h344 midterm 1
On Jan. 6th, 2011 Pres. Obama signed HR 2751, the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act.
- Increases inspection on domestic food facilities. - Spends more money on detection of foodborne outbreaks. - Gives FDA authority to recall tainted food products. - Requires food companies to write and implement new safety protocols to mitigate hazards. - Increases scrutiny/testing of imported food products and gives FDA authority to reject said products. - Includes a "whistleblower" provision to protect and reward workers for turning in offenders
Alkali Lake, Lake County, Oregon
1,250,000 gallons of toxic waste unattended in leaky barrels.
Population Decline in Russia
1. High Death Rate - life expectancy <70 yrs. Due to homelessness, drugs, alcoholism, infectious disease, HIV 2. Low Birth Rate 3. High Abortion Rate - 13 terminations for every 10 births 4. Low Immigration Rate - 15% of Russians say they would move out of Russia given the chance.
Green Revolution
1. Increasing farm land to grow more crops. 2. Store food more efficiently. 3. Genetically modify crops/seeds to boost production.
Exxon-Valdez Oil Spill Mar. 24, 1989
11,000,000 gallons
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
15,000 Employees Responsible for: Water Quality and Water Pollution Control Air Quality and Air Pollution Control Pesticide Use, Safety and Regulation Radiation Protection, Safety and Monitoring Solid Waste Management and Monitoring
refrigerated box car
1867 revolutionized food industry
Upton Sinclair's
1906 novel "The Jungle" resulted in immediate passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act
Medical Health Systems
1st line: Environmental Health technology. 2nd line: Nutrition, exercise, stress reduction. 3rd line: Immunity (antibodies). 4th line: Medical intervention.
BP oil disaster 2010
300,000,000 gallons bp made money of of it
earth population
7 billion in aug. 2011
In 1962 Centralia, Pa catches fire:
An underground coal seam is ignited by a poorly located municipal dump - still burning today.
CDC - The Centers for Disease Control
Biological agents- viruses, bacteria Chemical agents- toxic chemicals Physical agents- ionizing radiation Noise producing agents Hunger and obesity statistics Hereditary factors Stress Unknown
Tokyo Earthquake, 1933
Called "The Great Kanto Quake" Noon, Sept. 1, 1923 Magnitude 8.3 Centered In Sagami Bay, just south of Tokyo Bay. **Virtually destroyed Tokyo. fires occurred destroying everything
Bangladesh
Drinking water is hard to come by. arsenic in soil
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine
During an emergency "exercise" to test back-up equipment, the poorly designed reactor overheated, and an initial explosion 3-5 million affected in Ukraine. Only 3% of the reactor core escaped, but equalled 40X the combined radiation of Hiroshima + Nagasaki bombings. still seeing effects people get thyroid cancer like crazy
2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake & Tsunami
Earthquake struck December 26, 2004 at 7:58 a.m., measuring 9.0 on the Richter Scale. The longest duration of faulting ever recorded, lasting 500-600 seconds (10 mins). This powerful earthquake caused the entire planet to vibrate at least 1/2 inch off its axis. The quake triggered a series of huge tsunamis that spread across the Indian Ocean to the coastal areas of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand, and on to the east coast of Africa
Ineffectiveness of Antibiotics
Emergence of MRSA Who's at risk: hospital patients, people who work with farm animals, athletes, children, elderly, the immune-compromised.
Adulterants
Food/drug producers deliberately added inferior or cheaper materials to food to increase quantity or improve food appearance.
Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
Garbage dumps across the U.S. are filling up. Finding ways to reduce waste production. Cleanup of toxic waste dumps, industrial sites, and even meth labs.
Healthy People Initiative
Goal: to increase quality and years of healthy life. Priorities for 2020, safe drinking water, no toxic waste , air quality etc.
Major Determinants of Health
Heredity/biological factors 5-10% Environment 90-95%
Iraqi Grain Disaster, 1971
Iraqis were poisoned with Methyl Mercury when Mexican and U.S. grain treated with a mercury-based fumigant was shipped to Iraq during a drought-induced famine.
Times Beach, MO, 1971-1976
Largest known civilian exposure to dioxin in U.S. history Plagued with dust problems on its rural roads the city hires Russell Bliss to spray oil on roadways. At the same time Bliss is hired by a chemical company contractor to haul away toxic waste
Hooker Chemical Co., Love Canal, NY
Lois Gibbs: Formed The Love Canal Homeowners Association
The Delaney Amendment
Manufacturer of any proposed food additive or new food-contact chemical had to satisfy the FDA that the product was safe before approved for use. Prohibited the use in food of any ingredient shown to cause cancer in animals or humans. In 1958 chemical analytical techniques for trace contaminants very primitive
Mislabeling
Many foods and drugs were intentionally mislabeled. Cough medicines, wine, contained high amounts of narcotics and unspecified ingredients.
Bhopal, India - 1984
On Dec. 3, 1984 a Union Carbide pesticide plant released 40 tons of methyl isocyanate into the air in Bhopal, India, population 900,000. CEO Warren Anderson/seven others convicted in absentia - given 2 yrs. in prison and $2,000 fine.
2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami, Pacific coast, Japan
On Friday, March 11th a 9.0 undersea earthquake struck 43 miles off the coast of Japan, at a depth of ~19 miles. The quake triggered a 40-meter tsunami which traveled up to 6 miles inland. The earthquake moved the main island of Japan 8 feet eastward and shifted the earth's axis 10 inches. Thought to be the most powerful earthquake ever to have hit Japan, and 5th most powerful earthquake recorded. Death toll: ~ 18,000.
Santa Barbara Oil Spill Jan. 28, 1969
On Mar. 21st Pres. Nixon toured area. After viewing devastation he announced an immediate ban on further offshore drilling. 40,000 gal
Kuwaiti/Iraqi Oil Fields, 1990
Over 800 oil wells set ablaze. Burned 6 million barrels oil/day. Not fully extinguished until 1991, they caused severe environmental damage. Un-ignited oil formed 300 oil lakes. Oil sank into sand. How to clean this up... unknown. Took over four years before any recovery of the air quality was noticed. approximately 10-15% american soldiers are complaining of "Gulf War Syndrome.
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Predicted population growth would be exponential.... AND that agricultural production capability would be linear.
Poisons in food/drugs
Radiation was in everything
environmental health
Relationship between environment and human health
Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act, 1938:
Required certification of food color additives. Some found to be dangerous. Generated a list of GRAS: "Generally Regarded As Safe" - Addressed issues of Cosmetics: * Lash Lure * Arsenic, lead, bismuth * Radioactive "health" tonics - Testing of drugs prior to marketing
Pure Food & Drug Act, 1906
Required: - proper labeling of OTC "potions" that contained "secret ingredients" (heroin, cannabis, alcohol). - proper labeling (Coca Cola, cocaine, caffeine) - inspections for meatpacking and other food production facilities. - One of the major goals of the legislation was to curb the growing number of opiate addicts in the U.S. - Established the FDA (Food & Drug Administration).
Elixir Sulfanilamide Disaster, 1937
Sulfanilamide discovered in 1935. On the market by Sept. 1937. No rigorous pre-market testing of pharmaceutics required. - By Oct. several already dead. Over 100 died in all.
Lake Karachay, Western Russia
The Most Polluted Spot on Earth! Used as a dump site for radioactive waste since the 1951 Spending just 5 minutes near the lake is enough to receive a deadly radioactive dose. Groundwater is contaminated for hundreds of miles. By 1960's the lake grew "hot" and began to dry out. A 1968 drought and storm exposed ½ million people to radioactive blowing dust.
, 1969, the Cuyahoga River
The fire captured national attention, bringing the problem of unchecked industrial pollution to the attention of the American public
Food Quality Protection Act - 1996
This legislation effectively "gutted" the Delaney Clause. This act excluded pesticide residues in processed foods from regulation as food additives. Replaced with "negligible risk" standards.
doubling time
Time required for a population to double in size. Factors: Drought, floods, famine, plagues, war, pestilence, water availability keep population in check.* Vaccination, sanitation, penicillin all increase life span.
Monterrey Conference on World Hunger, 2002
U.N. calculations showed that raising $195 billion annually would "substantially eliminate conditions of extreme poverty in developing nations. So.....22 of the wealthiest countries agreed to each give 0.7 per cent of their national income as aid to the poorest countries. Conference attended by world leaders like Tony Blair, George Bush and Jacques Chirac many didn't give on schedule
Early problems with food
Unhygienic conditions. Adulteration—deliberate addition of inferior or cheaper material to food (black pepper, tea, cocoa, milk, coffee). Mislabeling. Poisonous food colorings/flavorings, and additives.
Environmental Pollution and Degradation
Unregulated industrial pollution threatens ¾ of its citizens. 70% of China's rivers are severely polluted; 90% of the country's cities suffer significant water pollution.
dennis beetham
a Crook County businessman indicted on federal and state charges for dumping 3000 tons of hazardous and industrial waste at his property.
Lake Nyos, western Cameroon elev. 9,876 ft.
dangerous lake water filled throat of a volcano sits on pool of magma and burped carbon dioxide killing 1,700
dengue fever
detected in AZ, CA Dengue is a viral illness characterized by characterized by high fever, severe headaches, pain behind the eyes, and muscle, bone and joint pain.
