的事物: one that evokes surprise, admiration, or wonder 【派】The robot is a marvel of modern engineering.机器人是工程领域的奇迹 【近】flash, miracle, phenomenon, prodigy, splendor 【考法 2】v.(因为壮观、美丽等而)表示惊讶: to feel amazement or bewilderment at or about 【派】marvel at the tranquility of Chopin's nocturne惊叹于肖邦夜曲中体现出来的宁静和祥 【近】gape, gaze, goggle, wonder 【派】marvelous adj.令人惊奇的

referee

【考法 1】n.仲裁者；裁判员: a person who impartiallv decides or resolves a dispute or controversy 【例】served as the unofficial referee in disputes over the family business 作为一个非官方协调员，解决家庭事务中的纠纷 【近】adj.udicator, arbiter, arbitrator, judge, umpire 【考法 2】vt.(就纠纷或争议)给出意见: to give an opinion about (something at issue or in dispute) 【例】Their father usually ends up refereeing any disputes concerning use of the big TV.最后往往是他们的父亲决定该看什么电视频道，从而解决了相关争执。 【近】adj.udge, adjudicate, arbitrate, decide, determine, settle 【反】consult 咨询

cronyism

【考法 1】n.任人唯亲，对好朋友的偏袒: favoritism shown to old friends without regard for their qualifications 【例】officials practicing cronyism任人唯亲的官员 【近】favoritism

paragon

【考法 1】n.优秀模范: a model of excellence or perfection of a kind; a peerless example 【例】a paragon of good husband模范好丈夫 【近】archetype, example, exemplar, ideal, model, pattern, paradigm 【考法 2】vt.把...比作；显示相似: to compare with; parallel 【例】paragon retreat with treachery 把撤退比作是背叛 【近】assimilate, compare, equate, liken, match, parallel 【反】contrast对比，对照以产生反差

legend

【考法 1】n.传奇，传说: a popular myth of recent origin 【例】Some ancient civilizations had legends about spirits that inhabited trees and rocks. 许多古老的文明都有着关于寄居于树木、岩石之中的灵魂的传说 【近】fable, myth, mythos 【考法 2】n.图例: an explanatory list of the symbols on a map or chart 【例】The legend in the science textbook indicated that the accompanying picture had been enlarged by 1000%.科学课本上彩图的图例告诉我们这幅图片被放大了十倍 【近】cutline 【派】legendary adj.如传奇般闻名的

camouflage

【考法 1】n.伪装: behavior or artifice designed to deceive or hide 【例】the soldiers must wear protective jungle camouflage while on patrol 士兵们在巡逻的时候必须穿上迷彩服来保护自身安全 【近】costume, guise, cloak, dress up 【反】unmask 揭露

★doldrums

【考法 1】n.低迷，中断: a state or period of inactivitv, stagnation, or slump 【例】August is a time of doldrums for many enterprises 对于许多企业来说八月是一个低迷期 The economy is in the doldrums经济低迷 【近】abeyance, dormancy, latency, quiescence, moratorium 【反】continuation 持续 【考法 2】n.情绪不佳: a state or spell of low spirits 【例】The team had been in the doldrums ever since losing the championship整个队伍自从输了锦标赛以来一直情绪不佳 【近】dejection, depression, desolation, despondence, dolefulness, gloom, melancholy, unhappiness 【反】bliss, ecstasy, elation, exhilaration, exuberance, exultation, jubilation, rapture, felicity

★convenience

【考法 1】n.便利，方便: fitness or suitability for performing an action or fulfilling a requirement 【例】the convenience of living in megacity住在大城市的便利 【近】accommodation, amenity, ease, facility 【反】burden, millstone 负担 【派】convenient adj方便的，便捷的

★fail-safe

【考法 1】n.保险措施: a measure taken to preclude loss or injury 【例】There are so many fail-safes built into the system that a highly unlikely series of mistakes would have to be made before failure could occur 系统中嵌入了大量的保险措施，因此在系统崩溃之前，必须要发生一系列几乎 不可能出现的错误 【近】caution, palladium, preventive, safeguard 【考法 2】adj.万无一失的: having no chance of failure 【例】a fail-safe device 自动防故障装置 Men have traditionally regarded flowers as the fail-safe gift for Valentine's Day男士们长期以来认为鲜花是情人节永远不会错的礼物 【近】certain, foolproof, sure, unfailing 【反】fallible 容易犯错的

★disciple

【考法 1】n.信徒，追随者: one who accepts and assists in spreading the doctrines of another, follower 【例】A circle of dedicated disciples who conscientiously wrote down everything the prophet said 一圈忠实的信徒认真的记下了先知所说的话。 【近】acolyte, adherent, convert, epigone, partisan, votary 【反】leader, coryphaeus 领导者

★exponent

【考法 1】n.倡导者，支持者: one that speaks for, represents, or advocates 【例】Exponents of space exploration earnestly called for more missions to the outer reaches of the solar system太空探险的支持者强烈要求对太阳系的外边缘进行探索。 【近】advocator, backer, booster, champion, espouser, friend, promoter, proponent 【反】adversary, antagonist, opponent 反对者 【考法 2】n.实践者: one who brings an art or science to full realization 【例】has long reigned as the nation's leading exponent of modern dance 被认为是该国现代舞的集大成者 【近】expounder, guru, interpreter, practitioner, high priest

propensity

【考法 1】n.倾向，癖好: an often intense natural inclination or preference 【例】a neighbor who has an unfortunate propensity for snooping 好管闲事的邻居 【近】affinity, aptitude, bent, partiality, penchant, predilection, predisposition, proclivity 【反】aversion 厌恶

negation

【考法 1】n.否定: the opposite or absence of something regarded as actual, positive, or affirmative 【例】issued specific negations of all of the charges against her 发表了明确的声明，否定了所有对她的指控 【近】contradiction, denegation, denial, gainsaying, rejection, repudiation 【反】acknowledgement, affirmation, avowal 肯定，同意 【派】n.egative adj.否定的；负面的

★detour

【考法 1】n.偏离正常标准: a turning away from a course or standard 【例】we'll regard this relapse as just a brief detour on your road to recovery from substance abuse 我们把这次旧病复发看成你戒瘾道路上的一个小偏离 【近】deflection, departure, deviation, divergency 【考法 2】v.改变方向或者路线: to change one's course or direction 【例】we had to detour for a few miles around the section of highway under construction 我们不得不绕远几公里为了避开正在维修的高速公路路段 【近】deviate, diverge, sheer, swerve, veer

lullaby

【考法 1】n.催眠曲: a song to quiet children or lull them to sleep 【例】sang a lullaby to the baby every night 每晚都给孩子唱摇篮曲 【近】berceuse, cradlesong 【考法 2】vt.使镇静，使安心: to free from distress or disturbance 【例】reclining peacefully on the deck, lullabied by the gentle motion of the ship 躺卧在甲板上，随着船轻轻的颠簸放松下来 【近】allay, balm, becalm, compose, lull, quiet, salve, settle, soothe, still, tranquilize 【反】agitate, discompose, disquiet, disturb, perturb, upset, vex 打扰，扰乱

hauteur

【考法 1】n.傲慢，自大: haughtiness in bearing and attitude; arrogance 【例】he looked at her with the hauteur of someone who is accustomed to being instantly obeyed 他看着她，带着向来被顺从惯了的傲慢。 【近】bumptiousness, imperiousness, peremptoriness, pomposity, presumptuousness, pretentiousness, superciliousness, superiority 【反】humility, humbleness, modesty, unassumingness, unpretentiousness 谦虚

precedent

【考法 1】n.先例，前例: an earlier occurrence of something similar 【例】There has not been any precedent so far.到 目前为止还、没有先例。 a landmark decision that set a legal precedent 在法律上首开先河的重大决议 【近】example, instance, model, paradigm, pattern, standard 【考法 2】adj.先前的: prior in time, order, arrangement, or significance 【例】Her violent behaviors may be explained by some precedent events in her troubled life.她的暴力行径或 许可以由她之前苦难生活中遭遇到的一些事件来解释。 【近】antecedent, anterior, former, preceding, previous, prior 【反】ensuing继而发生的 【派】unprecedented adj.前所未见的

precursor

【考法 1】n.先驱者，先导: one that precedes and indicates the approach of another 【例】18th-century lyric poets like Robert Burns were precursors of the Romantics.十八世纪的抒情诗人(如罗伯特•彭斯)是浪漫主义的先驱。 【近】foregoer, forerunner, harbinger, herald, outrider 【反】sequela, successor 后继者；descendant 后代 【派】precursory adj.先驱性的，开创性的

★hallmark

【考法 1】n.典型的特征: a conspicuous feature or characteristic 【例】the dramatic flourishes are the hallmark of the trial lawyer 一头夸张的假发是辩护律师的标志装扮 【近】ensign, impresa, logo, symbol, totem, trademark 【反】uncharacteristic feature不典型的特征

★archetype

【考法 1】n.典范，榜样: an ideal example of a type 【例】an archetype of the successful entrepreneur 成功企业家的典范 【近】ideal, a perfect example, quintessence 【考法 2】n.先驱，鼻袓: something belonging to an earlier time from which something else was later developed 【例】The abacus is sometimes cited as the archetype of the modern digital calculator 算盘是现代计算器的鼻袓 【近】antecedent, foregoer, forerunner, precursor, predecessor, prototype 【考法 3】n.原型: something from which copies are made 【例】'"Frankenstein' 'Dracula' 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde' the archetypes that have influenced all subsequent horror stories"(New York Times)"'弗兰肯斯坦'...'德秋拉'...'杰基尔博士和海德先生'影响了所有继之而来的恐怖故事的原型"(纽约时报) 【近】archetype, prototype

paradigm

【考法 1】n.典范，模范: one that serves as a pattern or model 【例】He was the paradigm of the successful man.他是成功人士的典范 【近】archetype, example, exemplar, ideal, model, pattern, paragon

bulge

【考法 1】n.凸起: a protuberant or swollen part or place 【例】bulging eyes 暴鱼眼 【近】convexity, projection, protrusion, protuberance, swell 【反】depressed region, cavity, dent, indent, recess, pit 凹陷，坑 【考法 2】n.比赛中的优势地位: the more favorable condition or position in a competition 【例】somehow she got the bulge on him in the race for the statehouse 她在州议员竞选中领先了他 【近】high ground, inside track, upper hand, whip hand 【反】disadvantage, drawback, handicap, liability 劣势 【考法 3】n.暴涨，突增，在数目或数量上突然而且是临时性的增加: a sudden, usually temporary increase in number or quantity 【例】The baby boom created a bulge in school enrollment生育高峰造成学校入学人数的暴涨。 【考法 4】v.充满: to be copiously supplied 【例】this guidebook to San Francisco positively bulges with useful information 这本对旧金山的指南包含了很多有用信息 【近】brim, bristle, overflow, swarm, teem

dent

【考法 1】n.凹陷，凹痕: a depression in a surface made by pressure or a blow 【例】a dent in the side of a car 汽车侧面一处凹陷 【近】cavity, depression, hollow, indenture, recess 【反】bulge, convexity, projection, protrusion, protuberance 凸起 【考法 2】v.(数量、程度上)变小，变弱: to make smaller in amount, volume, or extent 【例】hopefully this vacation won't dent our bank account too much 但愿这次旅行不会让我们银行存款缩水太多 【近】abate, downscale, downsize, dwindle 【反】aggrandize, amplify, augment, boost, enlarge, escalate 增大，增强

lash

【考法 1】n.击打: a hard strike with a part of the body or an instrument 【例】suddenly felt the lash of her drunken husband's hand on her cheek 突然感觉到脸颊被醉酒的丈夫扇了一耳光 【近】bang, bash, bat, beat, clap, hit, knock, punch, slam, slap, smash, stinger, stroke, swat 【考法 2】v.猛击，撞击: to strike against with force or violence 【例】All night long a barrage of rain lashed the windows. 倾盆大雨整夜敲击着窗户 【近】baste, hammer, lace, lambaste, punch 【考法 3】vt.捆扎: to bind with or as if with a line 【例】Secure the anchor by lashing it to the rail.通过将锚绑在栏杆上使其稳固。 【反】unbind 解开

altruism

【考法 1】n.利他主义: unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others 【例】Ambition that is masked as altruism 在利他主义掩盖下的野心。 【反】egoism利己主义 【派】altruistic adj利他的 【反】egotistic, self-centered, self-concerned, selfish 自私的

postulate

【考法 1】n.前提条件: something taken as being true or factual and used as a starting point for a course of action or reasoning 【例】One of the postulates that the true agnostic rejects is the assumption that it is even possible for us to know whether God exists.我们无法知道上帝是否存在——这是一个真正的不可知论者所反对的假设。 【近】premise, presumption, presupposition, supposition 【反】conclusion 结论 【考法 2】v.假定为真: to assume or claim as true, existent, or necessary 【例】postulate a causal relationship 假定存在因果关系 【近】assume, conjecture, hypothesize, posit, presuppose, premise, presume, suppose 【反】belie, disprove, falsify 证明为假 【派】postulation n.推测

overture

【考法 1】n.前言: an introductory section or part, as of a poem; a prelude 【近】preamble, preliminary, prologue, warm-up, curtain-raiser 【考法 2】n.序曲: an instrumental composition intended especially as an introduction to an extended work, such as an opera or oratorio 【例】the parade down Main Street served as the overture for a weekend of fun and festivities 主干道上的游行活动拉开了一周节日活动的序幕 【反】coda结尾

divestiture

【考法 1】n.剥夺: the act of taking away from a person 【例】Melodramas were popular because they offered the audience a divestiture of neutrality情节剧之所有受到欢迎是因为他们给观众一个缺乏中立的(世界)。 【近】deprivation, dispossession 【反】acquisition获得；endowment捐赠

coronation

【考法 1】n.加冕，加冕礼: the act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign or the sovereign's consort 【例】Two different musical pieces by Mozart (a piano concerto and a mass) are both titled "Coronation" 莫扎特两部不同的音乐作品(一部钢琴协奏曲和一部弥撒)都被称作"加冕" 【近】enthronement, crowning 【反】abdication 退位 【派】coronate v 力冕

momentum

【考法 1】n.动力: impetus of a physical object in motion 【例】Their luck began to pick up momentum. 他们的运气开始转旺 【近】boost, encouragement, goad, impetus, incentive, incitation, instigation, motivation, spur, stimulus 【反】deterrent 阻碍物；obstruction, resistance 阻力

inducement

【考法 1】n.动机，刺激源: a motive or consideration that leads one to action 【例】offered an expensive watch as an inducement to ratify the proposal 赠送名贵手表以求计划得到批准 【近】goad, impulse, incentive, motive, spur, stimulus 【反】deterrent抑制物 【考法 2】n.劝说，游说: the act of reasoning or pleading with someone to accept a belief or course of action 【例】He gave up smoking only after a prolonged inducement by all the other family members. 在所有家庭成员坚持不懈的劝说之下，他终于愿意戒烟了 【近】conversion, convincing, persuading, suasion 【派】induce v.导致，产生

mettle

【考法 1】n.勇气: vigor and strength of spirit or temperament 【例】troops who showed their mettle in combat在战场上表现出坚强勇气的部队 【近】bravery, courage, dauntlessness, fortitude, guts, nerve, pluck, spirit, spunk, valor 【反】cowardice, cravenness, gutlessness, pusillanimity, spinelessness 胆小，怯懦 【考法 2】n.毅力，耐力: staying quality: stamina 【例】Those trucks had proved their mettle in army transport.那些卡车通过在军队运输中的表现证明了它们的耐用性 【近】durability, endurance, stamina, persistence, resolution 【派】mettlesome adj.有毅力的

jeopardy

【考法 1】n.危险: risk of loss or injury; peril or danger 【例】the city's firefighters routinely put their lives in jeopardy 消防队员们早就把生命置之度外了 【近】distress, endangerment, imperilment, peril 【反】safeness, safety, secureness, security 安全

effrontery

【考法 1】n.厚颜无耻，放肆大胆: flagrant disregard of courtesy or propriety and an arrogant assumption of privilege 【例】had the effrontery to insult her father胆敢辱骂她的父亲 【近】audacity, brashness, brazenness, insolence, nerve, presumption, temerity 【反】decorum, propriety, courtesy, grace 得体;timidity 胆小

amity

【考法 1】n.友好，亲善和睦关系: friendship; especially: friendly relations between nations 【例】live in amity with his neighbors与邻居和谐相处；They parted in amity他们很友好地分别了 【近】friendship 【反】enmity, hostility 敌意

★comity

【考法 1】n.友好，社会和谐: friendly social atmosphere : social harmony 【例】group activities promoting comity促进和谐氛围的团队活动； comity of nations国际礼节 【近】compatibility, concord, peace 【反】conflict, discord, dissension 冲突，不和

★anarchist

【考法 1】n.反抗权威的人: a person who rebels against any authority, established order, or ruling power 【同】rebel, insurgent 【派】anarchy n混乱 : a state of lawlessness or political disorder due to the absence of governmental authority 【近】chaos, disarray, topsy-turviness, commotion, turmoil 【反】order 有序

★approbation

【考法 1】n.同意: an expression of warm approval 【例】The proposal met his approbation 这项建议得到了他的同意。 【近】approval, favor 【反】disapproval, disapprobation, disfavor 不同意

kudos

【考法 1】n.名望，名声: fame and renown resulting from an act or achievement 【例】Employees enjoy the kudos that the job brings as much as the financial rewards.正如同喜欢工作带来的经济回报一样，雇员们也很享受工作所带来的名声和荣誉 【近】credit, distinction, homage, honor, laurels 【反】infamy, notoriety 不好的名声 【考法 2】n.夸奖，赞扬: acclaim or praise for exceptional achievement 【例】The attorney did pro bono work because it was the right thing to do, and not for any future kudos that it might bring.这名律师之所以为慈善机构和穷人所提供免费服务，是因为他觉得这是正确的事情，而非为了任何可 能因此而产生的赞扬 【近】acclaim, accolade, applause, credit, distinction, homage, honor, laud, laurels 【反】belittlement, denigration, deprecation, derogation, diminishment, disparagement 贬损

descendant

【考法 1】n.后代: one deriving directly from a precursor or prototype 【例】They are descendants of the original English and Scottish settlers他们是最早一批英格兰和苏格兰定居者的后裔。 【反】forbears袓先

rapprochement [,ræproʃ'mɑŋ]

【考法 1】n.和睦，友好: establishment of or state of having cordial relations 【例】an era of rapprochement betweenChina and Russia 中俄两国睦邻友好关系的新纪元 【近】amity,communion, concord, fellowship, harmony, rapport 【反】animosity, antagonism, antipathy, bitterness, enmity, hostility, jaundice, rancor 敌意

elegy

【考法 1】n.哀歌(诗)，挽歌(诗): a song or poem expressing sorrow or lamentation 【例】an moving elegy played at the funeral 葬礼上演奏的催人泪下的挽歌 【近】dirge, lamentation, requiem 【反】ode颂歌，颂词

★affinity

【考法 1】n.喜欢，亲切感: a habitual attraction to some activity or thing 【例】always had an affinity for nurturing living things 喜欢培养活物 【近】bent, penchant, predilection, predisposition, proclivity, propensity 【反】aversion, repugnance, antipathy 厌恶 【考法 2】n.相似: the fact or state of having something in common 【例】a study showing an affinity between obesity and socioeconomic status一项表现了肥胖程度和社会经济水平之间相似性的研究 【近】association, bearing, kinship

furor

【考法 1】n.喧闹，激动，狂热: a state of intense excitement or ecstasy 【例】The decision to raise tax has caused a great furor among the working class提高税收的决定引起了工人阶级的强烈反响 【近】delirium, frenzy, fever, fury, hysteria, outrage, rage, uproar, wrath 【反】serenity, tranquility平静，宁静 【反】delight, pleasure 愉悦

cache

【考法 1】n.囤货，藏货: a supply stored up and often hidden away 【例】maintain a cache of food in case of emergencies 保存着食物的隐藏处以防万一 【近】stash, stockpile, store, deposit, hoard, reserve 【考法 2】v.隐藏: to put into a hiding place 【例】cached the fugitive slaves in their cellar until they could make their way to Canada 将奴隶们藏匿在房间的地下室直到他们能够顺利逃去加拿大 【近】conceal, ensconce, secrete, squirrel away 【反】display, exhibit展示

plight

【考法 1】n.困境: a situation, especially a bad or unfortunate one 【例】He was in a plight, trying to decide whether or not to take the job. 他处在不知道是否应该接受这份工作的困境之中。 【近】dilemma, jam, predicament, quandary

imbroglio

【考法 1】n.困境，复杂的局面: an intricate or complicated situation 【例】What investor would willingly become involved in this imbroglio?怎样的投资者才会像这样明知山有虎，偏向虎山行呢？ 【近】complexity, complication, embarrassment, entanglement, involvement, misunderstanding, quandary 【考法 2】n.纷争: an often noisy or angry expression of differing opinions 【例】an imbroglio involving some big names in the entertainment industry 一场涉及娱乐圈数位明星的纷争 【近】altercation, controversy, disagreement, dispute, fight, quarrel, squabble, wrangle 【反】harmony和谐

quandary

【考法 1】n.困惑，窘境: a state of perplexity or doubt 【例】I've had two job offers, and I'm in a real quandary about/over which one to accept.我有两个工作机会,但实在是进退两难，不知道应该选哪一个. 【近】catch-22, double bind 【反】state of complete certainty 胸有成竹

★bigot

【考法 1】n.固执己见者，有偏见的人: a person obstinately devoted to his own opinions and prejudices 【例】He is a bigot, or "a slave of dogma" 一个固执己见的人，换而言之就是一个教条主义的奴隶 【近】dogmatist, partisan 【反】depreciator, disparager贬低他人的人 【派】bigoted 固执己见的

★credence

【考法 1】n.坚信: firm belief in the integrity, ability, effectiveness, or genuineness of someone or something 【例】give credence to gossip 相信绯闻 【近】belief, credit, faith, trust, reliance 【反】doubt, skepticism 怀疑

persistence

【考法 1】n.坚持，持续: uninterrupted or lasting existence 【近】The persistenceof the fever for a week caused me great worry.持续一周的发烧让我很不安 【近】ceaselessness, continuance, continuity, durability, endurance, subsistence 【反】cessation, close, end, expiration, finish, stoppage, surcease, termination 停止 【派】persistent adj.持续不断的

candor

【考法 1】n.坦白，直率，诚挚: unreserved, honest, or sincere expression 【例】the members of the rock band speak with candor about their recent squabbling 摇滚乐队成员对于他们最近的内讧直言不讳 【近】bluntness, forthrightness, frankness, unreservedness, straightforwardness 【反】artifice, mendacity, dissembling, dissimulation, indirection 谎言，不直接

raffle

【考法 1】n.垃圾，废物: discarded or useless material 【例】The front lawn was littered with the raffle that the workers had left behind.前院的草坪上满是工人们丢的垃圾。 【近】chaff, deadwood, debris, dreck, dross, effluvium, litter, offal, offscouring, refuse, riffraff, rubbish, scrap, spilth

prestige

【考法 1】n.声望，威望: the level of respect at which one is regarded by others 【例】The prestige of the university has been irrevocably impaired by the plagiarism scandal.这所大学的声望 己经因剽窃丑闻而受到了不可挽回的损失。 【近】credit, fame, influence, reputation 【反】infamy 坏名声 【派】prestigious adj.有名望的

dupe

【考法 1】n.复制品，复刻: something that is made to look exactly like something else 【例】He built a dupe of the original model, which is locked in a vault他做了个保险柜里模型的复刻品 【近】clone, duplicate, facsimile, imitation, mock, replica 【反】archetype, original, prototype 原型 【考法 2】n.易受骗的人: one that is easily deceived or cheated 【例】The swindler was able to escape with all of the dupe's money 骗子成功带着受骗人的财产逃跑了 【近】fool, victim, gull 【反】connoisseur并亍家，鉴赏家 【考法 3】vt.欺骗: to deceive (an unwary person) 【例】The public is easily duped by extravagant claims in advertising大众极易被广告中夸大的介绍误导 【近】bamboozle, beguile, cheat, cozen, delude, gull, hoax, hoodwink 【派】dupable adj易受骗的

★aspect

【考法 1】n.外表，容貌: appearance to the eye or mind 【例】His face had a frightening aspect他的脸很吓人。 【近】appearance, look, figure, presence, mien

★diversity

【考法 1】n.多样性: variety or multiformity 【例】the diversity of species物种的多样性 【近】diverseness, multifariousness, multiplicity, variousness , miscellaneousness 【考法 2】n.分歧，不同点: the quality or state of being different 【例】There is no fundamental diversity between the two ideologies 这两种思想意识之间并没有根本的分歧。 【近】contrast, disagreement, discrepancy, disparateness, disparity, dissimilarity, dissimilitude, distinction, otherness, unlikeness 【反】alikeness, analogy, likeness, resemblance, sameness, similarity 相同，相似

hodgepodge

【考法 1】n.大杂烩: a mixture of dissimilar ingredients; a jumble 【例】a hodgepodge of styles 混昆搭风格 ； the exhibit was a hodgepodge of mediocre art, bad art, and really bad art整场展览就是中庸、烂和非常烂的艺术作品的大杂烩 【近】agglomeration, assortment, collage, medley, mishmash, pastiche, potpourri

prairie

【考法 1】n.大草原: an extensive area of flat or rolling, predominantly treeless grassland 【例】Canadian Prairie 加拿大大草原地区 【近】grassland, meadow, plain, savanna

legion

【考法 1】n.大量的人，(尤指)军团: a large body of men and women organized for land warfare 【例】joined the French Foreign Legion 加入了法国外籍军团 【近】army, battalion, flock, herd, horde, mob, swarm, throng 【考法 2】adj.大量的: many, numerous 【例】The problems are legion. 问题不计其数 【近】beaucoup, multifold, multitudinous, numerous 【反】few, lack in number 少量的

paradise

【考法 1】n.天堂，极乐世界: an often imaginary place or state of utter perfection and happiness 【例】an idealist who trotted the globe looking for paradise 一个奔波于全世界以寻找一片乐土的理想主义者 【近】bliss, empyrean, heaven, nirvana, utopia 【反】hell, inferno 地狱 【考法 2】n.快乐，狂喜: a state of overwhelming usually pleasurable emotion 【例】that early stage of a romance when lovers are in paradise 爱情初期，当恋人们都处于快乐兴奋的状态时 【近】elation, euphoria, exhilaration, intoxication, rapture, rhapsody, transport 【反】dejection, depression, gloominess, melancholy 沮丧，哀伤

★bombast

【考法 1】n.夸大的言辞: grandiloquent, pompous speech or writing 【例】"Their eloquence is all bombast", said Charles Kingsley "他们的雄辩是虚张声势"，查理斯•金斯利如此说道 【近】braggadocio, grandiloquence, exaggeration 【反】understatement 保守的观点 【派】bombastic adj夸大的

padding

【考法 1】n.夸张，废话: the representation of something in terms that go beyond the facts 【例】that feature writer is sometimes guilty of padding, but he keeps it from getting out of hand 这作者有时候夸夸其谈，但是保持了适度 【近】caricature, coloring, elaboration, embellishment, embroidery, hyperbole, magnification, overstatement, stretching 【反】meiosis, understatement 轻描淡写

★contract

【考法 1】n.契约，合同: a binding agreement between two or more persons or parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law 【例】a billion-dollar contract from Department of Defense 来自国防部的巨额合同 【近】agreement, compact, convention, treaty 【考法 2】v.收缩: to reduce in size by drawing together; shrink 【例】contract muscle 收缩肌肉 【近】compress, condense, concentrate 【反】expand 扩展；inflate膨胀 【考法 3】v.感染疾病: to become affected by a disease or disorder 【例】contracted a severe cold that later turned into pneumonia 染上了重感冒，最终发展成肺炎 【近】catch, get, sicken 【反】heal痊愈 【派】contractor n承包商

posture

【考法 1】n.姿势，姿态: a general way of holding the body 【例】A good upright posture will prevent backaches. 良好的站姿可以预防背痛。 【近】attitude, carriage, poise, stance, station 【考法 2】vi.故作姿态，装模作样: to assume an artificial or pretended attitude 【例】postured to impress 故作姿态以给别人留下印象 【近】attitudinize, feign, grandstand, masquerade, pose, pretend 【派】posturer n.故作姿态之人

★finesse

【考法 1】n.娴熟技巧: mental skill or quickness 【例】The musician shows wonderful finesse 那位音乐家展现出了非凡的技艺 【近】adeptness, adroitness, cleverness, dexterity, proficiency 【反】awkwardness, ineptitude, gaucherie, ungainliness 笨拙 【考法 2】v.精心策划: to plan out usually with subtle skill or care 【例】finesse the schedule 精心安排日程 【近】contrive, frame, machinate, maneuver, manipulate 【考法 3】v.(巧妙地)躲避: to get or keep away from (as a responsibility) through cleverness or trickery 【例】He tried to finesse the blame for the foreign policy fiasco, even though he was secretary of state at the time他竭尽所能躲避因失败的对外政策而可能遭到的指责，尽管他是时任国务卿 【近】avoid, dodge, eschew, evade, shun 【反】confront 直面

euphemism

【考法 1】n.婉言，委婉的说法: the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant 【例】using "eliminate" as a euphemism for "kill" "杀死"的委婉说法是"灭掉"

inventory

【考法 1】n.存货清青单: a detailed, itemized list, report, or record of things in one's possession, especially a periodic survey of all goods and materials in stock 【例】The dealership has an unusually large inventory of pre-owned vehicles.销售商手中有着一份巨大的二手车库存单 【近】budget, pool, repertoire, reservoir, stock 【考法 2】n.(写有要点的)简介: a short statement of the main points 【例】They decided to offer the public an informative inventory of everything that is known about the virus at this time. 他们决定向公众提供一份极富价值的报告，它涵盖了目前为止关于这种病毒的所有认识 【近】abstract, brief, epitome, outline, resume, summarization, synopsis

placebo

【考法 1】n.安慰性的事物: something of no intrinsic remedial value that is used to appease or reassure another 【例】Candies are often adopted as the placebo for the dying patients.糖果通常作为安慰剂给重症患者服用。

coma

【考法 1】n.昏迷，深度无知觉: a state of profound unconsciousness caused by disease, injury, or poison 【例】The girl lay in a coma for three days after the accident那个女孩在事故之后己经昏迷了三天了。 【近】insensibility, blackout, knockout 【反】consciousness, awareness 有知觉 【考法 2】n.迟钝，冷漠: a state of mental or physical sluggishness : torpor 【近】sluggish, torpor 【反】activity, animation 有活力;alacrity 敏捷

ration

【考法 1】n.定额供应量，配给量: an amount allotted or made available especially from a limited supply 【例】The meat ration was down to one pound per person per week.肉的人均供给量降至了每周一磅。 【近】allotment, allowance, apportionment, portion, provision, quota, share 【考法 2】vt.按比例分配: to give as a share or portion 【例】The region has had to ration water during times of drought.干旱时该地区不得不按比例分配水资源。 【近】allocate, allot, allow, apportion, assign, distribute, lot 【反】keep, retain, withhold 扣留，拒接给予

clot

【考法 1】n.密集的一群: a number of things considered as a unit 【例】A clot of daisies occupied one corner of the flower bed 一簇雏菊占据了花床的一角。 【近】array, assemblage, band, block, bunch, cluster, clutch, collection, constellation, grouping, huddle, knot, lot, muster, package 【考法 2】v.堵塞: to prevent passage through by filling with something 【例】Within a few years the pipe began to clog up 没有几年，管子就开始堵塞了。 【近】block, choke, clog, gum up, jam, obstruct, occlude, stop up, stuff 【反】clear, free, open up, unblock, unclog, unstop 【考法 3】v.凝结: to turn from a liquid into a substance resembling jelly 【例】Scabs form over cuts when your blood starts to clot当血液开始凝结的时候，伤口处会形成血痂。 【近】congeal, jell, jelly

parable

【考法 1】n.寓言: a story intended to teach a basic truth or moral about life 【例】the parable in which the repentant sinner is compared to the returning prodigal son 这个寓言故事将不愿悔过的罪人和回头的浪子进行了比较 【近】apologue, fable

fable

【考法 1】n.寓言故事: a story intended to teach a basic truth or moral about life 【例】This classic Christmas film is essentially a fableshowing how every person's life has meaning这部经典的基督教电影本质上来说是一个寓言，它告诉我们每个人的生命都是有意义的 【近】apologue, parable 【考法 2】n.神话，传说: a legendary story of supernatural happenings 【例】According to an ancient fable, the waters of the mountain spring are the tears of a woman weeping for her lost children根据一个古老的传说，这条山中的泉水是一名失去孩子的母亲所流下的眼泪 【近】legend, mythos, tale 【考法 3】n.谎言: a statement known by its maker to be untrue and made in order to deceive 【例】The stories of lost cities of gold may have been fables deliberately concocted by Native Americans to dupe the Spanish所谓的"失落的黄金之都"的故事也许只是美洲土著们杜撰出来忽悠西班牙人的 【近】fabrication, falsehood, lie, mendacity, prevarication, story 【反】fact事实；truth真相 【派】fabulous adj寓言般的，难以置信的

mentor

【考法 1】n.导师: a trusted counselor or guide 【例】n.ot only an lecturer but also a spirit mentor 不仅是授课者，还是精神导师 【近】advisor, coach, counselor, guide, instructor, teacher 【反】disciple, pupil 弟子；apprentice 学徒 【考法 2】vt.教导，指导: to give advice and instruction regarding the course or process to be followed 【例】We're looking for volunteers to mentor students in career planning.我们在寻找能指导学生职业规划的志愿者 【近】coach, counsel, lead, pilot, shepherd, show, tutor 【反】comply, follow, observe 遵从

deference

【考法 1】n.尊崇，顺从: a readiness or willingness to yield to the wishes of others 【例】He is shown much deference by his colleagues 他的同事很尊敬他。 【近】acquiescence, compliancy, docility, obedience, submissiveness 【反】contempt, defiance, disobedience, intractability, recalcitrance 轻视，不服从 【派】deferential adj表示尊重的，恭敬的: showing or expressing deference 【反】imperious, impudent 专横无礼的

homage

【考法 1】n.尊敬，敬意: expression of high regard: respect 【例】Homage to Catalonia 向加泰罗尼亚致敬 【近】commendation, eulogy, hymn, paean, panegyric, salutation, tribute, dithyramb 【反】disrespect 不尊敬

creek

【考法 1】n.小溪，小河: a natural stream of water normally smaller than and often tributary to a river 【例】went wading in the creek 在小溪中涉水而行 【近】stream, branch, brook, rivulet

nip

【考法 1】n.少量: a very small amount 【例】I'll have just a nip of your sandwich.我只吃一点点你的三明治 【近】bit, hint, little, mite, ounce, snap, trace 【反】abundance, affluence, avalanche 大量 【考法 2】vi.小口 吃喝: to sip (alcoholic liquor) in small amounts 【近】n.ibble, sip, tipple 【反】guzzle, quaff, swill 大口吃喝

pittance

【考法 1】n.少量津贴: a small portion, amount, or allowance 【例】The internship offers only a pittance for a salary, but it is a great opportunity to gain experience.实习所能挣到的报酬是很少的，但是它提供了获得经验的绝佳机会。 【近】bit, mite, modicum, peanuts, trace 【反】cornucopia, opulence 富饶；boodle, bundle, fortune 大笔财富

barb

【考法 1】n.尖锐而严厉的批评: a biting or pointedly critical remark or comment 【例】delivered one last barb to his ex-girlfriend as he stalked away 在他转身离去之前，给他前女友留下了最后一句尖锐的批评 【近】affront, criticism, offense, outrage, sarcasm, slight 【反】praise, applause, compliment 称赞

gorge

【考法 1】n.峡谷: a narrow steep-walled canyon or part of a canyon 【例】Wenchuan earthquake is said to have no detrimental effect on Three-Gorge dam.汶川地震据称对三峡大坝没有破坏性影响 【近】gap, gulch, notch, ravine 【考法 2】vi.狼吞虎咽: to eat greedily or to repletion 【例】gorge himself at the party 在聚会上狼吞虎咽 【近】cram, devour, gobble, guzzle, loaf, quaff, sate, swill 【反】n.ibble 小口咬 【派】gorgeous adj.壮观的

mint

【考法 1】n.巨额: an abundant amount, especially of money 【例】worth a mint 价值连城 【近】bomb, boodle, bundle, fortune, pile, wad 【反】mite, modicum 少量 【考法 2】adj.崭新的，无损坏的: unmarred as if fresh from a mint 【例】a second-handed laptop in mint condition 一台几乎全新的二手笔记本电脑

illuminati

【考法 1】n.智者: persons who claim to be unusually enlightened 【近】clerisy, intellectual, intelligentsia, literati 【反】fool, dolt, dullard, idiot, simpleton 儍子 【考法 2】n.精英: individuals carefully selected as being the best of a class 【例】a book launching party to which only New York's cultural illuminati were invited 一个只邀请了 纽约上层文化精英的新书发布会 【近】aristocracy, elite, upper crust

purlieu

【考法 1】n.常去的地方: a place for spending time or for socializing 【例】The restaurant, the preferred purlieu of the theatergoing crowd, is always packed an hour or two before showtime. 观剧的人群经常去的那间餐厅，总是在演出开始前1-2小时爆满。 【近】haunt, purlieu, rendezvous, resort, stamping ground, stomping ground 【考法 2】n.临近的地区: an adjoining region or space 【例】We stopped at one of the several pubs in the purlieus of the stadium.我们在体育馆附近的一间酒吧停下 来。 【近】backyard, neighborhood, purlieus, vicinage, vicinity

★convention

【考法 1】n.常规，习俗: general agreement on or acceptance of certain practices or attitudes 【例】By convention, north is at the top of most maps 按照常规，北方在大多数地图上指向上 【近】custom, ritual, manner 【反】deviation背离习俗 【考法 2】n.公约，协议: a general agreement about basic principles or procedures 【例】Under this circumstance Geneva convention does not comply此情形下《日内瓦公约》无效 【近】treaty, agreement, compact, contract 【考法 3】n.大会，集会: a coming together of a number of persons for a specified purpose 【例】attended a convention of mathematicians in California 参加了加州数学家的一次集会 【近】assembly, congress, council, gathering 【派】conventional adj传统习俗上的

humor

【考法 1】n.幽默，令人发笑的事物: something that is or is designed to be comical or amusing 【例】The speech is full of wit and humor.演讲妙趣横生 【近】comedy, comic, drollery, drollness, funniness, hilariousness 【反】pathos 令人伤感的事物 【考法 2】v.迎合，迀就: to comply with the wishes or ideas of 【例】Parents need to know how to humor kids when they are upset. 父母需要知道当孩子烦躁的时候怎么哄孩子 【近】cater, gratify, indulge

detritus

【考法 1】n.废品，碎屑，遗骸: a product of disintegration, destruction, or wearing away: debris 【例】the detritus of war战争的遗骸 【近】debris, residue, wreck 【反】v.aluable product 有用的物品

debris

【考法 1】n.废墟: discarded or useless material 【例】the unsightly debris left after mining operations had ceased采煤工禾呈中止后留下难看的废墟 【近】dross, dust, litter, offal, refuse, effluvium junk

motto

【考法 1】n.座右铭: a short expression of a guiding principle 【例】"Semper fidelis" is the motto of US Marine Corps. "永远忠诚"是美国海军陆战队的格言 【近】catchword, doctrine, dogma, idiom, slogan

★founder

【考法 1】n.建立者: one that founds or establishes 【例】founders of the nation 国父们 【近】architect, author, creator, father, generator, initiator, originator, sire 【反】terminator 终结者 【考法 2】vi.完败: to fail utterly 【例】The theater company foundered after its corporate funding dried up在其基金告罄之后，这个戏剧公司彻底失败了 【近】collapse, flunk, miss, strike out, wash out 【反】succeed, work out 成功 【考法 3】vi.沉没: to become submerged 【例】The ship struck a reef and foundered船因触礁而沉没 【近】sink, submerge, submerse, go down 【反】float漂浮

penchant

【考法 1】n.强烈嗜好，迷恋: a strong and continued inclination 【例】a penchant for Champaign非常喜爱香槟 【近】affection, bias, disposition, leaning, partiality, predilection, predisposition, proclivity, propensity, tendency 【反】aversion, disfavor, disinclination, dislike, distaste, loathing, repugnance, repulsion 反感

civility

【考法 1】n.彬彬有礼: courteous behavior; politeness 【例】They greeted us with civility他们有礼貌地招呼我们。 【近】politeness, courtesy, politeness, genteelness, gentility, graciousness 【反】discourteousness, discourtesy, impoliteness, incivility, rudeness, surliness, ungraciousness 无礼，粗鲁

mite

【考法 1】n.微小的东西，很少的钱: a very small object, creature, or particle, a very small sum of money 【例】I have only a mite left to buy lunch for the rest of the week.我只剩下一点钱来买剩下一周几天的午饭了 【近】atom, bit, hint, iota, molecule, particle, pittance, trace 【反】boodle, bundle, fortune大笔(金钱)；colossus 巨大的事物

psychology

【考法 1】n.心理学: the science that deals with mental processes and behavior 【例】She studied psychology in college. 她大学专业是心理学。 【考法 2】n.心理战术: subtle tactical action or argument used to manipulate or influence another 【例】He used poor psychology on his employer when trying to make the point.他表达观点时，对老板用了拙劣的心理战术。

★fidelity

【考法 1】n.忠诚: the quality or state of being faithful 【例】They have never wavered in their fidelity to the cause of liberation他们从不动摇对于解放事业的忠诚 【近】adherence, allegiance, commitment, devotion, faith, loyalty, piety 【反】disloyalty, infidelity, perfidy 不忠；treachery 背叛 【派】infidel n异教徒

apprehension

【考法 1】n.忧虑，恐惧: suspicion or fear especially of future evil 【例】She had a strong apprehension about her sister's health 她非常担心她姐姐的健康。 【近】dread, foreboding, misgiving, anxiousness, unease, uneasiness, worry 【反】composure, equanimity 镇定；unconcern 冷漠 【考法 2】n.逮捕: seizure by legal process : arrestment 【例】apprehension of the thief 逮捕小偷 【近】arrest 【反】discharge释放 【考法 3】n.理解: the knowledge gained from the process of coming to know or understand something 【例】a good apprehension of how computer systems work 对计算机是如何工作的有很好的理解 【近】understanding, comprehension 【反】incomprehension

miscreant

【考法 1】n.恶棍，罪犯: one who behaves criminally or viciously 【例】robbed by a bunch of miscreants 遭到了一伙歹徒的抢劫 【近】brute, culprit, devil, felon, fiend, offender, rascal, reprobate, villain 【反】cavalier, chevalier (尤指对女士)彬彬有礼的绅士

precipice

【考法 1】n.悬崖峭壁: a very steep or overhanging place 【例】a precipice too steep to climb 过于陡峭而无法攀爬的悬崖 【近】bluff, cliff, crag, escarpment, palisade 【反】ridge山脊 【派】precipitous adj.陡峭的

palter

【考法 1】vi.欺骗: to act insincerely or deceitfully 【例】unwilling to palter over the price of the house才巨绝对房子漫天要价 【近】chaffer, deal, dicker, haggle, horse-trade, negotiate, equivocate 【反】candor 坦率

lament

【考法 1】n.悼词: a composition expressing one's grief over a loss 【例】her lament for her grandmother她为她袓母写的悼词 【近】dirge, elegy, requiem 【考法 2】n.抱怨: an expression of dissatisfaction, pain, or resentment 【例】the career woman's lament that there aren't any good men left 职场女性的抱怨: 好男人都死光了 【近】carp, complaint, fuss, grievance, gripe, grouch, grouse, grumble, moan, murmur 【考法 3】vi.哀悼，表达痛苦或遗憾: to express sorrow or regret; mourn 【例】lament an innocent death 为无辜的死者而悲痛 【近】bemoan, deplore, grieve, moan, mourn, wail 【反】delight, exult, joy, rejoice 感到高兴

★discord

【考法 1】n.意见不一致，不和谐: lack of agreement or harmony (as between persons, things, or ideas) 【例】No discord, no concord 不打不成交。 【近】conflict, disaccord, discordance, disharmony, dissension, dissidence, dissonance, disunion, disunity, division, friction, inharmony, schism, strife 【反】accord, agreement, concord, harmony, peace 禾谐 【派】discordant adj不和谐的，刺耳的: disagreeable in sound; harsh or dissonant 【近】dissonant, cacophonous, disharmonic, disharmonious 【反】concordant, harmonious 和谐的

★dissension

【考法 1】n.意见不合: difference of opinion; disagreement 【例】Although we have dissension, we are friend all the same虽然我们意见不和，但我们还是朋友； There is a continued dissension among historians on the exact spot of Columbus's first landing关于哥伦布第一次的准确登陆地点这个问题，总是存在分歧。 【近】conflict, disaccord, discordance, discordancy, disharmony, dissent, dissidence, dissonance, disunion, disunity, division, friction, inharmony, schism, strife 【反】accord, agreement, concord, concordance, harmony, consensus, unanimity 不和谐，不一致

complaisance

【考法 1】n.愿意顺从，讨好，彬彬有礼: disposition to please or comply: affability 【例】She speaks with complaisance 说话彬彬有礼； The complaisance of his girlfriend is such that she meekly goes along with everything he says他的女朋友讨好他，对他言听计从。 【近】affability, amenability, amiability, good-naturedness 【反】obstinacy 固执；churlishness 粗野

jog

【考法 1】n.慢跑: a movement, pace, or instance of jogging (as for exercise) <font color="#0000ff">【考法 2】vi.唤起: to rouse or stimulate 【例】an old photo that might jog your memory 一张也许会唤起你回忆的老照片 【近】arouse, excite, incite, instigate, pique, remind, stimulate, stir 【反】allay, alleviate, assuage, ease, mitigate, mollify, palliate, relieve, soothe 缓和

odium

【考法 1】n.憎恶，讨厌: strong dislike, contempt, or aversion 【例】time did nothing to diminish the odium in which the traitor lived out his days 时间也、没有减少大家对这个叛徒的唾弃 【近】ignominy, infamy, obloquy, opprobrium 【反】esteem, honor, respect, hankering, infatuation 尊敬，渴望，着迷

cowardice

【考法 1】n.懦弱，不坚定: lack of courage or resolution 【例】cowardice in the face of danger面对危险时的懦弱 【近】cravenness, dastardliness, gutlessness, poltroonery, pusillanimity, spinelessness 【反】courage, guts, pluck , intrepidness, nerve, stoutness, valiance, valor 勇气 【派】coward n懦夫

mastery

【考法 1】n.技艺超群，精通: possession or display of great skill or technique 【例】She has mastery of several languages. 她熟练掌握多种语言 【近】deftness, dexterity, finesse, prowess, virtuosity 【反】amateurishness 业余 【派】masterful adj.精通的

★damper

【考法 1】n.抑制因素: one that deadens, restrains, or depresses 【例】Rain put a damper on our picnic plans 下雨打破了我们的野餐计划。 【反】ameliorator 促进物

misgiving

【考法 1】n.担忧，疑虑: a feeling of doubt or suspicion especially concerning a future event 【例】No one can dispel his misgiving.没有人能打消他的疑虑 【近】apprehension, distrust, doubt, dread, fear, foreboding, incertitude, skepticism, suspicion 【反】assurance, belief, certainty, certitude, confidence, conviction, sureness, surety, trust 信心

★conjecture

【考法 1】n.揣测的结果: a conclusion deduced by surmise or guesswork 【例】That was only a conjecture, not a fact 那只是猜测而非事实 【近】speculation, supposition, surmise, theory 【反】fact事实；axiom公理 【考法 2】v.猜测，估计(大小数量等): to decide the size, amount, number, or distance of (something) without actual measurement 【近】calculate, estimate, guess, gauge 【反】prove 证明 【考法 3】v.(没有依据地)认为: to form an opinion from little or no evidence 【例】conjecture that this disease is caused by a defective gene 揣测这种疾病是由基因缺陷导致的 【近】assume, imagine, presume, speculate, suppose

compendium

【考法 1】n.摘要: a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge: abstract 【例】a compendium of information 资料概要 【近】abstract, brief, overview 【派】compendious adj简洁而全面的: concise and comprehensive 【例】his compendious knowledge of this subject他关于这一学科全面的知识 【近】concise, brief, laconic, compendiary, succinct 【考法 2】n.目录: 各种项目的列表或集合: a list or collection of various items 【例】Compendium of Materia Medica 《本草纲目》 【近】compilation, miscellany

★friction

【考法 1】n.摩擦: the rubbing of one object or surface against another 【例】lubricant that significantly reduces friction能显著减少摩擦的润滑剂 【近】abrasion 【考法 2】n.冲突，不和: the clashing between two persons or parties of opposed views 【例】There is a friction between the professor and students教授和学生之间存在不和 【近】disagreement, conflict, contention, dissidence, schism, war 【反】accord, harmony, peace, concord 和谐 【派】frictional adj产生摩擦的

apostasy

【考法 1】n.放弃宗教信仰: renunciation of a religious faith 【例】Some people completely abandon the faith after apostasy 有些人在放弃自己的宗教信仰后就再也不相信任何其他宗教信仰了。 【考法 2】n.变节，背叛: abandonment of a previous loyalty : defection 【例】He was looked down upon for apostasy 他因为背叛而受到鄙视。 【近】defection, perfidy, treacherousness, recreancy 【反】fidelity, allegiance, loyalty, piety 忠诚，虔诚

abandon

【考法 1】n.放纵: carefree, freedom from constraint 【例】added spices to the stew with complete abandon 肆无忌惮地向炖菜里面加调料 【近】unconstraint, uninhibitedness, unrestraint 【考法 2】v. 放纵: to give (oneself) over unrestrainedly 【例】abandon oneself to emotion 感情用事，abandon herself to a life of complete idleness 放纵自己过着闲散的生活 【近】indulge, surrender, give up 【考法 3】v. 放弃: to withdraw from often in the face of danger or encroachment 【例】abandon the ship/homes 弃船，离家 【反】salvage 救援 【考法 4】v.停止做某事: to put an end to (something planned or previously agreed to) 【例】the bad weather forced NASA to abandon the launch 坏天气迫使 NASA 停止了发射 【近】abort, drop, repeal, rescind（）, revoke, call off 【反】keep, continue, maintain, carry on 继续

libertine

【考法 1】n.放荡不羁者: one who acts without moral restraint; a dissolute person 【例】The legend of Don Juan depicts him as a playboy and libertine.有关唐璜的传说把他描绘成一个放荡不羁的花花公子 【近】backslider, debaucher, decadent, deviate, pervert, profligate 【反】ascetic 禁欲者

★autonomy

【考法 1】n.政治上的独立: the quality or state of being self-governing 【例】The province has been granted autonomy 这个省份被授予了自治权 【近】self-governance, sovereignty 【反】dependence, subjection 附属，依赖 【考法 2】n.自我主导的自由，尤其是精神独立: self-directing freedom and especially moral independence 【例】a teacher who encourages individual autonomy 一个鼓励精神独立的老师 【近】independence, liberty, free will 【反】constraint, duress 限制 【派】autonomous adj自治的

animus

【考法 1】n.敌意: a usually prejudiced and often spiteful or malevolent ill will, enmity 【例】She felt no animus toward those who had wronged her 她对那些冤枉了她的人没有敌意。 【近】animosity, antagonism, antipathy, hostility, rancor 【反】friendliness, amity, amenity 友好

★enmity

【考法 1】n.敌意: positive, active, and typically mutual hatred or ill will 【例】an unspoken enmity between two factions 两个派系间心照不宣的仇恨 【近】animosity, animus, antagonism, antipathy, feud, gall, hostility, rancor 【反】amity, comity 友好；concord 和睦

rancor

【考法 1】n.敌意，深仇: a bitter deep-seated ill will 【例】A good man terminates a friendship without rancor. 君子绝交不记仇。 【近】animosity, animus, antagonism, antipathy, bitterness, gall, grudge, hostility, jaundice 【反】amity, harmony, goodwill, rapport, rapprochement 和睦，友好；friendship 友谊

adversary

【考法 1】n.敌手，对手: one that contends with, opposes, or resists : enemy 【例】political adversary 政敌 【近】antagonist, foe, opponent 【反】ally, amigo, friend联盟，朋友

★dogma

【考法 1】n.教条，信条: a doctrine or body of doctrines concerning faith or morals formally stated and authoritatively proclaimed by a church 【例】People are beginning to question the old dogmas人们开始质疑旧的信条； The newspaper seeks to be independent of political dogma这份报纸力求不受政治信条影响。 【近】credo, doctrine, gospel 【反】heresy, heterodoxy 异端学说 【派】dogmatic 独断的，武断的: characterized by an authoritative, arrogant assertion of unproved principles 【例】a dogmatic critic独断的评论家 【近】dictatorial, dictative, authoritarian, authoritative, magisterial

pedagogue

【考法 1】n.教育者，老师: a person whose occupation is to give formal instruction in a school 【例】a boring pedagogue who is called "PPT reader" 一个被戏称为"幻灯片朗读机"的无聊老师 【近】educator, instructor, preceptor, teacher 【反】disciple, pupil, student 弟子，学生

obeisance

【考法 1】n.敬礼，尊重: a movement of the body made in token of respect or submission 【例】makes obeisance to her mentors 向她的导师们致敬 【派】obeisant恭敬的 【反】impertinent, impudent, imperious 不敬的，无礼的

illiteracy

【考法 1】n.文盲: the condition of being unable to read and write 【例】a nationwide campaign against illiteracy 全国扫盲运动 【近】ignorance 【反】learning, literacy 受过教育 【派】illiterate adj.不识字的

★fledgling

【考法 1】n.新手: a person who is just starting out in a field of activity 【例】At hockey he's still a fledgling and needs to work on his basic skating skills 在冰水球场上他还是一个菜鸟，还需要在基本的滑冰技术上加强练习 【近】apprentice, beginner, freshman, neophyte, novice, tyro, recruit, rookie 【反】v.eteran 老兵，身经百战的人 【派】fledge v鸟类长羽毛

nonsense

【考法 1】n.无意义的话，废话: words or language having no meaning or conveying no intelligible ideas 【例】Many of the words in the poem are nonsense.这首诗歌当中很多词都是废话。 【近】babble, blabber, drivel, prattle, mumbo jumbo

impuissance

【考法 1】n.无权，虚弱: lack of power or effectivenes 【例】In spite of their impuissance the group remains highly active. 尽管手中无权，但这个组会只仍然十分活跃 【近】impotence, powerlessness, weakness 【反】clout, potency, power, puissance 权势 【派】impuissant adj.无权无势的，无能的

ecstasy

【考法 1】n.无法自控的情绪: a state of being beyond reason and self-control 【例】an ecstasy of rage无法自控的愤怒 【近】mania, rhapsody 【反】self-control 自控，自制；composure, sangfroid 镇定 【考法 2】n.狂喜: intense joy or delight 【例】be in ecstasy over the offer from Harvard University 因被哈佛的录取而欣喜如狂 【近】delight, elation, euphoria, exhilaration, rapture, transport 【反】depression, melancholy 沮丧

★conundrum

【考法 1】n.无法解决的问题，迷: a paradoxical, insoluble, or difficult problem; a dilemma 【例】a difficult conundrum even for the experts 一道即便是专家也束手无策的难题 【近】enigma, mystery, puzzlement, riddle, secret

chagrin

【考法 1】n.沮丧，懊恼: disquietude or distress of mind caused by humiliation, disappointment, or failure 【例】He thought for a minute, anger and chagrin mixing with the embarrassment on his face 他考虑了一会儿，脸上出现了愤怒、懊恼和尴尬的复杂表情。 【反】elation, cheerfulness, proud satisfaction, delight 兴高采烈

★aspirant

【考法 1】n.有抱负者，有野心者: one who aspires, as to advancement, honors, or a high position 【例】a bevy of ever-smiling aspirants for the Miss America title 一群想当美国小姐的少女 【例】Envy can make oneself backward, self-confidence can tells him to be a aspirant妒忌能使自己落后，自信能使自己上进。 【近】seeker 【反】n.oncandidate非候选人 【考法 2】adj.想成为...的: seeking to attain a desired position or status 【例】The pilot was an aspirant astronaut 这个飞行员想成为航天员。

periodical

【考法 1】n.期刊: a publication that appears at regular intervals 【派】subscribed to three new periodicals 订阅了三份新的期刊 【近】book, magazine, newspaper, paper, review, serial 【考法 2】adj.周期性的，有固定间隔的: occurring or recurring at regular intervals 【派】periodical announcements from airline personnel concerning the delay 航空公司工作人员关于延误所进行的一遍又一遍的广播 【近】continual, periodic, recurrent, recurring 【反】constant, continuous, incessant, unceasing 持续不断的

lumber

【考法 1】n.木材: tree logs as prepared for human use 【例】A huge amount of lumber will be needed to build the house.建这栋房子需要大量的木材 【近】timber, wood 【考法 2】vi.笨拙地行动: to walk or move with heavy clumsiness 【例】The elephant lumbered through the jungle. 大象缓缓地穿越丛林 【近】flounder, plod, stumble, trudge 【反】glide, slide 轻松地滑动 【考法 3】vi.使负担(从而拖累): to place a weight or burden on 【例】lumber the expedition with unnecessary equipment and supplies不必要的仪器和补给品给此次远征徒增了许多负担 【近】burden, encumber, freight, lade, laden, saddle, weight 【反】disburden, discharge, disencumber, unlade, unload 卸下，解脱

epigram

【考法 1】n.机智的短诗，警句: a short, witty poem expressing a single thought or observation 【例】Benjamin Franklin's most famous epigram, "Remember that time is money"本杰明•富兰克林最著名的警句就是，时间就是金钱 【近】adage，aphorism, apothegm, byword, maxim, proverb

hybrid

【考法 1】n.杂交品种，混合品种: something of mixed origin or composition 【例】a hybrid of medieval and Renaissance styles中世纪和文艺复兴的混搭风 【近】amalgam, bastard, compound, mixture, mule 【考法 2】adj.杂交的: being offspring produced by parents of different races, breeds, species, or genera 【例】a hybrid rose called "American Beauty" 一种被称为"美国丽人"的杂交玫瑰 【近】crossbred, mongrel 【反】purebred纯种的

bliss

【考法 1】n.极度快乐: extreme happiness; ecstasy 【例】Ignorance is bliss——The Matrix 无知者，幸也(电影《黑客帝国》) 【近】beatitude, joy, ecstasy, elation 【反】grief, misery 悲痛 【考法 2】n.极乐世界: a dwelling place of perfect happiness for the soul after death 【例】the road to eternal bliss通往永恒乐土的道路 【近】heaven, paradise 【反】hell地狱 【派】blissful adj带来幸运的

★fetter

【考法 1】n.枷锁，限制: something that limits one's freedom of action or choice 【例】a fetter that prevents us from trying something new 阻碍我们尝试新事物的枷锁 【近】circumscription, constraint, curb, limitation, restraint, stricture 【考法 2】v.束缚: to restrain from motion, action, or progress 【例】be fettered by family responsibilities 被家庭责任所束缚 【近】chain, clog, enfetter, hamper, manacle, restrain, shackle, trammel 【反】enfranchise, free, liberate, unbind, unfetter, unshackle 解放；facilitate 促进 【派】enfetter v束缚

paean ['piən]

【考法 1】n.欢乐颂: a joyous song or hymn of praise, tribute, thanksgiving, or triumph 【例】her retirement party featured many paeans for her long years of service to the company 她的退休派对满是对她多年在公司辛勤工作的赞颂 【近】accolade, citation, dithyramb, eulogium, eulogy, hymn, panegyric, tribute

mirth

【考法 1】n.欢乐，欢笑: gladness or gaiety as shown by or accompanied with laughter 【例】a man of little mirth不苟言笑之人 【近】cheer, festivity, gaiety, glee, happiness, hilarity, jocundity, joviality, lightheartedness 【反】dejection, depression, desolation, despondence, doldrums, melancholy, oppression 沮丧，忧伤 【派】mirthful adj.高兴的

duplicity

【考法 1】n.欺骗，口是心非: deliberate deceptiveness in behavior or speech 【例】accidentally reveal their duplicity不经意间暴露了他们的口是心非 【近】artifice, deceit, craft, cunning, fraudulence, guile 【反】honesty, artlessness, forthrightness, guilelessness, ingenuousness, sincerity 诚实，坦诚

canon

【考法 1】n.正教，标准: a basis for judgment; a standard or criterion 【例】the canons of polite society文明社会的法规 【近】dogma 【考法 2】n.真经，真典: the authentic works of a writer 【反】apocrypha 伪经 【派】canonical adj正教的: conforming to a general rule or acceptable procedure : orthodox 【反】heterodox, nontraditional 非正统的 【派】canonize v作为神圣的来对待，使神圣化to treat as sacred; glorify 【近】adore, adulate, idolize, deify, worship 【反】abase, degrade, demean, humiliate 贬低

probity

【考法 1】n.正直: faithfulness to high moral standards 【例】a person of indisputable probity should head the disciplinary panel 一个绝对正直的人应该来领导纪律委员会 【近】honesty, integrity, rectitude, righteousness, uprightness 【反】unscrupulousness, shiftiness, baseness, dishonor, lowness 肆无忌惮，欺骗

rectitude

【考法 1】n.正直: the quality or state of being straight; moral integrity 【例】The principal encouraged the graduates to go on to live lives of rectitude.校长鼓厉力毕业生们在今后的生活中做一个正直的人。 【近】honesty, integrity, probity, righteousness, scrupulousness, uprightness, virtue, virtuousness 【反】badness, evil, immorality, iniquity, sin, villainy, wickedness 邪恶，罪恶

confluence

【考法 1】n.汇合，混合: the coming together of two or more things to the same point 【例】a happy confluence of beautiful weather and spectacular scenery during our vacation 旅途中美好的天气和壮丽的景色令人欣喜的汇合 【近】conjunction 【反】divergence 分叉

★guilt

【考法 1】n.自责，悔恨: a feeling of responsibility for wrongdoing 【例】he was wracked with guilt after he accidentally broke his sister's antique grandfather clock 【近】contrition, penitence, remorse, repentance, self-reproach, shame 【反】impenitence, remorselessness 无罪

rapscallion [ræp'skæljən]

【考法 1】n.流氓，恶棍: a mean, evil, or unprincipled person 【例】an unsafe place frequented by drunkards and rapscallions 一个酒鬼和流氓经常造访的不安全的地方 【近】brute, devil, evildoer, fiend, knave, miscreant, rascal, reprobate, rogue, savage, scamp, varlet, wretch 【反】saint圣人；cavalier, chevalier (尤指对女士)彬彬有礼的绅士

★conviction

【考法 1】n.深信，确信: the state of being convinced 【例】a warrior of strong conviction 一名信念坚定的战士 【近】assurance, certainty, certitude 【反】dubiety, incredulity; uncertainty, incertitude 怀疑；不确定性 【考法 2】n.证明有罪: state of being found or proved guilty 【例】evidence that led to the suspect's conviction 证明嫌疑犯有罪的证据 【近】sentence 【反】acquittal宣告无罪 【派】convict v宣判有罪

profundity

【考法 1】n.深奥，深刻: something profound or abstruse 【例】His books are a mixture of playfulness and profundity.他的作品都是搞笑和深刻的结合体。 【近】deepness, profoundness 【反】superficiality 肤浅

★chaos

【考法 1】n.混乱 a condition or place of great disorder or confusion 【例】the boy's room is in such chaos that it looks as though a tornado had struck 小男孩的房间如此得混乱以至于看起来像台风来袭 【近】disarrangement, dishevelment, disorder, disarray, havoc, mess, muddle, jumble, welter 【反】order有秩序 【派】chaotic adj混乱的，无序的: happening in a state of complete disorder and confusion 【反】strictly structured, strictly featured构造严谨的，特征严谨的

rabble

【考法 1】n.混乱的人群: a disorganized or disorderly crowd of people 【例】the crown prince was reminded that even the rabble deserved his attention and compassion 太子应该 知道即使是草民，也值得他的关注和同情 【近】ragtag and bobtail, riffraff, scum, rag, trash, unwashed

★disarray

【考法 1】n.混乱，无秩序: a lack of order or sequence 【例】The room was in disarray 房间一片混昆乱。 【近】confusion, disarrangement, disorder, disorderliness, disorganization, havoc, mess, messiness, misorder, muddle, muss, shambles, jumble, welter 【反】order, orderliness 有序 【考法 2】v.使混乱: to undo the proper order or arrangement of 【例】Changing offices disarrayed my papers completely 办公室搬迀，使我的文件全部乱套了 【近】confuse, disarrange, discompose, dishevel, dislocate, disorganize, disrupt, disturb, hash, jumble, muddle, muss, rumple, scramble, upset, mess up, mix up 【反】arrange, array, dispose, order, organize, range, regulate, straighten up 使有序

clarity

【考法 1】n.清晰、清楚: the quality or state of being clear: lucidity 【例】Clarity of diction is vital for a XDF teacher 发音清楚对新东方老师来说是至关重要的。 【近】clarity, explicitness, lucidity, lucidness, perspicuity, perspicuousness 【反】obscureness, obscurity, unclarity 模糊，不清晰 【派】clarify v澄清，使清晰: to free of confusion 【例】clarify his mind理清思路；clarify a subject澄清某一问题 【近】purify, clear, elucidate, explain, illuminate, illustrate 【反】obfuscate, obscure 【考法 2】n.清澈透明: the state or quality of being easily seen through 【例】mountain streams with water of incredible clarity 难以置信般清澈透明的山涧 【近】clearness, limpidity, limpidness, translucence, translucency, transparency 【反】cloudiness, opacity, opaqueness, turbidity, turbidness 浑浊，不透明

perspicuity

【考法 1】n.清晰明了: the quality of being perspicuous; clearness and lucidity 【例】The key of modern enterprise system is the prespicuity of property right.现代企业制度的核心是产权的明晰 【近】clarity, clearness, explicitness, lucidity, lucidness, perspicuousness 【反】obscureness, obscurity, unclarity模糊不清；ambiguity 模棱两可

mosque

【考法 1】n.清真寺: a building used for public worship by Muslim 【例】a deadly suicide attack at the mosque 在清真寺发生的致命自杀性袭击 【近】cathedral, chapel, church, temple

bonhomie [,bɑnə'mi]

【考法 1】n.温和，和蔼: a pleasant and affable disposition; geniality 【近】affability, amiability, geniality 【派】bonhomous adj和蔼的

★conservatory

【考法 1】n.温室: a greenhouse for growing or displaying plants 【例】The college's conservatory is entirely devoted to cultivating and displaying orchids学校的温室几乎全部用于兰花的种植和观赏了 【近】greenhouse, hothouse 【考法 2】n.艺术学院: a school specializing in one of the fine arts 【例】an opera conservatory歌剧学院

debacle

【考法 1】n.溃败: a complete failure; fiasco 【例】the debacle of the war战争的彻底失败 【近】bummer, calamity, catastrophe, cataclysm, fiasco, fizzle, flop, washout 【反】complete success, eclat, blockbuster 大成功

★comely

【考法 1】n.漂亮的，吸引人的: pleasing and wholesome in appearance; attractive 【例】a comely young woman年轻美丽的女人 【近】attractive, cute, fair, good-looking, gorgeous, handsome, lovely, pretty, ravishing, well-favored, seemly stunning 【反】homely, ill-favored, ugly unattractive, unbeautiful, uncomely, uncute, unhandsome, unlovely, unpleasing, unpretty 不好看的

enthusiasm

【考法 1】n.热情，兴趣: urgent desire or interest 【例】in my enthusiasm to get going, I forgot to pack any foul-weather clothing 在强烈的出游热情下，我忘记带上防备坏天气的衣服了 【近】ardor, avidity, desirousness, impatience, keenness, lust, thirst 【反】apathy, indifference 无动于衷，漠不关心 【派】enthusiastic adj热情的 【反】halfhearted 心不在焉的

fervor

【考法 1】n.热情，狂热: great warmth and intensity of emotion 【例】A blind patriotic fervor is called chauvinism 盲目的爱国热情就被称为沙文主义 【近】ardor, enthusiasm, passion, zeal, zealotry 【反】apathy, indifference, impassiveness, unconcern 冷漠

★compunction

【考法 1】n.焦虑: anxiety arising from awareness of guilt 【例】compunction of conscience 良心不安 a brutal murderer who killed without compunction 一个野蛮没有良心的杀人犯 【近】anxiety, misgiving, scruple 【反】absence of misgiving 不担忧

blast

【考法 1】n.爆炸: an explosion or violent detonation 【例】blast wave of a nuclear bomb 原子弹的冲击波 【近】burst, detonation, eruption, outburst 【反】implosion向内爆裂 【考法 2】n. 一阵猛烈的强风: a violent gust of wind 【例】blasts of bleak air阵阵阴风 【近】blow, flurry 【考法 3】n.巨响: a loud explosive sound 【例】a sharp blast of the horn startled the other driver 一声尖锐剌耳的喇叭声惊吓到了另一名司机 【近】bang, boom, thunderclap 【反】murmur, whisper 轻言轻语 【考法 4】vt.炸裂，爆破: to cause to break open or into pieces by or as if by an explosive 【例】The highway engineers will have to blast that hill in order to put a road through here 为了建设一条公路，道路工程师们必须对那座山进行爆破 【近】demolish, explode, smash, blow up 【考法 5】vt.斥责，抨击: to criticize harshly and usually publicly 【例】blasted the new governor for every little misstep 就每一个小的失误都要抨击新的执政官 【近】abuse, assail, belabor, castigate, lambaste, scathe, vituperate

predilection

【考法 1】n.爱好，偏袒: a partiality or disposition in favor of something 【例】a predilection for travel 热爱旅行 【近】affection, affinity, bias, disposition, inclination, leaning, penchant, predisposition, propensity, tendency 【反】aversion, loathing, nausea, repugnance, repulsion, revulsion 反感

hesitance

【考法 1】n.犹豫，不情愿: the quality or state of being hesitant, reluctance 【例】sales figures for the month were up, as consumers began to overcome their hesitance about purchasing big-ticket items 月销售额有所上涨，因为消费者对于大件商品的购买由观望转向消费 【近】faltering, indecision, irresolution, vacillation, wavering, wobbling 【反】alacrity, impetuosity, inclination, willingness 冲动，乐意

hubris

【考法 1】n.狂妄自大: exaggerated pride or self-confidence 【例】His failure was brought on by his hubris.就是他的狂妄自大才导致了失败。 【反】humility 谦逊

ardor

【考法 1】n.狂热: strong enthusiasm or devotion; zeal 【例】His ardor was damped他的热情被泼了冷水。 【近】avidity, zeal, fervor, fervency, fervidness, passion, passionateness, vehemence 【反】apathy, torpor, impassivity, insensitivity 冷漠，麻木

★guile

【考法 1】n.狡猾，狡诈: the inclination or practice of misleading others through lies or trickery 【例】a person so full of guile he can't even be trusted to give you the correct time of day他这个人狡诈成性，说的话都不足为信 【近】artfulness，canniness, craft, cunningness, deviousness, slyness, subtleness, wiliness 【反】artlessness, forth Tightness, ingenuousness, sincerity 朴实 【派】guileless adj.朴实的: free of guile; artless 【反】manipulative 操纵的

cramped

【考法 1】n.狭促的: uncomfortably small or restricted 【例】a cramped cubbyhole in an office 办公室里狭小的隔间 【近】confined, limited, restrained 【反】commodious, spacious 宽敞的 【派】cramp n狭窄

★flaw

【考法 1】n.瑕疵，缺点: an imperfection, often concealed, that impairs soundness 【例】The absence of flaw in beauty is itself a flaw 完美无瑕本身就是瑕疵 【近】blight, blotch, defect, fault, imperfection, mar, scar, spot 【考法 2】v.降低，破坏，使不完美: to reduce the soundness, effectiveness, or perfection of 【例】That crack has flawed the vase to the extent that its value in the antiques market is greatly reduced那道裂缝让这个花瓶在古董市场上大大地掉价 【近】blemish, break, compromise, cripple, harm, hurt, impair, injure, spoil, vitiate 【反】fix, mend, repair, revamp 修复，改造 【派】flawed adj有瑕疵的；flawless adj完美无瑕的

extract

【考法 1】n.用力拔出: to pull or take out forcibly 【例】extracted a wisdom tooth 拔出一颗智齿 【近】pull, uproot, wrest, wring, yank, root out, tear out 【反】embed 嵌入

★bound

【考法 1】n.界限: a real or imaginary point beyond which a person or thing cannot go 【例】The language in the novel really is beyond the bounds of decency这本小说的语言实在太不得体了 【近】environs, limits, confines, perimeter 【反】unrestrainedness 无边无际 【考法 2】vt.给...设置限制: to set limits or bounds to 【例】The country is bounded by river这个国家的领土以河水为界 【近】limit, demarcate, delimit 【反】enfranchise, free, liberate 释放 【考法 3】adj.投入的，坚定的: fully committed to achieving a goal 【例】I am bound and determined to write a novel before I turn 30 我下定决心在30岁之前要写本小说 【近】resolute, determined, single-minded, bent on 【反】faltering, hesitant, vacillating, wavering, weak-kneed 动摇的 【派】boundless adj无边无际、无约束的

frenzy

【考法 1】n.疯狂，狂怒: a violent mental or emotional agitation 【例】She is subject to these frenzies several times a year 她每年都要暴怒几次 【近】delirium, fever, furor, fury, hysteria, insanity, rage, rampage, uproar 【反】sanity 理智 【派】frenetic adj疯狂的

parity

【考法 1】n.相称，同等，平等: the quality or state of being equal or equivalent 【例】to achieve parity with our commercial competitors取得与我们的商业竞争对手同等的地位 【近】coequality, coordinateness, equality, equivalency, par, sameness 【反】disparity, imparity, inequality不公平;incommensurateness 不相称

oxymoron

【考法 1】n.矛盾修饰法: a combination of contradictory or incongruous words 【例】The phrase "cruel kindness" is an oxymoron. "残酷的仁慈"就是矛盾修饰法的一个例子； The phrase "Broadway rock musical" is an oxymoron. Broadway doesn't have the nerve to let the really hard stuff in the house."百老汇的摇滚音乐剧"是个反讽。百老汇才不会允许吵吵闹闹的东西在里面演出。

aphorism

【考法 1】n.短小有智慧的格言: a short witty sentence which expresses a general truth or comment 【例】When decorating, remember the familiar aphorism, "less is more"装修时需要记住的一句格言是"少即是多 " 【近】adage, epigram, maxim, proverb

anecdote

【考法 1】n.短小有趣的故事: a usually short narrative of an interesting, amusing, or biographical incident 【例】He told us all sorts of humorous anecdotes about his childhood他告诉了我们所有关于他童年的奇闻趣事。 【例】He is a master raconteur with endless anecdotes 他是讲故事的超级高手，总有讲不完的奇闻趣事。

★fracture

【考法 1】n.破裂: the act or process of breaking 【例】a sudden fracture of the established order 己建立起的秩序被突然打破 【近】breach, break, rupture, schism, split 【反】unity统一 【考法 2】v.打碎，破坏: to cause to separate into pieces usually suddenly or forcibly 【例】Their happiness was fractured by an unforeseen tragedy 他们的幸福生活被突如其来的悲剧打破了 【近】disrupt, fragment, rive 【反】cement 接合

decorum

【考法 1】n.礼仪，得体: appropriateness of behavior or conduct; propriety 【例】high standards of decorum are usually required when attending the opera去听歌剧的时候需要遵守高标准的礼节 【近】form, propriety 【反】impropriety, indecency 不得体 【派】decorous adj有礼貌的: marked by propriety and good taste 【例】decorous behavior 得体的举止 【反】mangy, unseemly低贱的，不得体的 【派】indecorous 不合礼节的 【反】proper 适当的

propriety

【考法 1】n.礼节: conformity to what is socially acceptable in conduct or speech 【例】When attending a wedding, there are certain proprieties that must be followed. 参加婚礼时，有一些礼节需要遵守。 【近】decorum, form, etiquette 【反】impropriety, indecency, indecorum 【考法 2】n.适当得体: the quality or state of being especially suitable or fitting 【例】I'm not sure about the propriety of serving champagne in these glasses.我不确定在这种杯子里倒香槟是否得体。 【近】appositeness, aptness, felicity, fitness, properness, rightness, seemliness, suitability 【反】improperness, impropriety, inappositeness, inappropriateness, inaptness, infelicity, unfitness, unseemliness, unsuitability, wrongness 不得体

bane

【考法 1】n.祸根: a source of harm or ruin 【例】Drinking was the bane of his life饮酒是他一生的祸根 【近】affliction, curse, nemesis, scourge 【反】blessing, boon, felicity, windfall 福根 【考法 2】n.有害的物质: a substance that by chemical action can kill or injure a living thing 【例】a plant that is believed to be the bane of the wolf 一种被认为对狼有毒害作用的植物 【近】toxic, toxin, venom 【派】baneful adj有害的

dullard

【考法 1】n.笨蛋: a stupid or unimaginative person 【近】moron, simpleton, idiot, fool 【反】wit 机智的人；genius天才 【派】dull adj愚笨的

gloss

【考法 1】n.简短解释: a brief explanation of a difficult or obscure word or expression 【近】abstract, annotation, brief, epitome, synopsis 【反】amplification 详解 【考法 2】n.(欺骗性的)光鲜外表: a deceptively attractive external appearance 【例】used a computer to give her astrological predictions the gloss of real science 用计算机来给他的占星预测结果套上科学的外衣 【近】fafade, mask, veneer 【考法 3】v.敷衍潦草做事(甚至忽略): to deal with (a subject or problem) too lightly or not at all 【例】gloss over the problems 不怎么理会这些问题 【近】disregard, ignore, neglect, overlook 【反】scrutinize仔细研究 【考法 4】v.开脱(罪名): to make (something) seem less bad by offering excuses 【例】I don't want to gloss over her misbehavior, but keep in mind that she's been under a lot of stress lately.我不想为她的行为辩护，但是别忘了她最近压力很大 【近】excuse, extenuate 【派】glossary n.术语表

delirium

【考法 1】n.精神错乱: an acute mental disturbance characterized by confused thinking and disrupted attention usually accompanied by disordered speech and hallucinations 【例】shoppers running around in a delirium the day before Christmas 购物者在圣诞节前夕疯狂扫货 【近】agitation, distraction, hysteria, rage, rampage, uproar

jitters

【考法 1】n.紧张，不安: a sense of panic or extreme nervousness 【例】she suffered pre-wedding jitters她有婚前恐个具 【近】butterflies, dither, jimjams, nerves, shakes, shivers, willies 【反】aplomb, calm, composure, equanimity, imperturbability, self-possession, tranquility 镇定，冷静

dandy

【考法 1】n.纨绔子弟，爱打扮的人: a man who gives exaggerated attention to personal appearance 【例】That was a dandy of a game 那是纨绔子弟的游戏。 【近】fop, gallant 【考法 2】adj.最佳最好的: of the very best kind 【例】that's a dandy new racing bike 真是辆最好的比赛用自行车 【近】awesome, fabulous, superb, sensational, splendid, unsurpassed 【反】atrocious, awful, execrable, lousy, pathetic, wretched

purity

【考法 1】n.纯净；清白，无罪: the quality or state of being morally pure; the quality or state of being morally pure 【例】struggling to live a life of purity while surrounded by wickedness即使周围充满邪恶，也要使自己生命纯粹、完美 【近】chasteness, immaculacy, innocence, modesty 【反】impurity, unchasteness, unchastity 堕落，没有节操 【派】impurity n.杂质 【派】purist n.纯粹主义者

nuance

【考法 1】n.细微的差异: a subtle distinction or variation 【例】a poem of little depth and nuance 一首没有什么深度、没有什么辨识度的诗 【反】patent difference, lack of subtlety, sharp distinction, patency 明显的差别

finale

【考法 1】n.终场，结局: the closing part, scene, or number in a public performance 【例】Didier Drogba pulled one back for Chelsea in a finale德罗巴在终场结束时为切尔西扳回一球。 【近】close, coda, conclusion, end 【反】prologue开场白；overture 序曲

coda

【考法 1】n.终曲: the concluding passage of a movement or composition 【例】A song includes prelude, loud song and coda 一首歌包括前奏，高潮和尾声。 【近】finale, epilogue 【反】overture, prelude 前奏

cessation

【考法 1】n.终止，暂停: the stopping of a process or activity 【例】the cessation of the storm was a relief 暴风雪终于停了，真是让人欣慰 【近】check, cutoff, closure, discontinuance, expiration, halt, shutdown, termination 【反】commencement, start continuation 开始，继续

★commitment

【考法 1】n.致力，投入: the state or an instance of being obligated or emotionally impelled 【例】a commitment to a cause投身于某项事业 【近】dedication, devotedness, fealty, piety, steadfastness 【考法 2】n.确信: a strong belief in something 【近】conviction, belief, faith 【考法 3】n.承诺，表态: the act of revealing one's view of 【例】He made a commitment to pay the rent on time他承诺按时交房租。 【反】ambivalence, equivocation 矛盾，含糊其辞

circumlocution

【考法 1】n.绕圈子的说话: the use of unnecessarily wordy and indirect language, evasion in speech 【例】The other son of your parents' is a circumlocution for your brother 你父母的其他儿子是你兄弟的绕圈子的说法。 【近】equivocation, shuffle, tergiversation 【反】pithy utters, straightforward utter, express succinctly 简洁地表达；direct encounter 直接面对 【派】circumlocutory a绕圈子的 【反】direct 直接的 【考法 2】n.冗长: the use of too many words to express an idea 【例】your papers have to be five pages long, but that's five pages of substance, not circumlocution你的论文要 求是5页，但是那5页都是实质内容，不是废话。 【近】diffuseness, diffusion, long-windedness, prolixity, redundancy, verbalism, verboseness, verbosity, windiness, wordage, wordiness 【反】conciseness, concision, pithiness, succinctness, terseness 简洁

fast

【考法 1】n.绝食；斋戒: an act of abstaining from food 【例】fast to death 绝食而死 【近】hunger strike 【考法 2】adj.快速的: characterized by quick motion, operation, or effect 【例】The fast pace of construction resulted in our new house being done ahead of schedule 极快的施工使得我们的新房提前竣工 【近】brisk, expeditious, fleeting, hasty, quick, rapid, speedy, swift 【反】slow慢的 【考法 3】adj.忠诚的: firm in one's allegiance to someone or something 【例】The two girls soon became fast and inseparable friends 这两个女孩子很快成为了忠于彼此的形影不离的好伙伴 【近】constant, dedicated, devoted, devout, loyal, pious 【反】disloyal, perfidious 不忠诚的;treacherous 背叛的 【考法 4】adj.稳固的，难以拆卸的: firmly positioned in place and difficult to dislodge 【例】The rusty, old screws are so fast in the fitting that there's no hope of getting them out这颗生锈的老铁钉已经钉得太死了，根本不可能将其取出 【近】firm, frozen, lodged, secure, stable, staunch, strong, stuck 【反】loose, shaky 松动的；insecure不稳定的 【派】fasten v系紧

mosaic

【考法 1】n.综合物，马赛克般的东西: an unorganized collection or mixture of various things 【例】a mosaic of testimony from various witnesses从不同证人中得来的综合证词 【近】agglomerate, collage, hodgepodge, jumble, montage, motley, muddle, salad, shuffle, variety, welter

fender

【考法 1】n.缓冲装置: a cushioning device, such as a bundle of rope or a piece of timber, used on the side of a vessel or dock to absorb impact or friction 【例】a fender on the SUV 运动越野车的一个防护板 【近】buffer, bumper, cocoon, cushioning, pad

★deficiency

【考法 1】n.缺乏，不足: the quality or state of being deficient: inadequate 【例】there is a deficiency of fresh food in the diet of many of the working poor 很多劳工阶层的饮食都缺乏新鲜食物 【近】want, dearth, deficit, famine, paucity, scantiness, scarcity 【反】surfeit, abundance, adequacy, amplitude, opulence, sufficiency 过度，充足

privation

【考法 1】n.缺乏，穷困: lack of what is needed for existence 【例】the constant privation of sleep was starting to affect his work 长期以来的睡眠不足开始影响他的工作 【近】deprivation, loss 【反】repletion 充满

★blemish

【考法 1】n.缺点，污点: a noticeable imperfection 【例】The first LCD had several blemishes on its surface, so we took it back to the store第一块液晶显示屏有许多坏点，所以我们拿回商场去退货了 【近】blotch, defect, fault, flaw, mar, spot, scar 【考法 2】v.损害，降低: to reduce the soundness, effectiveness, or perfection of 【例】A scratch blemished the finish on the car 一道刮痕破坏了车子表面的涂层 【近】break, disfigure, harm, hurt, impair, injure, spoil, vitiate 【反】fix, renovate, repair, revamp翻新，维修 【派】unblemished adj纯净的

pulchritude

【考法 1】n.美丽: great physical beauty and appeal 【反】ugliness, homeliness, hideousness 丑陋，平庸

ignominy

【考法 1】n.耻辱: the state of having lost the esteem of others 【例】He spent the remainder of his life in ignominy after being involved in a bribery scandal.因为卷入了受贿丑闻当中，他在耻辱中度过余生 【近】discredit, disesteem, dishonor, disrepute, infamy, obloquy, odium, opprobrium, reproach, shame 【反】glory, honor 荣耀；esteem, respect 敬意 【派】ignominious adj.可鄙的

practitioner

【考法 1】n.职业人士: one who practices a profession 【例】medical practitioner 医护人员，行医者 【近】expert, expounder, guru, professional, specialist, virtuoso 【反】fledgling无经验的人；quack 冒充内行的人

drivel

【考法 1】n.胡言乱语: unintelligible or meaningless talk 【例】My roommate talks in her sleep, but it's just drivel我的室友会说梦话，但都是些没有意义的呓语 【近】abracadabra, nonsense, prattle, gabble, prattle 【考法 2】v.胡言乱语，说傻话: to talk stupidly and carelessly 【例】He always drivel on about his "distinguished" family 他总是痴痴地说着他所谓的"名门"出身 【近】babble, gabble, gibber, jabber

narcissism

【考法 1】n.自恋: excessive love or admiration of oneself 【例】In his narcissism, he just assumed that everyone else wanted to hear the tiny details of his day.在他自 恋的眼中，所有人仿佛都想要听他日常生活里的细枝末节 【近】egocentricity, egotism, self-absorption 【反】self-hatred 自我憎恨 【派】n.arcissistic adj.自恋的

complacency

【考法 1】n.自满，无忧患意识: a feeling of self-satisfaction, coupled with an unawareness of trouble 【例】Complacency is the enemy of study自满乃学习之敌； A momentary complacency that was quickly dispelled by the shock of cold reality短暂的自满很快就被残酷的现实赶跑了。 【近】conceit, pomposity, pompousness, pride, self-admiration, self-assumption, smugness, vanity 【反】anxiety 忧虑；humbleness, humility, modesty 谦虚

deposit [dɪ'pɑzɪt]

【考法 1】n.自然积累，沉积: a natural accumulation (as of iron ore, coal, or gas) 【例】rich deposits of oil and natural gas 丰富的石油、天然气 【近】dregs, precipitate, sediment, settlings, hoard, reserve 【反】process of eroding腐蚀过程 【考法 2】v.存钱: to put in an account 【例】we quickly deposited the check in a bank account我们火速把支票存入银行账户 【反】withdraw取款

fleet

【考法 1】n.舰队，车队: a group of vehicles traveling together or under one management 【例】fleet of the Royal Navy皇家海军的舰队 【近】armada, caravan, cavalcade, motorcade 【考法 2】adj.迅速的: moving, proceeding, or acting with great speed 【例】He was fleet as a deer他如小鹿般敏捷 【近】brisk, expeditious, fast, hasty, nimble, quick, rapid, rattling, speedy, swift 【反】slow缓慢的 【考法 3】vi.快速通过: to move or pass swiftly 【近】dart, flit, hurry, hustle 【反】plod沉重而缓慢地走 【派】fleeting adj稍纵即逝的

incense

【考法 1】n.芳香: a sweet or pleasant smell 【例】the heavenly incense of spring flowers 春天花朵发出的美妙芳香 【近】aroma, balm, bouquet, fragrancy, perfume, redolence, scent, spice 【反】fetor, malodor, reek, stench, stink 恶臭 【考法 2】vt.激怒: to cause to be extremely angry 【例】This proposal will certainly incense female activists. 这个提案肯定会激怒女权主义者 【近】aggravate, enrage, exasperate,inflame, infuriate, ire, madden, outrage, rankle, rile, roil 【反】delight, gratify, please 取悦；appease, conciliate, mollify, pacify, placate, propitiate, soothe 缓和

prowess

【考法 1】n.英勇，勇敢: superior strength, courage, or daring, especially in battle 【例】his prowess on the football field他在球场上过人的勇气 【近】bravery, courageousness, daring, gallantry, guts, intrepidity 【反】timid, cowardice, cravenness, dastardliness, poltroonery, spinelessness 胆怯

★blueprint

【考法 1】n.蓝图，详细计划: a photographic print used especially for architects' plans 【例】a blueprint for the new library 新图书馆的建造蓝图 【近】arrangement, design, plan, scheme 【考法 2】v.事先计划: to work out the details of (something) in advance 【例】blueprinted the schedule of events for the festival right down to the last detail 把节日的活动的每一个细节都事先安排好了 【近】arrange, budget, calculate, organize, frame, lay out

pretense

【考法 1】n.虚假，伪装: the act of pretending; a false appearance or action intended to deceive 【例】There is too much pretense in his piety. 他的虔诚大多都是伪装。 【近】affectation, camouflage, deceit, disguise, imposture, mask, masquerade 【反】sincerity 真诚 【考法 2】n.自大，优越感: an exaggerated sense of one's importance that shows itself in the making of excessive or unjustified claims 【近】assumption, hauteur, imperiousness, loftiness, lordliness, pomposity, superciliousness, superiority 【反】humility, modesty 谦逊

pedestrian

【考法 1】n.行人: a person traveling on foot 【例】a lane reserved for pedestrians 行人专用道 【近】footer, walker 【反】rider骑手 【考法 2】adj.平庸无奇的，令人厌倦的: causing weariness, restlessness, or lack of interest 【例】His style is so pedestrian that the book becomes a real bore. 他的风格是如此平庸以至于整本书显得非常无聊 【近】arid, dreary, dull, flat, jading, jejune, monochromatic, monotonous, stale, stodgy, tedious, wearisome 【反】absorbing, engaging, engrossing, gripping, interesting, intriguing, involving, riveting 吸引人的

garment

【考法 1】n.衣服: an article of clothing 【例】pack all garments给所有衣服打包 【近】apparel, attire, costume, dress, suit

decadence

【考法 1】n.衰落，颓废: a process, condition, or period of deterioration or decline, a change to a lower state or level 【例】The book condemns the decadence of modern society该书批判了现代社会的堕落。 【近】degeneracy, degeneration, degradation, deterioration, downfall, eclipse 【反】ascent, rise, upswing 提高，提升

charade

【考法 1】n.装模作样: a display of emotion or behavior that is insincere or intended to deceive 【例】His concern was a charade他的关心只是装模作样。 【近】disguise, facade, playacting, pretense, put-on, semblance 【考法 2】n.动作字谜: a game in which words or phrases are represented in pantomime charlatan </font>

★gist

【考法 1】n.要点: the main point or part 【例】the gist of the argument 论证的要点 【近】core, essence, kernel, pivot, quintessence, substance 【反】divergence 偏离主旨

gladiator

【考法 1】n.角斗士: a person engaged in a fight to the death as public entertainment for ancient Romans 【例】He comes to Rome as a gladiator to seek revenge. 他化成角斗士来到罗马寻求复仇 【近】fighter, belligerent, combatant 【考法 2】n.参与打斗或辩论的人: a person engaging in a public fight or controversy 【近】boxer

caveat

【考法 1】n.警告，告诫: a warning of a specific limitation of something such as information or an agreement 【例】a final caveat最终的告诫 【近】warning，admonish

chicanery

【考法 1】n.诡计多端，欺骗: deception by artful subterfuge or sophistry 【例】Well-doer never does chicanery and person who is good at chicanery does not belong well-doer善者不 辩，辩者不善； He wasn't above using chicanery to win votes他不是用欺骗来赢得选票的。 【近】deception, artifice, legerdemain, wile, subterfuge 【反】aboveboard action光明正大的行为；honest dealing诚实的行为；forthrightness坦白

petition

【考法 1】n.请愿，正式的申请: a solemn supplication or request to a superior authority; an entreaty 【例】a petition for divorce 离婚申请书 【近】appeal, cry, entreaty, pleading, solicitation, supplication 【考法 2】v.(尤指正式地)请求: to make a request, especially a formal written one 【例】She is petitioning to regain custody of the child. 为了重新获得孩子的监护权，她提出了正式申请 【近】adj.ure, beseech, conjure, entreat, impetrate, implore, importune, plead, solicit, supplicate 【派】petitioner n.申请人，请愿者

aspersion

【考法 1】n.诽谤，中伤: a false or misleading charge meant to harm someone's reputation 【例】cast aspersions on my loyalty诽谤我的忠诚 【近】defamation, besmirchment, calumny, calumniation, maligning, obloquy, vilification 【反】glowing tribute, eulogy, extolling, laudation, praise, commendation, compliment 热情赞赏，表扬；flattery, adulation拍马屁

canard

【考法 1】n.谣传，误传: an unfounded or false, deliberately misleading story 【例】it's a popular canard that the actress died under scandalous circumstances 有一种广泛的说法声称女演员死于绯闻的压力 【近】story, whisper

humility

【考法 1】n.谦卑，谦逊: the absence of any feelings of being better than others 【例】Haughtiness invites disaster; humility receives benefit. 满招损，谦受益 【近】demureness, humbleness, lowliness, meekness, modesty 【反】arrogance, assumption, bumptiousness, hauteur, pomposity, presumption, superciliousness傲慢，自大

★discretion

【考法 1】n.谨慎: the quality of being discreet; circumspection 【例】You must show discretion in choosing your teammates你选择队友时必须'慎重。 【近】discreetness, prudence 【反】imprudence, indiscretion 【派】indiscretion n不谨慎，不符合社会道德规范: an act at variance with the accepted morality of a society 【例】resign because of financial indiscretions 因为财政方面的不检点而辞职 【考法 2】n.自制，节制: the checking of one's true feelings and impulses when dealing with others 【例】In that job you'll be expected to show discretion and act like a professional at all times那项工作要求你时刻自制节制，表现得像一个专业人士。 【近】continence, discipline, inhibition, refrainment, restraint, self-control, self-restraint 【反】disinhibition, incontinence, unconstraint 不自制，不节制

obloquy

【考法 1】n.谩骂，诽谤: abusively detractive language or utterance; calumny 【例】she unleashed a torrent of obloquy on her opponent 她滔滔不绝地辱骂了对手一顿 【近】billingsgate, fulmination, invective, scurrility, vitriol, vituperation 【反】adulation极度谄媚 【考法 2】n.恶名，耻辱: the state of having lost the esteem of others 【例】the accused murderer was condemned to live out his days in perpetual obloquy 凶手终将在骂名中度过余生 【近】discredit, disesteem, dishonor, disrepute, ignominy, infamy, odium, opprobrium, reproach, shame 【反】esteem, honor, respect敬重，好名声

liability

【考法 1】n.责任: the quality or state of being liable 【例】The company is trying to reduce its liability in this case.在这个案件中，公司试图减少他们的责任 【近】accountability, answerability, responsibility 【反】immunity豁免权 【考法 2】n.障碍，不利条件: a feature of someone or something that creates difficulty for achieving success 【例】Their chief asset has now become a considerable liability. 他们最大的优点如今己成了不可小戯的负担 【近】burden, debit, drawback, handicap, hurdle, incommodity, manacle, saddle, trammel 【反】advantage, asset, edge, plus 优点，优势

glutton

【考法 1】n.贪吃者: a person who eats or consumes immoderate amounts of food and drink 【例】a glutton for work 工作狂 【近】gorger, gourmand 【派】gluttony n.暴饮暴食

embargo

【考法 1】n.贸易禁止令: a legal prohibition on commerce 【例】a trade embargo on luxuries对奢侈品的禁运令 【近】ban, interdiction, proscription, sanction, veto 【反】approval, license, permission, prescription 许可

encomium

【考法 1】n.赞颂之词: glowing and warmly enthusiastic praise 【例】received encomiums from literary critics 受到文学评论家的好评 【近】accolade, applause, compliment, eulogy, laud, panegyric, salutation, tribute 【反】criticism 批比评；abuse, invective, vituperation辱骂

partisan

【考法 1】n.跟随者，信徒: one who follows the opinions or teachings of another 【例】Partisans of the charismatic leader refuse to tolerate any criticism of him at all. 跟随者们不允许任何 有关他们富有魅力的领导的负面言论 【近】acolyte, adherent, disciple, pupil, votary 【反】bellwether, leader 领导者 【考法 2】n.(狂热、坚定的)拥护者，支持者: one who is intensely or excessively devoted to a cause 【例】a partisan of the revolution who was even willing to give her life for it 一个愿意为了革命献出自己生命的坚定拥护者 【近】crusader, fanatic, ideologue, zealot, true believer 【反】adversary, antagonist, opponent 反对者 【考法 3】adj.偏袒的: inclined to favor one side over another 【例】a shamelessly partisan news report 一篇无耻的、有倾向性的新闻报道 【近】biased, one-sided, partial, prejudiced 【反】disinterested, equitable, evenhanded, fair, impartial, neutral, objective, unbiased, unprejudiced 公平的

inkling

【考法 1】n.轻微暗示，小提示: a slight indication or suggestion 【例】They hadn't given us an inkling of what was going to happen. 他们不给我们任何暗示将会发生什么 【近】clue, cue, hint 【考法 2】n.略知: a slight knowledge or vague notion 【例】n.ot have even the faintest inkling of what the project was all about 对这个项目与什么有关毫不知情 【近】glimmer 【反】insight 深刻理解

misdemeanor

【考法 1】n.轻罪: a crime less serious than a felony 【例】charged with several misdemeanors被指控几项轻罪 【近】infraction, infringement, offense, peccadillo, violation 【反】felony 重罪

perimeter

【考法 1】n.边界，界限: the line or relatively narrow space that marks the outer limit of something 【派】soldiers guarding the perimeter of the camp 守卫者营地边界的士兵 【近】borderline, bound, boundary, circumference, confines, edge, frame, fringe, margin, periphery, skirt, verge 【反】center, core, heart, kernel 核心

fringe

【考法 1】n.边缘: something that resembles such a border or edging 【例】"Don't act on the fringes of the law," warns the customs officer海关人员警告说: "不要打法律的擦边球" 【近】border, boundary, circumference, edge, margin, perimeter, periphery, skirt 【反】center, core 中心，核心 【考法 2】v.接壤: to be adjacent to 【近】abut, border, neighbor, skirt, verge

★blunder

【考法 1】n.过失: a gross error or mistake resulting usually from stupidity, ignorance, or carelessness 【例】That's your second blunder today 这是你今天犯的第二个低级错误了 【近】mistake, gaffe, lapse, error 【考法 2】v.在...方面犯了很愚蠢且通常很严重的错误；糟蹋: to make a stupid, usually serious error in; botch 【近】screw up, mess up 【考法 3】v.蹒跚: to move unsteadily or confusedly 【例】Without my glasses I blundered into the wrong room因为没戴眼镜，所以我蹒跚地走入了错误的房间 【近】stumble, falter, limp, plod 【派】blundering adj 蹒跚行走的

movement

【考法 1】n.运动: the act or process of moving 【例】There appears to be some movement in the bush.树丛中似乎有动静 【近】action, motion, operation, shifting, stir 【反】motionlessness, stasis 静止

★entrance

【考法 1】n.进入权，进入许可: the means or right of entering or participating in 【例】entrance to the club is by invitation only 该俱乐部只接受受邀入会 【近】access, admission, admittance, gateway, ingress, passport, ticket 【考法 2】vt.使入迷: to fill with delight, wonder, or enchantment 【例】be entranced by the view 陶醉于景色 【近】enrapture, enthrall, ravish, transport, carry away 【反】bore, disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse 使厌烦 【派】entrancing adj使人欣喜的 【反】unprepossessing 不讨人喜欢的

nexus

【考法 1】n.连结: a means of connection 【例】Correlativity does not sufficiently lead to causal nexus.相关性不是因果关联的充分条件 【近】bond, connection, link, tie 【考法 2】n.核心，最重要的地带: a thing or place that is of greatest importance to an activity or interest 【例】As the nexus for three great religions, Jerusalem has had a troubled as well as illustrious history. 作为三大宗教的圣城，耶路撒冷有着动荡而辉煌的历史 【近】base, capital, center, core, focus, kernel, heart, hub, nucleus 【反】margin, periphery 边缘

depravity

【考法 1】n.道德败坏: immoral conduct or practices harmful or offensive to society 【例】He was sinking into a life of utter depravity 他自甘堕落。 【近】debauchery, iniquitousness, licentiousness, perversion, turpitude, dissoluteness 【反】morality, virtue 美德

iniquity

【考法 1】n.邪恶，不公正: gross immorality or injustice 【例】The use of illegal narcotics is not only a destroyer of personal health but also an iniquity that undermines our society.非法的毒品不仅仅摧残着个人健康，还是一颗危害社会的毒瘤 【近】corruption, depravity, debauchery, evil, infamy, sin, unfairness, wickedness 【反】integrity, rectitude 正直；virtue 美德；disinterestedness 公正

mockery

【考法 1】n.鄙视，嘲弄: scornfully contemptuous ridicule 【例】Her deliberate mockery triggered a fierce fight. 她的蓄意嘲弄引起了一场激烈的打斗 【近】derision, joke, mock, ridicule, scoffing 【反】respect, reverence, veneration 尊敬 【考法 2】n.以嘲笑为目的的模仿: a false, derisive, or impudent imitation 【例】arbitrary methods that make a mockery of justice 嘲讽司法公正的仲裁体系 【近】burlesque, caricature, farce, parody, sham, travesty 【派】mock v.愚弄，嘲弄

quota

【考法 1】n.配额，限额: a proportional part or share 【例】The department set new sales quotas in May.部门设定了五月的销售定额。 【近】allowance, portion, proportion 【反】unlimited number 不限数量

connoisseur

【考法 1】n.鉴赏家(尤其艺术领域): a person who enjoys with discrimination and appreciation of subtleties and details especially in matters of culture or art 【例】a connoisseur of wine and cigarette 烟酒鉴赏的行家 【近】aesthete, cognoscente 【考法 2】n.专家: a person with a high level of knowledge or skill in a field 【例】works that are highly prized by connoisseurs of art glass 被玻璃艺术制品专家高度赞誉的作品 【近】adept, artist, authority, maestro, master, maven, proficient, virtuoso 【反】amateur, inexpert, nonexpert 业余者，非专业者；tyro, neophyte 新手

hallucination

【考法 1】n.错觉: a false idea or belief 【例】the common hallucination that gluttony during the holiday season doesn't have consequences 【近】chimera, daydream, delusion, fancy, figment, illusion 【反】truth, verity

analgesic

【考法 1】n.镇痛剂: a medication that reduces or eliminates pain 【例】Aspirin is a kind of analgesic 阿司匹林是一种止痛剂。 【同】anesthetic, anodyne

parenthesis

【考法 1】n.间断: an interruption of continuity; an interval 【例】a parenthesis in an otherwise solid marriage 在本该是完满婚姻中的一个插曲 【近】discontinuity, interim, interlude, intermission, interregnum, interruption, interstice, interval 【反】continuation, continuity 持续不断；resumption继续

clog

【考法 1】n.阻碍物: something that makes movement or progress difficult 【例】impede with a clog用障碍物阻止 【近】balk, bar, block, deterrent, drag, fetter, holdback, hurdle, impediment, inhibition, interference, obstacle, obstruction, shackles, stop, stumbling block, trammel 【考法 2】v.阻碍: to create difficulty for the work or activity of 【例】They always clog the courts 他们一直阻挠法庭工作。 【近】encumber, fetter, hinder, hold back, hold up, impede, inhibit, interfere with, obstruct, shackle, stymie, tie up, trammel 【反】aid, assist, help 帮助；facilitate 促进 【考法 3】v.堵塞: to prevent passage through by filling with something 【例】Within a few years the pipe began to clog up 没有几年，管子就开始堵塞了。 【近】block, choke, clot, gum up, jam, obstruct, occlude, stop up, stuff 【反】clear, free, open up, unblock, unclog, unstop

adjunct

【考法 1】n.附属物，非必须部分: something joined or added to another thing but not essentially a part of it 【例】Massage therapy can be used as an adjunct along with the medication按摩治疗可以作为药物治疗的补充疗法。 【近】appendage, appliance, attachment, add-on 【反】essential element 重要部分

★bromide

【考法 1】n.陈词滥调: a commonplace or hackneyed statement or notion 【例】a newspaper editorial offering the timeworn bromide that people should settle their differences peacefully报纸编辑又拿出那一套呼吁和平解决纷争的陈词滥调 【近】banality, cliche, platitude, homily, truism, chestnut, shibboleth

argot

【考法 1】n.隐语，黑话，行话: a specialized vocabulary or set of idioms used by a particular group 【例】groups communicating in their own secret argots用他们秘密的行话交流的团体 【近】argot, cant, jargon, shoptalk 【反】standard language标准的语言；common verbalism大众的言语

quarantine

【考法 1】n.隔离: to isolate from normal relations or communication 【例】The cows will be kept in quarantine for another two weeks.牛群还需要被隔离观察两周。

ream

【考法 1】v.怒斥，训斥: to criticize (someone) severely or angrily especially for personal failings 【例】You are so going to get reamed out when the boss learns that you wrecked the company car. 要是老板知道你把公司的车弄坏了，你肯定会挨骂的。 【近】baste, berate, castigate, chastise, hammer, lambaste, rail, rebuke, reprimand, reproach, upbraid 【反】accredit, applaud, commend, eulogize, extol, laud, praise 表扬，赞扬

★barricade

【考法 1】n.障碍物: an obstruction or rampart thrown up across a way or passage 【例】The police put up barricades to block off the parade route警察设立了路障来阻挡游行的队伍 【近】fence, hedge, wall, barrier, obstacle, blockade, obstruction 【考法 2】v.用障碍物阻止通过: to prevent access to by means of a barricade 【例】streets have been barricaded by authorities 街道被当局封锁了 【近】bar, check, hinder, impede, obstruct, wall off 【反】permit 允许

effluvium

【考法 1】n.难闻的气味: an offensive exhalation or smell 【例】Repulsive effluvia made us vomit 这恶臭让我们作呕 【近】malodor, stink, stench 【反】fragrance, aroma 芳香 【考法 2】n.没用的副产品，废品: a by-product especially in the form of waste 【例】With nothing but effluvia obtained, researchers decided to abandon this method由于得不到 目标产物，研究者们决定放弃这种手段 【近】dross, refuse, rubbish, trash, waste 【派】effluvial adj恶臭的

aggregate

【考法 1】n.集合体: a mass or body of units or parts somewhat loosely associated with one another 【例】An empire is the aggregate of many states under one common head帝国是以一个共同领袖领导的若干国家的集合体。 【近】sum, summation, totality 【反】isolated units隔离的单位 【考法 2】v.集合，聚集: to collect or gather into a mass or whole 【例】aggregates content from many other sites搜罗集合了其他网站的内容 【近】coalesce, join together 结合，连接 【派】disaggregate v 分解 【反】disperse 分散

hack

【考法 1】n.雇佣文人: a writer who aims solely for commercial success <font color="#0000ff">【考法 2】vt.乱砍: to cut or chop with repeated and irregular blows 【例】hacking out new election districts 划分新的选区 【考法 3】vt.成功完成: to deal with (something) usually skillfully or efficiently 【例】just couldn't hack the new job 无法搞定新工作 【近】address, contend with, cope with, manage, maneuver, manipulate 【考法 4】v.忍受: to put up with (something painful or difficult) 【例】she's not sure she can hack that miserable job much longer她不知道还能忍受那项苦逼的工作多久 【近】abide, bide, brook, countenance, endure, handle, stand, stomach, sustain, tolerate

hegemony

【考法 1】n.霸权，统治权: preponderant influence or authority over others 【例】battled for hegemony in Asia 争夺在亚洲地区的霸权地位 【近】ascendancy, dominance, dominion, predominance, preeminence 【反】lack of authority 缺少权利

preoccupation

【考法 1】n.非常关心，全神贯注: extreme or excessive concern with something 【例】He kept sinking back into gloomy preoccupation.他陷入了深深的忧虑之中。 【近】absorption, engagement, engrossment, immersion 【反】apathy, indifference, nonchalance, unconcern 漠不关心 【派】preoccupied adj.全神贯注的

★aversion

【考法 1】n.非常讨厌，极厌恶: a dislike so strong as to cause stomach upset or queasiness 【例】a natural aversion toward insects 天生对昆虫的反感 【近】distaste, horror, loathing, nausea, repugnance, repulsion, revulsion 【考法 2】n.令人厌恶的事物: something or someone that is hated 【例】Cliché should be the aversion of every good writer 陈词滥调应该是让每个优秀的作家都感到厌恶的 【近】abhorrence, abomination, antipathy, detestation, execration 【反】love令人喜爱的事物

masquerade

【考法 1】n.面具，伪装: a display of emotion or behavior that is insincere or intended to deceive 【例】Although she was deeply bored, she maintained a masquerade of polite interest as her guest droned on.尽管她早己对客人滔滔不绝的话感到厌倦，但她还是装出了一幅饶有兴致的样子以示礼貌 【近】facade, guise, mask, pretense, semblance, show, veil 【考法 2】v.伪装，掩饰: to disguise oneself 【例】masquerade as a policeman化装成警察 【近】act, disguise, pose, pretend 【反】betray, disclose, reveal, unmask 揭露

pinnacle

【考法 1】n.顶峰: the highest point of development or achievement 【例】a singer who has reached the pinnacle of career 己到达事业巅峰的歌手 【近】acme, apex, climax, culmination, meridian, peak, summit, top, zenith 【反反】bottom, nadir最低点

★acme

【考法 1】n.顶点，极点: the highest point or stage, as of achievement or development 【例】the acme of his career他事业的巅峰 【近】culmination, pinnacle, tip-top, high-water mark 【反】bottom, nadir, rock bottom 最低点 【考法 2】n.最佳典范: the most perfect type or example 【例】a movie that has come to be regarded as the acme of the Hollywood musical 这部影片被认为是好莱坞音乐剧的最佳典范 【近】apotheosis, epitome, exemplar

crest

【考法 1】n.顶部，浪尖: the top, as of a hill or wave 【例】on the crest of a wave如日中天，非常成功 【近】apex, acme, apogee, climax, peak, pinnacle, summit, zenith 【反】bottom 底部

prescience

【考法 1】n.预知，先见: knowledge of actions or events before they occur 【例】Most believers would probably agree that complete prescience is one of God's attributes.所有的信徒 大概都会同意上帝能够预见未来 【近】foresight, forethought, providence 【反】improvidence, myopia, shortsightedness 目光短浅

harbinger

【考法 1】n.预言者: one that presages or foreshadows what is to come 【例】The October air stung my cheeks, a harbinger of winter. 十月的寒风凛冽地吹在脸上，这是冬天的预兆。 【近】foregoer, herald, outrider, precursor

bellwether

【考法 1】n.领导者，带头人: one that takes the lead or initiative 【例】Paris is a bellwether of the fashion industry 巴黎是一座引领时尚潮流的都市 【近】leader, pacemaker, pilot, trendsetter 【反】follower, disciple, imitator 跟随者，弟子，模仿者

hurricane

【考法 1】n.飓风: a violent rotating storm or system of winds 【例】The hurricane struck the coast early today. 飓风今晨袭击了海岸 【近】storm, typhoon 【反】calm风平浪静 【考法 2】n.飓风般的事物，引起动荡的事物: something resembling a hurricane especially in its turmoil 【例】economic news that unleashed a hurricane on the trading floor在交易大厅掀起轩然大波的经济新闻 【近】disturbance, furor, pandemonium, tumult, turmoil, uproar

balm

【考法 1】n.香油，止痛膏，安慰物: a sweet-smelling oil that heals wounds or reduce pain 【例】Friendship is the finest balm in need危难关头，友情是最好的安慰 【反】irritant 剌激物 【派】balmy adj柔和的 【考法 2】n.香气: a sweet or pleasant smell 【例】The balm of the restaurant's backyard garden enhances the aura of romance餐馆后院传来的阵阵芳香增加了浪漫的情调 【近】aroma, fragrance, incense, perfume, redolence 【反】fetor, malodor, stench, stink 恶臭

commotion

【考法 1】n.骚乱: an agitated disturbance 【例】The commotion was created when the nation's top rock band arrived in town当顶级摇滚乐队来到小镇时，人们骚乱了。 【近】tumult, turmoil, pandemonium, hurry-scurry 【反】tranquility, calmness, quiet, serenity 安静；order 有序

grandeur

【考法 1】n.高尚，重要: nobility or greatness of character 【例】the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome 希腊的荣耀和罗马的辉煌 【近】magnificence, augustness, brilliance, glory, majesty, nobility, resplendence, splendor 【反】frivolousness无关紧要 【派】grand adj.宏伟壮观的

★applause

【考法 1】n.鼓掌，认可: approval publicly expressed (as by clapping the hands) 【例】Her appearance was greeted with applause她的表现赢得了认可。 【近】acclamation, cheer, cheering, ovation, plaudit, rave 【反】hissing, booing发出嘘声

disinter

【考法 1】v.(从墓地里)掘出: to take out of the grave or tomb 【例】The Egyptian mummy was carefully disinterred in hopes that it would yield secrets about the Old Kingdom那个埃及木乃伊被小心地挖掘出来，人们希望它可以告诉我们关于这个古老王国的一些秘密。 【近】unbury, unearth 【反】bury, inter, tomb, inhume 埋葬

nauseate

【考法 1】v.(使)厌恶，(使)作呕: to feel or cause to feel loathing or disgust 【例】The malodor of the rotten meat made us nauseate. 腐肉的恶臭让我们恶心 【近】disgust, repel, repulse, revolt, sicken 【反】delight 使愉悦 【派】n.ausea n.恶心反胃

blur

【考法 1】v.(使)变得朦胧，(使)变得不清楚: to (cause sth to) become vague or indistinct 【例】Sorrowful tears blurred her eyes 悲伤的眼泪模糊了她的双眼 【近】shroud, becloud, befog, obscure 【反】clear使清晰 【考法 2】v.使不易理解: to make (something) unclear to the understanding 【例】An article for the layman that blurs the distinction between the two kinds of cholesterol 一 篇针对业余读者的文章把两种胆固醇的区别弄得模糊不清 【近】obfuscate 【反】clarify, illuminate 阐明，说清楚 【派】blurring adj朦胧的

mutate

【考法 1】v.(使)改变，(使)变异: to undergo or cause to undergo mutation 【例】Some chromosomes started to mutate after exposure to X-Ray.经X光照射之后部分染色体发生了变异 【近】alter, change, fluctuate, modify, shift, transfigure, transform, vary 【反】remain 保持不变；plateau, stabilize 使稳定 【派】mutation n.改变；变异

belabor

【考法 1】v.(当众)严厉批评: to criticize harshly and usually publicly 【例】It's not wise to belabor other people's flaws when you're hardly perfect yourself 如果你自己还做不到完美，去指责他人是不明智的 【近】beat, baste, batter, excoriate, lambaste, abuse, assail, vituperate, scathe 【反】applaud, extol, eulogize, endorse, acclaim 赞扬 【考法 2】v.就...作过度的说明，喋喋不休: to explain or insist on excessively 【例】belabor the obvious 就显而易见的问题喋喋不休 【近】dwell on, harp on 【反】disregard, omit, ignore, neglect, slight, slur over 忽略

beseech

【考法 1】v.(急切地)恳求: to beg for urgently or anxiously 【例】They besought the military to act immediately他们恳求军方立即采取行动 【近】appeal, conjure, entreat, implore, petition, plead, supplicate 【反】demand (依据权力等)要求

deploy

【考法 1】v.(有目的地)展开；调度: to spread out, utilize, or arrange for a deliberate purpose 【例】deploy a sales force 展开部署销售力量 【反】concentrate 集中

idolatrize

【考法 1】v.(通常盲目)崇拜: admires intenselv and often blindly 【例】Some teenagers idolatrized Hitler more than their own parents.曾经有一些青少年崇拜希特勒超过自己的父母 【近】adore, adulate, canonize, deify, dote, worship 【反】abhor, abominate, detest, dislike, hate, loathe 痛恨，憎恶 【派】idolatry n. 崇拜

★demonstrate

【考法 1】v.(通过证据)证明，表明: to show or make clear by using examples 【例】the paleontologist hopes to demonstrate that dinosaurs once existed in central Peru by unearthing the fossil evidence 通过发掘化石，古生物学家试图证明恐龙曾经在秘鲁中部生活过 【近】exemplify, instance 【反】unable to prove 不能证明的 【考法 2】v.使明白易懂: to make plain or understandable 【例】a few striking facts should demonstrate the complex nature of our topic 一些显著的事实可以使我们话题的复杂本质变得好懂 【近】clarify, construe, demystify, elucidate, explicate, illuminate 【反】obscure 使模糊 【考法 3】v.表现，表露: to make known (something abstract) through outward signs 【例】the babysitter's actions during the emergency demonstrate beyond doubt her general dependability 保姆在紧急情况下的表现毋庸置疑地展示了她一贯的可靠性 【近】bespeak, betray, display, evince, manifest, reveal

berate

【考法 1】v.(长时间)严厉指责: to scold or condemn vehemently and at length 【例】He berated them in public 他公开谴责他们 【近】castigate, flay, lambaste, scold, rail, upbraid, reproach, reprimand 【反】commend, compliment, praise 表扬，赞颂

★hanker

【考法 1】v./n.向往，渴望: to have a strong or persistent desire: yearn 【例】hankering for adventure 渴望冒险 【近】appetite, craving, hunger, itch, longing, lust, passion, thirst, yearning 【反】odium, lack of desire 讨厌

probe

【考法 1】v./n.深入调查: a penetrating or critical investigation 【例】probe into his background深入调查他的背景 【近】delving, disquisition, exploration, inquisition

proffer

【考法 1】v./n.献出，提供: to offer for acceptance; tender 【例】proffered her assistance in helping the two sides reach a compromise 她在斡旋双方达成妥协过程中尽了力 【近】extend, give, proffer, tender, trot out 【反】retain, withhold 保留

★descend

【考法 1】v.下降: to lead or extend downward 【例】the pathway descends to the river bank 通道一直向下延伸到河岸 【近】dip, fall, plunge, sink 【反】arise, ascend, climb, mount, upsweep, upturn 【考法 2】v.世代相传: to originate or come from an ancestral stock or source, to pass by inheritance 【例】The house has descended through four generations 这座房子己经传了四代。a tradition descending from colonial days殖民时期传递下来的一项传统

harry

【考法 1】v.不断烦扰，骚扰: to disturb or distress by or as if by repeated attacks; harass 【反】comfort, mollify 安慰

excoriate

【考法 1】v.严厉批评: to criticize harshly and usually publicly 【例】She was excoriated as a racist她被指责是一个种族歧视者。 【近】abuse, assail, belabor, castigate, excoriate, lambaste, vituperate 【反】accolade, extol, flatter, praise lavishly 赞扬

canvass

【考法 1】v.仔细检查或详尽地讨论；审查: to examine carefully or discuss thoroughly; scrutinize: 【例】"The evidence had been repeatedly canvassed in American courts"证据己在美国的法庭中反复被审查过。 【考法 2】v.游说: 去(一个地区)的各处或找到(个人)来拉选票或定单: to go through (a region) or go to (persons) to solicit votes or orders 【例】canvass voters 拉选票 【近】interview, poll, solicit, survey

★disguise

【考法 1】v.伪装(防止被认出): to modify the manner or appearance of in order to prevent recognition 【例】He always disguises his true feelings 他经常掩饰自己的真实感受。 【近】camouflage, costume, mask 【反】unmask使露出真相 【考法 2】v.隐藏: to keep secret or shut off from view 【例】That investigative reporter usually does a good job of disguising her true motives for interviewing a person当采访时，那个调查记者经常很好地隐藏自己的真实目的 【近】belie, blanket, conceal, cover, curtain, occult, veil 【反】bare, disclose, display, divulge, expose, reveal, show, uncover, unmask, unveil 暴露，展现

★dismay

【考法 1】v.使失去勇气: to cause to lose courage or resolution 【例】The excessive homework dismayed ourselves 过量的作业让我们失去了信心。 【近】chill, daunt, dishearten, dispirit, frustrate, unnerve 【反】embolden, encourage, hearten, nerve 鼓励，使勇敢 【考法 2】v.使不安，使焦虑: to trouble the mind of; to make uneasy 【例】Parents became increasingly dismayed by their son's GPA父母对他们儿子的平均成绩非常焦虑。 【近】agitate, bother, discomfort, discompose, disquiet, distemper, distress, perturb, unsettle, upset 【反】calm, compose, quiet, soothe, tranquilize 平息抚慰

crook

【考法 1】v.使弯曲: to cause to turn away from a straight line 【例】crook your finger to pull the trigger 弯曲你的手指来扣动扳机 【近】arch, bow, crook, curve, hook, swerve 【反】straighten, unbend, uncurl 拉直，伸直

absolve

【考法 1】v.使无罪，解除责任: to set free from an obligation or the consequences of guilt, exculpate 【例】absolve somebody from blame 使某人免受责备 【近】acquit, exonerate, vindicate 【反】blame, criminate, incriminate 定罪

homogenize

【考法 1】v.使统一化: to make agree with a single established standard or model 【例】plans to homogenize the science curriculum in public high schools throughout the state计划将全州的公立高中的课程安排统一化 【近】formalize, homogenize, normalize, regularize

glut

【考法 1】v.使过量，使充满: to fill beyond capacity, especially with food 【例】glut himself with Sushi吃寿司吃撑了 【近】cloy, cram, fill, satiate, surfeit, oversupply, sate 【反】lack缺乏 【派】glutted adj.饱和的

agonize

【考法 1】v.使非常痛苦: to feel deep sadness or mental pain 【例】agonizes over every decision 做每一个决定都非常痛苦 【近】anguish, suffer

list

【考法 1】v.倾斜: to set or cause to be at an angle 【例】The sudden lift of the load on the deck listed the ship badly.甲板上货物被突然提起，船陡然倾斜 【近】angle, cant, heel, incline, pitch, slant, slope, tilt, tip 【反】erect竖立

pilfer

【考法 1】v.偷窃: to steal stealthily in small amounts 【例】pilfer the commercial document偷窃商业文件 【近】appropriate, filch, hook, lift, pinch, purloin, steal, thieve

★denounce

【考法 1】v.公开指责: to express public or formal disapproval of 【例】the governor has denounced the court's decision and vows to press for a constitutional amendment 州长公开指责法庭决定不公，准备投票进行修宪 【近】condemn, objurgate, rebuke, reprimand, reproach, reprove 【反】cite, commend, endorse 支持，称赞 【考法 2】v.声明在道德上错误、可耻: to declare to be morally wrong or evil 【例】the church council denounced the bishop's teachings, officially declaring them to be heresy 该教理事会 指责主教的布道可耻，声称它们是异端学说 【近】anathematize, censure, execrate, reprehend, reprobate 【派】denunciation n谴责: an act of denouncing especially : a public condemnation 【反】panegyric, accolade, eulogy颂词

censure

【考法 1】v.公开表示反对，谴责: to express public or formal disapproval of 【例】He was censured by the committee for his failure to report the problem他因为未上才报事故受到了委员会的指责。 【近】condemn, denounce, objurgate, rebuke, reprimand, reproach, reprehend, pan 【反】commend, extol, laud, endorse 支持，赞同

plagiarize ['pledʒə,raɪz]

【考法 1】v.剽窃，抄袭: to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own 【例】In scientific community, plagiarizing other's paper is a felony. 在学术界，剽窃他人的论文是一项重罪。 【近】steal 【派】plagiarism n. 票窃

acquiesce

【考法 1】v.勉强同意；默许: to accept, comply, or submit tacitly or passively 【例】acquiesce to my own fleecing 默许我的敲竹杠行为 【近】assent, consent, subscribe, come round 【反】resist, defy, dissent 抵制，不同意

abdicate

【考法 1】v.正式放弃(权力、责任): to renounce a throne，to relinquish (power or responsibility) formally 【例】abdicate the throne/crown 退位 【近】cede, relinquish, renounce, resign, step down (from) 【反】constitute, assume, usurp 任命，承担，篡位

★diminish

【考法 1】v.变小、减少: to become smaller or less 【例】diminish an army's strength 削弱军队力量 ； The sound of the train diminished as our distance from it increased当我们距离火车的越远时，火车的声音就越小。 【近】abate, dwindle, lessen, lower, reduce, decline 【反】aggrandize, amplify, augment, boost, enlarge, escalate, expand, increase, raise, balloon 增加，增大 【考法 2】v.轻视，贬低: to lessen the authority, dignity, or reputation of : belittle 【例】diminish a rival's accomplishments贬低对手的成就 【近】belittle, deprecate, depreciate, disparage 【反】acclaim, applaud, exalt, extol, glorify, laud, praise 赞美

convoke

【考法 1】v.召集开会: to bring together by or as if by summons 【例】to convoke Parliament召开国会 【近】assemble, convene, summon, muster 【反】adj.ourn 休会

★conspire

【考法 1】v.合力，秘谋: to plan together secretly to commit an illegal or wrongful act or accomplish a legal purpose through illegal action 【例】A group of POWs conspired to abscond 一批战俘密谋潜逃 【近】plot, contrive, connive, cogitate, intrigue, put up 【派】conspiracy n 密谋

amalgamate

【考法 1】v.合并，混合: to combine into a unified or integrated whole; unite 【例】to amalgamate with an American company 与一家美国公司合并 【近】mix, fuse, intermix, compound, meld, comingle, integrate, intermingle 【反】separate, isolate分开，隔离

nitpick

【考法 1】v.吹毛求疵: to criticize by nit-picking 【例】a peevish critic always ready to quibble 一个总是吹毛求疵的古怪评论家 【近】carp, cavil, fuss, niggle, quibble, pick nits 【派】n.itpicker n. 吹毛求疵的人

jape

【考法 1】v.嘲弄: to say or do something jokingly or mockingly 【例】The characters in Oscar Wilde's plays jape with a sophistication that is rarely encountered in real life.奥斯卡•王尔德戏剧作品中的角色用一种十分世故的态度进行嘲讽，而这种态度在真实生活当中是很少见的 【近】jest, quip, wisecrack, banter, chaff, gag, jive, jolly, josh 【反】revere 尊敬

★aver

【考法 1】v.声称为真: to state as a fact usually forcefully 【例】was tearfully averring his innocence涕泪俱下地声明他的清白 【近】allege, assert, avouch, avow, declare, purport, warrant 【反】deny, gainsay 否认 【考法 2】v.(态度强硬而明确地)声明: to state clearly and strongly 【例】She averred that she didn't need any help choosing her own clothes她态度强硬地声明: 在买衣服的问题 上不需要别人指手画脚 【近】affirm, insist, maintain, profess

gush

【考法 1】v.大量涌出: to flow forth suddenly in great volume 【例】water gushing from the hydrant水从消防栓中喷出 【近】exodus, outpour, outpouring, spout 【反】dribble, drip, drop, trickle 涓涓细流，滴 【考法 2】vi.感情强烈外溢: to make an exaggerated display of affection or enthusiasm 【例】an aunt gushing over the baby 对着婴儿母爱泛滥的姑姑 【近】drool, effuse, enthuse, fuss, rave, slobber

★annul

【考法 1】v.宣告无效，取消: to declare or make legally invalid or void 【例】The marriage was annulled last month婚约上个月取消了。 【近】disannul, cancel, invalidate, abrogate, nullify, repeal, rescind 【反】make legal使合法；enact制定 【考法 2】v.抵消 to balance with an equal force so as to make ineffective 【例】Unfortunately, his arrogant attitude annuls the many generous favors he does for people不幸的是，他傲慢的态度抵消了他之前对人民的慷慨恩惠。 【近】counterbalance, neutralize

abet

【考法 1】v.帮助，怂恿: to assist or support in the achievement of a purpose 【例】aid and abet <法律>协助教唆 【近】ferment, foment, provoke, instigate, stir (up), whip (up) 【考法 2】v.鼓励: to actively encourage (as an activity or plan) 【近】aid, assist, back, support, prop (up) 【反】stymie, frustrate, obstruct, thwart, impede, forestall, hinder 阻挠

★conciliate

【考法 1】v.平息，抚慰: to lessen the anger or agitation of 【例】A principal trying to conciliate the parents who did not receive their tickets to the graduation ceremonies校长试着平息这对没有收到他们的毕业晚会门票的家长的气愤情绪。 【近】appease, pacify, assuage, conciliate, mollify, placate, propitiate, calm (down), ease, soothe, palliate, disarm 【反】annoy, enrage, vex, nettle, rile, incense, inflame, exasperate, infuriate, discompose, disturb, perturb, upset 烦扰，激怒，打扰 【考法 2】vt.调解: to make compatible : reconcile 【例】It will be hard to conciliate the views of labor and management regarding health benefits调解劳资双方对 于健康保险金的观点很难。 【近】attune, reconcile, coordinate, accommodate 【反】discontent不满；disharmonize使不和谐 【派】conciliatory adj调和的，安抚的 【反】contentious好争吵的；belligerent好战的

★construct

【考法 1】v.建造，建立: to form by assembling or combining parts 【例】construct a new library建一座新图书馆 【近】assemble, build, fabricate, make, produce, rear, set up 【反】demolish, destroy, raze 摧毁 【考法 2】v.创造，想出: to create or think of by clever use of the imagination 【例】He managed to construct a theory that fits all the facts他成功提出了一个与所有事实相吻合的理论 【近】contrive, devise, excogitate, fabricate, vamp up 【派】construction n建设，建造

★broach

【考法 1】v.开启，启封: to open for the first time 【例】broach a keg of beer 开一小桶酒 【近】break 【反】close off关闭 【考法 2】v.提出讨论: to present or bring forward for discussion 【例】broached the topic of plans for next year's parade将明年的游行活动计划摆上讨论日程 【近】moot, place, raise, bring up

castigate

【考法 1】v.强烈(公开)指责: to criticize harshly and usually publicly 【例】The author castigated the prime minister as an ineffective leader作者谴责首相行政无作为。 【近】berate, chastise, lambaste, reprimand, reproach, rebuke, vituperate, excoriate, rail (at or against) 【反】approbate, accolade, extol 认可，赞美 【考法 2】v.惩罚: to inflict a penalty on for a fault or crime 【例】a judge who believes in castigating criminals to the full extent of the law 法官认为应该最大程度地惩罚罪犯 【近】chasten, chastise, correct, discipline, penalize 【反】excuse, pardon, spare 宽恕

★deify

【考法 1】v.把...当作神来崇拜: to offer honor or respect to (someone) as a divine power 【例】some ancient pagans deified such objects of nature as trees and rivers 很多古代的异教徒拿一些自然 事物比如树木，河流来崇拜 【近】glorify, revere, venerate 【考法 2】v.过分喜爱: to love or admire too much 【例】materialistic people who deify money那些眼里只有钱的物质之人 【近】adore, adulate, canonize, dote 【考法 3】v.尊敬、尊崇: to assign a high status or value to 【例】v.alentino was virtually deified by legions of female fans 瓦伦蒂诺被大才比女粉丝崇拜。 【近】aggrandize, canonize, dignify, ennoble, glorify, magnify 【反】abase, degrade, demean, humble, humiliate 贬低，羞辱 【派】deification n 崇拜 【反】debasement 贬低

gripe

【考法 1】v.抱怨: to express dissatisfaction, pain, or resentment usually tiresomely 【例】All workers were griping about the new regulations.所有的工人都在抱怨新规章。 【近】carp, fuss, grouch, grouse, grumble, wail 【反】crow, delight, rejoice 欢快，喜悦 【考法 2】v.通过连续让人讨厌的举动激怒，惹怒: to disturb the peace of mind of (someone) especially by repeated disagreeable acts 【例】constant complaints from the customers griped her to the point where she started snapping back 顾客持续的抱怨让她也到了爆点 【近】aggravate, annoy, bother, chafe, exasperate, nettle, peeve, pique, rile, ruffle, vex

default

【考法 1】v.拖欠(债务): to fail to pay financial debts, the nonperformance of an assigned or expected action 【例】default on a loan 拖欠贷款 【近】delinquency, dereliction, misprision, nonfeasance, oversight 【反】pay one's debt偿还债务

detain

【考法 1】v.拘留: to hold or keep in or as if in custody 【例】detained by the police for questioning 被警察扣留下问讯 【反】manumit释放

★defer

【考法 1】v.推迟，延期: to put off; postpone; defer 【例】we agreed to defer a discussion of the issue 我们决定推迟问题的讨论 【近】delay, remit, shelve, hold off, hold over, lay over, put off 【反】exigent 紧急的 【考法 2】vi.遵从: to submit to another's wishes, opinion, or governance usually through deference or respect 【例】defer to her father's wishes听从她父亲的意愿

★accommodate

【考法 1】v.提供所需(例如服务、借贷、寄宿): to provide with something desired, needed, or suited (as a helpful service, a loan, or lodgings) 【例】This cruise ship was big enough to accommodate over 600 people该游轮可以为超过 600 人提供食宿。 【近】fit, hold, take 【考法 2】v.改变以适应新情况、新场景: to change (something) so as to make it suitable for a new use or situation 【例】accommodated the lectern to the height of the guest speaker 将讲台的高度调节得适合讲演者 【近】acclimate, adjust, condition, conform, doctor, edit, shape, suit, tailor 【考法 3】v.使和谐: to bring to a state free of conflicts, inconsistencies, or differences 【例】The idea that the United States could harmoniously accommodate all was a fiction 认为美国能够和谐一切就是幻想。 【近】attune, conciliate, conform, coordinate, reconcile 【反】disharmonize使不和谐

★epitomize

【考法 1】v.摘要: to make into a short statement of the main points (as of a report) 【例】his personal code of behavior on the playing field is epitomized by his favorite saying, Nice guys finish last他在赛场上的座右铭是: 好男坚持到底。 【近】abstract, digest, encapsulate, outline, recapitulate, synopsize, sum up 【考法 2】v.代表，体现，是...的典型范例: to represent in visible form, to be a typical example of 【例】the Parthenon in Athens epitomizes the ancient Greek ideal of architectural beauty雅典的巴特农神庙体 现了古希腊对于建筑美感的理念； behavior that epitomizes selfishness典型的自私行为

reap

【考法 1】v.收割，收获: to collect (a crop or natural resource) or to receive as return for effort 【例】As you sow, so shall you reap.唯有付出，才有回报。 She reaped large profits from her patents.她的专利给她带来了丰厚的回报。 【近】acquire, attain, capture, harvest, gain, garner, obtain, procure, secure 【反】plant, seed, sow种植，播种；forfeit, lose丧失，没收 【派】reaper n.收割机；死神

★diverge

【考法 1】v.改变方向: to change one's course or direction 【例】The deer abruptly diverged from its intended path the moment it spied the waiting lion当那只鹿发现潜伏的狮子的时候就突然改变了自己原来的路线。 【近】detour, deviate, diverge, sheer, swerve, turn off 【考法 2】vt.散开: to go or move in different directions from a central point 【例】At that point the road and the railroad tracks diverge公路和铁路在那个点分叉了。 【近】branch out, divide, spread 【反】converge, join 会合 【考法 3】v.分歧: to become or be different in character or form: differ in opinion 【近】differ, disagree 【反】conform 遵从 【考法 4】vt.离题: to depart from a set course or norm; deviate 【近】excurse, ramble, diverge, get off the subject

★expire

【考法 1】v.断气，死亡: to breathe one's last breath; die 【例】The patient expired early this morning 病人今早逝世了。 【近】conclude, elapse, terminate, decease, leave off, let up 【反】come to life 出生 【考法 2】v.到期: to come to an end 【例】My membership in the club has expired我的会员资格到期了。 【近】discontinue, elapse, end, finish, terminate, wind up, wink out 【反】continue, persist, hang on 续期

★frequent

【考法 1】v.时常拜访: to pay frequent visits to; be in or at often 【例】to frequent opera houses 时常造访歌剧院 【近】haunt, resort, visit 【反】avoid, shun 躲避 【考法 2】adj.时常发生的，重复再现的: happening at short intervals; often repeated or occurring 【例】He used to make frequent trips to Los Angeles 他从前经常前往洛杉矶旅行 【近】common, constant, everyday, habitual, periodical, repeated 【反】rare稀有的，少见的 【派】frequency n频率；频繁

gull

【考法 1】v.欺骗: to cause to believe what is untrue 【例】we were gulled into believing that if we answered the e-mail, we'd somehow become millionaires, but instead we just got put on a list for junk mail我们误以为只要回复了那封邮件，就能变身百万富翁，后来发现我们只不过是群发的垃圾邮件名单上的一员而已 【近】bamboozle, beguile, cozen, delude, dupe, fake out, gaff, hoax, hoodwink, snooker, string along, take in 【反】undeceive 使醒悟

★dabble

【考法 1】v.浅尝辄止: to work or involve oneself superficially or intermittently especially in a secondary interest 【例】dabble in arts对艺术稍有涉猎 【反】dedicate, specialize 投入，专门研究 【派】dabbler vi涉猎者，浅尝辙止者: one not deeply engaged in or concerned with something 【例】He's not a dedicated musician, just a dabbler他并不是专门的音乐家，只不过是个业馀爱好者 【反】specialist专家

dissolve

【考法 1】v.溶解，融化: to cause to pass into solution; to reduce (solid matter) to liquid form; melt 【例】Sugar dissolves in the water 糖在水中溶解 【近】liquefy, melt 【反】coagulate, solidify, freeze 凝结，凝固，结冰 【考法 2】vt.解散: to break into component parts; disintegrate 【近】disintegrate, disband, break up 【反】consolidate, unify 使联合 【考法 3】v.消失: to cease to be visible; to cease to exist 【例】The mist dissolved in the morning sun 雾消失在朝阳中。 【近】dematerialize, vanish 【反】appear 出现;materialize使实物化 【考法 4】v.废除，撤销: to put an end to by formal action 【例】The king dissolved parliament国王废除了议会 【近】terminate, abrogate, annul, cancel, disannul, invalidate, negate, null, nullify, repeal, rescind

harass

【考法 1】v.烦扰: to irritate or torment persistently 【例】The troops harrassed the defeated army throughout its retreat. 战胜的队伍在撤退过程中还不忘突袭一下败北的队伍。 【考法 2】v.耗尽体力: to use up all the physical energy of 【例】had been visibly harassed by the demands of the presidency 总统被事务缠身，筋疲力尽 【近】drain, fag, fatigue, outwear, tire, tucker out, wear out, knock out, burn out,

agitate

【考法 1】v.煽动，激起: to attempt to arouse public feeling 【例】agitate for better conditions为得到更好的工作条件而煽动 【近】debate, dispute, bat (around or back and forth), hash (over or out), talk over 【考法 2】v.使不安: to excite and often trouble the mind or feelings of : disturb 【例】There's no need to agitate the patient about little things 没必要因为鸡毛蒜皮的事让患者烦躁。 【近】bother, discomfort, discompose, perturb 【反】calm, compose, soothe, tranquilize 平息抚慰，淡定

bluster

【考法 1】v.狂妄自大地大声说: to speak in a loudly arrogant or bullying manner 【例】He was blustering alone in the meeting, which triggered wide dissatisfaction他一人在会议上夸夸其谈，引得众人不满。 【近】roar, clamor, bluster, rattle 【反】whisper 小声嘀咕 【考法 2】n.大声吹嘘或恐吓: loudly boastful or threatening speech 【近】grandiloquence, braggadocio 【考法 3】n.喧闹的状态: a state of noisy, confused activity 【例】a mayor who got things done without a lot of bluster 一个能把事情低调解决的市长 【近】disturbance, pandemonium, tumult, turmoil 【派】blustering adj大吵大闹的

guzzle

【考法 1】v.狂饮: to drink especially liquor greedily, continually, or habitually 【例】guzzle beer 狂饮啤酒 【近】gulp, quaff, swig, booze, soak, tipple

★alienate

【考法 1】v.疏远，离间: to make unfriendly, or indifferent especially where attachment formerly existed 【例】alienated most of his colleagues with his bad temper 因为他的坏脾气，很多同事都和他疏远了 【近】disaffect, disgruntle, sour 【反】unite, reunite, reconcile联合，重新联合，和好 【考法 2】v.转移、变卖(财产或权利): to convey or transfer (as property or a right) usually by a specific act rather than the due course of law 【例】A landowner has a right to alienate his right of ownership地主有权利变卖自己的地产。 【近】assign, cede, deed, make over

immure

【考法 1】v.监禁，禁闭: to confine within or as if within walls 【例】immure oneself for GRE 闭门苦读 GRE 【近】bastille, confine, constrain, incarcerate, intern, jail, imprison 【反】discharge, release 释放；enfranchise, free, liberate 解放

outwit

【考法 1】v.瞒骗，以智取胜: to surpass in cleverness or cunning; outsmart 【例】a plan to outwit their opponents at their own game在擅长的领域智取对手的计划 【近】outfox, outmaneuver, outslick, outsmart, outthink

hone

【考法 1】v.磨快: to sharpen or smooth with a whetstone 【例】honed the knife's blade to razor-like sharpness 把小刀磨得像剃刀一样锋利 ； honed his crossword-puzzle skills by reading the dictionary通过背字典把填词游戏的水平练得炉火纯青 【近】edge, grind, strop, whet 【反】blunt, dull弄钝

abrade

【考法 1】v.磨损，精神上折磨: to rub or wear away especially by friction; wear down spiritually 【例】My skin was abraded我的皮肤被磨损了。 【近】chafe, excoriate撕去皮，严厉批评, rasp, graze, scuff 【反】augment增加

plummet

【考法 1】v.突然下降: to decline suddenly and steeply 【例】Overall GPA plummeted 0.5 points.平均学分绩骤降 0.5。 【近】crash, decline, descend, dip, dive, fall, plunge, sink, tumble 【反】skyrocket, soar 飙升

★encompass

【考法 1】v.组成，包含: to constitute or include 【例】a plan that encompasses multiple aims 一项包含了多个目标的计划 【近】contain, comprehend, embody, entail, involve, subsume 【反】exclude排除 【考法 2】v.包围: envelop 【例】Berlin had already been encompassed by the Red Army and all Soviet soldiers were patiently waiting for the order to put a final nail in Nazi Germany's coffin柏林已被红军包围，苏联士兵们静静地等待着最后的命令，彻底消灭纳粹德国 【近】circle, embrace, enclose, environ, surround

abridge

【考法 1】v.缩短，缩小: to shorten in duration or extent 【例】modern transportation abridges distance现代运输方式缩短了路途 【近】curtail, truncate, cut back 【反】extend in length, protract, amplify 延长，放大 【考法 2】v.在不改变本意的条件下删减词语，缩写: to shorten by omission of words without sacrifice of sense 【例】an abridged edition 精简版 【近】abbreviate, curtail, condense, syncopate

★accede

【考法 1】v.赞成: to express approval or give consent 【例】acceded to their pleas同意了他们的请愿 【近】acquiesce, assent, consent, subscribe, come round 【反】demur, dissent 反对 【考法 2】v.就任，就职: to arrive at or come into an office or dignity: 【例】accede to the throne 就任国王

★discredit

【考法 1】v.羞辱，使丧失名誉: to damage in reputation; disgrace 【例】discredit his opponents羞辱他的对手 【近】abase, debase, degrade, demean, disgrace, dishonor, humiliate, shame, sink, smirch, take down 【反】aggrandize 提高名誉;canonize, deify神化；elevate 提升；exalt 赞扬 【考法 2】v.怀疑，不相信: to think not to be true or real 【例】I discredit the story that the old house is haunted我怀疑那个房子闹鬼不是真的。 【近】n.egate, doubt, distrust 【反】accept, believe, credit 接受，相信;confirm, prove, validate, verify 证实

distend

【考法 1】v.膨胀: to swell out or expand from or as if from internal pressure 【例】The stomachs of starving people often distend 饥民的肚子经常涨起来。 【近】expand, dilate, inflate, swell 【反】constrict, compress 收缩压缩

abstain

【考法 1】v.自我克制，主动戒绝: to refrain from something by one's own choice 【例】abstain from smoking/voting 戒烟，弃权 【近】forgo, keep from, refrain from, withhold (from) 【反】bow to, give in to, submit to, succumb to, surrender to, yield to 屈服于

etch

【考法 1】v.蚀刻: to produce (as a pattern or design) on a hard material by eating into the material's surface (as by acid or laser beam) 【例】the artist etched his landscape on a copper plate 艺术家将风景画刻在铜盘上 【近】grave, incise, inscribe 【考法 2】v.留下深刻印象，铭记: to produce a vivid impression of 【例】in just a few pages the writer etched an unforgettable portrait of one of the more remarkable First Ladies仅用数页，作者刻画出了一位杰出的第一夫人令人难忘的形象 【近】impress, imprint, infix, ingrain

★claim

【考法 1】v.要求(权利): to ask for especially as a right 【例】a fragile claim to fame 对名誉不切实际的要求 ； After many years had passed, he suddenly appeared to claim his inheritance很多年己经过去，他突然出现要求继承遗产。 【近】call for, command, quest 【反】renounce 放弃 【考法 2】v.断言: to state as a fact usually forcefully 【例】People claim that they have been kidnapped by aliens 人们断言称他们被外星人绑架了。 【近】allege, assert 【反】deny, gainsay否认 【考法 3】v.剥夺生命: to deprive of life 【例】Cancer claims hundreds of thousands of Americans each year 癌症每年要剥夺成千上万美国人的生命。 【反】animate 使有生命 【考法 4】n.权利: a legal right to participation in the advantages, profits, and responsibility of something 【例】A shareholder has a claim in the business股东在企业有权利(收益权、选举权等)。

manumit

【考法 1】v.解放(奴隶): to release from slavery or bondage 【例】Though he was an outspoken defender of liberty, this son of Virginia did not manumit his own slaves until he was on his deathbed.尽管这位维吉尼亚之子公开地支持自由，但他直到临死才释放自己的奴隶 【近】free, emancipate, enfranchise, liberate, loose, release, unbind, unchain, unshackle 【反】detain 拘留；enchain, enfetter, enslave 奴役

★assess

【考法 1】v.评估重要性、尺寸、价值等: to determine the importance, size, or value of 【例】We need to assess whether or not the system is working 我们需要评估这个系统是否工作。 【例】Damage to the boat was assessed at $5,000 船的损失是$5,000。 【近】evaluate, appraise, guesstimate 【考法 2】v.征收费用(如罚款): to establish or apply as a charge or penalty 【例】The utility company will assess a fee if your payment is late 如果你付款晚了，公共事业公司会罚款。 【近】assess, charge, exact, fine, lay, levy, put 【反】remit免除(债务)

mesh

【考法 1】v.诱捕: to catch or hold as if in a net 【例】Dolphins sometimes become meshed in fishnets. 有时海豚也会被渔网缠住 【近】enmesh, ensnare, ensnarl, entoil, entrap, net, snare, tangle, trap 【反】disentangle, untangle 解开，使解脱

calumniate

【考法 1】v.诽谤，造谣，中伤: to utter maliciously false statements, charges, or imputations about 【近】asperse, blacken, defame, libel, malign, smear, traduce, vilify 【反】vi.ndicate辩护 【派】calumnious 造谣的 【反】flattering谄媚的 【派】calumny n诽谤、中伤: a false statement maliciously made to injure another's reputation 【反】approbation 嘉许

★gear

【考法 1】v.调整(以配合): to adjust or adapt so as to make suitable 【例】geared the speech towards a conservative audience 调整演讲以适应保守的观众 【近】adapt, adjust, fit, suit, tailor

chide

【考法 1】v.责备: to scold mildly so as to correct or improve 【例】My wife chided me for forgetting to offer our guests some refreshments我妻子责备我忘记给客人们上点心。 【近】reprove, reprimand, reproach, tick off 【反】praise, commend 称赞

★detract

【考法 1】v.贬低: to diminish the importance, value, or effectiveness of something 【例】It is wrong to detract from the achievements of other people in the same field贬低同行是不对的。 【近】belittle, depreciate, derogate, disparage, dispraise, write off 【反】extol, praise, eulogize, laud, panegyrize 赞美 【考法 2】v.使分心: to draw the attention or mind to something else 【例】Numerous typos in the text detract the reader's attention from the novel's intricate plot许多打印错误把读者分心，不关注复杂的情节了。 【近】divert, abstract, call off

★distain

【考法 1】v.贬损，伤害名誉: loss of honor, respect, or reputation 【近】dishonor, belittle, denigrate, deprecate, depreciate, degrade 【反】praise, acclaim, applaud, exalt, extol, glorify, laud 赞扬 【考法 2】v.弄脏: to make dirty 【例】hands distained with blood被血弄脏的手 【近】bemire, besmirch, daub, muddy, smirch, smudge, soil, stain, sully 【反】clean使干净

hoard

【考法 1】v.贮藏，秘藏: to keep hidden or private 【例】he's been hoarding empty yogurt containers all winter 他整个冬天都在攒空酸奶瓶 【近】cache, stash, stockpile, store, squirrel, stockpile 【反】lavish 挥霍

★atone

【考法 1】v.赎罪，弥补: to make amends, as for a sin or fault 【例】Blood must atone for blood以命抵命。 【例】Even death cannot atone for the offence罪不容诛。 【近】redeem

filter

【考法 1】v.过滤: to pass through a filter 【例】steep the tea and then filter it to get rid of the leaves 浸泡茶叶，再将其过滤以去除废渣 【近】screen 【考法 2】v.去除杂质: to remove (usually visible) impurities from 【例】After frying the chicken, we filtered the oil and kept it in the refrigerator to use again 在炸完鸡肉之后，我们将滤去了杂质的油保存起来以供日后使用 【近】clear, distill, garble, purify 【反】adulterate掺杂；contaminate 污染

concatenate

【考法 1】v.连结，混合: to put or bring together so as to form a new and longer whole 【例】The movie actually concatenates several episodes from various books into one extended narrative这部影把很多书中的片段混合成了一个故事。 【近】catenate, chain, couple, hook, interconnect, interlink, join, link, yoke 【反】disconnect, disjoin, disjoint, dissever, disunite, separate, unchain, uncouple, unhitch, unyoke 分开

apprise

【考法 1】v.通知，告知: to give notice to; inform 【例】apprise him of the danger that may be involved告知他可能涉及的危险 【近】inform, acquaint, make known to 【反】withhold information 隐瞒信息

belie

【考法 1】v.错误地描述；误述: to picture falsely; misrepresent 【例】The report belied the real severity of the aftermath这个报道错误地评价了后果的严重性 【近】misrepresent, falsify 【反】betray, reveal表明，暴露，揭露(伪装) 【考法 2】v.证明...为假: to show (something) to be false or wrong 【例】Practical experience belies this theory 实践证明这个理论是错误的 【近】debunk, discredit, refute, shoot down 【反】attest, confirm, validate, verify 证实 【考法 3】v.掩饰: to keep secret or shut off from view 【例】Security Council issued false assurances that belied the true gravity of the situation 安理会发布 了不真实的承诺，掩盖了局势的严重性 【近】conceal, curtain, disguise, mask 【反】disclose, expose 揭露 【考法 4】v.与...相对立；与...相矛盾: to be counter to; contradict 【例】At first glance, life at the boarding school seemed to belie all the bad things I had heard about it乍看之下，寄宿学校的生活似乎不同于我所听说的有关它的糟糕情形 【近】contradict, contravene 【反】agree 与...相一致

chase

【考法 1】v.镂雕(金属)以装饰: to decorate (metal) by engraving or embossing <font color="#0000ff">【考法 2】v.驱赶: to drive or force out 【例】chase the cat out of the garden把猫赶出园子 【近】banish, dismiss, expel, extrude, kick out, cast out

★elucidate

【考法 1】v.阐明: to make lucid especially by explanation or analysis 【例】elucidate an abstruse equation in quantum mechanics阐明一个深奥难懂的量子力学方程 【近】clarify, clear, construe, explain, explicate, expound, illustrate 【反】confuse, obfuscate, obscure 使困惑；garble 曲解 【派】elucidation n阐释，阐明

abase

【考法 1】v.降低(地位、职位、威望或尊严): to lower in rank, office, prestige, or esteem 【例】was unwilling to abase himself by pleading guilty to a crime that he did not commit 不愿意屈就自己去承认一个莫须有的罪名 【近】debauch, degrade, profane, vitiate, discredit, foul, smirch, take down 【反】elevate, ennoble, uplift, aggrandize, canonize, deify, exalt 使高贵，使有声望

★conceal

【考法 1】v.隐藏，隐瞒: to prevent disclosure or recognition of 【例】Drunkenness reveal what soberness conceal 酒后吐真言 【近】cache, secrete, disguise, mask, occult, ensconce 【反】display, exhibit 展示；bare, disclose, expose, reveal, uncover, unmask 揭露

amble

【考法 1】vi. / n漫步，闲逛: to walk slowly or leisurely; stroll 【例】Every evening, they ambled along the bank他们每晚沿河边散步。 【近】ramble, saunter, stroll, wander, dally, dawdle 【反】step quickly 快走

leer

【考法 1】vi. 一瞥，斜眼看: to cast a sidelong glance 【例】He gave her a leering look.他瞥了她一眼 【近】squint 【反】gape, gaze, glare, goggle, stare 盯着看

carp

【考法 1】vi. 对小事吹毛求疵，挑剔: to make often peevish criticisms or objections about matters that are minor, unimportant, or irrelevant 【例】carped about the order of names on the wedding invitations对于婚礼请柬上的名单顺序吹毛求疵 【近】cavil, fuss, niggle, nitpick 【考法 2】v.没完没了地表现不满意: to express dissatisfaction, pain, or resentment usually tiresomely 【近】gripe, grizzle, grouch, grouse, grumble, wail 【反】crow, delight, rejoice

escalate

【考法 1】vi.(战争等)升级，扩大: to increase in extent, volume, number, amount, intensity, or scope 【例】We don't want to escalate the war 我们不想使战争扩大。 【近】aggrandize, amplify, augment, boost, expand, pump up, build up 【&】wane, diminish Mil

doodle

【考法 1】vi.(无目的地)乱画: to scribble aimlessly, especially when preoccupied 【例】I often doodle when I'm on the phone 打电话时我经常乱写乱画 【近】mess around 【考法 2】vi.漫无目的地打发时光: to spend time in aimless activity 【例】I plan to spend the entire vacation just doodling 我打算整个假期就随便做点事打发时间 【近】dawdle, trifle

hike

【考法 1】vi.上涨: to rise up, to move from a lower to a higher place or position 【例】hike rents涨租金 【近】boost, elevate, heighten, hoist, upraise 【反】backset, drop, lower 倒退，下降

mutter

【考法 1】vi.低声抱怨: to murmur complainingly or angrily 【例】mutter about the difficult assignment 抱怨作业太难 【近】carp, fuss, gripe, grizzle, grouch, grouse, grumble, moan, murmur, repine, whine 【反】crow, delight, rejoice欢呼，高兴

effervesce

【考法 1】vi.冒泡: to bubble, hiss, and foam as gas escapes 【例】effervescing with bubbles 冒气泡 【近】bubble, foam, froth 【考法 2】vi.兴奋，热情洋溢: to show high spirits or animation 【例】effervescing over the news of victory因胜利的消息而兴奋 【近】rejoice, exult, jubilate, triumph 【反】grieve 感到极度悲伤 【派】effervescent adj热情洋溢的；effervescence n热情洋溢

exude

【考法 1】vi.分泌，流出: to flow forth slowly through small openings 【例】a sticky resin exuded from the bark从树皮中分泌出来的带有恶臭的树脂 【近】bleed, ooze, seep 【反】absorb 吸收

grovel

【考法 1】vi.卑躬屈膝: to draw back or crouch down in fearful submission 【例】He made a groveling apology to the girl.他放下身段，给那姑娘道歉。 【近】cringe, creep, slither, wriggle 【派】groveler n. 卑躬屈膝者: the one who lies with the body prostrate in token of subservience or abasement

languish

【考法 1】vi.变得衰弱: to be or become feeble, weak, or enervated 【例】languishing during the prolonged heat wave 在持续的热浪下变得虚弱 【近】decay, droop, emaciate, fade, fail, flag, sag, wither 【反】burgeon, flourish, thrive, prosper旺盛生长

★concur

【考法 1】vi.同意: to express agreement 【例】concur with an excellent opinion 同意一个好的想法 【近】agree, coincide 【反】differ, disagree 不同意 【考法 2】v.同一时间发生、存在: to occur or exist at the same time 【例】The race to the moon, the Vietnam War, and the civil rights movement all concurred in the 1960s登月，越战和人权运动都发生在二十世纪六十年代。 【近】coexist, synchronize, co-occur 【考法 3】v.团结合作: to participate or assist in a joint effort to accomplish an end 【例】All people concurred to pass the reform legislation 所有人都联合起来使改革的法案通过。 【近】band together, collaborate, concert, conjoin, league, team up, unite

quibble

【考法 1】vi.吹毛求疵: to find fault or criticize for petty reasons; cavil 【例】she spent the entire evening quibbling about the historical inaccuracies in the television series on World War她一整晚都在对那个关于二战的电视剧里的历史错误吹毛求疵 【近】carp, cavil, fuss, niggle, nitpick 【考法 2】n.牵强之词: 微不足道的差别或不切中要点的异议，小反对: a minor objection or criticism 【例】My only quibble about the trip was that it rained a lot. 我对旅行唯一的小不满就是下雨有点多。

negotiate

【考法 1】vi.商量，谈判: to arrange or settle by discussion and mutual agreement 【例】n.egotiate the term of truce 共商停战事宜 【近】arrange, bargain, concert, settle 【反】break down (谈判等)失败，破产 【考法 2】vi.谋划: plan out usually with subtle skill or care 【例】The prisoners negotiated their escape by using Morse code to tap messages to each other through the walls. 犯人们通过敲击墙壁来传达莫尔斯电码，从而密谋了他们的逃跑计划 【近】contrive, finesse, frame, machinate, maneuver, manipulate, mastermind, wangle 【派】n.egotiable adj.可商量的;negotiation n.谈判

recidivate

【考法 1】vi.回到原先的习惯，尤指重新犯罪: to return to a previous pattern of behavior, especially to return to criminal habits 【例】The suspect has recidivated for several times.这个嫌犯是个贯犯了 【近】regress, relapse, retrogress, revert 【近】habilitate, reclaim, redeem, regenerate, rehabilitate 洗心革面 【派】recidivism n.再犯，重犯；recidivist n.再次犯罪的人

pall

【考法 1】vi.失去兴趣: to lose in interest or attraction 【例】His humor began to pall on us.他的幽默开始使我们生腻了。 【反】interest, intrigue 激发兴趣

adjourn

【考法 1】vi.延期，休会: to suspend a session indefinitely or to another time or place 【例】The meeting adjourned for a week会议延期一周。 【近】prorogate, prorogue, recess, suspend 【反】convoke召集，召开会议

flit

【考法 1】vi.快速或突然地经过: to pass quickly or abruptly from one place or condition to another 【例】Memories of the evening flitted through her mind关于那一晚的记忆在她脑海中一掠而过。 【近】dance, dart, fleet, flick, flirt, flutter, hurry, rush, zip 【反】plod 沉重缓慢地走

proliferate

【考法 1】vi.快速繁殖，激增: to grow or multiply by rapidly producing new tissue, parts, cells, or offspring 【例】rumors about the accident proliferated on the Internet关于事故的小道消息在网上迅速扩散 【近】balloon, boom, build up, escalate, expand, mushroom, snowball 【反】decrease in amount, dwindle, contract, decrease, diminish, dwindle, lessen, recede, wane 数量减少，缩小

rail

【考法 1】vi.怒骂，猛烈抨击: to revile or scold in harsh, insolent, or abusive language 【例】We could hear the cook in the kitchen railing against his assistant and wondered if we'd ever get our food.我们可以听到厨师在厨房怒斥他的助手，由此我们怀疑我们点的菜还能不能做好。 【近】baste, berate, castigate, chastise, hammer, lambaste, rebuke, reprimand, reproach, upbraid 【反】accredit, applaud, commend, eulogize, extol, laud, praise 表扬，赞扬 【派】raillery n.善意的打闹

oscillate

【考法 1】vi.振动，摇晃: to swing backward and forward like a pendulum 【反】remain static 静止 【考法 2】v.犹豫，变化: vary between opposing beliefs, feelings, or theories </font>

prospect

【考法 1】vi.探查，勘探: to go into or range over for purposes of discovery 【例】people had arrived in the valley to prospect it for gold 人们来到山谷淘金 【近】hunt, probe, search, skirr 【考法 2】n.期待，被期望的某物: the act or state of looking forward to some occurrence 【例】The prospect of a quiet, restful Sunday ended when our basement flooded. 对一个宁静休闲的周日的期待被地下室涨水打破了。 【近】anticipation, contemplation, expectancy

pucker

【考法 1】vi.撅(嘴)，使收缩: to become gathered, contracted, and wrinkled 【例】pucker my lips撅起嘴

connive

【考法 1】vi.暗中合作: to cooperate secretly or have a secret understanding; collude 【例】They connived to take over the throne 他们密谋篡位 【近】conspire, intrigue, plot, collude, intrigue, machinate ,put up 【考法 2】v.纵容: 假装忽视或并未采取措施阻止错误: to pretend ignorance of or fail to take action against something one ought to oppose 【例】The guards were suspected of conniving at the prisoner's escape 警卫人员有纵容犯人越狱的嫌疑 【近】blink, disregard, overlook, wink 【反】disapprove 反对 【派】conniver n 共谋者

gambol

【考法 1】vi.欢跳，雀跃: to leap about playfully 【例】young lambs gamboling in the meadow 小羊羔在原野里欢快地跳跃 【近】frolic, caper, cavort 【反】plod, trudge 沉重缓慢地走

★enunciate

【考法 1】vi.清晰地说: to utter articulate sounds 【例】enunciate your words, and then you won't have to repeat them so often 把话说清青楚，你就不用经常重复了 【近】articulate 【考法 2】v.公开宣布，宣称: to make known openly or publicly 【例】today the President enunciated a new foreign policy 总统在今天宣布了一项新的对外政策 【近】annunciate, broadcast, declare, herald, proclaim, promulgate, publicize, release, give out

convalesce

【考法 1】vi.渐渐康复，渐愈: to recover health and strength gradually after sickness or weakness 【例】the time needed to convalesce after an operation 手术后需要用来康复的时间 【近】heal, recover, recuperate, recoup, snap back 【反】aggravate, deteriorate, intensify 恶化，加剧

inveigh

【考法 1】vi.激烈抗议，表示强烈不满: to protest or complain bitterly or vehemently 【例】inveighed against the bank industry 对银行业表示强烈不满 【近】gripe, grouse, object, protest, remonstrate, repine 【反】support 支持；delight, rejoice感到高兴

rave

【考法 1】vi.狂热赞扬: to make an exaggerated display of affection or enthusiasm 【例】Critics raved about the new play.新剧得到了评论家们的热烈赞扬。 【近】drool, effuse, enthuse, fuss, rhapsodize, slobber 【反】blame, censure, condemn, criticize, denounce, pan, reprehend 批评，指责 【考法 2】vi.(发疯般地)怒吼: to talk irrationally and wildly in or as if in delirium 【例】a man standing outside the city hall,raving like a lunatic about his tax bill 站在市政大厅外、像疯子一样口叫嚷着自己税单的人 【近】bluster, fulminate, huff, rant, roar, spout 【反】grumble, murmur, mutter 小声抱怨

carouse

【考法 1】vi.畅饮，狂饮作乐: to drink liquor freely or excessively 【例】stay at home instead of going out and carousing with friends 呆在家里而不是出去和朋友们狂饮作乐 【近】binge, jamboree, revel, roister, wassail

cower

【考法 1】vi.畏缩: to cringe in fear 【例】The dog cowered under the table 狗吓得蜷缩在桌子下面 【近】fawn, flinch, grovel, quail, recoil, wince

★flinch

【考法 1】vi.畏缩；退缩: to draw back in fear, pain, or disgust 【例】He met my gaze without flinching 他毫不畏缩地与我对视 【近】cringe, quail, recoil, shrink, wince 【反】face, meet 面对;confront 直面

prevail

【考法 1】vi.盛行，战胜: to be greater in strength or influence 【例】a custom that still prevails 依然盛行的传统 【近】conquer, dominate, overcome, reign, triumph 【反】yield屈服；lose 失败 【派】prevailing adj.盛行的

ossify

【考法 1】vi.硬化，僵化: to become hardened or conventional and opposed to change 【例】a disease that ossifies the joints 一种会使关节僵化的疾病 【反】make pliant, transcend conventions, amenable to change 使柔软，超越传统

★emigrate

【考法 1】vi.移民，移居海外: to leave one's place of residence or country to live elsewhere 【例】have to emigrate to the United States due to political persecution 不得不因政治迫害而移民美国 【近】migrate 【反】immigrate移入，入境；repatriate 遣返 【派】emigrant n(向外的)移民；emigration n(向外)迀徙

plunge

【考法 1】vi.突然下降: to descend or dip suddenly 【例】stock's value plunged股票价值骤然下降 【近】crash, decline, descend, dip, dive, fall, plummet, plunge, sink, tumble 【反】skyrocket, soar 飙升 【考法 2】vt.插入，剌入: to cause to penetrate or enter quickly and forcibly into something 【例】plunged the dagger into his chest 把匕首剌入他的胸膛 【近】drive, stab, stick, thrust 【反】extract 拔出

collapse

【考法 1】vi.突然倒塌或收缩: to fall or shrink together abruptly and completely 【例】President Bush is vowing to rebuild bridge which collapsed last year布什总统发誓要重建这座去年坍塌 的桥梁； One ant-hole may cause the collapse of a thousand-li dyke千里之提，毁于蚁穴。 【近】compact, condense, constrict, constringe, contract, implode, squeeze 【反】decompress, expand, open, outspread, outstretch 展开，扩张 【考法 2】n.完全耗尽体力: a complete depletion of energy or strength 【例】He suffered a mental collapse under the strain of studying for his bar exam 他在紧张的律师考试的复习下脑力消耗殆尽。 【近】exhaustion, tiredness, lassitude, weariness 【反】refreshment, rejuvenation, revitalization 重新充满活力 【考法 3】v./n失败 to be unsuccessful/ a falling short of one's goals 【例】the legal case collapsed in the face of the opposition's evidence 【近】defeat, nonachievement, nonsuccess 【反】accomplishment, achievement, success

jolt

【考法 1】vi.突然移动: to move or dislodge with a sudden, hard blow <font color="#0000ff">【考法 2】v.惊吓: to cause an unpleasant surprise for 【例】The sneak terrorist attack jolted the country out of its indolence and indifference.偷偷摸摸的恐怖分子将该国从懒惰和冷漠无情中惊醒 【近】appall, floor, shake up

dart

【考法 1】vi.突然移动: to move suddenly and rapidly 【例】The dog darted across the street 狗飞奔过马路。 【近】flicker, flitter, flutter 【考法 2】n.公开侮辱: an act or expression showing scorn and usually intended to hurt another's feelings 【例】The darts flew fast and furiously when the two former lovers bumped into each other at the party 旧 情人在party上偶遇，立马开始激烈的人身攻击。 【近】affront, barb, offense, sarcasm, slight, slur

quail

【考法 1】vi.胆怯，畏缩: to shrink back in fear; cower 【例】She quailed at the thought of seeing him again. 她想到还要再见他就害怕。 【近】blench, cringe, recoil, shrink, wince 【反】become resolute, give bold变得坚决、大胆

molt

【考法 1】vi.脱(羽、皮等): to shed hair, feathers, shell, horns, or an outer layer periodically 【例】Snakes molt as they grow, shedding the old skin and growing a larger new skin. 随着年龄的增长，蛇会 脱去老皮，长出新皮 【近】exfoliate, exuviate, shed 【反】fledge 长羽毛

gloat

【考法 1】vi.自鸣得意: a feeling of great, often malicious, pleasure or self-satisfaction 【例】gloat over his enemy's misfortune 为敌人的不幸而自鸣得意 【近】crow, relish, triumph 【反】mourn 哀悼

dally

【考法 1】vi.虚度时光: to spend time doing nothing 【例】I kept dallying at my desk until I couldn't put off doing my work any longer 我一直浪费时间直到作业不能再拖了。 【近】dawdle, loll, lounge, hang around 【考法 2】v.玩乐: to engage in activity for amusement 【例】he spent his college years dallying, seemingly determined to acquire as little knowledge as possible 他 在大学里面尽情玩乐，不学习 【近】disport, frolic, recreate, rollick, sport 【考法 3】v.慢吞吞，磨磨蹭蹭: to move or act slowly 【例】don't dally on the way to the interview 别在去面试的路上磨磨蹭蹭 【近】crawl, creep, dillydally, drag, lag, linger, loiter, tarry 【反】dash, hasten, scoot, scurry

★condole

【考法 1】vi.表达同情: to express sympathetic sorrow 【例】We condole with him on the death of his father 我们对他父亲的死向他深表同情。 【近】compassionate, sympathize with, yearn over 【派】condolence n同情青;sympathy with another in sorrow

★disarm

【考法 1】vi.解除武装: to give up or reduce armed forces 【例】disarm the captured soldiers 解除被捕士兵的武装 ； The defeated nation was disarmed so that it would never again be a threat to international order 战败国被解除武装，这样一来它就不会再对国际秩序造成威胁了。 【近】demilitarize 【反】arm, militarize, put on guard 装备武器 【考法 2】vt.使息怒，平息抚慰: to lessen the anger or agitation of 【例】Her future father-in-law was totally disarmed by her words她未来的继父听了她的话彻底没脾气了。 【近】appease, assuage, conciliate, gentle, mollify, placate, propitiate 【反】anger, enrage, incense, inflame, enflame, infuriate, ire, madden, outrage 煽动激起 【考法 3】v.使无害: to make harmless 【例】disarm a bomb 拆除炸弹

★falter

【考法 1】vi.蹒跚: to walk unsteadily 【近】lurch, stagger, stumble, teeter, totter, wobble 【考法 2】vi.犹豫，踌躇: to be unsteady in purpose or action, as from loss of courage or confidence 【例】Mr Garrison never once faltered in his demand that slavery be unconditionally abolished盖瑞森先生从不对他废除奴隶的要求存有任何的犹豫 【近】balance, halt, hesitate, vacillate, waver 【派】faltering adj犹豫的

recoil

【考法 1】vi.退却，畏缩: to shrink back, as under pressure or in fear or repugnance 【例】recoil from the snake 因为害怕蛇而畏缩不前 She recoiled from his touch.她因害怕与他接触而退缩 【近】blench, cringe, flinch,quail, shrink, squinch, wince 【反】confront, meet 面对

★goldbrick

【考法 1】vi.逃避工作和责任: to shirk one's assigned duties or responsibilities 【例】goldbrick his duty as a citizen 逃避他作为公民的义务 【近】idle, parry, parry, shirk, sidestep 【反】dedicate, devote 致力于

accumulate

【考法 1】vi.逐渐增长: to increase gradually in quantity or number 【例】accumulate a fortune 积攒了一笔财富 【近】mount, swell, garner, snowball, build up, bulk (up) 【反】dissipate, diminish, dwindle, recede, wane 消散，减少

comply

【考法 1】vi.遵从: to conform, submit, or adapt (as to a regulation or to another's wishes) as required or requested 【例】the devices comply with industry standards 设备要遵循工业标准 ； There will be penalties against individuals who fail to comply 谁不遵从谁就会受到惩罚。 【近】conform, submit, observe 【反】defy, disobey, rebel against, violate, breach, transgress 违背

glisten

【考法 1】vi.闪光: to shine by reflection with a sparkling luster 【例】The calm sea glistened in the sunlight. 日光下平静的海面波光粼粼 【近】flash, scintillate, sparkle, twinkle, winkle 【反】dim变得黯淡

premeditate

【考法 1】vi.预先考虑: to think, consider, or deliberate beforehand 【例】carefully premeditating each step of his plan 细致谋略他计划的每一步 【近】deliberate, prearrange, prepare, preplan 【反】disregard, ignore, neglect, omit, overlook 忽视 【派】premeditation n.谋略，事先考虑

infuse

【考法 1】vt. 灌输，使...充满: to fill or cause to be filled with something 【例】 New members infused enthusiasm into the club. 新队员为俱乐部注入了激情 【近】 endue, imbue, implant, ingrain, instill, permeate, suffuse, steep 【反】 extract 提取 【考法 2】vt. 鼓舞: inspire, animate 【例】 a sense of purpose that infuses scientific researchers 给科学研究者打鸡血一般的使命感 【近】 animate, exalt, motivate, stimulate 【派】 infusion n. 注入

coerce

【考法 1】vt.(以武力)强制: to achieve by force or threat 【例】be coerced into agreeing 被强迫同意 ； A confession was coerced from the suspect by police罪犯被警察逼供。 【近】force, threaten, compel 【派】coercion n强力压迫: the act of persuading someone forcefully to do something that they do not want to do 【反】v.oluntary behavior 自愿的行为

★galvanize

【考法 1】vt.(好似被用电击)刺激: to stimulate or excite as if by an electric shock 【例】an issue that would galvanize public opinion 激起大众评论的问题 【近】provoke, agitate, excite, intoxicate, motivate, stimulate, pump up 【反】allay, lull, pacify 使平静 【派】galvanizing adj. 剌激的

ratify

【考法 1】vt.(官方地)认可，批准: to give official acceptance of as satisfactory 【例】Lincoln's home state of Illinois was the first to ratify the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which provided for the abolition of slavery.林肯的老家——伊利诺伊是美国第一个通过《宪法第十三修正案》的州，该决 案提供了废除奴隶制的法律基础。 【近】accredit, approbate, authorize, certify, endorse, finalize, formalize, pass, sanction, validate, warrant 【反】decline, deny, disallow, disapprove, negative, reject, veto 否决 【派】ratification n.正式批准

★gild

【考法 1】vt.(带欺骗性地)修改，润色: to give an often deceptively attractive or improved appearance to 【例】Any further retouch would be gilding the lily. 任何形式的润色都会是画蛇添足 【近】polish, refine, smooth

bruit

【考法 1】vt.(未经证实地)散播消息: to make (as a piece of information) the subject of common talk without any authority or confirmation of accuracy 【例】It's been bruited that...到处传播...... 【近】circulate, whisper, noise about 【反】keep secret 保持秘密

discompose

【考法 1】vt.使不安: to disturb the composure or calm of; perturb 【例】GRE does not seem to discompose Jason; on the contrary, he looked rather relaxed GRE 没有使 Jason感到慌乱，正相反，他看上去很轻松。 【近】agitate, bother, discomfort, disquiet, distemper, disconcert, disturb, perturb, upset, weird out 【反】calm, compose, quiet, settle, soothe, tranquilize 平息抚慰 【考法 2】v.使混乱: to undo the proper order or arrangement of 【例】The wind ruffled her hair and discomposed her carefully arranged papers 风凌乱了她的头发，吹乱了她细心整理的纸张。 【近】disarrange, disarray, disorganize 【反】arrange, array, order, organize, range 使有序

★dispose

【考法 1】vt.使倾向: to give a tendency to: incline 【例】faulty diet disposes one to sickness 营养不全面导致疾病 【派】disposed adj喜欢的: willing or likely，inclined 【例】n.ot feel disposed to argue with her 不喜欢与她争执 【近】willing, inclined, predisposed, prone 【反】disinclined, indisposed 不喜欢的 【考法 2】vi.处理掉(与 of 连用，dispose of): to get rid of; throw out 【派】disposal n处理，不再利用: the act of getting rid of something that is no longer wanted or needed 【例】the permanent disposal of radioactive wastes对放射性废物的永久处理 【考法 3】v.布置有序: to place, distribute, or arrange especially in an orderly way 【例】Dispose the surgical instruments in the exact order in which they would be needed 把手术仪器按他们被需要的顺序放置。 【近】array, arrange 【反】disarrange, disarray, disorder, upset, mess up, muss up 使混舌

calcify

【考法 1】vt.使僵化: to make inflexible or unchangeable 【例】a leg that calcified 一条麻木僵直的腿 【近】harden, obdurate, ossify 【反】make malleable, make pliant, make more flexible 使灵活

disgruntle

【考法 1】vt.使发怒，使不满意: to make ill-humored or discontented 【例】be disgruntled with sb 对某人不满 【近】disaffect, displease, dissatisfy, disgruntle 【反】content, gratify, please, satisfy 使满意 【考法 2】v.使疏远，使不友好: to cause to change from friendly or loving to unfriendly or uncaring 【近】alien, alienate 【反】reconcile调解，使和谐

reconcile

【考法 1】vt.使和解，协调: to restore to friendship or harmony 【例】Historians have never been able to reconcile the two eyewitness accounts of the battle. 历史学家们 一直以来都无法协调这场战役两种记载之间的矛盾。 【近】accommodate, attune, conciliate, conform, coordinate, harmonize, key 【反】disharmonize使不和谐；estrange 离间 【派】reconciliation n. 协调

obfuscate

【考法 1】vt.使困惑，使模糊: to make so confused or opaque as to be difficult to perceive or understand 【例】obfuscate the reader 让读者困惑 【近】becloud, befog, blur, cloud, fog, muddy 【反】demystify, elucidate, illuminate, clarify, explain clearly 澄清，阐明 【派】obfuscated 模糊的 【反】lucid清晰的

abash

【考法 1】vt.使尴尬，使羞愧: to destroy the self-possession or self-confidence of ,disconcert, embarrass 【例】Nothing could abash him 没有什么可以使他感到难堪。 【近】discomfit, disconcert, discountenance, faze, fluster, nonplus, mortify 【反】embolden使大胆

pacify

【考法 1】vt.使平静，安慰: to ease the anger or agitation of 【例】pacify a crying child 安抚一个哭泣的孩子 【近】appease, assuage, conciliate, mollify, placate, propitiate 【反】incite, rankle, tantrum, vex, discompose, truculent 煽动激起

pique

【考法 1】vt.使愤怒: to arouse anger or resentment in 【例】She was greatly piqued when they refused her invitation. 他们拒绝她的邀请让她很生气。 【近】aggravate, annoy, exasperate, infuriate, irritate, peeve, provoke, rile, roil, ruffle, vex 【反】delight, gratify, rejoice 使高兴 【考法 2】vt.激起，剌激: to excite or arouse especially by a provocation, challenge, or rebuff 【例】radical remarks that pique their curiosity引起他们兴趣的激进评论 【近】arouse, encourage, excite, fire, impassion, incite, instigate, move, stimulate, stir 【反】allay, alleviate, assuage, ease, mitigate, mollify, palliate, relieve, soothe 平息，缓和

★deject

【考法 1】vt.使沮丧: to lower the spirits of; dishearten 【例】n.othing dejects a TV pundit more than the reality check that nobody cares what he thinks 没有什么比大家都漠不关心更让电视节目专家沮丧了 【近】oppress, sadden, weigh down, bum out 【反】brighten, buoy, lighten, rejoice, cheer up 使高兴

muffle

【考法 1】vt.使消声: to wrap or pad in order to deaden the sound 【例】close the window to muffle the outside noises关上窗户以减少外界的噪音 【近】attenuate, dampen, deaden, mute, soften, stifle, suppress 【反】amplify, enhance, magnify 放大，增强 【派】muffler n.围巾；消音器

blazon

【考法 1】vt.使知名: to make known openly or publicly 【例】Their very public canoodling has pretty much blazoned the fact that they are having an affair 他们彼此间公开的亲昵举动让他们之间的恋情大白于天下 【近】annunciate, broadcast, declare, publicize, proclaim 【反】withhold保留，不透露 【考法 2】v.修饰，装扮: to make more attractive by adding something that is beautiful or becoming 【例】The university's dormitory has been blazoned with banners celebrating graduation 学校宿舍被那些庆祝毕业的横幅所装点 【近】adorn, bedeck, embellish, garnish 【反】blemish, deface, mar, spoil 损害，破坏

★enlighten

【考法 1】vt.使知道: to give information to; inform or instruct 【例】enlightened us about the thorny problem启发我们思考这个棘手的问题 【近】apprise, instruct 【反】bewilder, confuse, confound, perplex 使疑惑 【考法 2】vt.(在道德上)进行教育: to provide (someone) with moral or spiritual understanding 【例】Many people around the world have been enlightened by the teachings of Gautama Buddha 释迦摩尼的说教启迪了世界上许许多多的人的灵魂 【近】edify, educate, illuminate, nurture 【派】enlightening adj具有启发性的

constringe

【考法 1】vt.使紧缩: to make narrow or draw together 【例】A styptic pencil stopped the bleeding by constringing the small blood vessels at the site of cut止血笔通过挤压伤口处的血管阻止了出血 【近】capsule, constrict, narrow, compress, squeeze, telescope 【反】broaden, expand, outstretch扩展，扩宽

moderate

【考法 1】vt.使缓和: to lessen the intensity or extremeness of 【例】Sopranos and tenors moderates their voices to fit the size of the theater.女高音和男高音们根据剧场的大小调节他们的声音以创造合适的效果 【近】abate, diminish, dwindle, ease, lessen, lower, modulate, subside, taper, temper, wane 【反】escalate, enhance, expand, heighten, intensify 扩大，升级，增强 【考法 2】adj.适度的，中庸的: being within reasonable limits; not excessive or extreme 【例】The new proposals regarding defense budget were met with only moderate enthusiasm. 关于国防预算的新提案只得到了平淡的回应 【近】average, conservative, fair, intermediate, mediocre, modest, reasonable, temperate 【反】exorbitant, excessive 过分的;extreme, radical 极端的 【派】immoderate adj.不适度的

★consolidate

【考法 1】vt.使联合，统一: to join together into one whole; unite 【例】consolidate several small school districts 合并了几个小的校区 【近】unify, combine, amalgamate 【反】dissolve, sunder, fragment 解散 【考法 2】vt.加固，使安全: to make firm or secure; strengthen 【例】consolidate the defense line 加固防线 【近】enhance, strengthen, fortify, reinforce 【反】abate, attenuate, undermine, weaken 削弱 【派】consolidation n合并；加固

dilate

【考法 1】vt.使膨胀，扩大: to enlarge or expand in bulk or extent； to become wide 【例】The cat dilated its eyes in the darkness猫在黑暗中睁大眼睛； The drug dilates the blood vessels药使血管膨胀。 【近】expand, amplify, enlarge 【反】contract 收缩；narrow 使变窄 【考法 2】v.详细表达: to express more fully and in greater detail 【例】He refused to dilate upon his plan for improving the economy in the event that he won the election他拒 绝在他赢得选举的情况下透露更多关于振兴经济计划的细节。 【近】amplify, develop, elaborate on, flesh out, dilate on, enlarge on 【反】abbreviate, abridge, condense, shorten 删减，缩短

aggrieve

【考法 1】vt.使苦恼,悲痛: to give pain or trouble to, distress 【反】gratify 使高兴，满足 【派】aggrieved adj苦恼的，怨念的 【例】a line of aggrieved ticket-holders, demanding a refund for the cancelled play 一队怨念的购票者，为取消的话剧要求退款 【近】discontent, disgruntled, displeased, dissatisfied, malcontent

enervate

【考法 1】vt.使衰弱: to weaken or destroy the strength or vitality of 【例】His constitution was enervated by lustful lifestyle他荒淫无度的生活习惯己使他身体虚弱 【近】debilitate, disable, enfeeble, fatigue, sap 【反】fortify, strengthen 强化;energize, invigorate, vitalize 注入活力 【考法 2】vt.使麻木: to deprive of emotional or intellectual vitality 【例】A lifetime of working in dreary jobs had enervated his very soul 一生忙于无聊的工作让他变得无比麻木 【近】dampen, deaden, petrify 【反】brace, energize, enliven, invigorate, vitalize, vivify 使充满活力 【派】enervation n 虚弱

extricate

【考法 1】vt.使解脱，救出: to free or remove from an entanglement or difficulty 【例】extricate himself from financial difficulties 使他摆脱财政困境 【近】disengage, disentangle, free, liberate, release, untangle 【反】enmesh, entangle, embroil 卷入

★divert

【考法 1】vt.使转向: to turn from one course or use to another: deflect 【例】divert traffic to a side street使交通转至辅路 【近】deflect, redirect, swing, veer, wheel 【反】fix, set, settle固定 【考法 2】v.使消遣: to cause (someone) to pass the time agreeably occupied 【例】A light comedy divert the tired business executive 一个轻松的喜剧让疲惫的企业主管人员得到了放松。 【近】disport, entertain, regale, solace 【考法 3】v.使分心: to draw the attention or mind to something else 【例】divert one's attention 转移某人注意力 ； The parents tried to divert the child with a toy while the doctor was giving her a shot当医生要给那个孩子打针的时候，孩子父母试图用玩具转移孩子的注意力。 【近】abstract, detract, call off

infatuate

【考法 1】vt.使迷恋: to inspire with unreasoning love or attachment 【例】a naive girl infatuated by cajolery 被甜言蜜语冲昏头脑的天真女孩 【近】allure, captivate, bewitch, enchant, fascinate 【反】disgust 使反感 【派】infatuation n. 迷恋

ravish

【考法 1】vt.使陶醉，使沉迷: to overcome with emotion (as wonder or delight) 【例】I was completely ravished by those marvelous pictures taken by HST. 那些哈勃太空望远镜拍摄的壮观图片让我彻底的陶醉了。 【近】captivate, enchant, enrapture, enthrall, rapture, transport 【反】disenchant, sober使清醒 【派】ravishing adj.极美丽的

lacerate

【考法 1】vt.使非常痛苦: to cause deep emotional pain to; distress 【例】He was born into a family already lacerated with tensions and divisions. 他出生在一个己经被冲突和分 裂折磨不堪的家庭当中 【近】afflict, distress, harrow, hurt, rend, torment, torture, wound 【反】allay, alleviate, assuage, ease, mitigate, mollify, palliate, relieve, soothe 减轻(痛苦等)

reconnoiter

【考法 1】vt.侦察，勘查: to make a preliminary inspection of, especially in order to gather military information 【例】The wide utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles makes it much less risky to reconnoiter a certain area.无人飞行器的广泛运用大大减少了军事侦察的风险 【近】probe,scout, survey 【派】reconnaissance n. 侦察

hasten

【考法 1】vt.促进: to speed up; accelerate 【例】The man's death was hastened by alcohol abuse.酗酒加速了老人的死亡。 【近】accelerate, bundle, fast-track, rush, speed up 【反】slow the progress of, check, retard, brake, decelerate, retard, slow down 阻碍，放慢

★foster

【考法 1】vt.促进，鼓励: to help the growth or development of 【例】detect and foster artistic talent发现并培养艺术天分 【近】advance, encourage, forward, further, incubate, promote 【反】discourage, frustrate, inhibit 阻碍，妨碍 【考法 2】vt.培养: to bring to maturity through care and education 【例】a greathearted couple fostering two adopted children as well as their own 对两个养子像自己的孩子一样培 养的好心夫妇 【近】breed, cultivate, nourish, nurse, nurture, raise, rear

★adapt

【考法 1】vt.修改，使适应: to modify according with the changing circumstances 【例】adapt to the change适应变化；adapt the novel for the screen改编小说为影视作品 【近】adj.ust, conform, edit, accommodate, shape, suit, tailor

posit

【考法 1】vt.假定，断定: to assume or affirm the existence of 【例】The committee posited that he was qualified for the election. 委员会假定他是够格参加选举的。 【近】assume, postulate, presuppose, premise, presume 【反】falsify 证明为假

matriculate

【考法 1】vt.入学，录取: to admit or be admitted into a group, especially a college or university. 【例】matriculate at Princeton 在普林斯顿入学 【近】admit, enroll, inscribe, recruit, register 【反】commence, graduate 毕业;delist 除名 【派】matriculation n. 录取

★endorse

【考法 1】vt.公开支持，推崇: to express support or approval of publicly and definitely 【例】endorse a presidential candidate公开支持一名总统候选人 【近】advocate, back, approve, certify, champion, sanction, support, uphold 【反】deprecate, impugn, oppose 反对 【派】endorsement n支持；补充条款

allay

【考法 1】vt.减轻: to subdue or reduce in intensity or severity, alleviate 【例】allay one's fears or doubts减轻某人的恐惧或怀疑 【近】assuage, ease, mitigate, mollify, palliate, relieve, soothe 【反】excite, aggravate, foment, increase the intensity of, exacerbate 激起，加重

dismantle

【考法 1】vt.分解，分拆: to take to pieces also : to destroy the integrity or functioning of 【例】dismantle a machine 分拆机器 【近】break down, knock down 【反】assemble, construct 组装

mince

【考法 1】vt.切碎: to cut or chop into very small pieces 【例】I'll buy some lean meat and mince it myself. 我会买一些痩肉然后自己切好的 【近】cut, dice, grind, hash 【考法 2】vi.小步走: to walk with very short steps or with exaggerated primness 【例】The bride minced through the cathedral.新娘踏着细小的步伐穿过教堂 【反】stride大步走

initiate

【考法 1】vt.创始，发动促进: to cause or facilitate the beginning of 【例】a chain reaction initiated by UV irradiation紫外光激发引起的连锁反应 【近】begin, start, commence, inaugurate, introduce, launch 【反】terminate 终止 【考法 2】n.刚入门的新手: a person who is undergoing or has undergone an initiation 【近】apprentice, beginner, novice, rookie, tyro 【反】v.eteran 身经百战的人 【派】initiative主动性，首创精神

institute

【考法 1】vt.创立，制定: to establish, organize, and set in operation 【例】institute a new department创建一个新的部门 【近】begin, constitute, create, found, inaugurate, launch, start, set up 【反】abrogate, efface, rescind 废除；close, shut 关闭；phase out 淘汰 【考法 2】n.机构: an organization for the promotion of a cause 【例】a research institute研究机构 【近】association, institution, society 【派】institution n.习俗，制度

★dissuade

【考法 1】vt.劝阻,反对: to deter (a person) from a course of action or a purpose by persuasion or exhortation 【例】dissuade sb from (doing) sth 劝阻/反对某人做某事 ； Her parents tried to dissuade her from her intention to drop out of college她的父母劝她不要退学。 【近】deter, dissuade, inhibit 【反】encourage 鼓励;persuade说服

★bungle

【考法 1】vt.办糟，失败: to act or work clumsily and awkwardly 【例】bungle a job搞砸了一项工作 【近】boggle, bumble, fumble, mess up, screw up 【反】bring off 成功

★fortify

【考法 1】vt.加固，鼓励: to give physical strength, courage, or endurance to 【例】This country will fortify the coastal areas这个国家要加强沿海地区的防御 【近】energize, harden, invigorate, reinforce, strengthen, toughen 【反】debilitate, enervate, enfeeble, vitiate, weaken 使衰弱，削弱 【考法 2】vt.做好心理准备: to prepare (oneself) mentally or emotionally 【例】She fortified herself for the incoming tennis tournament with a series of confidence-boosting exercises她通过一系列练习赛来找自信，为即将到来的网球锦标赛做好心理准备 【近】brace, forearm, gird, nerve, poise, ready, steel

intensify

【考法 1】vt.加强，激化: to make intense or more intensive 【例】Both companies intensified their efforts to win the contract.为了获得这份合同，两家公司都加大了投入 【近】accentuate, aggravate, amplify, deepen, enhance, magnify, redouble, strengthen 【反】abate, assuage, attenuate, mitigate, moderate减缓，减低(程度) 【派】intensity n. 强度

★foment

【考法 1】vt.助长，煽动: to promote the growth or development of 【例】He was accused of fomenting violence 他被指控煽动暴力行为 【近】abet, brew, ferment, incite, instigate, provoke, raise, stir 【反】quash, quell, quench, squash 平息，镇压

★discriminate

【考法 1】vt.区分: to perceive the distinguishing features of; recognize as distinct 【例】discriminate different kinds of animals 区分不同的动物 【近】differentiate, discern, distinguish 【反】confuse, mistake, mix up 混淆 【考法 2】vi.歧视: to make a difference in treatment or favor on a basis other than individual merit 【例】The new law discriminated against lower-paid workers 这条新法律歧视低工资的工人。 【派】discriminatory adj差别对待的: marked by or showing prejudice; biased 【近】prejudiced, biased 【反】equitable, impartial, unbiased, impersonal, unprejudiced 公平的

drone

【考法 1】vt.单调地说: to talk in a persistently dull or monotonous tone 【例】droning bees嗡嗡作响的蜜蜂 【近】hum, buzz, bumble 【考法 2】n.(昆虫振翅般)单调的声音: a monotonous sound like that of an insect in motion 【例】heard the drone of an helicopter overhead听到了头顶直升机单调的声音 【近】burr, whir 【考法 2】v.混日子: to spend time doing nothing 【例】Instead of getting a job, he preferred to drone and live off his parents 相对于找个工作来说，他更喜欢什么也不做，依靠他的父母过日子 【近】dally, dawdle, hang, laze, loll, lounge

entangle

【考法 1】vt.卷入，纠缠: to twist together into a usually confused mass 【例】we managed to entangle the string of lights into a hopeless mess of wires 我们将小灯泡的线纠缠成了一堆 【近】interlace, intertwist, knot, snarl, tangle 【考法 2】v.使变复杂或困难: to make complex or difficult 【例】the history of Alexander the Great is entangled by variant accounts of his exploits 亚历山大大帝的生平历史被不同版本的记录搞得很纠结 【近】complexify, perplex, sophisticate 【反】simplify, streamline 简化

compress

【考法 1】vt.压缩(体积): to reduce in size or volume as if by squeezing 【例】compress a computer file 压缩电脑文档 The science textbook compresses a lot of information about human reproduction into a few short chapters 科学教科书将人类的生殖知识压缩成了几个短章节。 【近】capsule, collapse, compact, condense, constrict, constringe, contract, shrink, telescope 【反】increase in volume, decompress, expand, outspread, outstretch 体积增大，扩张；balloon 膨胀

loathe

【考法 1】vt.厌恶: to dislike someone or something greatly; abhor 【例】I loathe having to do this. 我鄙视不得不这样做。 【近】abhor, abominate, despise, detest, execrate 【反】adore, love 热爱 【派】loathsome adj.令人讨厌的

dehydrate

【考法 1】vt.去除水分，(使)干燥: to remove water from; make anhydrous 【例】bought a dehumidifier in order to dehydrate the damp basement买了一个减湿器来给地下室除湿 【近】dampen, desiccate, parch, scorch, sear 【反】hydrate, saturate with water, reconstitute 用水浸润闰 【考法 2】v.使失去活力或者味道: to deprive of vitality or savor 【例】years of being trapped in a loveless marriage had dehydrated his spirit 多年不幸的女昏女因消肖磨了他的活力 【近】deaden, devitalize, enervate, petrify, sap 【反】brace, energize, enliven, invigorate, vitalize, vivify 使生机勃勃

quaver

【考法 1】vt.发颤音: to speak in a quivering voice; utter a quivering sound 【例】His voice quavered during the speech.，整个演讲过程中，他的声音都是颤抖的。 【近】temble，trill

★countermand

【考法 1】vt.取消，撤销: to revoke (a command) by a contrary order 【例】countermand an order撤销命令 【近】annul, repeal, rescind, revoke, cancel 【反】approve, permit, sanction 批准

★deter

【考法 1】vt.吓住，威慑: to prevent or discourage from acting, as by means of fear or doubt 【例】wouldn't be deterred by threats不被威胁吓住 【近】dissuade, inhibit 【反】spur, courage, persuade 激励 【派】deterrent adj/ n威慑力量，威慑的 【例】deterrent weapons威慑性武器；a deterrent to theft对偷窃的威慑 【反】inducement, incentive 引诱，刺激

refute

【考法 1】vt.否认: to declare not to be true 【例】While the speak woman was publicly refuting rumors of a merger, behind the scenes the CEO was working to effect that very outcome. 尽管女发言人一再公开否认合并的谣言，首席执行官却在幕后为这一目标而努力。 【近】contradict, disaffirm, disavow, disclaim, disconfirm, deny, gainsay, negate, negative, reject, repudiate 【反】acknowledge, admit, avow, concede, confirm 承认 【考法 2】vt.证明为假，证伪: to prove wrong by argument or evidence: show to be false or erroneous 【例】The triumph of Chinese athlete Liu Xiang in the 2004 Olympics effectively refuted the views that Asians are physically inferior to others. 中国运动员刘翔在2004年雅典奥运会上的胜利有效地驳斥了亚洲人在体格上不如 其他人种的观点。 【近】belie, confute, debunk, discredit, falsify, rebut, shoot down 【反】confirm, prove, validate, verify 证明为真，证实 【派】refutable adj.可辩驳的

herald

【考法 1】vt.告知: to make known openly or publicly 【例】herald the great tidings to all the world 将重大消息告知全世界 【近】annunciate, broadcast, declare, enunciate, proclaim, promulgate 【考法 2】v.预示，预兆: to give a slight indication of beforehand 【例】the reshuffle of the company's management heralded the sweeping changes to come 公司管理层的重新洗牌预示着即将到来的巨大变革 【近】adumbrate, forerun, harbinger, prefigure

coax

【考法 1】vt.哄骗: to persuade or try to persuade by pleading or flattery; cajole 【例】coax a child to take its medicine 哄小孩吃药 【近】blandish, cajole, wheedle, palaver

gibe

【考法 1】vt.嘲弄: to deride or tease with taunting words 【例】gibe at the umpire嘲弄裁判员 【近】deride, jeer, ridicule, mock, scoff, sneer, taunt 【反】respect, revere, venerate 尊敬

deride

【考法 1】vt.嘲弄，嘲笑: to speak of or treat with contemptuous mirth 【例】my brothers derided our efforts, but were forced to eat their words when we won first place 我的兄弟嘲笑我们的努力，但是当我们得了第一名以后不得不收回那些话 【近】gibe, jeer, mock, scout, shoot down, laugh at 【反】praise 赞美 【派】derision n嘲弄: contemptuous or jeering laughter; ridicule 【反】v.eneration 尊敬

inter

【考法 1】vt.埋葬: to place in a grave or tomb 【例】The infamous terrorist leader Bin Laden was interred at sea. 臭名昭著的恐怖分子本拉登被葬于海中 【近】bury, entomb, inhume 【反】dig, disinter, excavate, exhume, unearth 掘出

aggrandize

【考法 1】vt.增加、提高力量、财富、地位、声誉等: to enhance the power, wealth, position, or reputation of 【例】exploited the situation to aggrandize himself 借势而上使得自己地位提升、财富增长 【近】augment, boost, expand, magnify, add (to),pump up 【反】relegate, disparage, efface, abase, demean 降级，贬低

quaff

【考法 1】vt.大口地喝: to drink (a beverage) heartily 【例】He stopped at a bar and quaffed a few beers.他在酒吧停下来，痛饮了几杯啤酒。 【近】draft, gulp, swig, swill

obstruct

【考法 1】vt.妨碍，制造困难: to impede, retard, or interfere with; hinder; to create difficulty for the work or activity of 【例】He was charged with obstructing justice by lying to investigators. 他被指控向检察官说谎，妨碍司法。 【近】encumber, fetter, handicap, hinder, impede, inhibit, stymie, interfere with 【反】facilitate, abet, aid, assist 促进，帮助 【考法 2】vt.阻挡: to prevent passage through by filling with something 【例】an unobstructed view无阻碍的视野 【近】occlude 堵塞 【反】clear, free, open up, unblock, unclog, unplug, unstop

intimidate

【考法 1】vt.威吓: to make timid or fearful, frighten 【例】refused to be intimidated by the manager对经理的恐吓不为所动 【近】browbeat, bully, coerce, cow, frighten, hector, terrify 【反】blandish, cajole, coax 用花言巧语讨好 【派】intimidation n.恐吓

menace

【考法 1】vt.威胁，使处于危险: to make a show of intention to harm; to place in danger 【例】Stockpiles of nuclear weapons that continue to menace the inhabitants of this planet.大量的核武器持续地威胁着这个行星上的居民 【近】compromise, hazard, imperil, jeopardize, peril, risk, threaten 【反】rescue, save 救出 【派】menacing adj.带有威胁的

incubate

【考法 1】vt.孵化: to cover and warm eggs as the young inside develop 【例】The hen incubated her eggs for two weeks.母鸡孵蛋两周 【近】brood, hatch, sit 【考法 2】vt.帮助，培养，促进: to cause or aid the development of 【例】Hopefully, these youthful visits to the museum will incubate an enduring love of art. 我们希望年轻时参观博物馆能够培养他们对于艺术的持久热爱 【近】advance, cultivate, encourage, forward, further, nourish, nurse, nurture, promote 【反】check, discourage, frustrate, hinder, impede, inhibit, obstruct, retard, shackle 妨碍，阻碍 【派】incubator n.恒温箱；incubation n.孵化，孵卵

★console

【考法 1】vt.安慰，藉慰: to alleviate the grief, sense of loss, or trouble of; comfort 【例】Only her children could console her when her husband died 只有她的孩子们才能安抚她失去丈夫的悲痛 【近】comfort, solace, soothe, calm 【反】distress, torment, torture 使痛苦 【派】consolation n 安慰

invoke

【考法 1】vt.实施: to put into effect or operation 【例】New train timetable has been invoked. 新的火车时刻表己经生效 【近】enforce, effect, execute, implement, perform 【反】suspend暂停，搁置 【考法 2】vt.产生，造成: to be the cause of (a situation, action, or state of mind) 【例】We should be prepared for the possibility that any solution may invoke another set of problems.我们必须要为这样一种可能做好心理准备: 任何解决方案都可能带来一系列新的问题 【近】beget, bring, catalyze, cause, create, engender, generate, induce, produce, result

censor

【考法 1】vt.审查并删除不良的东西: to examine in order to suppress or delete anything considered objectionable 【例】censor the news审查新闻 【近】bowdlerize, expurgate, red-pencil, clean up 【派】censorship n审查制度

★condone

【考法 1】vt.宽恕，忽视: to overlook, forgive, or disregard (an offense) without protest or censure 【例】By his silence, he seemed to condone their behavior 他的沉默流露出了他对他们行为的宽恕。He is too quick to condone his friend's faults她太快了以至于忽视了他朋友的过错。 【近】disregard, ignore, overlook, remit, shrug off, gloss over 【反】denounce谴责；exact强求

minimize

【考法 1】vt.将...减至最少: to reduce to the smallest possible amount, extent, size, or degree 【例】All striking forces are told to minimize civilian casualties. 所有攻击部队被要求尽可能减少平民伤亡 【近】deprecate, diminish, discount, reduce 【反】inflate, magnify 膨胀，扩大；maximize 最大化 【考法 2】vt.刻意低估: to underestimate intentionally 【例】minimize losses in our own company while maximize those of the rival 低低估我方损失而高估对手损失 【近】underestimate, underrate, undervalue 【反】overestimate 高估;exaggerate 夸张，夸大 【考法 3】vt.表示鄙夷: to express scornfully one's low opinion of 【例】Sore losers minimized the other team's victory. 愤愤不平的失败者对获胜方的胜利表现出鄙夷 【近】belittle, denigrate, deprecate, depreciate, derogate, diminish, disparage, trash, vilipend 【反】acclaim, applaud, exalt, extol, glorify, laud, magnify, praise 欢呼，赞扬 【派】minimum adj.最小的

hallow

【考法 1】vt.尊敬，把视为神圣: to respect or honor greatly; revere 【近】consecrate, sacralize, sanctify 【反】desecrate, deconsecrate, desacralize, desanctify 亵渎

nibble

【考法 1】vt.小口咬: to eat with small, quick bites or in small morsels 【例】waves nibbling the shore 缓慢侵蚀海岸的浪 【近】bite, nip, peck, sip, tipple 【反】gobble 狼吞虎咽

haunt

【考法 1】vt.常去拜访: to visit often; frequent 【例】haunt the movie theater 常去影院 【近】affect, habituate, visit, hang at, resort to 【反】avoid, shun 避开 【考法 2】vt.不断地想起，萦绕心头: to come to mind continually; obsess 【例】a riddle that haunted me all morning整个早上萦绕在我心头的谜

protract

【考法 1】vt.延长，拖长: to draw out or lengthen in time; prolong 【近】elongate, lengthen, prolong, stretch, drag out, draw out, 【反】curtail, abridge, abbreviate, shorten, cut back 缩减 protrude 【考法 1】vi.突出: to jut out; project; bulge 【例】a handkerchief protruding from his breast pocket 手帕从他的上衣口袋里突出出来 【近】bulge, overhang, poke, project, stand out, stick out 【反】concave凹陷

★engender

【考法 1】vt.引起，使发展: to cause to exist or to develop 【例】Her latest book has engendered a lot of controversy她的新书引发了很多争议 【近】beget, cause, catalyze, generate, induce, invoke, produce, spawn 【考法 2】vt.产生，出现: to come into existence 【例】Feelings of confidence and independence that were only just beginning to engender within her她的自信和独立的感觉才刚刚产生 【近】actualize, appear, arise, form, materialize, spring 【反】cease 停止；disappear, perish 消逝，死亡；eradicate; quash; terminate 根除；平息；终止

incriminate

【考法 1】vt.归罪于: to accuse of a crime or other wrongful act 【例】incriminate innocent people 诬陷好人 【近】charge, criminate ,impeach, indict 【反】absolve, acquit, exculpate, exonerate, vindicate 免罪

browbeat

【考法 1】vt.恐吓: to intimidate by a stern manner or arrogant speech: bully 【例】They would often browbeat the younger child until he cried他们总是把小朋友欺负到哭为止。 【近】blackjack, bulldoze, bully, cow, hector, intimidate

★entreat

【考法 1】vt.恳求: to plead with especially in order to persuade, ask urgently 【例】entreated his boss for another chance 恳求老板再给一次机会 【近】beseech, besiege, conjure, implore, importune, solicit, supplicate, plead to, appeal to

importune

【考法 1】vt.恳求，迫切请求: to make a request to (someone) in an earnest or urgent manner 【例】beggars importuning passers-by在恳求着过路人的乞丐 【近】appeal,beseech, besiege, conjure, entreat, impetrate, implore, petition, plead, pray, solicit, supplicate 【反】demand 要求，强求

nettle

【考法 1】vt.惹怒: to arouse to sharp but transitory annoyance or anger 【例】His pompous attitude nettled several people.他自大的性格得罪了不少人 【近】aggravate, annoy, exasperate, inflame, infuriate, irritate, peeve, pique, provoke, roil, ruffle, vex 【反】appease, assuage, conciliate, mollify, placate, propitiate 安抚

propitiate

【考法 1】vt.慰抚，劝解: to conciliate (an offended power); appease 【例】the temple was built to honor the gods in times of plenty and to propitiate them in times of trouble 该庙宇的作用是，丰收之时感谢神明，有难之时安抚神明 【近】appease, assuage, conciliate, disarm, mollify, placate 【反】enrage, incense, inflame, infuriate, ire, madden, outrage, antagonize, arouse hostility 激怒

★catalyze

【考法 1】vt.成为导火索，导致: to be the cause of (a situation, action, or state of mind) 【例】a reinstitution of the draft would catalyze protests around the country 草案的提出会激发全国范围的抗议 【近】breed, beget, effectuate, engender, generate, prompt, spawn, yield, result in , bring (about 【反】retard, prevent, inhibit 阻挠，抑制 【派】catalyst n催化剂: an agent that provokes or speeds significant change or action 【例】a catalyst for change of lifestyle生活方式变化的催化剂 【反】inhibitor 抑制剂

peeve

【考法 1】vt.打扰，惹恼: to disturb the peace of mind of (someone) especially by repeated disagreeable acts 【例】be constantly peeved by his affected flattery 总是被他做作的谄媚所惹恼 【近】aggravate, annoy, bother, exasperate, frost, gall, irk, nettle, pique, rile, ruffle, vex 【反】becalm, compose, lull, lullaby, quiet, salve, settle, soothe, still, tranquilize 使镇定 【派】peevish adj.易怒的，脾气不好的

★contort

【考法 1】vt.扭曲: to twist, wrench, or bend severely out of shape 【例】a contorted version of the truth 被歪曲的真相 【近】deform, distort, warp, misshape 【派】contortion n 扭曲

distort

【考法 1】vt.扭曲，歪曲: to twist out of the true meaning or proportion 【例】A painter may exaggerate or distort shapes and forms画家可能夸张或扭曲形状； The coach's message was so distorted after passing through so many people that it was unintelligible教练的信肩、在经过许多人传递后己经被歪曲的很难看懂了。 【近】deform, misshape, torture, falsify, misinterpret, misrepresent, pervert, twist

★concede

【考法 1】vt.承认: to grant as a right or privilege 【例】She grudgingly conceded his point 她不情愿的承认了他的观点。 【近】acknowledge, grant, confess 【反】refuse to grant , deny 拒绝承认，否认 【派】concession n让步: the act of yielding 【反】aggression 侵犯 【考法 2】v.停止抵抗: to cease resistance (as to another's arguments, demands, or control) 【例】He conceded as soon as it became clear that he could not win当他明显赢不了的时候他就停止了抵抗。 【近】capitulate, give in, quit, submit, succumb, surrender 【反】resist 抵抗

harrow

【考法 1】vt.折磨，使苦恼: to inflict great distress or torment on 【例】the villagers were gaunt and sickly, harrowed by years of disease and starvation 村民们枯瘦如柴，体弱多病，都是被多年的疾病和饥饿折磨的 【近】agonize, beset, besiege, torment, torture, excruciate, plague 【反】assuage减轻苦恼

★defuse

【考法 1】vt.抚慰，减轻: to make less dangerous, tense, or hostile 【例】defuse the crisis平息危机 【反】foment 煽动

★disavow

【考法 1】vt.拒绝承认，否认: to disclaim knowledge of, responsibility for, or association with； to declare not to be true 【例】disavow the rumor 否认谣言 ； She disavowed the testimony that she had given earlier in the trial她在审判中否认了自己之前的证词。 【近】deny, repudiate, disaffirm, disclaim, disconfirm, gainsay, negate 【反】acknowledge, avow, concede 承认

naysay

【考法 1】vt.拒绝，否认: to oppose, deny, or take a pessimistic or negative view of 【近】decline, deny, deject, disallow, gainsay, oppose, refuse, reject 【反】accede, agree, concur, consent 同意 【派】n.aysayer n.反对者

lug

【考法 1】vt.拖动，拉动: to cause to follow by applying steady force on 【例】lugged the lawn mower out into the backyard 把割草机拖进院子 【近】drag, draw, hale, pull, tow, tug 【反】drive, propel, push 推动 【考法 2】vt.费力搬运: to carry laboriously 【例】I don't understand why he's always lugging all of his books around when his locker is right over there.我真搞不懂为什么他总是明明在有锁柜的情况下还随身扛着所有的书 【近】bear, cart, convey, ferry, haul, lug, pack, tote, transport

mangle

【考法 1】vt.损毁，使伤残: to injure with deep disfiguring wounds by cutting, tearing, or crushing 【例】His body was mangled beyond recognition. 他的尸体己经被损毁到无法辨认的程度了 【近】batter, deform, disfigure, distort, lacerate, mutilate, rend, wreck 【反】cure, heal, rehabilitate 治愈，康复 【考法 2】vt.弄砸: to ruin or spoil through ineptitude or ignorance 【例】The orchestra had completely mangled Bach's music.乐队彻底演砸了巴赫的音乐 【近】blow, bumble, bungle, butcher, fumble , mar, mess, ruin, foul up, screw up

obviate

【考法 1】vt.排除，使不必要: to anticipate and prevent (as a situation) or make unnecessary (as an action) 【例】The new treatment obviates the need for surgery.新的疗法使手术不再是必须的。 【近】avert, forestall, preclude, stave off, head off

adulterate

【考法 1】vt.掺杂，加入低等成分: to corrupt, debase, or make impure by the addition of a foreign or inferior substance or element 【例】adulterate its products with cheap additives 在产品中掺杂廉价的添加剂 【近】alloy, contaminate, pollute, taint, water down 【反】enrich, fortify, strengthen 加入养分

ingest

【考法 1】vt.摄入，咽下: to take into the body by the mouth for digestion or absorption 【例】claims that the average person ingests considerably more calories than is necessary or desirable 宣称每个人平均摄取的卡路里大大超出了所需或者适当的范围 【近】eat, consume, devour, intake 【反】evacuate, expel 排出；vomit呕吐 【派】ingestion n.摄取

raze

【考法 1】vt.摧毁，粉碎: to destroy completely by or as if by knocking down or breaking to pieces 【例】Excavators were began to raze old school building. 挖土机开始夷平学校的老建筑。An entire city block razed by a terrible fire.大火摧毁了整个街区。 【近】annihilate, decimate, demolish, devastate, level, nuke, pulverize, ruin, smash, vaporize, wreck, tear down 【反】build, construct, erect, raise, rear, set up 建造 【派】razor n.剃须刀

recant

【考法 1】vt.撤回，放弃，改变: to withdraw or repudiate (a statement or belief) formally and publicly 【例】The man has refused after torture to recant his heresy.这个人在受折磨后依旧拒绝放弃他的异教信仰。 【近】abjure, abnegate, forswear, renege, renounce, repeal, repudiate, retract, withdraw 【反】adhere, insist, maintain, stick 坚持 【派】recantation n.改变论调

evacuate

【考法 1】vt.撤空: to empty or remove the contents of 【例】were ordered to evacuate the building 被命令搬出大楼 【近】clear, vacate, void 【反】fill up, occupy, load填满 【考法 2】vt.撤退: to remove especially from a military zone or dangerous area 【例】During World War , children were evacuated from London to the country 二战期间，伦敦市的儿童被撤离到郊区。 【反】conquer 占领

★efface

【考法 1】vt.擦掉，抹去；使不明显: to eliminate or make indistinct by or as if by wearing away a surface 【例】efface those unpleasant memories 抹去那些不快的记忆 【近】eradicate, erase, expunge, exterminate, extirpate, liquidate, eclipse, obliterate, wipe, root out 【反】blazon, decorate 装饰；emboss 使凸起，使显现 【派】self-effacing adj谦卑、低调的

★champion

【考法 1】vt.支持 / n支持者: to fight for, defend, or support as a champion 【例】to champion the cause of civil rights 支持民权事业 【近】advocate, back, endorse, patronize, plump for 【反】disparage, impugn, oppose 贬低，反对

★advocate

【考法 1】vt.支持，提倡: to speak, plead, or argue in favor of; support 【例】advocates traditional teaching methods 提倡传统教学方法 【近】back, champion, endorse, patronize 【反】impunge提出异议

★espouse

【考法 1】vt.支持；拥护: to take up and support as a cause 【例】the revolutionary cause支持革命事业 【近】embrace, take on, take up 【反】abjure, repudiate 誓绝 【考法 2】vt.结婚: to take in marriage; marry</font>

★ameliorate

【考法 1】vt.改善，改进: to make or become better; improve 【例】to ameliorate the suffering of people who have lost their jobs 改善失业人员的痛苦 【近】improve, convalesce, recuperate 【反】aggravate, worsen, deteriorate 恶化 【派】ameliorator n改良物 【反】damper n抑制因素

indoctrinate

【考法 1】vt.教育，灌输思想: to instruct especially in fundamentals or rudiments 【例】indoctrinate students with the notion of egalitarianism 向学生灌输平等主义的思想 【近】educate, instruct, lesson, teach, train, tutor 【反】learn, study 学习

★disseminate

【考法 1】vt.散播，传播: to spread abroad; promulgate 【例】disseminate Marxism-Leninism 传播马列主义 ； The Internet allows us to disseminate information faster 互联网允许我们更快的传播信息。 【近】broadcast, circulate, propagate 【反】gather, amass, garner 收集

preen

【考法 1】vt.整理(羽毛): to smooth or clean (feathers) with the beak or bill 【近】plume 【反】rumple 弄皱 【考法 2】vt.打扮修饰: to dress or groom (oneself) with elaborate care 【例】She always preen herself in an elaborate suit before going to the opera.她去听歌剧之前总要精心打扮一番，穿上最豪华的服装。 【近】groom, plume, primp 【考法 3】vt.自满: to take pride or satisfaction in (oneself) 【例】He always preen himself on his ancestry.他总是因为他的血统而洋洋得意 【近】gloat, plume, pride 【反】efface 表现出谦卑

★assert

【考法 1】vt.断言，肯定地说出: to state or declare positively and often forcefully or aggressively 【例】asserted one's innocence坚称自己无罪 【例】He asserted that there were corrupt officials in the government他断言道政府里面一定存在腐败的官员。 【近】aver, allege, avow, avouch, insist 【反】deny, gainsay否认

garble

【考法 1】vt.曲解，篡改，混淆(以至使无法理解): to mix up or distort to such an extent as to make misleading or incomprehensible 【例】The summary totally garbles the results of the investigation.这份摘要完全曲解了调查的结果 【近】misrepresent, belie, color, distort, falsify, twist, warp 【反】clarify, elucidate 阐明 【考法 2】vt.筛选，除杂: to remove usually visible impurities from 【例】Garbled spices are less likely to contaminate a recipe.经过筛选的香料应该就不会影响食谱了 【近】clear, distill, filter, purify 【反】adulterate, contaminate掺杂，污染

milk

【考法 1】vt.榨取(财富、信息等): to draw or coerce profit or advantage from illicitly or to an extreme degree 【例】milk the workers 从工人身上榨取好处 The interrogators milked the arrested spy, but he was dry.审 问者想尽办法套被捕间谍的话，但是无功而返 【近】drain, exploit

promulgate

【考法 1】vt.正式宣布: to make known openly or publicly 【例】The law was promulgated in June 1988.法律在 1988 年 6 月出台。 【近】annunciate, declare, enunciate, proclaim, publicize, herald 【反】keep secret 保密

divulge

【考法 1】vt.泄漏(秘密)to make known (as a confidence or secret) 【例】refuse to divulge details of the negotiations 拒绝透露谈判的细节内容 ； We tried to make him divulge the name of the winner, but he wouldn't budge 我们试图让他透露胜利者的名字，但是他没有那样做。 【近】bare, disclose, discover, expose, uncover, unmask, unveil 【反】conceal, cover up, hide, mask, shroud, veil 保密，隐藏

disinfect

【考法 1】vt.消毒，使无菌: to free from infection especially by destroying harmful microorganisms 【例】disinfect with bleaching powder 用漂白粉消毒 【近】sterilize 【反】infect, pollute, contaminate, taint感染，污染

★elicit

【考法 1】vt.激起，唤起: to draw forth or bring out 【例】The king's speech elicited lasting cheer and applause国王的演讲激起了持续的欢呼和掌声 【近】arouse, evoke, excite, inspire, provoke, raise 【反】appease, placate, mollify, pacify 平息

★crave

【考法 1】vt.热望: to have an intense desire for 【例】crave alcohols and cigarettes 渴望烟酒 【近】n.eed, yearn, desire, pine, thirst, itch, long, yen 【反】spurn 摒弃 【派】craving n迫切的渴望

illuminate

【考法 1】vt.照明: to make luminous or shining 【例】to illuminate with a spotlight用聚光灯照亮 【近】bathe, beacon, emblaze, illume, illumine, irradiate, lighten 【反】blacken, darken, obfuscate使黯淡，使昏暗 【考法 2】vt.阐明: to make plain or understandable 【例】Roosevelt's New Deal illuminates what the role of government is in Keynesian Economics.罗斯斯福新政阐明了在凯恩斯主义中政府的作用 【近】clarify, clear, construe, demonstrate, demystify, elucidate, explicate, expound, illustrate, interpret 【反】obscure 使费解 【考法 3】vt.启迪，启发: to provide (someone) with moral or spiritual understanding 【例】how man is illuminated by a higher spirit人们是如何被更高境界的思想开化的 【近】edify, educate, enlighten, inspire, nurture 【反】confuse, perplex, puzzle 使困惑 【派】illumination n.照明；启迪

instigate

【考法 1】vt.煽动，激起: to goad or urge forward; to stir up 【例】This incident is instigated by a small group of people with ulterior motives. 让此次事件是被少数别有用心的人煽动起来的 【近】abet, arouse, excite, foment, goad, incite, inflame, provoke, stir 【反】assuage, allay, mitigate, mollify, pacify, soothe平息，缓和 【派】instigation n. 煽动

quench

【考法 1】vt.熄、灭: to put out (a fire, for example); extinguish. 【例】We thoroughly quenched the campfire before we headed to bed. 我们在睡前把营火完全熄、灭了。 【近】blanket, douse, put out, snuff out 【反反】fire, ignite, inflame, kindle, light 点燃 【考法 2】v.使满足: to put a complete end to (a physical need or desire) 【例】this lemonade really quenches my thirst 这杯丰宁檬、汁真是解渴 【近】assuage, quench, sate, satiate, slake

douse

【考法 1】vt.熄灭: to put out (a light or fire) 【例】douse a fire with water用水熄灭火焰 【近】quench, extinguish, put out 【反反】kindle, ignite, inflame 点燃 【考法 2】n.弄湿: to make wet 【例】The heavy rains thoroughly doused the tourists 大雨把游客淋得透湿 【近】bathe, drench, soak, sodden, sop 【反】dehydrate, desiccate 脱水；parch, scorch, sear 烧焦，烤焦

gobble

【考法 1】vt.狼吞虎咽: to swallow or eat greedily 【例】Lions gobble their prey.狮子狼吞虎咽地啃食它们的猎物 【近】devour, gorge, guzzle, quaff, raven, swill 【反】n.ibble 小口咬

nudge

【考法 1】vt.用肘推以引起注意: to seek the attention of by a push of the elbow 【例】accidentally nudged me as he squeezed past他过去的时{候不小心用肘碰到了我 【考法 2】vt.说服某人做某事: to try to persuade (someone) through earnest appeals to follow a course of action 【例】the car salesman nudged me into taking a test-drive 汽车销售员说服我进行试驾 【近】encourage, exhort, goad, press, prod, prompt

orient

【考法 1】vt.确定方向，使熟悉或适应: to set or arrange in any determinate position especially in relation to the points of the compass; to make familiar with or adjusted to facts, principles, or a situation 【例】orient students toward a career in medicine 指导学生从事医学的职业道路 【近】accustom, familiarize, initiate, introduce, orientate 【反】confuse 使迷惑

★confine

【考法 1】vt.禁闭，监禁: to shut or keep in, especially to imprison 【例】The thief was confined in a prison小偷被关在监狱里。 【近】imprison, commit, confine, immure, incarcerate, jail 【反】discharge, free, liberate, release 释放 【考法 2】v.限制: to keep within limits 【例】Please confine yourself to the subject 请不要离题。 【近】limit, circumscribe, restrict 【反】exceed 超越，超过

infiltrate

【考法 1】vt.秘密潜入: to enter or take up positions in gradually or surreptitiously, as for purposes of espionage or takeover 【例】The intelligence staff had been infiltrated by spies.情报工作人员己经被间谍渗透了 【近】creep, insinuate, penetrate, sneak, slip 【反】abscond潜逃 【派】infHtration n.潜入，渗透

★eulogize

【考法 1】vt.称赞；颂扬: to speak or write in high praise of 【例】He was eulogized at his funeral as a caring husband and a good father他在悼词中被称赞为一个好丈夫、一个好爸爸。 【反】defame, pan, stricture 诬蔑，指责

don

【考法 1】vt.穿上: to put on (an article of clothing) 【例】donned a raincoat for his trip 为出4亍穿上雨衣 【近】assume, wear, put on 【反】doff脱下

★check

【考法 1】vt.突然停止，阻止: to arrest the motion of abruptly 【例】a tree finally checked the skidding car 一辆滑行的车终于被大树停止了 【近】arrest, stall, bridle, contain, curb, tame, bring up, draw up, hold up, pull up 【反】propagate, goad, hasten 扩增，驱使，促进 【考法 2】vt.同意，一致: to be in agreement on every point 【例】their story of what happened checks with the report of the eyewitness 他们的说法和目击者的供词一致 【近】accord, cohere, conform, correspond, dovetail, fit, harmonize, jibe, tally 【反】differ, disagree with 反对

glaze

【考法 1】vt.给...上釉，妆点: to coat with or as if with a glaze 【例】The storm glazed trees with ice.暴风雨给树木镀上了一层冰装 【近】adorn, bedeck, decorate, embellish, garnish 【反】strip, uncover剥去 【考法 2】vt.使平滑: to give a smooth glossy surface to 【近】polish, burnish, furbish, shine 【反】rumple 弄皱

particularize

【考法 1】vt.详述: to go into or give details or particulars 【例】particularize the rules you must observe 详述了你需要遵守的规定 【近】detail, specificate, specify 【反】abbreviate, abridge, condense, shorten 删减内容

obliging

【考法1】adj.乐于助人的: willing to do favors 【例】an obliging concierge used his pull to get us reservations at the town's hottest restaurant 一个好心的看房人利用他的影响力帮我们在镇上最火爆的餐厅订到了座 【近】accommodative, friendly, indulgent

★enfranchise

【考法 1】vt.给予权利(例如选举权): to endow with the rights of citizenship, especially the right to vote 【例】Slaves in US were emancipated in 1863 but were not enfranchised until the Fifteenth Amendment went into effect in 1870 尽管在美国奴隶于1863年就获得了解放，但他们直到1870年《第五修正案》正式生效才 获得选举权 【反】disenfranchise, disempower 剥夺权利 【考法 2】vt.解放: to set free (as from slavery) 【例】In a way, modern labor-saving appliances enfranchised people, giving them much more leisure time从某种意义上来说，那些节省劳动力的现代设备将人们解放出来，给予更多的休闲时间 【近】discharge, emancipate, free, liberate, manumit, rescue, unfetter 【反】bind, confine, enfetter 束缚；subjugate, subdue; enthrall 使臣服；使成为奴隶

hearten

【考法 1】vt.给予鼓励，鼓舞: to give strength, courage, or hope to; encourage 【例】thinking we were hopelessly lost, we were heartened by the sight of a familiar farmhouse 悲催地以为 我们完全迷路了，前方一座熟悉的农场给了我们新的希望 【近】embolden, inspire, inspirit, buck up, buoy up, cheer up 【反】daunt, dismay, discourage, dishearten, dispirit 使胆怯

★assuage

【考法 1】vt.缓和，减轻: to lessen the intensity of 【例】He couldn't assuage his guilt over the divorce 他无法减轻自己在离婚中的罪行。 【反】aggravate, exacerbate 加强，恶化 【考法 2】vt.平息，抚慰: to pacify or calm 【例】Life contains sorrows that cannot be assuaged, and it is important to be honest in acknowledging this生活中存在着无法平息的悲伤，诚实地承认这个事实才是重要的。 【近】compose, soothe, calm, pacify, placate, appease, lighten, relieve, alleviate, assuage, allay, mitigate, moderate, conciliate, propitiate 【反】aggravate, annoy, enrage, exasperate, incense, infuriate, ire, irk, irritate, madden, nettle, peeve, provoke, rile, roil, vex 煽动，激起 【考法 3】vt.使满足: to put an end to by satisfying 【例】assuage his thirst 消渴 【例】That meal certainly assuaged my hunger 那顿大餐满足了我的口腹之欲。 【近】satisfy, sate, satiate, quench

knit

【考法 1】vt.编织(纱线): to form by interlacing yarn or thread in a series of connected loops with needles 【例】She knitted him a sweater for Christmas.圣诞节她为他缝了一件毛衣 【近】braid, plait, weave 【反】ravel 解开 【考法 2】vt.连接，联系: to join closely; unite securely 【例】Sport knits the whole family close together. 体育将整个家庭紧紧地联系在一起 【近】bind, bond, combine, connect, fasten, join, link, meld, merge, tie, secure, unite 【反】disassociate, disconnect, disjoin, divide, sever, split, sunder 分开

★deplete

【考法 1】vt.耗尽，使衰竭: to decrease the fullness of; to make complete use of 【例】miners depleted the vein of copper ore after only a few months石广工们在短短几个月内就把一整片铜矿开采完了 【近】consume, devour, drain, exhaust, draw down, play out, use up 【反】enrich, renew, replace使富有，更新

boycott

【考法 1】vt.联合抵制，拒绝参与: to engage in a concerted refusal to have dealings with (as a person, store, or organization) usually to express disapproval or to force acceptance of certain conditions 【例】This brand is being boycotted for damaging environment 因为破坏环境，这个品牌正在被抵制 【近】refuse 【反】patronize经常光顾

doff

【考法 1】vt.脱下: to take off; remove 【例】The blazing sun soon had the men doffing their jackets 炙热的太阳很快就让男人们脱掉了夹克。 【近】put off, take off 【反】don, put on 穿上

husband

【考法 1】vt.节俭，勤俭持家: to use sparingly or economically 【例】Husbanding precious resources was part of rural life. 节俭使用珍贵的资源就是农村生活的一部分 【近】budget, conserve, economize 【反】dissipate, lavish, prodigalize, squander, waste 挥霍，浪费 【派】husbandly adj.节俭的;husbandry n.节俭

★deprecate

【考法 1】vt.表达不喜欢: to hold an unfavorable opinion of 【例】deprecates TV sitcoms as childish and simpleminded 批评电视情景喜剧既幼稚又脑残 【近】deprecate, discountenance, disesteem, disfavor, frown (on or upon) 【反】approve, favor 喜欢 【考法 2】vt.贬低，轻视: to express scornfully one's low opinion of 【例】deprecate the comedy as the stupidest movie of the year 认为这部喜剧是年度最儍逼电影 【近】belittle, denigrate, dismiss, disparage, cry down 【反】acclaim, applaud, exalt, extol, glorify 赞扬 【考法 3】vt.降低重要性，低调: play down, to make little of 【例】She deprecated her facility for languages她不炫耀自己对于语言的天赋。 【反】v.aunt自夸

bedeck

【考法 1】vt.装饰，点缀: to make more attractive by adding something that is beautiful or becoming 【例】flag bedecking the balcony 在阳台上用以装饰的旗子|| bedeck with jewels 用珠宝装饰 【近】 adorn, beautify, decorate, dress, embellish, emblaze 【反】 strip 剥去blemish, deface, mar, spoil 损害，破坏

ravel

【考法 1】vt.解开，松开: to separate the various strands of 【例】Since the sweater is too small, you could ravel the yarnout and make something else with it. 既然这个毛衣太大，你可以把它拆了然后织些新的东西。 【近】disentangle, extricate, unbraid, unsnarl, untwine, unweave 【反】braid, knit, plait, weave 编织 【考法 2】vt.阐明: to clarify by separating the aspects of 【近】clarify, clear, elucidate, untangle, unravel 【反】complex, complicate, entangle, perplex, sophisticate, snarl, tangle 使复杂化 【考法 3】vt.使纠缠，使复杂化: to tangle or complicate 【例】a ravelled story 一个复杂的故事 【近】complex, complicate, entangle, perplex, sophisticate, snarl, tangle 【近】clarify, clear, elucidate, untangle, unravel 阐明

★discharge

【考法 1】vt.解雇: to dismiss from employment 【例】discharge a worker/soldier开除员工/军籍 【近】fire, dismiss 【反】employ, engage, hire, take on, sign up or on 雇佣 【考法 2】n.不承担责任: a freeing from an obligation or responsibility 【例】a full discharge from responsibility for the accident 对事故完全不负有责任 【近】delivery, quietus, quittance 【考法 3】v.释放: to set free (as from slavery or confinement) 【例】discharged the prisoners upon the signing of the peace treaty 根据和约释放罪咨E 【近】disenthrall, emancipate, enfranchise, liberate, loose, manumit, release, spring, unbind, uncage, unchain, unfetter 【反】bind, confine, enchain, fetter 监禁，束缚

misrepresent

【考法 1】vt.误传，篡改: to give an incorrect or misleading representation of 【例】misrepresent the facts篡改事实真相 【近】belie, color, distort, falsify, garble, misinterpret, misrelate, misstate, pervert 【反】clarify, explain, illuminate, illustrate 澄清，阐明 【派】misrepresentation n. 篡改

misconstrue

【考法 1】vt.误解，曲解: to mistake the meaning of 【例】An outsider might misconstrue the nature of the phenomenon. 局外者可能会曲解这个现象的本质 【近】garble, misapprehend, misinterpret, misperceive, misread, misrepresent, mistake 【反】appreciate, apprehend, catch, comprehend, fathom, grasp, perceive, savvy, seize, understand 获知

★entice

【考法 1】vt.诱使: to attract artfully or adroitly or by arousing hope or desire: tempt; lure 【例】entice sb into doing sth诱使某人做某事 【近】allure, bait, beguile, decoy, seduce, solicit, tempt, lead on 【派】enticing adj诱人的 【反】formidable 可怕的

entrap

【考法 1】vt.诱骗: to lure into a compromising statement or act 【例】a string of inconsistent statements finally entrapped the witness 一系列不一致的陈述最终蒙骗了目击者 【近】ensnare, ensnarl, entoil, mesh, net, snare, catch up 【反】disentangle, untangle

calibrate

【考法 1】vt.调整，标准化: to standardize (as a measuring instrument) by determining the deviation from a standard so as to ascertain the proper correction factors 【例】calibrate the polling procedures to ensure objectivity 为保证客观性而使投票过程标准化 【反】unstandardize不标准 【考法 2】vt.(根据标准)精确测量: to measure precisely especially: to measure against a standard</font>

mediate

【考法 1】vt.调解，调停: to intervene between two or more disputants in order to bring about an agreement, a settlement, or a compromise 【例】mediate a labor-management dispute 调解劳工纠纷 【近】conciliate, intercede, intermediate, interpose 【反】arouse, encourage, excite, foment, incite, inflame, instigate, pique, spark, stimulate, stir 煽动激起 【派】mediator n. 调停人

★disparage

【考法 1】vt.贬低，轻蔑地说: to lower in rank or reputation; to speak of in a slighting or disrespectful way; belittle 【例】use the past to disparage the present 借古讽今 ； Voters don't like political advertisements in which opponents disparage one another选民不喜欢看到贬低竞争对手的政治广告。 【近】belittle, denigrate, deprecate, depreciate, derogate, degrade 【反】acclaim, applaud, exalt, extol, glorify, laud 赞扬

patronize

【考法 1】vt.赞助: provide aid or support for 【例】a company that loyally patronizes the arts一个一直以来坚持赞助艺术界的公司 【近】advocate, back, champion, endorse, support, uphold 【反】baffle, foil, frustrate, sabotage 阻挠，从中破坏 【考法 2】v.以高人一等的态度对待: to adopt an air of condescension toward : treat haughtily or coolly 【例】a director with an unpleasant habit of patronizing even his most gifted actors 一个有着令人讨厌习惯的导演，他即便是对手下最有才华的演员也傲慢地对待 【近】condescend 【派】patron n. 赞助人

★commend

【考法 1】vt.赞扬: to mention with approbation: praise 【例】Jason commended his students' studious attitude Jason 表扬了他的学生的用功的态度。 【近】approbate, praise, acclaim, applaud, compliment, eulogize, extol 【反】blame, criticize, reprehend, reprobate, chide, rebuke, reprimand, reproach, reprove, censure, admonish berate, deplore, execrate 责备，批评，谴责诅咒，憎恶，痛骂 【考法 2】vt.委托保管: to entrust for care or preservation 【例】I commend my fate into your hands 我的命运就拜托给你了。 【近】commit, delegate, deliver, entrust, confide, consign, hand over 【反】hold, keep, retain 【考法 3】vt.推荐: to recommend as worthy of confidence or notice 【例】I commend this book to anyone interested in learning more about American history我把这本书推荐给所有对美国历史感兴趣的人。

evict

【考法 1】vt.赶出，逐出: to put out (a tenant, for example) by legal process; expel 【例】Her landlord has threatened to evict her if she doesn't pay the rent soon她的房东威胁说如果再不交房租就要把她赶出去。 【反】harbor 收容

indict

【考法 1】vt.起诉，控告: to accuse of wrongdoing; charge 【例】indict the mayor for fraud and embezzlement.起诉市长受贿和挪用公款 【近】charge, criminate, impeach, incriminate 【反】absolve, acquit, exculpate, exonerate, vindicate 免罪

parry

【考法 1】vt.躲避(问题): to evade especially by an adroit answer 【例】He parried the embarrassing question with a clever reply. 他以巧妙的回答躲避了这个令人尴尬的问题 【近】avoid, dodge, elude, eschew, evade, finesse, scape, shirk, shun 【反】confront, face, meet 面对;embrace 欣然接受

★distract

【考法 1】vt.转移兴趣，使分心: to draw or direct (as one's attention) to a different object 【例】be distracted by a sudden noise被突然的噪音分心 【近】abstract, divert, detract, call off 【派】distracted adj精力分散的 【反】rapt全心投入的 【考法 2】vt.使焦虑，使不安: to trouble the mind of; to make uneasy 【例】The students are easily distracted before the exam 学生们在考试前很容易焦虑不安。 【近】agitate, bother, discomfort, discompose, dismay, disquiet, distress, perturb, upset 【反】calm, compose, quiet, soothe, tranquilize 平息抚慰 【考法 3】adj.疯狂的: insane, mad 【近】insane, delirious, hysterical

★downplay

【考法 1】vt.轻描淡写，不予重视: to minimize the significance of, play down 【例】downplay the bad news对坏消息轻描淡写 【近】de-emphasize, disregard, ignore, overlook, neglect, understate, play down 【反】address, emphasize, underscore 强调

persecute

【考法 1】vt.迫害，折磨: to cause persistent suffering to 【例】people who were persecuted simply for practicing their religious faith 因为实践宗教信仰印而惨遭迫害的人 【近】agonize, anguish, curse, excruciate, harrow, plague, rack, torment, torture 【派】persecution n. 迫害

obsess

【考法 1】vt.迷住，使困扰: to haunt or excessively preoccupy the mind of 【例】The war obsesses her—she talks about nothing else.她被战争彻底迷住了，张口闭口都谈这个。 【反】intense disgust 极度厌恶

reconstitute

【考法 1】vt.重建，(尤其是通过加水)使复原: to constitute again or anew; to restore to a former condition, especiallyby adding water 【例】reconstitute dried coffee powder冲咖啡 Slowly Jewish communities ravaged by Nazi Germany were reconstituted and life began anew.被纳粹德国摧残的犹太人社区慢慢得以重建，新的生活开始了。 【近】reconstruct, reorder, reorganize, reshuffle, retool 【近】annihilate, decimate, demolish, devastate, level, nuke, pulverize, ruin, smash, vaporize, wreck 摧毁 【派】reconstitution n.(加水)复原

quash

【考法 1】vt.镇压，阻止: to put a stop to (something) by the use of force 【例】quash a rebellion镇压一次叛变 【近】repress, squelch, subdue, suppress, clamp down on, crack down on 【反】engender, foment引起，煽动

★hamper

【考法 1】vt.阻碍: to restrict the movement of by bonds or obstacles: impede 【例】Construction is hampering traffic on the highway. 高速路上的建设阻碍了正常交通。 【近】cramp, encumber, fetter, handicap, hinder, impede, stymie, trammel 【反】facilitate, aid, assist, facilitate, help 促进

circumscribe

【考法 1】vt.限制: to limit narrowly; restrict 【例】Teammates circumscribed his enthusiasm so as not to make the losing side feel worse队友们抑制了他的热情为了不让失败者更难过。 【近】cap, limit, confine, delimit, restrict 【反】exceed超过，超越 【考法 2】vt.包围，围绕: to surround by or as if by a boundary 【例】fields circumscribed by tall trees 被高树包围的地方 ； Circumscribe a circle around a square画正方形的外接圆。 【近】surround, encompass

preempt

【考法 1】vt.预先占有: to appropriate, seize, or take for oneself before others 【例】The naughty children had preempted front-row seats that were reserved for the guests of honor.调皮的孩子们把前排留给贵客的座位占了。 【近】appropriate, arrogate, commandeer, convert, expropriate, preempt, press, seize, usurp 【考法 2】v.替换: to replace with something considered to be of greater value or priority: take precedence over 【例】The special newscast preempted the usual television program.特另衞闻取代了常规节目。 【近】displace, replace, supersede, supplant 【派】preemptive adj.先发制人的

predestine

【考法 1】vt.预先注定: to determine the fate of in advance 【例】Our victory in the tournament was seemingly predestined. 我们在锦标赛中的胜利似乎是注定好了的 【近】doom, fate, foredoom, foreordain, ordain, predestine, predetermine, preordain 【派】predestination n.命中注定

dissipate

【考法 1】vt.驱散: to drive away; disperse 【例】The wind finally dissipated the smoke风终于吹散了雾气。 【近】disband, dispel, disperse, scatter 【反】accumulate, gather, amass, cluster, assemble, concentrate, congregate 积聚 【考法 2】vt.浪费: to spend or expend intemperately or wastefully: squander 【例】dissipate too much time and effort 挥霍了太多的时间与精力 【近】waste, squander, lavish 【反】conserve节省 【考法 3】vi.放纵: to indulge in the intemperate pursuit of pleasure, especially : to drink to excess 【近】indulge

ostracize

【考法 1】vt.驱逐: to exclude from a group 【例】He was ostracized from the scientific community for many years because of his radical political beliefs.他因激进的政治理想被驱逐出了科学界很多年。 【近】banish, bounce, chase, dismiss, expel, extrude, oust, boot out, cast out, run off, drum out, kick out, throw out, turf out 【反】take in, include, embrace, welcome 接纳

★elevate

【考法 1】vt.（道德、智力、文化水平的）提升: to improve morally, intellectually, or culturally 【例】a novel that both entertains and elevates readers 一本寓教于乐的小说 【近】advance, boost, enhance, ennoble, raise, upgrade 【反】abase, debase, demote, degrade 贬低 【考法 2】vt.使兴奋: to raise the spirits of 【例】one of the most elevating moments in their lives 生命中最让人兴奋的时刻之一 【近】elate, enrapture, exhilarate, intoxicate, transport 【反】depress 使沮丧 【派】elevation n提升；喜悦

★abiding

【考法 】vt. 永久的: lasting for a long time; enduring 【例】an abiding love of Espanol对西班牙语持久的热爱 【近】ageless, enduring, eternal, everlasting, perennial, perpetual, timeless 【反】evanescent , ephemeral 短暂的

★frugal

【考法1 】adj.节约的: characterized by or reflecting economy in the use of resources 【例】be frugal in her expenditures 节约她的开销 【近】sparing, economical, provident, stingy 【反】extravagant, prodigal, sumptuous 奢侈浪费的 【派】frugality n节俭

★contrite

【考法1】adj.(因为有罪孽或过错而感到)后悔悲痛的: feeling or showing sorrow and remorse for a sin or shortcoming 【例】too late to feel contrite现在后悔己为时己晚 【近】compunctious, regrettable, remorseful, apologetic, penitent, repentant, rueful 【反】impenitent, unrepentant 不知改的

inclement

【考法1】adj.(天气等)恶劣的: lacking mildness 【例】inclement weather conditions 恶劣的气象条件 【近】bleak, harsh, severe, stormy, tempestuous 【反】bright, clear, cloudless, fair, sunny, sunshiny, unclouded 天气晴好的 【考法 2】adj.无情的，严酷的: showing no clemency; unmerciful 【近】bitter, brutal, intemperate, rigorous 【反】charitable, clement, lenient, merciful 仁慈的 【派】inclemency n.严酷无情

husky

【考法1】adj.(尤指声音)沙哑的，粗糙的: hoarse or rough in quality 【例】a voice husky with emotion富有感情的沙哑声音 【近】coarse, grating, gravelly, harsh, rasping, rusty, scratchy, throaty 【反】mellifluous (声音)甜蜜的，甜美的 【考法 2】adj.高大威猛的: big and muscular 【例】a very husky young man, built like a football player一个体格像橄榄球运动员一样的高大的男孩 【近】beefy, burly, hefty, muscular, powerful, strapping, rugged 【反】dwarf矮小的

mellifluous

【考法1】adj.(曲调)优美的: smooth and sweet 【例】a mellifluous voice甜美的嗓音 【近】dulcet, euphonious, mellifluent, mellow, melodious 【反】cacophonous, raspy 剌耳的

inalienable

【考法1】adj.不可剥夺的，不能让与的: cannot be transferred to another or others 【例】inalienable rights of the citizen 公民不可予夺的权利 【近】untransferable 【反】alienable可与让的

incorrigible

【考法1】adj.不可救药的，积习难改的: incapable of being corrected or amended 【例】an incorrigible criminal deserving death penalty 一个应该被判死刑的恶习难改的罪犯 【近】incurable, irrecoverable, irredeemable, irremediable, irretrievable, unrecoverable, unredeemable 【反】curable, reclaimable, recoverable, redeemable, remediable, retrievable, savable 可以拯救的 【考法 2】adj.无法管制的: difficult or impossible to control or manage 【例】an incorrigible, spoiled child被宠坏了的难管的孩子 【近】headstrong, intractable, obstinate, refractory, stubborn, unmanageable, unruly, willful 【反】compliant, docile, manageable, obedient, submissive, tractable 顺从的

impenetrable

【考法1】adj.不可渗透的，不可穿透的: impossible to get through or into 【例】The ancient temple was surrounded by vast stretches of impenetrable jungle.包围着古老的神庙的是密不透风的灌木丛 【近】impassable, impermeable, impervious, impregnable 【反】passable, penetrable, permeable, pervious 可通过的 【考法 2】adj.难以理解的: incapable of being comprehended 【例】The textbook's language is completely impenetrable, at least to me.至少在我看来，这个教材就是天书 【近】arcane, cryptic, enigmatic, incomprehensible, inscrutable, unfathomable, ungraspable, unintelligible 【反】fathomable, intelligible, understandable 可以理解的

impervious

【考法1】adj.不可渗透的，不可穿透的: not allowing entrance or passage 【例】The material for this coat is supposed to be impervious to rain. 这件大衣的材料应该是能防雨的 【近】impassable, impenetrable, impermeable, impregnable 【反】passable, penetrable, permeable, pervious 可渗透的 【考法 2】adj.不能被破坏的: not capable of being damaged or harmed 【例】a carpet impervious to rough treatment 耐用的地毯 【近】bulletproof, imperishable, indestructible, inextinguishable, invulnerable 【反】delicate, sensitive, vulnerable 脆弱的，敏感的 【考法 3】adj.不为所动的: not capable of being affected or disturbed 【例】These sailors are impervious to fear.这些水手无所畏个具 【近】immune, insusceptible, unaffected, unresponsive 【反】ductile, pliable, pliant, yielding 易受影响的

muddy

【考法1】adj.不干净的: not clean 【例】got muddy after playing outside在外面玩弄得很脏 【近】besmirched, dingy, draggled, dusty, filthy, foul, nasty, smudged, smutty, soiled, sordid, stained, sullied 【反】clean, immaculate, spotless, stainless, unsoiled, unstained, unsullied干净的 【考法 2】adj.浑浊的，不清晰的: lacking in clarity or brightness 【例】a muddy recording嘈杂不清的纪录 【近】cloudy, foul, murky, obscure, turbid 【反】clear清晰的 【考法 3】v.使难以理解: to make (something) unclear to the understanding 【例】That point is irrelevant and will just muddy the issue we're trying to resolve. 那个观点和讨论我们的问 题毫不相干，它只会妨碍我们对于问题的理解 【近】becloud, befog, blur, cloud, fog, obfuscate 【反】clarify, illuminate 阐明

asymmetrical

【考法1】adj.不平衡的,不对称的: having no balance or symmetry 【例】the asymmetrical construction非对称的建筑 【近】asymmetric, nonsymmetrical, unsymmetrical, unbalanced 【反】symmetrical对称的;balanced平衡的

★depressed

【考法1】adj.不开心，情绪不高的: feeling unhappiness 【例】I was depressed and didn't feel much like going to the party 【近】crestfallen, dejected, despondent, gloomy, low-spirited, wretched 【反】blissful, buoyant, gleeful, joyous, jubilant 情绪高的 【考法 2】adj.生活境况悲催的: kept from having the necessities of life or a healthful environment 【例】a depressed class of people whose living conditions are abominable even by third world standards 境况悲惨的一群人，即使用第三世界标准来看他们的生存条件也是很糟的 【近】disadvantaged, underprivileged 【反】advantaged, privileged具有优势的、特权的

infelicitous

【考法1】adj.不愉快的，不幸的: not happy; unfortunate 【例】an infelicitous moment不幸的时刻 【近】hapless, ill-fated, luckless, unfortunate, unhappy 【反】happy 幸运的，令人高兴的 【考法 2】adj.不适当的，不合时宜的: not appropriate or well-timed 【例】made a very infelicitous remark做出极不恰当的评价 【近】inappropriate, indecorous, inept, malapropos, unfit, unseemly 【反】apt, appropriate, becoming, proper 合适的 【派】infelicity n. 不恰当

askew

【考法1】adj.不成直线，歪的: out of line, awry 【例】The picture hung askew画挂歪了。 【例】His tie was askew他的领带歪了。 【近】crooked, cockeyed, oblique, lopsided, skewed, aslant, slanted, slanting, listing, tilted, awry 【反】aligned列成一行的；straight, erect直的

anomalous

【考法1】adj.不普通的，不平常的being out of the ordinary 【例】He is in an anomalous position as the only part-time teacher in XDF他和别人不一样的是，他是 XDF 唯一的兼职老师。 【近】aberrant, abnormal, atypical, phenomenal, singular, uncustomary, unwonted 【反】unexceptional, unextraordinary 普通的，平常的 【派】anomaly n反常 deviation or departure from the normal or common order, form, or rule 【考法 2】adj.反常的，不正常的 departing from some accepted standard of what is normal 【例】an anomalous burst of anger from this usually easygoing person 一个随和的人的一反常态的暴怒 【反】natural自然的；standard标准的

insubordinate

【考法1】adj.不服从权威的: not submissiveto authority 【例】Insubordinate soldiers are court-martialed. 抗命的士兵被送上了军事法庭 【近】balky, contumacious, intractable, mutinous, recalcitrant, rebellious, refractory 【反】amenable, docile, obedient, ruly, submissive, tractable 顺从的

imprecise

【考法1】adj.不精确的: not precise 【例】incomplete and imprecise satellite data 既不完整又不精确的卫星数据 【近】approximate, inaccurate, loose, squishy 【反】accurate, exact, precise, veracious 精确的，准确的 【派】imprecision n.不准确，不精确

frigid

【考法1】adj.严寒的: extremely cold 【例】an unusually frigid winter of Wuhan 武汉一个反常的寒冬 【近】cold, arctic, chilling, freezing, frosty, glacial 【反】roasting, scalding, scorching, searing, seething, sizzling, sultry, sweltering, torrid 炎热的 【考法 2】adj.冷漠的: lacking warmth or ardor 【例】a formal but frigid welcome 一个正式但冷漠的招呼 【近】indifferent, cold, emotionless, passionless, unresponsive 【反】ardent, amorous, cordial 饱含感情的 【派】frigidity n严寒；冷漠

★astounding

【考法1】adj.令人吃惊的，出乎意料的: causing astonishment or amazement 【例】The richness and variety of the undersea environment are astounding富饶而多样的海底环境是令人惊奇的。 【近】amazing, astonishing, blindsiding, dumbfounding, shocking, startling, stunning, stupefying 【反】unsurprising平常的

★bracing

【考法1】adj.令人振奋的，给人带来活力的: giving strength, vigor, or freshness 【例】a bracing news from the frontline来自前线的振奋人心的消息 【近】invigorating, rejuvenating, reviving, stimulating 【反】v.apid乏味的 【派】brace v支持，使充满活力

★hangdog

【考法1】adj.伤心的，沮丧的: sad, dejected 【例】She came home with a hangdog expression on her face. 她一脸沮丧地回到了家。 【近】crestfallen, dejected, despondent, disconsolate, doleful, melancholy, sorrowful 【反】buoyant, elated, sprightly, blissful, delighted, joyous, jubilant, upbeat 热情高涨的

inadvertent

【考法1】adj.偶然发生的: happening by chance 【例】an inadvertent encounter with a rattlesnake 偶遇响尾蛇 【近】casual, fluky, incidental, unintentional, unplanned, unpremeditated, unwitting 【反】calculated, deliberate, intended, intentional, planned, premeditated 有计划的，有预谋的 【考法 2】adj.疏忽的，不留意的: marked by unintentional lack of care 【例】The military has said it was an inadvertent error. 军方表示这是个疏忽大意的错误 【近】careless, feckless, heedless, irreflective, thoughtless, uncaring 【反】advertent, careful, heedful, mindful 留意的，小心的

lachrymose ['lækrə,mos]

【考法1】adj.催人泪下的，悲伤的: tending to cause tears, mournful 【例】The lachrymose mourners at the funeral required a steady supply of tissues. 葬礼上多愁善感的哀悼者对纸巾提出了巨大的需求 【近】doleful, lamentable, lugubrious, melancholy, mournful, tearful, teary, weepy, woeful 【反】cheerful, delighted, jocund, jovial 欢乐的，快乐的

barefaced

【考法1】adj.公然的，厚颜无耻的: undisguisedly bold; brazen 【例】a barefaced lie 一个公然的谎言 【近】apparent, plain, bald, evident, manifest, obvious, perspicuous 【反】secret, furtive, clandestine, surreptitious 秘密的

homely

【考法1】adj.其貌不扬的，朴素简单的: not attractive or good-looking 【例】homely truth朴素的真理 【近】hideous, unappealing, unattractive, uncomely, unsightly 【反】pulchritudinous, aesthetic, attractive, beautiful, comely, gorgeous, handsome, knockout, lovely, pretty, ravishing, seemly, sightly, stunning, taking, well-favored 美丽的

mean

【考法1】adj.卑贱的: ignoble; base 【例】a mean trick to play on a credulous person 耍在一个轻信另 I 认的人身上的卑劣诡计 【近】base, contemptible, despicable, detestable, dirty, dishonorable, execrable, ignominious, sordid 【反】lofty, noble, venerable, virtuous 高尚的 【考法 2】adj.吝啬的: giving or sharing as little as possible 【例】a mean child who hoarded all her toys 一个把她所有的玩具都藏了起来的小气孩子 【近】closefisted, mingy, miserly, niggardly, parsimonious, penurious, tightfisted, ungenerous 【反】generous, liberal, munificent 慷慨的;extravagant, lavish, prodigal, profligate, spendthrift 浪费的 【考法 3】v.打算，怀有目的: to have in mind as a purpose or goal 【例】Imean to win this race.我一定要赢这场比赛 【近】aim, aspire, calculate, contemplate, design, intend, meditate, plan 【考法 4】v.意味着: to serve or intend to convey, show, or indicate 【例】The national anthem means various things to various people. 对于不同的人来说，国歌的意义不尽相同 【近】connote, denote, express, import, signify, spell 【派】meaningful adj.有意义的

moribund

【考法1】adj.即将结束的，垂死的: approaching death; about to die 【例】The nation's banking industry was moribund.这个国家的银行业危在旦夕 【近】decadent, deteriorating, dying, expiring, fading 【反】beginning, nascent初生的，刚开始的；lively, thriving, vigorous, vital 有活力的 【考法 2】adj.即将过时的: on the verge of becoming obsolete 【例】Some social conventions have been rendered moribund in face of modernization.不少传统习俗在现代化的影响下变得岌岌可危 【近】antiquated, archaic, dated, fossilized, moth-eaten, outdated, outworn, rusty 【反】fresh, new 崭新的；promising 充满希望的

brassy

【考法1】adj.厚脸皮的，不知羞耻的: displaying or marked by rude boldness 【例】brassy reporters厚颜无耻的记者 【近】audacious, bold-faced, brazen, impertinent, impudent, insolent 【反】diffident, unassertive, retiring, timid 羞怯的，谦逊的 【考法 2】adj.华而不实地炫耀的: cheap and showy; flashy 【反】furtive隐秘的

droll

【考法1】adj.古怪有趣的，离奇可笑的: amusingly odd or whimsically comical 【例】a droll man with a strong dialect带着浓郁口音的有意思的人 【近】antic, comic, farcical, funny, hilarious, laughable, humorous, ridiculous, ludicrous, uproarious, whimsical 【反】lame, unamusing, uncomic, unfunny, unhumorous, unhysterical 不幽默的 【派】drollness n古怪

edible

【考法1】adj.可食用的: fit to be eaten 【例】No chemicals in the laboratory is edible实验室中的任何化学试剂都不能食用 【近】eatable, comestible, consumable, digestible, esculent 【反】inedible不可食用的 【派】edibility n 可食用

★appealing

【考法1】adj.吸引人的attractive, inviting 【例】The large salary made Goldman Sachs's offer more appealing to him 高薪使高盛的工作对他更有吸引力。 【近】alluring, captivating, charismatic, charming, enchanting, engaging, entrancing, luring, seductive 【反】repellent, repelling, repugnant, repulsive, unalluring 令人厌恶的，不吸引人的

boisterous

【考法1】adj.喧嚷的，吵闹的: noisily turbulent 【例】a boisterous queue in front of the pavilion场馆前喧闹的队伍；boisterous mirth 喧闹的欢笑 【近】rowdy, vociferous, blatant, clamorous, raucous, rambunctious 【反】quiet, sedate安静的 【派】boisterousness n 喧闹

★genteel

【考法1】adj.有教养的，不粗俗的: free from vulgarity or rudeness 【例】Her genteel behaviors at the ball make others conjecture that she must come from a distinguished noble family.舞会上她极有教养的举止让他人纷纷猜测她一定来自名门望族 【近】courteous, decent, decorous, mannerly, polite, polished, respectable, urbane, couth, cultured, refined 【反】churlish 粗暴的；loutish 蠢笨的

raspy

【考法1】adj.声音剌耳的: harsh and dry in sound 【例】The dying man was speaking in a raspy and barely discernible voice.将死的人在用一种沙哑剌耳且难以听清的语调说话。 【近】cacophonous, coarse, croaky, harsh, grating, gravelly, gruff, husky, rasping, rusty, scratchy, throaty 【反】mellifluous, sweet声音甜美的；gentle, soft, tender 声音轻柔的 【考法 2】adj.容易生气的: easily irritated or annoyed 【例】Overwork tends to make him raspy.过度的工作让他变得烦躁易怒。 【近】choleric, fiery, grouchy, irascible, peevish, pettish, petulant, prickly, ratty, testy 【反】agreeable, amiable, good-natured, good-tempered, well-disposed 脾气性格好的

convoluted

【考法1】adj.复杂的，费解的: complicated; intricate 【例】a convoluted way of describing a simple mechanism 用令人费解的方法解释一个简单的原理 【近】complex, knotty, involved, sophisticated, twisted, tangled, labyrinthine 【反】straightfoiward 直截了当的

★exotic

【考法1】adj.外来的，不同寻常的: excitingly or mysteriously unusual 【例】famous for her exotic tastes她以有异域风情著称 【近】outlandish, strange 【反】indigenous，familiar, nonglamorous, plain-Jane, unexotic 本地的，平常的

pandemic

【考法1】adj.大范围流行的: widespread; general 【例】pandemic malaria大规模的疟疾 【反】limited 有限的

★amiable

【考法1】adj.好脾气的，友好易相处的: being friendly, sociable, and congenial 【例】an amiable teacher not easily annoyed 一个不易惹恼易相处的老师 【近】friendly, affable, amicable, genial, easy to get along with 【反】disagreeable, ill-natured, ill-tempered, unamiable, ungenial, ungracious, unpleasant 坏脾气的，令人不愉快的

★dispassionate

【考法1】adj.客观公正的，不易被情绪或偏见影响的: devoid of or unaffected by passion, emotion, or bias 【例】Journalists should aim to be dispassionate observers记者们应该朝着成为一个公正的观察者努力。 【近】disinterested, equal, equitable, evenhanded, impartial, just, nonpartisan, objective, unbiased, unprejudiced 【反】biased, inequitable, nonobjective, one-sided, partial, partisan, prejudiced, unjust 有偏见的，不公正的

★condign

【考法1】adj.应得的，恰当的: deserved, appropriate 【例】condign punishment 应得的惩罚 A suspension without pay is condign punishment for breaking the company's code of business ethics停职是违反公司商业道德准则应得的惩罚。 【近】due, deserved, merited, justified, warranted 【反】undeserved, undue, unmerited 不应得的

indispensable

【考法1】adj.必不可少的，不可或缺的: impossible to do without 【例】She was becoming indispensible to him.对他而言她逐渐变得不可替代 【近】critical, crucial, imperative, necessary, necessitous, needed, required, requisite, vital 【反】dispensable 可替代的；redundant, superfluous, surplus 多余的

★accidental

【考法1】adj.意外发生的，偶然的: occurring unexpectedly or by chance 【例】The discovery of gold was entirely accidental黄金的发现纯属偶然。 【近】incidental, fortuitous, unintended, unintentional, unpremeditated, unwitting 【反】calculated, deliberate, intended, planned, premeditated 预先计划好的 【考法 2】adj.附带的，不重要的: not being a vital part of or belonging to something 【例】Its commercial value was accidental它的商业价值微乎其微。 【近】alien, extraneous, external, adventitious 【反】inherent, innate, intrinsic内在的，固有的

★effusive

【考法1】adj.感情泛滥溢于言表的；感情表达不节制和过度的；过分多情的: unrestrained or excessive in emotional expression 【例】The principal delivered an effusive address at the commencement ceremony校长在毕业典礼上做了充满感情的演讲 【近】emotional, expansive, demonstrative, gushy, passionate 【反】inhibited, reserved, restrained 节制的；undemonstrative, unemotional 不易动情的；numb, torpid 麻木不仁的 【派】effusion n流出，溢出

querulous

【考法1】adj.抱怨的，爱发牢骚的: habitually complaining 【例】a querulous voice抱怨的声音 【近】crabby, cranky, grouchy, grumpy 【反】forbearing, long-suffering, patient, stoic, tolerant, uncomplaining 容忍的

censorious

【考法1】adj.挑剔指责的: highly critical 【例】censorious comment尖刻的评论 【反】eulogistic 赞美的

mendacious

【考法1】adj.撒谎的，虚假的: telling or containing lies 【例】mendacious tales about his adventures 关于他冒险的虚假传说 【近】dishonest, deceitful, fallacious, lying, spurious, untruthful 【反】authentic, honest, truthful, veracious 真实的，诚实的

natty

【考法1】adj.整洁的，时髦的: trimly neat and tidy 【例】a natty young woman 整洁漂亮的年轻女子 【近】dapper, smart, spruce 【反】frowsy, sloppy, slovenly邋遢的

paltry

【考法1】adj.无价值的；微不足道的: lacking in importance or worth 【例】used a paltry, underhanded scheme to get him fired 用一个微小卑鄙的手段炒了他鱿鱼 【近】inconsequential, inconsiderable, insignificant, niggling, piddling, piffling, trivial 【反】significant, important, big, consequential, considerable, material 意义重大的 【考法 2】adj.让人厌恶，让人鄙视的: arousing or deserving of one's loathing and disgust 【例】a paltry, underhanded scheme to get someone fired 一个卑鄙的炒掉某人的计谋 【近】cheap, cruddy, deplorable, despicable, grubby, lame, lousy, mean, scummy, scurvy, sneaking, wretched 【反】admirable, commendable, creditable, laudable, meritorious, praiseworthy 令人尊敬的

incontrovertible

【考法1】adj.无可争议的: not open to question 【例】incontrovertible facts 无可非议的事实 【近】certain, inarguable, incontestable, indisputable, indubitable, positive, sure, undeniable, unquestionable 【反】arguable, controversial, debatable, disputable, problematic, questionable, refutable 有争议的 【派】incontrovertibility n. 无可争议

callous

【考法1】adj.无同情心的，冷漠的: emotionally hardened; unfeeling 【例】a callous indifference to the suffering of others对他人的痛苦的漠不关心 【近】affectless, uncharitable, unsparing, remorseless, indurate, ruthless 【反】sympathetic, compassionate, merciful, tender, warmhearted 有同情心的

feckless

【考法1】adj.无成果的，没有价值的: having no real worth or purpose 【例】years of feckless negotiations 长达数年的毫无成果的谈判 【近】bootless, fruitless, futile, meaningless, purposeless, useless, worthless 【反】effective, effectual, efficacious 有成效的 【考法 2】adj.粗心不负责任的: careless and irresponsible 【例】The young man was feckless and irresponsible 这个年轻人既粗心又没有责任感 【近】careless, heedless, inadvertent, irresponsible, slipshod, sloppy 【反】careful, cautious, circumspect, discreet, wary 谨慎小心的

★gratuitous

【考法1】adj.无根据的，无理由的: unnecessary or unwarranted 【例】a dubious request based on a gratuitous assumption 基于无根据假设的可疑要求 【近】unfounded, unjustified, unreasonable, baseless, groundless 【反】justified, warranted有理有据的 【考法 2】adj.无报酬的，免费的: given or granted without return or recompense 【例】a gratuitous ticket免费的门票 【近】free, complimentary, unearned, voluntary 【反】merited 应得的 【考法 3】adj.多余的: not needed by the circumstances or to accomplish an end 【近】dispensable, inessential, needless, redundant, superfluous, surplus 【反】critical, essential, pivotal, vital 关键的 【派】gratuity n.报酬，小费

inimitable

【考法1】adj.无法仿效的，独特的: not capable of being imitated 【例】her own inimitable style她特立独行的作风 【近】incomparable, matchless, peerless, unique, unparalleled 【反】commonplace, ordinary 平凡的 【派】inimitability n. 独特性

inexorable

【考法1】adj.无法劝阻的，不为所动的: not to be persuaded, moved, or stopped 【例】the seemingly inexorable rise in unemployment 看起来无法阻止其高攀的失业率 【近】inflexible, adamant, obdurate, relentless, rigid, unyielding 【反】flexible 易受影响的；yielding屈服的 【派】inexorably adv.势不可挡地

pallid

【考法1】adj.无生气的，缺乏活力的: lacking in radiance or vitality; dull 【例】The movie is a pallid version of the classic novel.这部经典小说改编的电影很苍白无力。 【反】piquant兴奋的 【考法 2】adj.苍白无血色的: having an abnormally pale or wan complexion 【例】a pallid girl who looked as though she'd never seen the sun 一个面色苍白的姑娘，仿佛从来没有晒过太阳 【近】ashen, ashy, blanched, pasty, wan 【反】rubicund, blooming, florid, flush, full-blooded, glowing, ruddy, sanguine 红I润的

intemperate

【考法1】adj.无节制的，极端的，不温和的: not temperate or moderate 【例】The tone of the article is very intemperate. 文章的论调很极端 【近】excessive, extreme, immoderate, inordinate, overindulgent, unrestrained 【反】equable 温和的；bridled, checked, constrained, controlled, curbed, governed, hampered, hindered, trammeled 受限制的，节制的

jejune [dʒɪ'dʒun]

【考法1】adj.无趣乏味的: not interesting; dull 【例】jejune lectures无聊的讲座 【近】arid, drab, dreary, leaden, monotonous, ponderous, tedious, weary 【反】absorbing, engaging, engrossing, gripping, interesting, intriguing, involving, riveting, thought provoking促人深思的，吸引人的 【考法 2】adj.幼稚的: having or showing the annoying qualities (as silliness) associated with children 【例】an essay filled with jejune, simplistic opinions about international politics 充满着有关国际政治的幼稚、简单看法的文章 【近】adolescent, immature, infantile, juvenile, kiddish, puerile 【反】adult, grown-up, mature 成熟的

pliant

【考法1】adj.易弯曲的: easily bent or flexed 【例】a pliant young tree易弯曲的小树 【近】adaptable, ductile, flexible, limber, plastic, supple 【反】inflexible, rigid, stiff不易弯曲的;unbending 难弯曲的 【考法 2】adj.顺从的: yielding readily to influence or domination 【例】She's proud and stubborn, you know, under that pliant exterior.你知道在温顺的外表下，她骄傲而固执。 【近】compliant, docile, obedient, pliant, tractable, subdued 【反】contumacious, insubordinate, intractable, obstreperous, recalcitrant, refractory, unruly 难控制的

brittle

【考法1】adj.易碎的，脆弱的，易坏的: easily broken, cracked, or snapped 【例】as brittle as glass像玻璃一样脆弱 【近】crispy, crumbly, flaky, friable 【考法 2】adj.不热心的，不真心的: lacking in friendliness or warmth of feeling 【例】a brittle apology that was anything but heartfelt 一个毫不真诚的道歉 【近】chilly, frigid, frosty, glacial, unfriendly, unsympathetic 【反】cordial, genial, warmhearted 热心的

lucid

【考法1】adj.有光亮的: suffused with light 【例】Those lucid bands that spread across the arctic sky are known as aurora borealis, or the northern lights.那些蔓延在北极的天空中光带就是北极光 【近】beaming, brilliant, dazzling, glowing, incandescent, lucent, luminous, lustrous, radiant, refulgent, splendid 【反】dim, dull, lackluster 黯淡无光的 【考法 2】adj.神志清醒的: having full use of one's mind and control over one's actions 【例】decided to make out her will while she was still lucid 决定趁着她神志还清醒，列出她的遗愿 【近】balanced, clearheaded, normal, right, sane, stable 【反】brainsick, crazy, insane, lunatic, mad, maniac 疯狂的 【考法 3】adj.表达清晰的，简单易懂的: easily understood 【例】The teaching assistant tried to make his instructions as lucid as possible so that everyone would understand what to do. 助教努力使自己的指令容易理解，从而让所有人都知道应该要干什么 【近】apprehensible, clear, comprehensible, intelligible, palpable, patent, pellucid, plain, understandable 【反】ambiguous, enigmatic, equivocal, indistinct, obfuscated, obscure, unclear模糊不明确的

noisome

【考法1】adj.有害的，有毒的: noxious, harmful 【例】n.oisome chemical fumes 有害的化学烟雾 【近】deleterious, detrimental, insalubrious, noxious, unhealthy, unwholesome 【反】beneficial 有益的;healthy, salubrious, wholesome有益健康的 【考法 2】adj.恶臭的: offensive to the senses and especially to the sense of smell 【例】n.oisome garbage 恶臭的垃圾 【近】fetid, foul, malodorous, smelly, stinky 【反】ambrosial, aromatic, fragrant, perfumed, redolent, savory, scented, sweet有香味的 【考法 3】adj.非常令人厌恶的: highly obnoxious or objectionable 【例】n.oisome habits of littering 让人反感的随地乱扔垃圾的坏习惯 【近】abhorrent, appalling, disgusting, hideous, loathsome, nauseating, offensive, repugnant, repulsive 【反】appealing, captivating, enchanting, fascinating有吸引力的；agreeable, pleasant 令人愉悦的

perforate

【考法1】v.打孔，穿透: to make a hole through 【例】to perforate with a pin 用针穿孔 【近】bore, drill, hole, pierce, punch, puncture, riddle

★buoyant

【考法1】adj.有浮力的: capable of floating 【例】a buoyant balloon 一个能浮起来的气球 【反】leaden 沉重的 【考法 2】adj.心情好的: having or showing a good mood or disposition 【例】in a buoyant mood轻松快乐的心情 【近】blithe, chipper, eupeptic, lightsome, upbeat, winsome, effervescent 【反】dour, gloomy, morose, saturnine, sullen 沮丧的

★conducive

【考法1】adj.有益的，有促进的: tending to promote or assist 【例】be conducive to education于教育有利的 【例】The state's long-standing low tax is conducive to entrepreneurship政府长期的低税率有利于创业者。 【近】facilitative, useful 【反】unhelpful, useless 无用的

mongrel

【考法1】adj.杂种的，混血儿的: of mixed origin or character 【例】homeless mongrel dogs on the streets 街上的流浪杂种狗 【近】crossbred, hybrid 【反】purebred纯种的

redoubtable

【考法1】adj.杰出的，值得尊敬的: worthy of respect or honor 【例】a surprising discovery by one of the most redoubtable figures in Egyptian archaeology 埃及考古学领域最值得敬重的人物之一所做出的一个惊人发现 【近】bright, distinguished, illustrious, luminous, notable, noteworthy, outstanding, preeminent, prestigious 【反】average, inferior, mediocre平庸的，中等偏下的 【考法 2】adj.可怕的: arousing fear or awe 【例】His next opponent would be by far the most redoubtable adversary the young boxer had ever faced.年轻的拳击手的下一个对手将会是迄今为止他见过的最可怕的敌人 【近】direful, dreadful, fearsome, formidable, frightening, ghastly, horrifying, intimidating, scary, terrifying 【反】calming, comforting, consoling, lulling, pacifying, quieting, reassuring, relaxing, soothing 令人放松的

abysmal

【考法1】adj.极低的或极可怜的: immeasurably low or wretched 【例】abysmal living conditions 极可怜的生活条件 【近】 bottomless 【反】 shallow shoal 【考法 2】adj.(程度)很深的、极端的: immeasurably great 【例】abysmal ignorance极端的无知；an abysmal cliff 深不见底的悬崖 【近】profound 【反】skin-deep, superficial 肤浅的

irate

【考法1】adj.极其愤怒的: extremely angry 【例】an irate taxpayer极为愤怒的纳税人 【近】aggravated, apoplectic, choleric, enraged, exasperated, infuriated, ireful, mad, wrathful 【反】calm, halcyon平静的；delighted, pleased 高兴的，满意的

draconian

【考法1】adj.极其残酷的；十分严厉的: exceedingly harsh; very severe 【例】abolish a draconian legal code 废除一部严酷的法典 【近】rigid, ironhanded, strict, stringent 【反】mild, genial, lenient 温和的

miniscule

【考法1】adj.极小的: very small 【例】a miniscule progress 极小的进步 【近】atomic, infinitesimal, microscopic, miniature, minute, tiny 【反】colossal, elephantine, enormous, gargantuan, gigantic, huge, immense, mammoth, prodigious 巨大的

hoary

【考法1】adj.极老的: extremely old 【例】hoary legends上古的传说故事 【近】aged, antique, dateless, immemorial, antediluvian 【反】modern, new, recent 新的

integral

【考法1】adj.构成整体所必需的: essential to completeness 【例】an integral part of the undergraduate curriculum 本科生课程的必修部分 【近】critical, essential, indispensable, necessary, requisite, vital 【反】redundant, superfluous, surplus 多余的 【考法 2】adj.完整的: not lacking any part or member that properly belongs to it 【例】the belief that athletics are essential to an integral life 坚信运动是完整的人生所不可或缺的一部分 【近】comprehensive, entire, full, grand, intact, perfect, plenary, total, whole 【反】imperfect, incomplete 不完美的，不完整的；partial 部分的

diaphanous

【考法1】adj.模糊的，非实在的: vague or insubstantial 【例】only a diaphanous hope of success 只有一丝成功的希望 【近】v.ague, obscure, unexplicit, insubstantial, immaterial 【反】substantial 实在的；clear, distinct清晰的 【考法 2】adj.(质地精致得)几乎透明的: of such fine texture as to be transparent or translucent 【例】The bride wore a diaphanous veil 新娘戴着透明的面纱。 【近】transparent, translucent, transpicuous, gossamer 【反】opaque, impermeable of light 不透明的,不透光的

lopsided

【考法1】adj.歪的，倾斜的: leaning to one side 【例】The portrait in the foyer was lopsided. 门厅里的画像挂歪了 【近】askew, aslant, crazy, listing, oblique, pitched, skewed, slanted, tipping, uneven 【反】even, level, straight 平的 【考法 2】adj.不平衡的，不协调的: lacking in balance, symmetry, or proportion 【例】The arrangement of the furniture was lopsided. 家具的摆放太不协调了 a lopsided score of 4-0 四比零的压倒比分 【近】asymmetric, disproportional, irregular, off-balance, unbalanced, unequal 【反】balanced平衡的;symmetrical对称的

★everlasting

【考法1】adj.永恒的，持久的: lasting forever; eternal 【例】To his everlasting credit, he never once gave in to temptation 他人品非常好，从来、没有受到诱惑。 【近】ageless, enduring, eternal, immortal, imperishable, perennial, perpetual, undying 【反】impermanent, mortal, temporary, transient, ephemeral 短暂的

★categorical

【考法1】adj.没有例外的，无条件限制的，绝对的: being without exception or qualification; absolute 【例】a categorical denial 完全的否认 【近】definite, downright, fair, utter, thorough, unalloyed, unconditional, unqualified 【反】conditional, qualified 有条件的

pitiless

【考法1】adj.没有同情心的: devoid of or unmoved by pity 【例】a pitiless humiliation 毫不留情的羞辱 【近】affectless, callous, coldhearted, cruel, harsh, indurate, merciless 【反】charitable, clement, compassionate, humane, merciful, sympathetic, tender 有同情心的，仁慈的

languid

【考法1】adj.没精打采的，虚弱的: lacking energy or vitality; weak 【例】be languid for weeks after surgery术后的几周都无精打采的 【近】debilitated, effete, enervated, feeble, frail, infirm, lackadaisical, spiritless, debilitated, sapped, enfeebled 【反】animated, energetic, vehement, vivacious 有精力的；mighty, powerful, stalwart, stout, strong 强壮的

preach

【考法1】vi.传道，布道: to deliver a sermon 【例】a minister who loves to preach 一个爱布道的牧师 【近】discourse, sermonize 【派】preacher n. 布道者

racy

【考法1】adj.活泼生动的: vigorous; lively 【例】vivid writing and a racy plot that keeps readers turning the pages 栩栩如生的手法和生动新鲜的情节让读者手不释卷 【近】animate, brisk, frisky, jaunty, perky, spirited, vivacious 【反】tame, dead, inactive, inanimate, lackadaisical, languid, languorous, leaden, lifeless, limp, listless, spiritless, vapid 乏味的，死气沉沉的

★glib

【考法1】adj.流利圆滑的(常含有不真诚或欺诈的成分)，油腔滑调的: marked by ease and fluency in speaking or writing often to the point of being insincere or deceitful 【例】a glib politician 油嘴滑舌的政客 【近】n.onchalant, oily 【反】taciturn 沉默寡言的；awkward笨拙的 【考法 2】adj.缺乏深度的，肤浅的: lacking depth and substance 【例】glib solutions to the knotty problem 对复杂难解问题的肤浅的解决方案 【近】cursory, shallow, superficial 【反】abstruse, deep, profound 深奥的，深刻的

aseptic

【考法1】adj.消毒的，无菌的: preventing infection 【例】Surgery must be in aseptic environments 手术必须处在无菌环境下 【近】sterile, germfree 【反】germy, unsterile 有细菌的；contaminated, tainted 被污染的 【考法 2】adj.缺乏活力的: lacking vitality 【近】inactive, lackadaisical, languid, listless, spiritless 【反】active, animated, energetic, energetic, vivacious 有活力的 【考法 3】adj.冷漠的: emotion, or warmth 【例】aseptic essays没有感情的文章；an aseptic smile漠然的微笑 【近】affectlessness, emotionlessness, impassiveness, impassivity, insensibility, numbness, phlegm 【反】emotion, feeling, sensibility 有感情

puckish

【考法1】adj.淘气的，顽皮的: mischievous; impish 【例】She had a puckish smile on her face.她脸上挂着顽皮的笑容。 【近】devilish, impish, prankish, rascally, waggish 【反】sober, grave, staid严肃的

measured

【考法1】adj.深思熟虑的，审慎的: deliberated, calculated 【例】a measured response to the terrorist attack 就恐怖袭击做出的深思熟虑的反应 【近】advised, calculated, considered, knowing, reasoned, studied, thoughtful, weighed 【反】casual 随意的；uncalculated, unconsidered, unstudied 没仔细考虑过的

clarion

【考法1】adj.清楚响亮的: loud and clear 【例】clarion call for democracy 对民主的高声呼吁 ； The Internationale is a clarion call to the labouring people of the world《国际歌》是唤起全世界劳动人民的响亮号角。 【反】soft and indistinct 柔和模糊的

ebullient

【考法1】adj.热情奔放的: zestfully enthusiastic 【例】The ebullient dancers left an enduring impression on us 热情洋溢的舞者给我们留下了难以磨灭的印象 【近】boiling, exuberant, effervescent, vivacious, brash 【反】tepid, torpid 无精打采的 【派】ebullience n 热情洋溢

cloying

【考法1】adj.甜得发腻的，感情用事的: excessively sweet or sentimental 【近】lovey-dovey, maudlin, mawkish, saccharine, sentimental 【反】unsentimental 【例】the cloying sentiments of so many Mother's Day cards 这么多母亲节贺卡(所蕴含)的甜蜜感情

frothy

【考法1】adj.用轻薄材料制作的: made of light thin material 【例】a frothy laptop made of carbon fiber and alloys 碳纤维以及合金制造的轻薄型笔记本电脑 【近】delicate, gossamer, light 【反】weighty 重的；sturdy结实的 【考法 2】adj.(内容等)欢乐轻佻、不严肃的: gaily frivolous or light in content or treatment 【例】a frothy movie 一部有喜感的电影 【近】flighty, frivolous, puerile 【反】earnest, serious, sober 严肃的

★cryptic

【考法1】adj.秘密的: secret or occult 【例】cryptic message 秘密的信息 【近】covert, furtive, secret, stealthy 【反】public, open 公开的 【考法 2】adj.含义模糊的: having or seeming to have a hidden or ambiguous meaning 【例】The senator made some cryptic explanations about the military operations 参议员就军事行动给出了含糊其辞的解释 【近】ambiguous, equivocal, nebulous, obscure, unclear, vague 【反】clear, explicit, obvious, plain清晰的 【考法 3】adj.超出理解能力的: being beyond one's powers to know, understand, or explain 【例】puzzled by the cryptic e-mail message left on his computer被他电脑里让人费解的电子邮件而迷惑 【近】arcane, enigmatic, impenetrable, inscrutable, mystic, occult, uncanny 【反】comprehendible, understandable 可以理解的

gauche

【考法1】adj.笨拙的，缺乏社交经验的: lacking social experience or grace 【例】It would be gauche to mention the subject. 提到这个话题是很无礼的 【近】awkward, clumsy, crude, inept, maladroit, rustic, tactless 【反】graceful 优雅的；polished, refined, urbane 有教养的 【派】gaucheness n. 笨拙

laconic

【考法1】adj.简洁(以至于显得粗鲁或难以理解)的: using or involving the use of a minimum of words: concise to the point of seeming rude or mysterious 【例】His mentor's comment tends to be laconic but very much to the point. 他导师的点评很简短，但是却总能说到点子上 【近】apothegmatic, brief, capsule, compact, compendious, curt, pithy, succinct, summary, telegraphic, terse 【反】circuitous, circumlocutory, diffuse, prolix, rambling, verbose, windy, wordy 冗长的

kindred

【考法1】adj.类似的；具有相似或相近的起源，本性或性质的: having a similar or related origin, nature, or character 【例】finally found people who were kindred spirits when she joined the hiking club 她加入登山俱乐部的时候 终于发现了志向相同的人 【近】agreeable, amicable, compatible, congenial, frictionless, unanimous, united 【反】disagreeable, discordant, disharmonious, disunited, incompatible, inharmonious, uncongenial 不一致不和谐的

petty

【考法1】adj.细微的，不重要的: of small importance; trivial 【例】play petty tricks 耍小聪明 【近】inconsequential, inconsiderable, insignificant, measly, minute, paltry, peanut, slight, trifling, trivial 【反】consequential, considerable, important, material, momentous, significant 重大的，重要的

anemic

【考法1】adj.缺乏力量、活力、精神的: lacking force, vitality, or spirit 【例】an anemic economic recovery毫无活力的经济复苏 【例】Investors are worried about the stock's anemic performance投资者担心股市低迷的表现。 【近】sapless, infirm, feeble, decrepit, wan, pale, pallid, effete, lethargic 【反】vigorous, spirited精力充沛的；forceful有力量的

insensitive

【考法1】adj.缺乏机智圆滑的，缺乏社交技巧的: lacking tact 【例】so insensitive as to laugh at someone in pain如此缺乏社交技巧以至于嘲笑处于悲痛中的人 【近】gauche, impolite, insensible, tactless 【反】considerate 为他人着想的 【考法 2】adj.不敏感的，麻木的: not responsive or susceptible 【例】insensitive to either criticism or commendation对批比评和表扬都不在乎 【近】anesthetized, dead, numb, senseless, unfeeling 【反】sensitive, tender 敏感的

★awkward

【考法1】adj.缺乏灵活性和技巧的: lacking dexterity or skill 【例】awkward with a needle and thread 缺乏灵巧的针线活技术 【近】handless, maladroit 【反】adroit, deft, dexterous, proficient, skilled 灵巧的 【考法 2】adj.(处理问题)缺乏手段和智谋的: showing or marked by a lack of skill and tact (as in dealing with a situation) 【例】Her awkward handling of the seating arrangements resulted in many hurt feelings她那缺乏智谋的座次安排伤害了许多人的感情 【近】botched, bungling, fumbled, inept, inexpert, maladroit 【考法 3】adj.臃肿笨拙的，不优雅的: lacking ease or grace (as of movement or expression) 【例】an awkward design 一份粗劣的设计 【近】clumsy, gauche, graceless, gawkish 【反】elegant, graceful, polished, lithe, coordinated 优雅的 【考法 4】adj.令人尴尬的: causing embarrassment 【例】the awkward situation of having to listen as your host and hostess quarrel loudly in the next room 不得不听着你的主人和她太太在隔壁大声争吵的尴尬境地 【近】discomfiting, disturbing, disconcerting, embarrassing, flustering 【考法5】adj.(因过大过重或设计问题)难以操作的: difficult to use or operate especially because of size, weight, or design 【例】The manual can opener is too awkward to hold 那个手动启瓶器太难握了 【近】ponderous, ungainly, unhandy, unwieldy, bunglesome, cranky 【反】handy 容易操纵的

myopic

【考法1】adj.缺乏远见的，缺乏辨别能力的: a lack of foresight or discernment 【例】a myopic view on climate change 关于气候变化缺乏远见的观点 【近】shortsighted, narrow-minded 【反】far-sighted, foreseeing, improvident 有远见的；discerning 有辨别能力的 【派】myopia n.近视；鼠目寸光

incogitant

【考法1】adj.考虑不周的，不体谅的: thoughtless; inconsiderate 【例】an incogitant litterbug不体谅人的乱扔垃圾者 【近】discourteous, disrespectful, ill-mannered, impertinent, inconsiderate, rude, thoughtless, ungracious 【反】civil, considerate, courteous, genteel, gracious, thoughtful 体谅他人的，举止得体的

corporeal

【考法1】adj.肉体的: not spiritual 【例】corporeal suffering肉体上的折磨 【近】bodily, carnal, corporal, somatic, physical, fleshly 【反】spiritual精神上的 【考法 2】adj.有形的，实体的: not immaterial or intangible 【近】material, physical, substantial, sensible, tangible 【反】intangible, disembodied, immaterial 无形的，无实体的

carnal

【考法1】adj.肉体的，物质的: relating to the physical 【例】seen with carnal eyes 用肉眼看 ； carnal remains遗体 【近】corporal, corporeal, fleshly, material, somatic 【反】spiritual精神的 【考法 2】adj.世俗的: worldly 【例】a carnal mind凡心 【近】earthborn, mundane, temporal, terrestrial, worldly

dyspeptic

【考法1】adj.脾气坏的: bad-tempered 【例】The sultry day makes us dyspeptic闷热潮湿的天气让我们变得脾气暴躁 【近】cantankerous, disagreeable, irritable, fretful, irascible, peevish, splenetic, surly 【反】amiable, easygoing, genial, good-humored, good-natured, good-tempered 随和的，和蔼的 【考法 2】adj.消化不良的: pertaining to, subject to, or suffering from dyspepsia 【派】dyspepsia n消化不良

★frail

【考法1】adj.虚弱的: physically weak 【例】Working for three days without any sleep made him extremely frail连续三天的彻夜工作使他极为虚弱 【近】weak, effete, enervated, feeble, fragile, infirm, languid, unsubstantial 【反】robust 充满活力的hale, sturdy 健壮的 【考法 2】adj.(意志)薄弱的: easily led astray; morally weak 【例】frail and pathetic humanity容易误入歧途的可悲人性 【近】characterless, invertebrate, nerveless, spineless 【反】faithful, resolute 意志坚定的，有坚定信念的 【考法 3】adj.(希望)渺茫的: slight, unsubstantial 【例】a frail hope of success成功的机会渺茫 【近】fragile, negligible, slight, small 【反】good很有希望的 【派】frailty n虚弱，(意志)脆弱

brazen

【考法1】adj.蛮横大胆的，厚颜无耻的: marked by contemptuous boldness 【例】a brazen disregard for the rules蛮横大胆的对规则漠视 【近】bold-faced, impertinent, impudent, insolent 【反】modest, self-effacing, diffident, retiring, timid 谦虚的，胆小的 【考法 2】v.大胆自信地去面对或从事: to face or undergo with bold self-assurance 【例】brazened out the crisis 沉着面对危机 ； Some people prefer to brazen a thing out rather than admit defeat有的人不愿承认失败，而是宁肯厚着脸皮干下去。 【近】confront, outface, defy 【反】dodge, duck, shirk, sidestep躲开，避谈

ingratiating

【考法1】adj.讨人喜欢的: capable of winning favor 【例】They adopted the orphan who had a most ingratiating smile. 他们收养了那名有着最惹人喜欢的笑容的孤儿 【近】disarming, endearing, insinuating, winsome 【反】disagreeable令人厌恶的 【考法 2】adj.逢迎的，意在奉承的: intended or adopted in order to gain favor 【例】an repulsive ingratiating smile 令人反感的阿谀奉承的微笑 【近】adulatory, deferential, fawning, flattering, toady 【派】ingratiate v. 讨好

★fallacious

【考法1】adj.谬误的，不合逻辑的: containing or based on a fallacy 【例】the once-common fallacious claim that girls just weren't any good at math 曾经广为流传的一个谬论: 女孩子无论如何就是学不好数学 【近】illogical, invalid, irrational, mad, reasonless, sophistic, unreasonable 【反】sound 论证有力的；valid 合乎逻辑的 【考法 2】adj.欺骗性的: tending to deceive or mislead 【例】fallacious testimony 不真实的证词 【近】beguiling, deceiving, deceptive, deluding, delusive, delusory, false, fraudulent, misleading 【反】authentic, veritable 真实的 【派】fallacy n逻辑谬误

★emollient

【考法1】adj.起缓和作用的: making less intense or harsh 【例】soothe us in our grieves with emollient words用安慰的话语抚平我们的悲伤 【近】appeasing, assuaging, mollifying, mitigating, relieving 【反】aggravating, intensifying 使(局势、情况)加剧恶化的

pejorative ['pidʒə,retɪv]

【考法1】adj.轻蔑的，贬低的: disparaging; belittling 【例】Iagree thatIam ambitious, andIdon't see it as a pejorative term. 我承认我"雄心勃勃"，但我并不认为这是一个贬义词 【近】belittling, contemptuous, degrading, deprecatory, depreciative, derogative, disdainful, disparaging, scornful 【反】commendatory, complimentary, laudatory 赞美的

prudish

【考法1】adj.过分守礼的: marked by prudery 【例】By the prudish standards of the 19th century, any depiction of the nude was scandalous. 根据 19 世纪的保守标准，任何对裸露的刻画描述都是下流无耻的。 【近】n.ice-nelly, prim, puritanical

evanescent

【考法1】adj.逐渐消失的，短暂的: tending to vanish like vapor 【例】Beauty is as evanescent as a rainbow 容颜易老，年华易逝。 【近】ephemeral, fleeting, impermanent, temporary, transient, transitory 【反】ceaseless, endless, enduring, eternal, everlasting, immortal, permanent, perpetual, timeless, undying, unending, abiding, lasting, perpetual 持久的

demotic

【考法1】adj.通俗的，大众化的: popular, common 【例】demotic entertainments大众化的娱乐 【反】profound深奥的

barbarous

【考法1】adj.野蛮的，凶残的: mercilessly harsh or cruel 【例】insulted by barbarous language被粗暴的语言侵犯 【近】brutal, atrocious, fiendish, heartless, savage, truculent, vicious 【反】merciful, benevolent, humane, sympathetic 仁慈的 【考法 2】adj.未开化的: uncivilized 【例】some barbarous behaviors such as eating with your fingers 一些没有教养的举止，比如直接用手拿东西吃 【近】wild, uncultivated 【反】civilized, decent, decorous 举止得体的

dour

【考法1】adj.闷闷不乐的,死气沉沉的: sullen, gloomy 【例】The captain's dour look depressed us all船长闷闷不乐的脸色使我们倍感低落 【近】morose, sulky, surly, moody 【反】gay欢快的 【考法 2】adj.严厉的: harsh and threatening in manner or appearance 【例】His dour criticism made us regret having undertaken the job 他严厉的批评让我们后悔接下这活儿了 【近】strict, sharp, austere, exacting, fierce, gruff, intimidating, rough, stark, stern 【反】benign, gentle, mild, tender 温和的

★evasive

【考法1】adj.难以发现、捕捉、分离的；含糊其词的: hard to find, capture, or isolate; equivocal 【例】an evasive statement 模棱两可的陈述 【近】fugitive, slippery 【反】unequivocal 明确的

★demanding

【考法1】adj.难取悦的，难满足的: not easily satisfied or pleased 【例】His mother could be demanding at times他母亲有时候很难取悦。 【近】exacting, fastidious, finical, finicking, fussy, picky 【考法 2】adj.费时间花心思的: requiring much time, effort, or careful attention 【例】the demanding assignment kept them working all night long 那项劳神的任务使得他们熬夜 【近】arduous, burdensome, challenging, exacting, grueling, killing, laborious, onerous, persnickety, taxing, toilsome 【反】light, unchallenging, undemanding 不费劲的，轻而易举的

★banal

【考法1】adj.非原创的，陈腐的: lacking originality, freshness, or novelty; trite 【例】The slogan is too banal 这口号己是陈词滥调了 【近】cliche, hackneyed, stereotyped, threadbare, trite, timeworn, shopworn, stale, moth-eaten 【反】n.ovel, innovative, arresting 新颖的 【派】banality n 陈腐

hideous

【考法1】adj.非常丑陋的: exceedingly ugly 【例】wearing a hideous Halloween mask that made the kids all jump with fright戴着一个丑陋的万圣节面具把小孩子全都吓跑了 【近】homely, ill-favored, monstrous, uncomely, unsightly 【反】pulchritudinous, aesthetic, attractive, comely, gorgeous, handsome, knockout, ravishing, seemly, stunning, taking, well-favored 美丽的，有吸引力的 【派】hideousness丑陋 【反】affinity 吸引力

antediluvian

【考法1】adj.非常古老的，过时的: extremely old and antiquated 【例】He has antediluvian notions about the role of women in the workplace他对职场女性抱有老掉牙的看法。 【例】an antediluvian automobile古董级的汽车 【近】aged, age-old, prehistoric, antique, aged, immemorial 【反】modern, new, recent 新的 【考法 2】n.保守的人: a person with old-fashioned ideas 【例】an antediluvian who thought a woman without talent is virtuous一个认为"女子无才便是德"的保守的人 【近】reactionary 【反】modern, trendy潮人

ironclad

【考法1】adj.非常坚固的，坚不可摧的: so firm or secure as to be unbreakable 【例】pride on their ironclad fleet对他们坚不可摧的舰队感到自豪 【近】firm, invulnerable, secure, sound, tenacious, tough 【反】fragile 脆弱的

lethal

【考法1】adj.非常有害的，致命的: extremely harmful; devastating 【例】This dagger is lethal. 这把匕首是致命的武器 launched a lethal attack发动了致命的进攻 【近】baleful, deadly, deathly, fatal, mortal, murderous, pestilent, terminal, vital 【反】innocuous 无害的;healthy, salubrious, wholesome 有益健康的

chary

【考法1】adj.非常谨慎的: very cautious 【例】chary investors who weren't burned by the dot-com bust 那些没有受到互联网萧条影响的谨慎投资者们 【近】alert, cautious, circumspect, conservative, gingerly, guarded, heedful, wary 【反】rash, bold卤莽的

★crucial

【考法1】adj.非常重要的，决定性的: extremely significant or important 【例】a crucial step in his professional career 他职业生涯中具有决定性的一步 【近】critical, decisive, key, pivotal, vital 【反】inconsequential, insignificant, trivial 不重要的

exuberant

【考法1】adj.非常高兴的，热情洋溢的: joyously unrestrained and enthusiastic 【例】Exuberant crowds rushed to greet the returning national champions激动的人群争先恐后地向凯旋归来的全国冠军表示问候 【近】ebullient, effervescent, frolic, buoyant, bouncy, vivacious 【反】austere 克制的；sullen 闷闷不乐的 【考法 2】adj.大量的，充分的: produced in extreme abundance 【例】an exuberant imagination 丰富的想象力 【近】ample, lavish, lush, luxuriant, opulent, plentiful, prodigal, profuse, riotous 【反】meager, scant, sparse 匮乏的

procure

【考法1】vt.获得，取得: to get possession of 【例】procured the prisoner's release得到了释放囚犯的许可 【近】acquire, attain, garner, knock down, pull down, bring in 【反】relinquish, forfeit, lose 放弃

rapacious

【考法1】adj.食量大的，贪食的: having a huge appetite 【例】The manager at the buffet restaurant was apparently astonished by a team of rapacious professional basketball players. 自助餐厅的经理很明显被那一队胃口巨大的职业篮球队员们震惊到了。 【近】edacious, esurient,gluttonous, greedy, ravenous, voracious 【考法 2】adj.过度贪婪的: excessively grasping or covetous 【例】Some companies is rapacious and hardly looking for the long-term value.有些公司十分贪婪，而且不考虑长期利益。 【近】acquisitive, avaricious, avid, coveting, covetous, grasping, mercenary, moneygrubbing 【反】content, sated, satiated, satisfied 心满意足的 【派】rapaciousness n.贪婪

furtive

【考法1】adj.鬼鬼祟祟的；秘密的: done by stealth 【例】a furtive glance at her朝她投去的隐秘一瞥 【近】secret, clandestine, covert, stealthy, surreptitious 【反】aboveboard 光明正大的；candid, forthright坦率的 【派】furtively adv 秘密地

asunder

【考法1】adv分离成多部分或多片: into separate parts or pieces 【例】broken asunder打碎 【例】Buildings were burst asunder 建筑物己经被炸成碎片了。 【近】piecemeal 【反】in a piece完整一片；together在一起 【考法 2】adv分离: apart from each other in position 【例】A quite conscience sleeps in thunder, but rest and guilt live far asunder平静的良心能在雷声中入睡，而安宁和负罪则无法毗邻。 【例】Our opinions are wide as the poles asunder我们的意见完全相反。 【近】apart 【反】together 在一起

★caprice

【考法1】n. 一时冲动的决定: an impulsive change of mind 【例】an out-of-character caprice led him to take the day off from work and go to the beach 一时冲动让他决定休假一天，去海滩度假 【近】crank, fancy, vagary, vagrancy, whimsy 【考法 2】n.反复无常，善变: an inclination to change one's mind impulsively 【例】his knack for picking racetrack winners appears to owe as much to caprice as it does to a canny assessment of horseflesh他赌马屡赌虑赢，要归功于自己的反复无常而不是对于赛马本身独到精明的评估。 【近】freakishness, impulsiveness, whimsicalness 【反】confirmation 确认 【派】capricious adj反复无常的，善变 【反】steadfast, resolute, constant, pertinacious坚定不变的

★discrepancy

【考法1】n.(在事实和宣称之间的)差异或矛盾: divergence or disagreement, as between facts or claims 【例】a large discrepancy between the ideal image and the reality 理想与现实之间的巨大差距 【近】contrast, disagreement, disparity, dissimilarity, distance, distinction, diversity 【反】converge concord consonant 一致，和谐；analogousness, community, resemblance, similarity 相似

rant

【考法1】n.(尤指长时间的)训斥，责骂: a long angry speech or scolding 【例】After complaining about the hotel's lousy service, the woman went off on another rant about the condition of her room.在抱怨完旅店差劲的服务之后，她继续对房间的条件开骂。 【近】castigation, diatribe, harangue, lambasting, philippic, reprimand, reproach, vituperation 【反】encomium, eulogy, panegyric, rhapsody, tribute 赞美之词 【考法 2】vi.怒吼: to speak or write in a noisv, angry or violent manner 【例】The old expert ranted that nobody paid any attention to his opinion.老专家怒气冲冲的叫嚷说没人听他的观点。 【近】bluster, fulminate, huff, rave, roar, spout 【反】grumble, murmur, mutter 低声抱怨

gaffe

【考法1】n.(社交上)失礼，失态: a social or diplomatic blunder 【例】A gaffe is when a politician tells the truth.——Michael Kinsley所谓出丑，就是政治家说真话的时候(迈克•金斯利) 【近】impropriety, indecorum, indiscretion 【反】decency, decorum, propriety 举止得体 【考法 2】n.明显的错误，错误判断: a blatant mistake or misjudgment 【例】so-called debates, which were mainly about seeing which candidate made the most gaffes 所谓的辩论，其实主要就是看哪个选手犯了最多的错误 【近】blunder, lapse, misstep, oversight

dilettante

【考法1】n./ adj业余爱好者(对艺术或知识领域涉猎浅薄者)/缺乏专业技术的: a person having a superficial interest in an art/ lacking or showing a lack of expert skill 【例】Dilettante watch the scene of bustle, adept guard the entrance外行看热闹，内行看门道； Many dilettante efforts could be seen at the sidewalk art show 街边艺术展上可以看到很多技术业余的作品 【近】dabbler, amateur, nonexpert, nonprofessional, cognoscente 【反】authority, expert, pro, professional, specialist 专家

pleat

【考法1】n./vt.打褶: fold 【近】corrugate, crease, furrow, ruffle, wrinkle 【反】flatten, smooth 抹平

nil

【考法1】n.不存在，零: nothing; zero 【例】reduced to nil消逝殆尽 【近】n.othing, nonentity, nullity, zip 【反】existence 存在

abeyance

【考法1】n.中止，搁置: temporary inactivity 【例】hold the plan in abeyance 使计划暂停 【近】doldrums, quiescence, moratorium, latency, dormancy, suspension, cold storage, deep freeze 【反】continuance, fulfillment 继续，履行

domicile

【考法1】n.住所，住宅: a residence; a home 【例】an alternate domicile in emergency 紧急情况下的住所 【近】home, dwelling, habitation, abode, house, lodging 【考法 2】v.提供住处: to establish in or provide with a domicile 【例】The university domiciles students in a variety of buildings in and around its urban campus大学在城区 校园周围为学生提供了多样化的宿舍 【近】accommodate, bestow lodge, harbor, put up 【反】banish, expel驱逐

★dearth

【考法1】n.供应不足: an inadequate supply 【例】a dearth of evidence 证据不足 【近】want, deficit, insufficiency, paucity, pinch, scantiness, scarcity, undersupply 【反】plethora, spate, copiousness, abundance, adequacy, amplitude, opulence 过剩，丰富

downpour

【考法1】n.倾盆大雨: a heavy fall of rain 【例】power failure due to the downpour 暴雨导致的电力中断 【近】deluge, downfall, cloudburst, rainstorm 【反】drizzle, sprinkle 细雨

pseudonym

【考法1】n.假名，笔名: a fictitious name 【例】Mark Twain is the pseudonym of the American writer Samuel L. Clemens.马克•吐温是美国作家塞缪尔• L•克莱蒙斯的笔名。 【近】alias, nom de guerre

bravado

【考法1】n.假装勇敢: a pretense of bravery 【例】I remembered his youthful bravado我还记得他的年少鲁莽。 【考法 2】n.虚张声势: blustering swaggering conduct 【例】strove to prevent our courage from turning into bravado努力阻止我们的勇气蜕变成虚张声势

arrogance

【考法1】n.傲慢，自大: overbearing pride 【例】Her arrogance has earned her a lot of enemies 她的傲慢给她带来了很多敌人。 【近】assumption, bumptiousness, haughtiness, hauteur, imperiousness, loftiness, peremptoriness, pomposity, pompousness, presumptuousness, superciliousness 【反】humility, modesty, humbleness, unassumingness 谦虚

★apathy

【考法1】n.冷漠，缺乏情感: lack of feeling or emotion 【例】People have shown surprising apathy toward these important social problems人们对于这些重要的社会问题显示出了令人惊讶的冷漠。 【近】affectlessness, emotionlessness, impassiveness, impassivity, insensibility, numbness, phlegm 【反】emotion, feeling, sensibility 有感情 【考法 2】n.缺乏兴趣，不关心: lack of interest or concern 【例】She heard the story with apathy她毫无兴趣的听完了这个故事。 【例】Her poor grades are proof enough of her apathy concerning all matters academic她可怜的分数足以证明他对所有学术问题都没兴趣。 【近】disinterestedness, disregard, incuriosity, insouciance, nonchalance, unconcern 【反】concern, interest, regard关心，有兴趣，在意

★chasm

【考法1】n.分歧，意见、利益或忠诚上的明显差异: a pronounced difference of opinion, interests, or loyalty 【近】contradiction, dissent, disjunction, discord, conflict, rift, rivalry, dichotomy

neophyte

【考法1】n.初学者，新手: a beginner or novice 【例】a novice in the theater who had never even had a walk-on role 一个连龙套都没跑过的新演员 【近】abecedarian, apprentice, fledgling, freshman, novice, recruit, rookie, tyro 【反】v.eteran 老兵，身经百战的人

debut

【考法1】n.初次登台，出道: a first public appearance 【例】made her single debut完成了她的处女秀 【反】farewell performance 告别演出

pandemonium

【考法1】n.喧嚣，骚动: wild uproar or noise 【例】Christmas morning at our house is always marked by pandemonium 圣诞节的早上总是免不了一番吵吵闹闹 【近】bluster, bustle, disturbance, furor, fuss, hubbub, moil, pother, ruckus, ruction, tumult, turmoil, uproar 【反】serene 安静

din

【考法1】n.喧闹声，嘈杂声: a loud continued noise 【例】The din of the engines was deafening 引擎的嘈杂声震耳欲聋； There's always a great din from the cafeteria during lunch午餐时间经常从咖啡店里传来很大的喧闹声。 【近】blare, bluster, cacophony, chatter, clamor, discordance, racket, rattle, roar 【反】quiet, silence, still 安静 【考法 2】v.重复: to say or state again 【例】Safety lessons dinned into us over and over 我们一遍又一遍的进行安全教育。 【近】iterate, rehearse, reiterate

★edifice

【考法1】n.大厦；大建筑物: a large or massive structure 【例例】The Capitol is one of the most impressive edifices in the United States国会山是美国最令人印象深刻的建筑之一 【近】building, erection, palace 【反】cottage 小棚舍 【考法 2】n.基础，基本构架: the arrangement of parts that gives something its basic form 【例】The edifice of the argument is quite simple, once you get past the fancy language只要你看透了表面花哨的语言，你会发现这段论证的基本构架是非常简单的 【近】architecture, configuration, framework, skeleton, structure

★fiasco

【考法1】n.大失败: a complete failure 【例】The Hitler's plot ended in a fiasco 希特勒的阴谋最终以失败告终 【近】catastrophe, debacle, disaster, failure 【反】blockbuster, eclat, success 成功

deluge

【考法1】n.大暴雨: a drenching rain 【反】drizzle 毛毛雨 【考法 2】n.大量: a great flow of water or of something that overwhelms 【例】received a deluge of offers 收到了一大堆 offer 【近】inundation, overflow, spate, torrent

inferno

【考法1】n.大火: an intense fire 【例】A raging inferno posed a serious threat to the downwind villages. 肆虐的大火给下风向的村庄带来了严重的威胁 【近】conflagration, holocaust 【考法 2】n.地狱: a place or a state that resembles or suggests hell 【例】the inferno of war地狱般的战场 【近】hell, underworld 【反】paradise, heaven, nirvana 天堂，乐土

plentitude

【考法1】n.大量: an ample amount or quantity; an abundance 【例】a plentitude of lumber for the current housing market 充足的家具木材供给 【近】abundance, affluence, cornucopia, myriad, plenty, profusion, stack, wealth 【反】dearth, deficiency, inadequacy, insufficiency 缺乏，匮乏；mite, peanuts, pinch, pittance, trace 少量

cornucopia

【考法1】n.大量: an overflowing store; an abundance 【例】a cornucopia of employment opportunities 大量的就业机会 【近】plentitude, plethora, wealth, profusion, affluence 【反】lack, pittance, deficiency 缺乏，少量

haven

【考法1】n.安全的地方: a place of safety 【例】a haven for artists艺术家们的圣地 【近】asylum, harbor, refuge, retreat, sanctuary 【反】unsafe place, dangerous place 不安全的地方

prosecution

【考法1】n.实行，执行: the doing of an action 【例】oversaw the prosecution of the president's foreign policy 监督总统对外政策的执行情况 【近】accomplishment, achievement, discharge, enactment, execution, fulfillment, implementation, performance, perpetration, pursuance 【反】n.onfulfillment, nonperformance 不履行，不完成

★breach

【考法1】n.对伦理、法律准则的破坏: a breaking of a moral or legal code 【例】cheating on the exam was a serious breach of the military academy's honor code 考试作弊是对军校的荣誉准则的严重破坏 【近】malefaction, transgression, trespass, violation, wrongdoing 【考法 2】v.违背: to fail to keep 【例】a builder being sued by a homeowner for breaching a contract 建筑商因违约被房主起诉 【近】contravene, fracture, infringe, transgress 【反】obey, observe, comply with, conform to 遵守

figurine

【考法1】n.小雕塑: a small statue 【例】His collection of figurines includes toy soldiers from every war that America has fought他收藏的小雕塑包括了所有美国参与过的战争中的兵人模型 【近】figure, statuette 【反】colossus 巨像

inch

【考法1】n.少量，很短的距离: a very small distance or degree 【例】give them aninch, and they'll take a mile 得寸进尺 Inch by inch, we're making progress toward our fund-raising goal.我们在慢慢地接近筹款的目标 【近】ace, hairbreadth, skip, neck, step 【考法 2】v.慢慢移动: to move or cause to move slowly or by small degrees 【例】The car inched carefully across the snow-covered bridge. 汽车慢慢地通过被大雪覆盖的桥梁 【近】crawl, creak, creep, limp, plod, slouch, snail 【反】dart, fleet, flit, scurry 飞奔，疾行

philistine

【考法1】n.市侩(注重物质而鄙视智慧或艺术的人): a person who is guided by materialism and is usually disdainful of intellectual or artistic values 【例】The philistine's critics sometime limit artists' imagine. 市侩之人的批评有时会限制艺术家的想象力 【近】lowbrow, materialist 【反】highbrow文化修养高的人

moratorium

【考法1】n.延期，暂缓施行: a suspension of activity 【例】a moratorium on nuclear tests 暂缓核试验 【近】abeyance, delay, doldrums, dormancy, latency, quiescence, postponement, suspension 【反】resumption (从中断处)继续进行

outset

【考法1】n.开端，开始: beginning, start 【例】I wish you'd mentioned this problem at the outset.我希望你开门见山就提到这个问题。 【近】alpha, commencement, genesis, inception, incipience, nascence 【反】termination, close, conclusion, end, ending, omega 终止

★boon

【考法1】n.恩惠，福利: benefit, favor 【例】The new solar battery booster is a boon for photographers这个光伏充电器是摄影家的福音 【近】gift, benevolence, present, windfall 【反】misfortune, scourge 灾祸 【考法 2】adj.喜欢集体行动的: likely to seek or enjoy the company of others 【近】convivial, extroverted, gregarious, social, outgoing 【反】reclusive隐居

★deterioration

【考法1】n.恶化； 堕落: a gradual sinking and wasting away of mind or body 【例】a continuing deterioration in relations between the two countries 两国关系的持续恶化 【近】decadence, degeneration, deterioration, devolution, downfall, downgrade 【反】improvement, recovery, recuperation, rehabilitation, revitalization 改进，改善

manuscript

【考法1】n.手稿: a book, document, or other composition written by hand 【例】beautiful Latin manuscript on the school's diplomas 学校毕业证书上美丽的手写拉丁文 【近】calligraphy, penmanship, script 【反】print, type, typewriting 打字稿

poseur [po'zɝ]

【考法1】n.故作姿态、不真诚的人: an affected or insincere person 【例】She is such a poseur and you will never know if she is really crying or pretending.她就是个爱装的人，你从不知道她是真的在哭还是只是假装而己。 【近】grandstander, poser

cipher

【考法1】n.无影响或无价值的人: a person of no importance or influence 【例】The intern is a mere cipher in the company这个实习生在公司里是个无足轻重的小人物。 【近】dwarf, half-pint, insect, insignificancy, lightweight, morsel, nonentity, nothing, nullity, snippersnapper, whippersnapper, zero 【反】big shot, big wheel, bigwig, eminence, figure, personage 【考法 2】v.计算(价值): to determine (a value) by doing the necessary mathematical operations 【例】We were surprised by how much we had spent on the cruise after we had ciphered out the grand total当我们算出我们沉船游览的总花费时，我们都惊呆了。 【近】compute, work out 【考法 3】n.密码: a method of transforming a text in order to conceal its meaning 【例】convert their messages into cipher把他们的信息转换成密码 【近】code, secret message

idyll

【考法1】n.无忧无虑的生活: a carefree episode or experience 【例】a summer idyll on the coast of the Mediterranean 地中海岸的悠闲夏日 【近】frisk, frolic, gambol, revel, lark

juggernaut

【考法1】n.无法阻挡的力量，摧毁一切的强大力量: an overwhelming, advancing force that crushes everything in its path 【例】the juggernaut of industrialization工业化无法阻挡的力量 【近】steamroller

nadir

【考法1】n.最低点: the lowest point 【例】the nadir on the curve 曲线上的最低点 【近】base, bottom, foot 【反】acme, apex, climax, meridian, peak, pinnacle, summit, top, zenith 最高点

puissance

【考法1】n.权力: power; might 【例】the president pledged to put the full puissance of the nation into the war effort 总统下令全国进入战争状态 【近】force, might, potency, strength, vigor, sinew 【反】powerlessness, impotence, weakness 无力

clout

【考法1】n.权力，影响力: influence ； pull 【例】The queen may have privilege but she has no real political clout 女王有特权，但无真正的政治影响力。 【近】power, influence, capacity, heft, leverage 【反】impuissance, impotence 无力

jingoist

【考法1】n.极端爱国激进分子(通常表现为好战的对外政策): extreme chauvinism or nationalism marked especially by a belligerent foreign policy 【例】jingoists who cry for war 叫嚣着鼓吹开战的激进分子 【近】chauvinist, nationalist, superpatriot, war hawk 【反】dove, pacifist, peacenik反战派人士

cameo

【考法1】n.栩栩如生的描绘: 一种简洁的、生动的描述或刻画: a brief, vivid portrayal or depiction 【例】a literary cameo 文学描写 【考法 2】v.客串: to make a brief but dramatic appearance, as in a film 【例】She cameoed as Anne Boleyn in A Man for All Seasons 在所有季节的人中她客串安妮.波列思

minutia

【考法1】n.次要的细节，小事: a minute or minor detail 【例】plagued by minutiae 被不重要的细节困扰 【近】triviality 【反】gist 要点

protocol

【考法1】n.正确的礼仪规范: a code of correct conduct 【例】a breach of protocol 社交礼仪的破坏

caricature

【考法1】n.用讽刺歪曲等手法的夸张，漫画，讽刺画: exaggeration by means of often ludicrous distortion of parts or characteristics 【派】caricaturist n漫画家 【考法 2】v.嘲笑性模仿或夸张: to copy or exaggerate (someone or something) in order to make fun of 【例】caricatured the supervisor's distinctive walk 模仿督导员独特的走路方式 【近】burlesque, imitate, mock, parody, spoof, travesty

ballad

【考法1】n.由简单诗节和叠句组成的民歌: a narrative poem, often of folk origin and intended to be sung, consisting of simple stanzas and usually having a refrain 【例】a haunting ballad about loneliness 一段有关寂寞的缭绕于心的民谣 【近】ditty, jingle, lyric, vocal

convulsion

【考法1】n.痉挛(强烈的、无法控制的肌肉收缩): an abnormal violent and involuntary contraction of the muscles 【例】Convulsions are usually accompanied by loss of consciousness痉挛常常伴随着失去意识 【考法 2】n.骚乱: a violent disturbance 【例】a regime in convulsion动荡中的政权 【近】commotion, ferment, tumult, upheaval, clamor, tempest, uproar 【反】serenity, tranquility 宁静 【派】convulse v剧烈震动；痉挛

lull

【考法1】n.相对平静时期，间隙: a momentary halt in an activity 【例】the lull before the storm暴风雨前的平静 【近】break, breath, interruption, recess 【考法 2】vt.使镇静，使安心: to free from distress or disturbance 【例】The absence of attacks for such an extended period had lulled the nation into a false sense of security.长期以来没有遭受攻击让这个国家产生了一种错误的安全感 【近】allay, balm, becalm, compose, lullaby, quiet, salve, settle, soothe, still, tranquilize 【反】agitate, discompose, disquiet, disturb, perturb, upset, vex 打扰，扰乱

gash

【考法1】n.砍得很深的伤口: a long deep cut 【例】got a gash in his knee that required four stitches 膝盖伤得很深，需要缝针 【近】incision, laceration, rent, rip, tear 【考法 2】v.砍: to make a gash in 【例】Her face had been gashed by the rocks as she tumbled down the embankment. 当她从提岸上摔下来 时脸上被刮了一道口 【近】cut, incision, piercing, slash, slice, slit 【反】sew缝合

cloudburst

【考法1】n.突然一场暴雨: a sudden copious rainfall 【例】The weatherman warned of possible cloudbursts in the afternoon天气预才报员警告到下午可能有暴雨。 【近】downfall, downpour

dolt

【考法1】n.笨蛋: a stupid person 【例】What a dolt I have been! 我是多么的愚蠢啊！ 【近】idiot, fool, moron, simpleton, dullard 【反】illuminati, intellectual 智者；genius天才 【派】doltish adj 愚笨的

★brevity

【考法1】n.简短，简洁: shortness of duration 【例】the best quality a graduation speech can have is brevity 好的毕业演讲必须简洁 【近】briefness, conciseness, shortness 【反】lengthiness 冗长 【考法 2】n.精炼: the quality or state of being marked by or using only few words to convey much meaning 【例】if brevity is the soul of wit, then that speech wasn't at all witty 如果说精炼是智慧的灵魂，那么演讲毫无智慧可言 【近】conciseness, pithiness, sententiousness, terseness 【反】diffuseness, long-windedness, prolixity, verbosity, wordiness 冗长啰嗦

churl

【考法1】n.粗野的人: a rude, boorish person 【例】By the 19th century, 'churl' had a new and pejorative meaning, "one inclined to uncivil or loutish behavior" 19 世纪的时候，churl有了一个新的贬义含义的意思，"一个粗鲁没有教养的人" 【近】boor, lout 【派】churlish adj粗野的，暴躁的: of, like, or befitting a churl; boorish or vulgar 【近】crude, coarse, boorish, loutish, uncultured, unpolished 【反】genteel, complaisance, courtly, polished 文雅的，彬彬有礼的；sophisticated 机智圆滑的 【考法 2】n.吝啬鬼: a mean grasping person who is usually stinav with money 【例】Don't bother asking a churl for donations别自找麻烦向一个吝啬鬼要捐款。 【近】miser, niggard, skinflint, penny-pincher 【反】generous/ liberal/ munificent person 慷慨的人；waster, wastrel, spendthrift, prodigal, profligate, dissipater败家子

boor

【考法1】n.粗鲁的人，不敏感的人: a rude or insensitive person 【例】acting like boor 表现得很粗鲁 【近】peasant, barbarian, buffoon 【反】sentimentalist多愁善感的人

martinet

【考法1】n.纪律严明之人: a strict disciplinarian 【例】He's a retired lieutenant and a bit of a martinet. 他是一个退役的中尉，并且是一个有点纪律严明的人 【近】disciplinarian, purist, stickler 【反】reprobate放纵的人

curmudgeon [kɚ'mʌdʒən]

【考法1】n.脾气坏的爱抱怨的人: an irritable and complaining person 【例】a terrible old curmudgeon 一个坏脾气老头 【近】crosspatch, fusser, griper, grouser, growler, grumbler, whiner 【反】agreeable person令人愉快的人

drudgery

【考法1】n.苦工；单调、卑贱或无趣的工作: tedious, menial, or unpleasant work 【例】get away from the drudgery of their everyday lives 摆脱每日的单调无聊 【近】labor, slavery, toil, travail, grind 【反】sinecure闲职，美差；fun, play玩耍，娱乐

★exploit

【考法1】n.英雄行为: a notable or heroic act 【例】his wartime exploits他在战争期间的英勇行为 【考法 2】v.最大程度地利用: to employ to the greatest possible advantage 【例】exploit your opponent's weakness利用你对手的弱点 【近】abuse, leverage, milk, play on, capitalize on impose on

paradox

【考法1】n.表面矛盾实际可能正确的话，悖论: a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true 【例】The paradox is that fishermen would catch more fish if they fished less.存在的一个悖论就是: 如果渔民减少捕鱼量的话，他们将会捕到更多的鱼 【近】dichotomy, incongruity

★convert

【考法1】n.被改变宗教信仰的人: one that is converted 【近】proselyte 【考法 2】vt.使改变信仰: to bring over from one belief, view, or party to another 【例】European missionaries converted thousands to Christianity欧洲传教士使成百上千的人改信了基督教 【近】persuade, proselytize, bring, lead 【考法 3】vt.改变，转化: to alter the physical or chemical nature or properties of especially in manufacturing 【例】convert water into ice 将水转化成冰 【近】alter, change, transform, transfigure 【派】converter n转换器；convertible adj可转变的；n敞篷跑车

ken

【考法1】n.视野范围: the range of vision 【例】abstract words that are beyond the ken of children那些孩子们不能理解的抽象字词 【近】sight 【考法 2】vt.知道、了解(人或物): to know (a person or thing) 【近】appreciate, apprehend, cognize, comprehend, grasp, perceive, savvy, understand 【反】misapprehend, misconceive, misinterpret, misperceive, misunderstand 错误地理解

intercessor

【考法1】n.调停者: one that mediates 【例】attend the meeting as the intercessor作为调停人出席会议 【近】broker, buffer, conciliator, intermediate, mediator, peacemaker 【反】flame-fanner煽风点火的人 【派】intercession n.调停，斡旋

hymn

【考法1】n.赞歌，赞美诗: a song of praise or joy 【例】They sang a hymn of praise to God.他们唱赞歌赞美上帝 【近】eulogy, homage, hymn, ode, paean, panegyric, psalm, salutation, tribute 【反】dirge, elegy 哀诗，挽歌 【考法 2】v.赞美: to proclaim the glory of 【例】During the honeymoon following the inauguration, newspaper articles seemed to hymn the president's every move.在上任后的"蜜月期"之中，报纸新闻似乎在赞美总统的每一项措施 【近】bless, carol, celebrate, emblazon, exalt, extol, glorify, laud, magnify, resound 【反】blame, censure, reprehend, reprobate 责难，职责

jest

【考法1】n.轻浮的态度，戏谑: a frivolous mood or manner 【例】spoken in jest戏谑地说 【近】butt, derision, mockery 【反】solemnity, solemn utterance严肃

prude

【考法1】n.过分正经的人: 一个过分关心自己是否是或显得得体、谦逊或正确的人: a person who is greatly concerned with seemly behavior and morality especially regarding sexual matters 【例】the racy sitcom frequently satirizes exactly the sort of prude who would like to see the show taken off the air 【近】bluenose, moralist, puritan 【反】immoralist 不道德的人

parsimonious

【考法1】n.过度节俭的，吝啬的: frugal to the point of stinginess 【例】the stereotype of the dour and parsimonious Scotsman严肃而吝啬的苏格兰人的典型代表 【近】closefisted, mean, mingy, miserly, niggardly, penurious, stinting, tight, tightfisted, uncharitable, ungenerous 【反】generous, liberal, munificent 慷慨的；dissolute, extravagant, prodigal, wasteful 浪费的，挥霍的

interregnum

【考法1】n.过渡期: break in continuity 【例】The democratic regime proved to be a short-lived interregnum between dictatorships.这个民主政权被证明只不过是两个独裁政权之间的短暂过渡罢了 【近】breach, break, gap, interim, interruption, interval, interlude, parenthesis 【反】continuation, continuity 持续

plethora

【考法1】n.过量，过剩: excess, superfluity 【例】a plethora of advice and a paucity of assistance 给出大量建议而鲜有实质性援助 【近】abundance, cornucopia, feast, overabundance, overflow, plentitude, profusion, surfeit, surplus 【反】dearth, inadequacy, insufficiency, paucity, scarcity, undersupply 缺乏 【派】plethoric adj. 过量的

★delusion

【考法1】n.错觉: a false idea 【例】This was not optimism, it was delusion 那不是乐观主义，那是错觉。 【近】hallucination, illusion, unreality, falsehood, misconception 【反】truth, verity 真实 【派】delusive adj欺骗的: false, deceptive 【反】transparent 坦诚的

diatribe

【考法1】n.长篇抨击性演讲: a long angry speech or scolding 【例】He was forced to sit through a long diatribe 他被迫耐着性子听完一个长篇抨击性演讲。 【近】tirade, harangue, jeremiad, philippic, rant 【考法 2】n.挖苦，讽剌的指责: ironic or satirical criticism 【例】The movie reviewer wrote a diatribe of the movie describing it as having excessive sex and violence那个影评人指责这个电影还有过多的色情和暴力。 【近】irony, satire 【反】encomium, eulogy, panegyric, tribute, laudatory piece of writing 颂词，赞赏作品

enigma

【考法1】n.难以理解或解释的事物，谜: something hard to understand or explain 【例】The smile on Da Vinci's masterpiece Mona Lisa has been an enigma for hundred years 数百年来，达芬奇名作《蒙娜丽莎》上的微笑一直是个不解之谜 【近】mystery, conundrum, puzzle, riddle 【派】enigmatic adj谜一般的

pilot

【考法1】n.领航员，飞行员: one employed to steer a ship 【例】a jet pilot喷气式飞机飞行员 【近】aviator, bellwether, captain, guide, helmsman, leader, navigator 【考法 2】adj.初步的，试验性的: serving as a tentative model for future experiment or development 【例】They carried out a pilot study before the larger, more expensive project was started 在更大规模、更为 昂贵的项目开始之前，他们进行了初步研究。 【近】developmental, experimental, model, test, trial 【反】eventual, final, ultimate 最终的 【考法 3】vt.带领通过: lead or conduct over a usually difficult course 【例】The lobbyists piloted the bill through the Senate.游说集团使法案得到参议院的批准。 【近】conduct, direct, guide, lead, route, show, steer 【反】follow 跟随

quack

【考法1】n.骗子医生，江湖郎中: a pretender to medical skill 【例】don't bother to see that guy, as I've heard he's a quack with no actual training 别再找他看病了，我听说他就是个没有真才实学的江湖郎中 【近】charlatan, fake, fraud, hoaxer, mountebank, phony 【反】honest practitioner诚实从业者

embroider

【考法1】v.(时常伴有夸张和想象内容)详细说明: to aive an elaborate account of, often with florid language and fictitious details 【例】embroider the story of his adventures in the army细说他服役时惊险的经历 【近】elaborate, embellish, exaggerate, magnify, overstate, hyperbolize 【反】downplay, de-emphasize 轻描淡写

pan

【考法1】v./n.严厉批评: a harsh criticism 【例】almost all the movie critics have panned this latest sequel in a tired series 几乎所有的影评家都批评这部最新续集，认为是狗尾续貂 【近】blame, censure, condemn, denounce, dispraise, reprehend 【反】eulogize, extol, rave, laud, praise 称赞

cadge

【考法1】v.乞讨，乞求: beg, sponge 【例】cadge a free cup of coffee讨寸到一杯不免费的咖啡 【反】earn赚钱

opine

【考法1】vt.表达观点: to express opinions 【例】You can opine about any subject you like.你可以畅所欲言。 【近】comment, editorialize, note, observe, reflect, weigh in

★groove

【考法1】v.享受，极其满意，过得快活: to take pleasure in 【例】thrill-seekers who groove on skiing will love snowboarding那些乐在滑雪中的追求剌激的人们也会喜欢滑雪板的； just sitting around, grooving on the music 随便坐坐，在音乐中享受一下 【近】adore, fancy, savor, relish, get off on, rejoice in, revel in, delight in

discombobulate

【考法1】v.使不安，使混乱: upset, confuse 【例】invent cool new ways to discombobulate the old order发明新的好方法打乱了旧秩序 【近】upset, addle, baffle, bamboozle, befog, befuddle, confound, fuddle, gravel, muddle, muddy, mystify, perplex, puzzle, vex 【反】compose, soothe, calm, pacify 使安定

elate

【考法1】v.使开心，使自豪: to fill with joy or pride 【例】The phenomenal sales record elated him卓越的业绩让他高兴不己 【近】cheer, excite, exhilarate, inspire, stimulate 【反】depress, dishearten, sadden 使沮丧 【派】elated adj高兴的；elation n高兴

maculate

【考法1】v.使有斑点，弄脏: to seot, blemish 【例】Her reputation was maculated after the affair with a married man. 自从被指旨与一个已婚男士有染之后，她的名声受到了影响 【近】besmirch, dot, dirty,soil, spot,stain 【反】clean, cleanse, purify, wash 清洗，弄干净

★adhere

【考法1】v.依附，粘着: to cause to stick fast 【例】adhere to the surface 附着在表面 【近】cleave, cling, hew 【反】detach 分离 【考法 2】v.服从命令: to act according to the commands of 【例】adhere to the rules遵守规定 【近】cling to, hew to, stand by, stick to, comply with 【反】 defy, disobey, rebel against 不服从，反抗 【考法 3】v.坚定地支持: to give steadfast support to 【例】our coach adheres to the belief that we can win this game if we just have a positive attitude 我们的教练坚定地相信，只要我们有积极的态度，我们就能拿下比赛 【近】keep to, stand by, stick to or with 【反】defect from 叛变 【派】adherent n追随者: a follower of a leader, party, or profession 【反】forerunner 先行者

abate

【考法1】v.减轻(程度或者强度): to reduce in degree or intensity 【例】abate his rage/pain 平息他的愤怒/减轻痛苦 【近】moderate, recede, subside, remit, wane, die (away or down or out), let up, phase down, ratchet (down), taper off 【反】intensify 【考法 2】v.减少(数量或者降低价值): to reduce in amount or value 【例】abate a tax 降低税收 【近】de-escalate, deplete, downscale, dwindle, 【反】augment, promote 增加 【考法 3】v.停止，撤销: to put an end to 【例】abate a nuisance 停止伤害 【近】abrogate, annul, invalidate, nullify, rescind, vacate

implode

【考法1】v.剧烈收缩，坍缩，内爆: to collapse inward violently 【例】The flask imploded during the vacuum distilling. 做低压蒸馏的时候烧瓶发生了内爆 【近】buckle, founder, tumble, yield 【反】explode 外爆，爆炸

babble

【考法1】v.发出含糊无意义的嘟囔声，胡乱说: to utter a meaningless confusion of words or sounds 【例】Babies babble before they can talk婴儿在会说话以前含糊不清地发音 【近】drivel, gabble, gibber, jabber, prattle, abracadabra 【反】articulate 清晰地说出 【考法 2】v.闲聊: to engage in casual or rambling conversation 【例】The little girls babbled contentedly for the whole ride home两个小姑娘在回家的路上高兴地闲聊 【近】chatter, prate

abnegate

【考法1】v.否认: deny, renounce 【例】abnegated the idea of freedom放弃自由的观念 【近】recant, renege违背诺言等; 食言; 背信, repudiate拒绝接受或承认（某事物）; 回绝, unsay, forswear (also foreswear), take back, 【反】reaffirm 再肯定，重申 【考法 2】v.投降，放弃，交出(权力等): surrender, relinquish 【例】abnegated her powers交出她拥有的权力 【近】cede, resign, step aside (from), step down (from) 【反】adhere to依附，坚持

★gainsay

【考法1】v.否认: to declare false 【近】deny, contradict, contravene, naysay 【反】acknowledge, admit, avow, concede 承认；affirm 证实 【考法 2】vt.反对: to oppose, especially by contradiction 【例】No one dare to gainsay him.没人敢反驳他 【近】disagree, refute, reject, repudiate 【反】concur 同意

fulminate

【考法1】v.大声斥责: to issue a thunderous verbal attack or denunciation 【例】fulminate the so-called curricular reform 痛斥所谓的课程改革 【近】criticize, blame, censure, condemn, denounce, denunciate, lambaste, reprehend, reprobate 【反】applaud, compliment, praise 赞美 【派】fulmination n训斥

burlesque

【考法1】v.夸张滑稽地模仿以嘲弄他人的文学艺术作品，恶搞: to copy or exaggerate (someone or something) in order to make fun of 【例】burlesquing the teacher's nervous tic isn't very nice恶搞老师紧张的痉挛不是好的行为 【近】caricature, imitate, mock, parody, spoof, travesty

★admonish

【考法1】v.建议: to give advice to 【例】admonished the patient to eat more healthy foods 建议患者多吃健康食品 【近】counsel 【考法 2】v.责备: to reprove gently but earnestly 【例】admonished her for littering责备她乱扔垃圾 【近】chide, reprimand, reproach, reprove, tick off 【派】admonishment n责备

chaff

【考法1】v.开玩笑: to make jokes 【例】a coworker who likes to chaff at others' expense, and this often results in hurt feelings 这个同事喜欢开别人玩笑，导致伤害他人感情 【近】banter, gag, jape, jest, quip, wisecrack

besmirch

【考法1】v.弄脏，弄污: to make dirty; soil 【例】besmirched the white bed sheets with their dirty hands 用他们的脏手把白床单弄脏了 【近】foul, smirch, smudge, taint 【反】clean, cleanse清洁 【考法 2】v.诽谤，玷污: to detract from the honor or luster of 【例】besmirch your reputation by fabricating scandals 通过捏造丑闻来玷污你的名声 【近】defile, smear, soil, stain 【反】honor 授予荣誉

brook

【考法1】v.忍受，容许: to stand for, tolerate 【例】brook no inference with his plans不能容忍别人对于他计划的干涉 【近】abide, countenance, endure, stomach 【考法 2】n.小溪流: a natural stream of water normally smaller than and often tributary to a river: creek 【例】there are tiny fish and frogs in that brook那条小溪里有小鱼还有小青蛙 【近】creek, rivulet

★dissent

【考法1】v.持异议，不同意: to differ in opinion 【例】I dissent from what you said 我不同意你说的话； Anyone who dissented was encouraged to speak out while they had the chance谁有异议得到机会都可以发言。 【近】differ, disagree, nonconcur 【反】agree, assent, concur 同意 【考法 2】n.反对正统: departure from a generally accepted theory, opinion, or practice 【例】The church reacted to any form of dissent by promptly excommunicating its proponents 教堂会立即 开除任何反对正统教义的人。 【近】heterodoxy, nonconformity 【反】conformity 遵从；orthodoxy正统 【考法 3】n.不和谐: a lack of agreement or harmony 【近】conflict, disaccord, discordance, discordancy, disharmony, dissent, dissidence, dissonance, disunion, disunity, division, friction, inharmony, schism, strife 【反】accord, agreement, concord, concordance, harmony, consensus, unanimity 不和谐，不一致

excavate

【考法1】v.挖掘，挖空: to dig out and remove 【例】excavate soil from one area从某处挖土出来 【反】fill in填满

debunk

【考法1】v.揭穿真面目: to reveal the true nature of 【例】debunk a supposed miracle drug 揭穿所谓的灵丹妙药的真面目 【近】uncloak, uncover, undress, unmask, show up 【反】camouflage, cloak, disguise, mask 继续伪装，掩盖 【考法 2】v.证明为假: to prove to be false 【例】a Web site that assiduously debunks urban legends 一个不遗余力证明假传闻的网站 【近】belie, confound, confute, discredit, falsify, rebut, refute 【反】confirm, establish, validate, verify 证明为真

adulate

【考法1】v.极度谄媚: to praise too much 【例】incompetent assistants who spend all their time adulating her 成天恭维她的不称职的下属 【近】overpraise, belaud, soft-soap, butter up 【反】scorn, disdain, vituperate, disparage 鄙视

enamel

【考法1】v.涂亮漆；使具有光滑或亮泽的表面: to give a glossy or brilliant surface to 【近】glaze, varnish 【反】efface 抹去 【考法 2】v.用亮丽的表面装饰: to adorn with a brightly colored surface 【近】adorn, beautify, bedeck, decorate, , embellish, garnish, ornament 【反】disfigure毁容

inflame

【考法1】v.点燃: to set on fire 【例】A carelessly tossed cigarette inflamed the papers in the trash can. 一只被随意丢弃的香火因点燃了垃圾桶中的纸 【近】enflame, enkindle, fire, ignite, kindle, light, torch 【反】douse, extinguish, quench, put out 熄灭，扑灭 【考法 2】v.使加剧: to make more violent 【例】Retaliation served only to inflame the feud. 冤冤相报何时了 【近】aggravate, enrage, exacerbate, intensify, ire, irritate, provoke, rile, vex 【反】assuage, mitigate, mollify, pacify, placate, subdue 平息

dissemble

【考法1】v.用假象隐藏真相，掩饰: to put on a false appearance 【例】dissemble fear with a smile 用微笑来掩饰恐惧 ； He dissembled happiness at the news that his ex-girlfriend was getting married to someone else 他对其他人假装高兴听到前女友结婚的消息。 【近】dissimulate, affect, assume, bluff, counterfeit, fake, sham 【反】behave honestly 表现诚恳

alleviate

【考法1】v.缓和，减轻: relieve, lessen 【例】alleviate pain/suffering 减轻痛苦 【近】ease, assuage, mitigate, mollify, palliate, soothe 【反】exacerbate 加剧

abbreviate

【考法1】v.缩写，缩短: to make briefer 【例】abbreviate the word "building"as "bldg."将 "building"缩写作 "bldg" 【近】abridge, curtail, cut back, syncopate, truncate 【反】extend, protract, elongate, lengthen, prolong 延长

★disdain

【考法1】v.轻视，鄙视: to look on with scorn 【例】disdain that man for snobbishness 鄙视那个势利小人 【近】contemn, disrespect, slight, sniff, snub, look down 【反】honor, respect 尊敬；treat favorably亲切地对待

★balloon

【考法1】v.迅速增加: to increase rapidly 【例】The use of computers has ballooned电脑的使用量迅速增长 【近】inflate, escalate, expand, burgeon, mushroom, snowball 【反】decrease, taper, dwindle, diminish, recede, wane 减少

★burgeon

【考法1】v.迅速成长扩大，蓬勃发展: to grow and expand rapidly; flourish 【例】My confidence began to burgeon 我的信心开始迅速增强。 【近】accelerate, accumulate, balloon, boom, build up, escalate, mount, multiply, mushroom, proliferate,, roll up, snowball, wax, flourish, prosper 【反】wane, wither, waste away, subside, subdue 衰退

★dawdle

【考法1】v.闲荡，虚度光阴: to spend time idly 【例】dawdle the day away 闲荡一天 【近】bum, dally, loll, loaf, lounge, hang about, kick around 【反】hie 匆忙，抓紧 【考法 2】v.拖拖拉拉: to move or act slowly 【例】If you continue to dawdle, we'll be late for sure 你要是再拖拉，我们铁定要迟到了。 【近】crawl, creep, dally, dillydally, lag, linger, loiter, tarry 【反】bolt, hasten, course, dash, speed, scurry

equivocate

【考法1】vi.(带有欺骗目的地)模棱两可地说，说谎话: to use equivocal language especially with intent to deceive 【例】When asked about his tax plan, the candidate didn't equivocate当被问到税收方案时，候选人直言不讳。 【近】fudge, hedge, weasel, prevaricate, palter 【反】communicate straightforwardly 直率地说 【派】equivocal adj模棱两可的: open to two or more interpretations and often intended to mislead; ambiguous 【派】equivocation n 模棱两可的话 【反】clarity 青楚

drizzle

【考法1】vi./n(下)细小轻柔、似雾的雨，毛毛雨: a fine misty rain 【例】The intermittent drizzle was just heavy enough to spoil all of our outdoor activities断断续续的小雨恰好 大岛让我们所有的户外活动都泡汤 【近】mist, sprinkle 【反】deluge, downpour倾盆大雨 【派】drizzling adj(雨)细小的

creep

【考法1】vi./n缓慢地行进: to go very slowly 【例】creeping through the crowd在人潮中缓慢前行 【近】drag, loiter, tarry 【反】scurry, run 快步走，跑 【考法 2】vi.匍匐前进: to move slowly with the body close to the ground 【例】The kitten crept silently across the floor before suddenly pouncing on the mouse小猫静静地匍匐穿过地板，然后突然向老鼠发起猛扑 【近】crawl, grovel, slide, slither 【反】swagger昂首阔步

grandstand

【考法1】vi.为了给人留下印象而表演，哗众取宠: to play or act so as to impress onlookers 【例】to grandstand on the stage在舞台上哗众取宠 【近】act, perform, pretend

fluctuate

【考法1】vi.波动，无规则地变动: to shift back and forth uncertainly 【例】Stock prices fluctuate wildly股票价格大幅波动 Samples of ice cores collected from Antarctica suggested that the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has been fluctuating periodically 南极冰芯样本表明，大 气中的二氧化碳浓度存在周期性的涨落 【近】mutate, shift, swing, oscillate, vacillate, vary, waver 【反】stabilize保持稳定；plateau 到达稳定状态 【派】fluctuation n涨落，波动

demur

【考法1】vi.表示异议，反对: to voice opposition; object 【例】demur at the suggestion 反对提议 【近】challenge, exception, expostulation, fuss, kick, protest, remonstrance, stink 【反】accept, accede 接受 【考法 2】n.犹豫: hesitation (as in doing or accepting) usually based on doubt of the acceptability of something offered or proposed; qualm 【例】we accepted his offer to pay for our dinners without demur 我们毫不犹豫地同意了他买单

dodder

【考法1】vi.蹒跚，颤巍巍地行进: to progress feebly and unsteadily 【例】He could only dodder along after the operation 他手术后只能步履蹒跚的走。 【近】careen, lurch, teeter, totter, waddle

prate

【考法1】vi.闲聊，空谈: to talk long and idly 【例】They have been prating on the phone for hours. 他们己经煲了几个小时的电话粥了。 【近】babble, chat, chatter, converse, gabble, jabber, prattle, twitter 【派】prater n. 闲聊的人

gall

【考法1】vt.(使)焦躁，激怒: irritate, vex 【例】The sarcastic applause from the audience galled her.观众反讽的掌声激怒了她 【近】aggravate, exasperate, grate, inflame, provoke, pique, roil 【反】appease, assuage, calm, lull, pacify, placate 使平静，使平息 【考法 2】n.深深的敌意: a deep-seated ill will 【例】Her kindly feelings turned to gall when she found out her nephew only wanted her money.当她发现她的侄子只想要钱时，她之前友好的感情变成了憎恨与厌恶 【近】animosity, animus, antagonism, antipathy, hostility, rancor 【反】amity 友好 【考法 3】n.大胆，无耻: shameless boldness 【例】I can't believe he had the gall to ask me how much I weigh.我不敢相信他居然胆敢问我有多重 【近】audacity, brass, nerve, presumptuousness, temerity

placate

【考法1】vt.(通过让步以)平息抚慰: to lessen the anger or agitation of 【例】The colonists implemented a new policy to placate local opposition 殖民者采取新政策以缓和当地的反抗情绪。 【近】appease, assuage, conciliate, mollify, pacify, propitiate, tranquilize 【反】anger, enrage, foment, gall, incense, inflame, infuriate, peeve, rile 激怒，使气恼 【派】placation n.安抚

debark

【考法1】vt.从船或者飞机上卸货: to unload, as from a ship or an airplane 【例】the seasick passengers debarked as soon as the ship dropped anchor 晕船的乘客等到轮船一靠岸抛锚就立即下船 【近】land 【反】embark 上船，装货

desiccate

【考法1】vt.使(食物)脱水以保存，使干燥: to preserve (a food) by drying 【例】add a cup of desiccated coconut to the mix 加一杯椰蓉进行搅拌 【近】dehydrate, parch, scorch, sear 【反】add water to, hydrate, drench 加水，浸透 【派】desiccant n干燥剂: a drying agent (as calcium chloride) 【考法 2】v.缺乏活力: to deprive of emotional or intellectual vitality 【例】that historian's dryasdust prose desiccates what is actually an exciting period in European history 那 位历史学家枯燥无味的散文让欧洲一段扣人心弦的历史变得乏味单调 【近】brace, castrate, dampen, deaden, devitalize, enervate 【反】energize, enliven, invigorate, stimulate, vitalize 使生机勃勃

★arrest

【考法1】vt.使不活跃: to make inactive 【例】arrest the growth of the tumor抑制肿瘤生长 【近】check, rein, curb, contain, hamper, thwart, bring to a halt 【反】vi.talize, activate, animate, invigorate 使有生气;prod, goad, spur, galvanize, provoke, stimulate 剌激 【考法 2】n./v.停止: the stopping of a process or activity; to bring to a standstill 【例】Science cannot yet arrest the process of aging科学不能阻止衰老。 【近】cease, cessation, closure, conclusion, discontinuance, discontinuation, ending, halt, stop, termination; check, stop 【反】continuance, continuation 继续 【考法 3】v.逮捕: to take or keep under one's control by authority of law 【例】She was charged with resisting arrest她因为拘捕受到起诉。 【近】apprehend 【反】discharge释放 【考法 4】v.吸引注意力: to hold the attention of as if by a spell 【例】The behavior of the daredevil arrested pedestrians冒失鬼的行为吸引了行人们的注意力。 【近】enchant, fascinate, bedazzle, grip, hypnotize, mesmerize

buoy

【考法1】vt.使充满勇气和力量，使振作: to fill with courage or strength of purpose 【例】the sudden improvement in his health buoyed him up 身体的突然好转让他很振奋 【近】embolden, hearten, inspire, bear up, buck up 【反】daunt, discourage, dishearten, dispirit 使沮丧，泼冷水

★engross

【考法1】vt.使全神贯注: to occupy exclusively 【例】was completely engrossed in his work 全神贯注于他的工作之中 【近】absorb, engage, enthrall, fascinate, grip, immerse 【派】engrossed adj全神贯注的

★facilitate

【考法1】vt.使变容易，促进: to make easy or easier 【例】The new airport will facilitate the development of tourism新建机场促进了旅游业的发展。 【近】ease, expedite, forward, further, help 【反】check, hamper, handicap, hinder, impede, obstruct, thwart, retard 阻碍，阻止；complicate 复杂化 【派】facility n设施；容易，方便

reassure

【考法1】vt.使安心，打消疑虑: to restore to confidence 【例】 I tried to reassure her that the dog would come back home by nightfall.我尽力让她安心，说夜幕降临之前小狗一定会回家的。 【近】assure, cheer, console, solace, soothe 【反】distress, torment, torture, trouble使忧虑，折磨 【派】reassurance n.消除疑虑

invigorate

【考法1】vt.使精神，使强壮，鼓舞激励: to impart vigor, strength, or vitality to 【例】n.ews that invigorates the public给大众打鸡血的新闻 【近】animate, energize, fortify, reinforce, strengthen, vitalize 【反】dampen, deaden, debilitate, emaciate, sap 使衰弱；demoralize 使±气衰落 【派】invigorated adj.精力充沛的

fertilize

【考法1】vt.使肥沃，使多产: to make fertile 【例】Reading will fertilize vocabulary阅读丰富词汇 【近】enrich, manure 【反】deplete, drain, exhaust 消耗，耗尽 【派】fertilizer n化肥

exhilarate

【考法1】vt.使高兴；使兴奋: to make cheerful and excited 【例】be exhilarated by her success 为她的成功感到兴奋 【近】electrify, galvanize, intoxicate, pump up, turn on 【反】sadden, depress 使悲哀，使沮丧 【派】exhilarating adj令人兴奋的 【反】soporific 昏昏欲睡的

exonerate

【考法1】vt.免除责备: to free from blame 【例】An investigation exonerated the school from any blame 一项调查使学校免受责备。 【近】absolve, acquit, clear, vindicate 【反】censure, incriminate, inculpate, prove guilty 责难，证明有罪

mitigate

【考法1】vt.减轻痛苦，使缓和: to make less severe or painful 【例】powerful drugs that mitigate pains 强力的镇痛剂 【近】allay, alleviate, assuage, ease, mitigate, mollify, palliate, relieve, soothe 【反】aggravate, exacerbate, intensify 加剧 【派】mitigation n. 缓和

★harness

【考法1】vt.利用: utilize 【例】harness the sun's rays as a source of energy利用阳光作为一种能源 【近】apply, employ, exercise, exploit, operate, utilize 【反】fail to utilize 没能够利用

grate

【考法1】vt.刮擦(以发出剌耳的声音): to make a rasping sound 【例】The sled grated along the bare pavement. 雪橇与裸露的路面刮擦发出剌耳声 【近】abrade, rasp, scratch, scrape 【考法 2】vt.骚扰，惹恼: to irritate or annoy persistently 【例】a noise that grates on one's nerves 使人烦躁的噪音 【近】irritate, aggravate, gall, nettle, peeve, plague, provoke, vex 【反】soothe 使平静，安抚 【派】grating adj. 剌耳的

feign

【考法1】vt.制造假象，装出...的样子: to give a false appearance of 【例】I would never feign illness just to postpone a test我绝不会为了缓考而装病 【近】affect, assume, counterfeit, dissemble, pretend, profess, sham, simulate 【派】unfeigned adj没有伪装的，真诚的

★evoke

【考法1】vt.唤起，引发: to caHforth or ufi 【例】evoke memories 唤起回忆 【近】elicit, inspire, raise

adore

【考法1】vt.喜爱，感到愉悦: to take pleasure in 【例】I adore those earrings我相中那对耳环了。 【近】fancy, relish, savor, delight in, rejoice in 【考法 2】vt.宠爱: to feel passion, devotion, or tenderness for 【例】adored his wife 宠爱他的妻子 【近】cherish 【反】abhor, abominate, despise, detest, execrate, loathe 讨厌，嫌弃

exculpate

【考法1】vt.声明无罪；开脱，使无罪: to clear from alleged fault or guilt 【例】Ihave gathered evidence that will exculpate my client我己经搜集到能够证明委托人无罪的证据了。 【近】absolve, acquit, clear, exonerate, vindicate 【反】attribute guilt, inculpate, indict, criminate, incriminate 归罪，控告 excursive

exodus

【考法1】vt.大批离去: a mass departure 【例】the mass exodus from the cities for the beaches on most summer weekends 在多数夏季的周末，大批都市人奔向海滩 【近】gush, outpour, outpouring 【反】influx, flux, inflow, inrush 涌入

mollify

【考法1】vt.平息抚慰，缓和: to calm in temper or feeling 【例】mollify the angry customer平息消费者的怒气 【近】allay, alleviate, appease, assuage, conciliate, mitigate, placate, propitiate, soothe 【反】aggravate, enrage, exasperate, incense, inflame, infuriate, ire, rankle, vex 激怒；antagonize使敌对 【派】mollification n.安抚

inculpate

【考法1】vt.归罪于: incriminate 【近】charge, criminate, inculpate, indict 【反】absolve, acquit, exculpate, exonerate, vindicate 免罪

★despise

【考法1】vt.极其不喜欢: to dislike strongly 【例】Idespise anchovies on pizza, andIrefuse to eat them我鄙视在披萨上的凤尾鱼，所以从来不吃。

★abhor

【考法1】vt.深恶痛绝，极度厌恶: to regard with extreme repugnance 【例】He abhors the way people leave their trash at the picnic sites in the park他很厌恶人们把垃圾留在公园的野餐点。 【近】abominate, despise, detest, execrate, loathe 【反】greatly admire非常崇拜

drench

【考法1】vt.湿透，浸透: to wet thoroughly 【例】The thunderstorm drenched us to the skin 雷雨把我们浇了个透 【近】deluge, douse, soak, saturate, sodden, sop, wet 【反】dehydrate, desiccate, dry, parch, scorch, sear 干燥

★disregard

【考法1】vt.漠视，不关注: to pay no attention to 【例】disregard the advice of his executives 漠视执行管理者的建议 【近】ignore, overlook, slight 【反】heed, mind, regard, attend to 关注 【考法 2】n.缺乏兴趣，缺乏关心: lack of interest or concern 【例】Revelers fired guns in the air with complete disregard for the possible consequences饮酒狂欢者一点 也不关心后果的开枪。 【近】apathy, disinterestedness, incuriosity, nonchalance, torpor, unconcern 【反】concern, interest, regard 关心，感兴趣

infuriate

【考法1】vt.激怒: to make furious 【例】be infuriated by the deliberate insults被蓄意的中伤激怒 【近】aggravate, enrage, exasperate, incense, ire, madden, umbrage 【反】appease, assuage, pacify, placate, propitiate 平息，安抚；delight, gratify, please 取悦，讨好 【派】infuriated adj.被激怒的

incite

【考法1】vt.煽动，激起: to provoke and urge on 【例】inciting workers to strike 煽动工人罢工 【近】arouse, abet, foment, instigate, pick, provoke, raise, stir 【反】dampen, deter, discourage, dishearten, dissuade 劝阻

leaven

【考法1】vt.用轻松、活泼或变更的影响力来充斥: to mingle or permeate with some modifying, alleviating, or vivifying element 【例】He needs to leaven his speeches with more humor. 他需要在演讲中再加入点幽默元素。 【近】imbue, infuse, ingrain, inoculate, inspire, permeate, steep, suffuse 【反】extract 抽取

proscribe

【考法1】vt.禁止，排斥: to prohibit; forbid 【例】acts proscribed by law被法律禁止的行为 【近】ban, enjoin, interdict, outlaw, prohibit 【反】sanction, permit, allow, let, suffer允许

blurt

【考法1】vt.突然说出，冲动地说: to utter abruptly and impulsively 【例】blurt out the secret脱口说出了秘密 【近】burst, bolt, ejaculate, cry out 【反】muffle, mute使缄默

★adumbrate

【考法1】vt.部分地或有保留地揭露: to disclose partially or guardedly 【例】adumbrate a plan透露计划 【反】revelation 完全显示 【考法 2】vt.预示着: to give a slight indication of beforehand 【例】The strife in Bloody Kansas adumbrated the civil war that would follow发生在堪萨斯州的流血冲突预示了之后的南北内战的爆发。 【近】forerun, harbinger, herald, prefigure

balky

【考法】adj.不服管束的，倔强的: refusing or likely to refuse to proceed, act, or function as directed or expected 【例】a balky mule犟骡子 【近】contumacious, defiant, perverse, intractable, obstreperous, refractory, unruly, untoward, wayward willful 【反】compliant, docile, subdued, submissive, tractable 顺从的

★green

【考法】adj.无经验的: deficient in training, knowledge, or experience 【例】lead a squad of green recruits 带领一队没有经验的新兵 【近】inexperienced, callow, fresh, raw, unfledged, young 【反】experienced, versed 经验丰富的

misbehaving

【考法】adj.调皮的，行为不端的: engaging in or marked by childish misbehavior 【例】a new approach for disciplining a chronically misbehaving child 一个教育调皮小孩的新方法 【近】annoying, devious, errant, impish, mischievous, naughty, playful, wicked 【反】decorous, urbane举止得体的

★backhanded

【考法】adj.间接的，含沙射影的，虚情假意的: indirect, devious, especially sarcastic 【例】a backhanded compliment虚情假意的恭维话 【近】feigned, roundabout, sarcastic, hypocritical, two-faced, double-faced, left-handed 【反】forthright 直截了当的；artless, candid, genuine, honest, sincere 真挚的，真诚的

banter

【考法】n./v.幽默、打趣的(地)谈话: good-humored, playful conversation 【例】banter with someone 和某人调侃 【近】badinage, persiflage, repartee

awe

【考法】n./v.敬畏: an emotion variously combining dread, veneration, and wonder that is inspired by authority or by the sacred or sublime 【例】She gazed in awe at the great stone她敬畏地凝视着那块巨石 【近】admiration, reverence, respect, veneration 【反】irreverence, i nsolence, scorn, superciliousness 蔑视，不敬 【派】awesome adj令人敬畏的

gourmand

【考法】n.嗜食者，大胃王: one who is excessively fond of eating and drinking 【例】the kind of gourmand who swallows food without even pausing to taste it 不尝味道就下咽的那种嗜食者 【近】gorger, glutton

badinage

【考法】n.打趣，善意的玩笑: playful repartee, banter 【例】the sophisticated badinage of the characters in plays by Oscar Wilde奥斯卡•王尔德作品中意味深长的玩笑话 【近】banter, persiflage, repartee

★autocracy

【考法】n.独裁政府: government in which a person possesses unlimited power 【例】It signified the British rejection of autocracy by constituting the first formal restraining of the power of the monarch英国对于独裁体制的反抗表现在它对君王权力进行的正式约束 【近】absolutism, dictatorship, totalitarianism, tyranny 【反】democracy 民主，民主制度 【派】autocratic adj独裁的

bale

【考法】n.痛苦，悲哀: woe, sorrow 【例】relieve spirit from the bale 从悲痛中解脱 【近】misery, suffering, anguish, grief 【反】joy 快乐

gourmet

【考法】n.美食家: a connoisseur of food and drink 【例】a gourmet of Chinese food中餐美食家 【近】bon vivant ,connoisseur, epicure 【反】layman 门外汉

avarice

【考法】n.贪财，贪婪: excessive or insatiable desire for wealth or gain 【例】The bank official's embezzlement was motivated by pure avarice 银行官员盗用公款纯粹是出于贪婪 【近】acquisitiveness, avidity, covetousness, cupidity, greediness, rapacity 【反】generosity, magnanimity 慷慨 【派】avaricious adj贪婪的

awning

【考法】n.雨篷，遮阳篷: a piece of material attached to a caravan or building which provides shelter from the rain or sun 【例】stayed under the awning outside the Starbucks during the rainstorm 在星巴克外面的遮阳棚里躲雨 【近】awning, ceiling, cover, roof, tent

★attenuate