Hadrian

Christiane Joost-Gaugier, "The Iconography of Sacred Space: A Suggested Reading of the Meaning of the Roman Pantheon" 2) Was Hadrian's Pantheon the first building in this location? What other structures occupied this space before the second century AD?

Ancient literary evidence offers little information respecting the original temple that formed part of a complex built by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa in the Campus Martius, which contained numerous other temples, altars and public buildings in the time of Augustus Pliny the Elder, who saw Agrippa's temple in the time of Vespasian's rule, refers to it as Pantheum It was embellished with sculpture, including caryatids, and figures on the angles of the pediment in addition to a sculpture of Venus in the interior Originally a temple dedicated to Marcus Agrippa, had a civic function as well Same location and from, but there wasn't a rotunda Agrippa's first original patron so keeps his name, deified and tied to Augustus, honoring those who come before, legitimizes Hadrian and plays into false modesty of I built it but didn't put my name on it

Christiane Joost-Gaugier, "The Iconography of Sacred Space: A Suggested Reading of the Meaning of the Roman Pantheon" 5) Who was Nicomachus? Why is he relevant to a study of the Pantheon?

Architects were inspired by Nicomachus and is a link to the Pythogorean theory

Christiane Joost-Gaugier, "The Iconography of Sacred Space: A Suggested Reading of the Meaning of the Roman Pantheon" 4) Why does Joost-Gaugier believe that Pythogorean theory provides a viable theory for the design of the Pantheon? What is the significance of the numbers 1, 3,4, 7, 8, 16, and 28 in Pythogorean theory, and how can they be seen in the Pantheon?

Dome itself is half a spere, lies on perfect north to south east to west axis don't know for certain if pythogorean bc they passed things orally and didn't write things One is indivisual and perfect, the oculus is the only source of light for the entire building tieing into connection with Apollo the god of the sun

Christiane Joost-Gaugier, "The Iconography of Sacred Space: A Suggested Reading of the Meaning of the Roman Pantheon" 6) How were astrology and math related in the Roman world? Why was astrology important to the Roman emperors?

Horscopes mapped out destiny, came from heavens and will of the gods Emperors wanted to be forces of a cosmic setting Math and astrology were tied together

Christiane Joost-Gaugier, "The Iconography of Sacred Space: A Suggested Reading of the Meaning of the Roman Pantheon" 3) What is the post-antique history of the Pantheon?

In 609 it was transformed to a Christian church Deterioration But it preserved the building

Christiane Joost-Gaugier, "The Iconography of Sacred Space: A Suggested Reading of the Meaning of the Roman Pantheon" 1) What is the Pantheon? Where was it located? Who built it? When was it built? What was its purpose?

The Pantheon was designed by Hadrian He built the Pantheon in the center of the city of Rome in an area dedicated to the cult of the emperor Not just another temple. The most grand, innovative, difficult, and complex secular temple of Roman antiquity, must have been intended to convey to the Roman intelligentsia if not to the Roman people a very carefully crafted and distinct meaning A Pythagorean scheme of numbers as known and admired in Hadrian's time was used to create a sophisticated formulation that would have been better understood to contemporary observers than it can be to us today secular temple built in 25 BC but redone by Hadrian but kept original plan Rectangular area with portico, opens to circular rotunda, 10 collums across the front so quite large and of materials from throughout the empire, monolithic shafts, material transported up the river Temple façade on front and rotunda on back

Arch of Hadrian

Athens; 131 AD; marble -Two sided -athens was his alma mater, gave the city money -West side facing acropolis: "This is Athens, the ancient city of Theseus" -East side (facing Olympeion): "This is the city of Hadrian and not Theseus" -Hadrian is openly worshipped as a god here, he isn't trying to be humble. -built by athens in honor of hadrian, higher than famous greek hero theseus -Different from other arches, more delicate, less sturdy and wide. Not as purposeful or grand. Lacks sculptural engraving. Not triumphal, just a testament to Hadrian. diff style

Temple of Venus and Roma

Hadrian (architect); 135 AD; concrete, granite, travertine, and marble -Heavily influenced by Greek temples -two cellas: back to back rooms for cult statues -expresses how hadrian sees himself as both greek and roman -at the center of rome -very little recorded evidence of what it looked like -steps and peripheral column all the way around -is a testament to Hadrian's love of Greece and Greek culture. However, dedicated to two of the most popular Roman gods -very defining of who Hadrian was as a person and as an emperor -apollodorus thought it was ugly, designed by hadrian

Cassius Dio, Roman History, 69.4 1) Why did Hadrian put Apollodorus to death? What does this passage tell us about Hadrian and his relationship with architecture and the arts?

Hadrian did not have the knowledge to design the architect The architects name is not known

7)How does Joost-Gaugier describe Hadrian and his relationships with his subjects?

Hated, conceited and arrogant Threw lavish events Killed competition for the throne Loved by the people outside of Rome because thats where he was Did public works, helped people of the Greek Deified by the Greeks Romans wanted to assassinate him, killed high ranging officials

Portrait of Hadrian

Rome; 117-120; marble - adopted heir of trajan, was groomed by trajan but never fully adopted him. trajan died on 8th of august, hadrians adoption announced on the 9th, death announced on 11th - hadrian was 40 and had been groomed for 30 years -Compare to Trajan: more idealized, first bearded portrait. He looks wiser -Hadrian wants to seem Greek. He is schooled in Greece and spent a lot of time in Eastern provinces. -Appearance is unchanging throughout reign. Mature but not old. -Heavily portrayed, more portraits of Hadrian than all emperors except Augustus. - no interest in war, didnt add new territory -great builder, more classical greek than trajan - first to have bread and look greek, wise greek philosopher image which is interesting bc there was a clear transition of power but his travel is what influences his look

Pantheon

Rome; 125-128; marble, brick, concrete -The front is a pronaos. 10 columns -Made with stone from across the entire empire. Greek marble, egyptian granite. Monolithic, demonstrating extreme wealth and importance -dome of concrete. -expensive stone on inside -27 ft oculus in center -full purpose still not really known or understood -monument of hadrian

Apotheosis of Sabina

Rome; 136-138; marble -dates btwn dates of death of sabina and hadrian -apotheosis: deification of Sabina - Hadrian established a cult around her after her death. Sabina was very princess like. -She was very popular, especially because of her connection to Trajan. She was Trajan's grandniece. This served as good propaganda. -She rises into heavens to be with the gods. -campus martius connects to death of imperial family so we see personafic of campus martius waving bye to sabina. all emperors were cremated -sabina is on the back of eternity -hadrian waves goodbye and he is x2 her size -hadrian lifts up sabina so he too will be diegied -Classical influence.

Hadrian's Villa

Tivoli; begun 125 AD -Hadrian spends about 20 years working on this, continuously adding to it -Essentially becomes its own little city, large complex for his private pleasure -Has accomodations for Hadrians, his guests, the imperial court, servants, military guards, kitchen and garden staff - all these people need space, dormitory for staff -The spaces are dedicated to having fun. Pools, gardens, baths, libraries, theaters -This is his fantasy space to build whatever he wants, to display all of his art. -Allows him to be close to Rome, without being in Rome -over the top luxury, no public reaction because not in Rome -recreated famous buildings -The Maritime Theater is a retreat within retreat. Mini island villa, building surrounded by a moat, surrounded by a wall. Draw bridge to pull back. Marble columns, brick and concrete walls.

8)What, according to Joost-Gaugier is the overall message of the Pantheon?

What better symbol of Hadrian's imperial power and majesty could have been designed than a temple where he exerted his administrative and judicial powers-a temple built as a symbol of his imperial nativity, a time of the conjunction of the sun and the new moon, and proclaiming his destiny to rule the Roman world. Paints him as a god Glorifies hadran and his rule Most likely the greatest oculus ever constructed was surrounded by a painted belt of the zodiac referring to his horoscope in the upper zone of the dome, at the point of conjunction between the sun and the moon. Just as the two celestial luminaries-the sun and the moon-give the times of day and night

Portrait of Antinous in the Guise of an Egyptian Pharaoh

from Hadrian's Villa; Tivoli; 130-138 AD; marble -Hadrian's lover, very public relationship. They met when Antinous was young, kept with him his whole life. Very pederastic. -This public relationship was highly scandalous -Antinous is greek and younger -Hadrian, Sabina, and Antinous were a trio traveling around together. -Antinous drowns in Egypt. Hadrian deifies him, establishes a cult around him, tons of images. This was totally unheard of, establishing a cult around a non-imperial family member. -Cult is most popular in Egypt, because this is where Antinous dies. For this reason, he is often depicted in egyptian garments with similar posture for pharohs. -Very sexualized, you can see the outline of his penis -picks and choose egptyian styles: soft around stomach, curves but not as stiff as egyptians and the face is antinous not egyptian