Great Depression New Deal Programs

Social Security Act

1935 Reform Unemployment insurance, pensions for 65+, $ to ppl w/disabilities or elderly or widows Successful - still used today

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

1935 - after CWA Recovery Helped ppl find work - built roads, bridges, edu Some criticism but still effective

Wagner-Connery Act

1935 - guaranteed right to unionize act outlawed a number of antilabor practices, such as the creation of company-sponsored unions. It also established a powerful new National Labor Relations Board.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

1935 - ppl not happy w/AFL Organized both skilled & unskilled workers Caused strikes to occur --GM STRIKE

Roosevelt's Recession

1936 - Rose tried to cut back gov't spending - reacting to criticism However, eco not strong enough - eco worsened - unemployment rate jumped from 14.3% to 19.0%

Margaret Mitchell

1936 - wrote Gone With the Wind Later became a movie

United Auto Worker (UAW)

1936-37 - Sit-down strike against GM Able to win after 6 weeks --PART of the CIO

Public Works Association (PWA)

1937 Recovery Created by NIRA - contracted w/private funds public-works projects Helped improve infrastructure

Farm Security Administration (FSA)

1937 Relief Gave loans to tenant farmers to buy land Help Afro-Americans

Court Packing

1937 - Rose wanted to enact bill that would allow him to appoint another person to Supreme Court for every member over 70 Wanted to b/c Supreme Court declared some of his acts unconstitutional (NIRA NRA) - Received much criticism

Zora Neale Hurston

1937 - wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God About a black woman trying to find fulfillment in Florida

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

1938 Reform Banned child labor, set minimum wage to 25¢ an hour, max work week 40 hrs Highly controversial but successful - still used today

Marion Anderson & DAR Concert

1939 - Daughter of the American Revolution - refused to let world-famous black singer to perform in their hall _>Eleanor Roosevelt furious - resigned membership - allowed Anderson to give free concert at Lincoln Memorial

The Wizard of Oz

1939 - major studios had enough $ to be able to produce a film in color -color photography and special effects

Richard Wright

1940 - wrote Native Son Showed young black man lost in racist world -WPA FOUNDED

Dorothea Lange

A famous photographer who wanted to be one at a young age, and, when the Depression started, landed a job to photograph the Dust Bowl, which have been recognized as showing the desperation and bravery during this time. She didn't stop documenting the suffering of people until her 1965 death, but her 1930s pictures are the most well-known.

Swing Music - Thomas Dorsey

A form of smooth big-band style jazz Received name for Ellington's "It don't mean a thing if it ain't got that swing"

Depression

A long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment

President's Committee for Unemployment Relief (PCUR)

Volunteerism not enough - gov't aid was needed to help 1930 - Hoover created it to assist state & local relief efforts Appointed philanthropists & business ppl Encouraged ppl to donate to relief organizations - however, didn't donate much itself

Bonus Army

WWI vets needed money - wanted their pension bonuses to be granted early - May 1932 organized a protest Turned violent- gov't attacked the vets Ppl extremely angered - ppl liked Hoover even less

Sit-down Strike

When strikers refuse to leave work - stay where they are until they get what they want UAW+CIO did this

Eleanor Roosevelt

Wife of FDR Believed in social reform - had much influence Champion of black civil rights

Influence of WPA

Works Progress Administration - wanted to help artists 1935 - $300 mil for Federal Project Number One -largest peacetime jobs program in U.S. history -8.5 million empolyed

Reccession

a period in which demand begins to decrease,businesses lower production,unemployment begins to rise,and GDP growths slows for two or more quarters of the calendar year

Father Charles E. Coughlin

Radio priest from Michigan Wanted gov't to nationalize banks & go back to silver standard Opposed the New Deal

100 Days

Refers to Rose's inauguration - got 15 laws enacted - Roosevelt pushed Congress to put in place many of the key parts of his program - 3 R's - Examples: CCC, AAA, NIRA, TVA

Bank Holiday

Rose wanted to fix banking system March 6 -day after Rose elected - closed every bank for a few days - stopped massive withdrawals -Loss in confidence in banks -FDR declares bank holiday - Federal review of weather banks where sound or not, take steps to correct problems, and, if necessary, close it - banks began to reopen with government assurances

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of treasury in 1930s Supported laissez-faire attitude about eco Showed the more traditional approach to gov't

Huey Long

Senator from Louisiana 1934 - Share-our-wealth - gov't would take money from rich & give to poor - communism 1935 - assassinated

Priming the Pump

Stimulate recovery of businesses - give fed loans & gov't spending into economy Rose did this through New Deal programs

Trickle Down Economics

Tax breaks for rich will enable them to hire more ppl & create a better economy

Home Loan Banking Act

as designed to encourage home ownership by providing a source of low-cost funds for member banks to extend mortgage loans. The Federal Home Loan Bank Act was the first in a series of bills that sought to make home ownership an achievable goal for more Americans.

Mellonites

believed that such high levies forced rich to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls

"Nothing to Fear..."

but fear itself

Salvation Army

- Private organization , This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

Migrant Workers

- Where not really help with the new deal - Dust storms limited the need for labor hands

Hoover Dam

- provide electricity and a safe, reliable water supply to a vast area that included parts of seven states. - A group of six independent companies joined together to design and construct it. - For Hoover, the project's success demonstrated the creative power of partnerships between private business and the federal government.

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner-Connery Act)

1935 Reform Allowed ppl to unionize

Banking Crisis

-Loss in confidence in banks -FDR declares bank holiday - Federal review of weather banks where sound or not, take steps to correct problems, and, if necessary, close it - banks began to reopen with government assurances

New Deal

15 programs Rose campaigned on 1933 - took office - asked Congress to give him abnormal amount of executive pwr to execute programs Congress approved

Agricultural Marketing Act

1929 - enabled Congress to establish the Federal Farm Board, (DID NOT HAVE POWER TO GIVE MONEY ) Established the first major government program to help farmers maintain crop prices with a federally sponsored Farm Board that would make loans to national marking cooperatives or set up corporations to buy surpluses and raise prices. This act failed to help American farmers.

Smoot-Hawly Tariff

1930 - highest tariff in US history Accelerated global depression - eliminated foreign industries in American market - When European nations responded with tariffs on American goods, trade plunged. By 1934 global trade was down roughly two thirds from 1929 levels.

Dust Bowl

1930s -Great Plains suffered from severe drought

The Brain Trust

1932 - Rose made advisory group Created a "new deal" - 15 programs -a group of progressive lawyers, economists and social workers who advised President Roosevelt

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

1933 Recovery - mandated that businesses in the same industry cooperate with each other to set prices and levels of production. - Created PWA + NRA - Federal Protection for organization UNIONS Stabilize prices, raise wages, limit work hrs. provide jobs - stimulate industrial activity & stop unemployment Poorly administered & supported monopolies - 1935 declared *unconstitutional*

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

1933 Recovery Created bc of NIRA - allowed businesses to work together & set guidelines to follow Initially popular - then became a burden - 1935 *unconstitutional*

Home Owner's Loan Corporation (HOLC)

1933 Relief helped homeowners who couldn't pay mortgage saved 1 mil families from losing homes but did have possible racial bias

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

1933 Relief $500 mil relief aid to state & local agency gave jobs

Farm Credit Administration (FCA)

1933 relief low interest, long-term loans to farmers helped w/mortgages, taxes, buying back farms, purchasing items still used today (w/mild reform)

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

1933 Recovery Improved living conditions in Ten River Valley Controversial - some ppl thought unconstitutional - not Supreme Court Controlled flooding and provided NEW electricity

Emergency Banking Act/Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

1933 Reform Insured each bank deposit up to $5,000 Still in place - up to $250,000 today

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

1933 Relief Short-term federal jobs - had been in response to FERA

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

1933 Relief unmarried men ages 18-25 work on conservation progets 2.5 mil men & mils of trees

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

1933 & 38 Recovery Feds paid farmers to grow less - paid farmers by taxing food processors 1936 declared unconstitutional

Frances Perkins

1933 - first woman to be appointed to US Cabinet US Secretary of Labor Helped w/many New Deal Programs, (born Fanny Coralie Perkins, lived April 10, 1882 - May 14, 1965) was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

1934 Reform - Gov Watchdog on wallstreet Regulated companies selling stocks or bonds - allowed feds to investigate interstate fraud Still used today

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 Reform Reverse Dawes Act policy - revive tribal rule, help start businesses, college edu Gave back some land to Natives but confusion on unclear legislation

The Second New Deal

1934 - Dems gained additional congressional seats Wanted more public works programs, social-security plan, improvement for workers Focused on long-term reform

John Steinbeck

American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". (1939) A story of Dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life. - put into a movie

Bank Closures & Runs

Banks had lent out loans - out of money when crash hit Ppl panicked & tried to take money out - caused more bank closure 1930-1932 - 5,000 banks failed Affected everyone

Communist & Socialist Party Growth

Blamed depression on capitalism Able to get some growth - ppl responded to their demand for action - Upset on Hoover's laissez faire policy

John Maynard Keynes

British economist - argued gov't has to spend money when in Depression - encourage investment & consumption Many of Rose's New Deal programs based on this

Douglas MacArthur

Part of Bonus Army fiasco Ignored president and continued to attack protestors Didn't get into trouble - made Hoover even more unpopular

Harry Hopkins

Part of FDR's Brain Trust Helped w/many New Deal programs Head of FERA

Frank Capra

Director Able to tackle social issues through films (like gov't corruption) - captured the spirit of the times in films that combined social themes with a sentimental and comic view of life. Films such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington told of the triumph of the "little guy."

Bear Market

Downward trend in stock prices Start of depression

Anna "Grandma" Moses

Elderly folk artist during 1930s, elderly painter who became well know during the period when people began to discover American fold art such as handmade quilts and woodcarvings

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)

Elected in 1932 after Hoover - won easily b/c ppl didn't like Repubs at this point Married to Eleanor Roosevelt Polio - then governor if NY 1928 Campaign promised fairer distribution of wealth & optimism & the "New Deal"

Relief, Recovery, Reform (3 R's)

FDR's philosophy when he came into office Created New Deal based on this (1) relief for those suffering the effects of the Great Depression; (2) recovery of the depressed economy; (3) reforms that would help prevent serious economic crises in the future.

Shantytowns/Hoovervilles

Ppl had no money - often evicted Set up shelters from thrown-away items Hoovervilles where a criticism to hoover - No little to no assitance

Arthur Rothstein

Farm Security Administration Photographer, FSA photographer; - a graduate student who studied and worked under Stryker at Columbia University,

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

Feb 1932 ---TOO LITTLE, TOO LATE - lend up to $2 bil of taxpayer money to banks, insurance companies, railroads, & others Done b/c of Hoover's belief in trickle-down economics -helped many big companies However, impact was limited b/c was not created until GD already happened & did not help small companies

Rugged Individualism

Ppl should be able to help themselves - no gov't necessary Success comes through individual effort & private enterprise Hoover's belief on gov't system - ppl not happy -unnecessary government not only threatened prosperity but also dimmed the very spirit of the American people -

Breadlines

Ppl were starving - had to rely on charitable organizations to give them food - After losing job no one could provide for themselves - At first not enough aid

Herbert Hoover

Press in 1929 Utterly hated by all by 1932 - Blamed for everything that went wrong

Federal Farm Board (feb)

Gave $500 mil budget to farmers Helped farmers help themselves - prices still dropped b/c farmers refused to plant less crops, Supported crop prices by lending money to cooperatives, but ran out of $ really quickly (Hoover)

Share the wealth

Program of Huey Long that proposed the redistribution of income of the rich to give every American a guaranteed annual income of $2,000 to $3,000, old-age pensions, money for a college education, and veterans benefits. - Every Man a King

John Keynes

Published a book that discussed the causes of recessions. He argued that the government should spend heavily during a recession even if it had to run a deficit in order to jump start the economy. Although FDR was reluctant he did buy into the idea.

Federal Project Number One

It was to promote interest/pride in American culture by providing work to artists.

Bull Market

Upward trend in stock prices During roaring twenties/before depression

Black Thursday

Oct 24, 1929 Many investors began to sell shares - panic Beginning of downward spiral

Black Tuesday

Oct 29, 1929 All-time low in stock market Beginning of depression

Georgia O'Keeffe

Painted images of southwestern desert landscape Like cow skulls, American artist that painted flowers and landscapes during the great depression.

American Gothic

Painting by Grant Wood A regionalist - artist who stresses folk themes in art, A painting by the twentieth-century American artist Grant Wood. It shows a gaunt farmer and a woman standing in front of a farmhouse; the man holds a pitchfork, and both wear severe expressions.

Margin

The ability to purchase stocks w/borrowed money Part of cause of depression -- Easy for anyone to get $$$

Keynesian Economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Gross National Product (GNP)

Total value of all goods & services produced in a year Went from $103 bil to $56 bil in 1929

Strikes in Michigan

Union workers launch a new kind of strike - Sit down strike required the strikers to stay at the factory day and night until the dispute was resolved. They relied on supporters outside the factory to provide food and to look after their families at home. - Property could be damage if security forces were sent in - State would not help - After 6-weeks workers won!!!

William Faulkner

United States novelist (originally Falkner) who wrote about people in the southern United States (1897-1962)

Business Cycle

Ups in downs - productivity, surplus, recession/depression, cut back Some ppl believed GD to be just part of the cycle Others not so - GD when beyond normal rhythms

Mary McLeod Methune

who served as direcctor of minority affairs for president roosevelt