H Anatomy & Physiology Final Review
ATP
-adenosine triphosphate -2 high energy packets
CNS
-central nervous system -brain and spinal cord
Ciliated columnar epithelium
-located where the body need to move stuff -column shaped cells with cilia on the free surface
White fibrocartilage
-medium righty and flexibility -serves as a shock absorber -highly compressible
Yellow elastic cartilage
-most flexible -supports external ear -forms the epiglottis
Hyaline cartilage
-most rigid and widespread -glassy, blue-white appearance -covers ends of bones where they form joints
PNS
-peripheral nervous system -the sensory and motor neurons that relay information to the CNS
Peptic ullcer
A crater like erosion in the mucosa of any part of the GI tract that is exposed to the secretions of the stomach
Diabetes
A disease caused by deficient insulin release or inadequate responsiveness to insulin
Parkinson's Disease
A disease characterized by a lack of dopamine that results in tremors, posture changes, and stiff muscles
Ganglion
A group of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter chemical released at synapses
Hiatal hernia
A structural abnormality in which the cardiac portion of the stomach protrudes slightly above the diaphragm and allows gastric juice to flow into the esophagus
Simple squamous locations
Alveoli, pleural sacs, pericardium, capillaries, linings of blood vessels, and placenta
Jaundice
An accumulation of bile pigments in the blood, which produces a yellow color of the skin
Muscular dystrophy
An inherited disease that causes muscles to enlarge with connective tissue and regenerate
Double innervation
An organ can perform both sympathetic and parasympathetic functions
Epiphyseal plate
Area of actively dividing cells that results in the lengthwise growth of a long bone and is where blood vessels enter the bone
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Because some cells are shorter than others, their nuclei appear at different heights above the basal layer, giving the false impression of stratified layers
Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
Osteoblasts
Bone-secreting cells
Cholinesterase
Cancels out the effects of acetylcholine
Lacunae
Cavities in which bone cells are found
Goblet cells
Cells that produce a lubricating mucus and are often found in columnar epithelium
Mastication
Chewing food that has been mixed with saliva
Lamellae
Concentric circles of secreted bone that surround a Haversian canal
Areolar tissue
Connective tissue that is seen as universal packing tissue and connective tissue "glue" because it helps to hold internal organs and skin in their proper positions
Ligaments
Dense connective tissue that attaches bones at joints for stability
Tendon
Dense connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscles to bones
Membrane bone
Flat bones like the skull, hands, and feet that form when bone matrix is secreted between two membranes
Pyloric valve
Funnel shaped terminal part of the stomach that regulates the flow of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine
Muscle tissue
Highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement
12
How many pairs of cranial nerves are found in humans?
31
How many pairs of spinal nerves are found in humans?
Arthritis
Inflammation of joints
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the GI tract
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary muscle found only in the heart that is used to circulate blood and is characterized by striations and intercalated disks
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle that is used to move things through a pathway with slow contractions(peristalsis) that doesn't have any striations
Aponeuroses
Large, fibrous, membranous sheets that connect large flat muscles to other muscles or bones
Fasciae
Layers of fibrous tissue covering and separating muscles that reduces the amount of friction
Stratified squamous locations
Lining of mouth, outer layer of skin, lining of esophagus, nostrils, and anus
Epithelial tissue
Linings and coverings that protect, absorb, filter, and secrete
Ciliated columnar locations
Linings of oviducts, epididymis, and vas deferens
Simple columnar locations
Linings of the stomach, small, and large intestines
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that secrete solid bone tissue
Connective tissue
Most abundant and widely distributed type of tissue that connects and supports body parts
Adipose tissue
Most of the cells' volume is composed of lipids, which displaces the nucleus to one side, and this tissue acts as a shock absorber
All or None Law
Muscles or nerves will fire completely or not at all
Threshold
Must be reached before a neuron will fire or a muscle will contract
Simple cuboidal epithelium
One layer of cube shaped cells
Simple squamous epithelium
One layer of flattened cells
Simple columnar epithelium
One layer of tall cells that fit closely together
Simple cuboidal locations
Pancreas, kidney tubules, spleen, thyroid gland, and thymus gland
Gall stones
Pieces of hardened cholesterol or calcium salts that are occasionally formed in the gall bladder and bile ducts
Parietal cells
Produce hydrochloric acid for the stomach and a substance needed for the absorption of the B12 vitamin
Red marrow
Produces new red and white blood cells in the spongy bone located in the epiphyses of long bones
Nervous tissue
Receives and conducts electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another
Convolutions
Ridges and valleys on the brain that increase surface area
Stratified cuboidal locations
Salivary glands, ducts, and testes
Gastric glands
Secrete a mix of chemicals that aid in digestion
Chief cells
Secrete pepsinogen, the inactive form of the pepsin enzyme
Peristalsis
Slow, wavelike muscular contractions that pushes food through the digestive tract
Erectile tissue
Spongy tissue with many spaces between cells that can fill with blood that is found only in the reproductive system
Yellow marrow
Stored adipose in the hollow diaphysises of long bones
Ingestion
Taking food or drink into the mouth
Homeostasis
The ability to regulate body conditions to suit external conditions
Deglutition
The action that propels solids and liquids down the esophagus to the stomach
Cellular respiration
The burning of food in the presence of oxygen for energy
Sympathetic division
The division of the nervous system involved with 'fight or flight'
Parasympathetic division
The division of the nervous system that tries to maintain homeostasis
Epiphysis
The ends of a long bone
Amylase
The enzyme in saliva that is produced in the pancreas
Myelin sheath
The fatty insulated layer that is produced by Schwann cells
Cartilage bone
The fetal skeleton is first formed as hyaline cartilage and then replaced by compact bone through ossification
Glycogen
The form in which carbohydrates are formed
Synapse
The gap between two neurons
Sulci
The lower parts of the convolutions of the brain
Neuroglia
The membrane that makes the regeneration of nerve fibers possible
Pia mater
The meninge closest to the brain
Periosteum
The outside covering of bone
Latent period
The period of time between stimulus and response for a muscle cell
Nodes
The regular interval thin areas in the protective sheath that allow capillaries to enter
Cirrhosis
The result of chronic liver disease that causes scarring of the liver and liver dysfunction
Neuron
The scientific name for a nerve cell
Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone
Corpus calosum
The structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres and acts as the roof of the lateral ventricle
Physiology
The study of the functions of the body
Histology
The study of tissues
Refractory period
The time during which a muscle or nerve cannot respond to any more stimulation because the membrane must return to its resting state
Gyri
The upper parts of the convolutions of the brain
Pseudostratified columnar locations
Trachea, bronchi, and nasal passages
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Two or more layers of cube shaped cells
Stratified squamous epithelium
Two or more layers of flattened cells
Canaliculi
Very small capillaries that run through the solid bone between the Haversian canals and the lacunae to supply oxygen and nutrients to osteocytes and to carry away their wastes
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscle that is used to move the body and has rapid, forceful contractions
Lymph
Watery fluid that leaks from blood capillaries and fills empty spaces in body tissues and carries cells that function in immune response
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is found between layers of the meninges?
80-90%
What percentage of lung cancer victims are smokers?