HBS - Lesson 1.2 Assessment

13. Ligaments Cell

Dense regular connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

65. How can differences in our skeletons contribute to our identity?

Differences in our skeletons contribute to our identity because it could contrast the body size or shape, appearance of body, facial features, and the amount of bones we have.

2. Name the 4 main tissues.

Epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue.

68. When you compared your predicted values for height from both parts, what did you notice?

I noticed that the comparison of the predicted values were pretty close to the actual height from both parts.

14. What do you notice is the main difference between the structure of the connective tissues and the structure of the epithelium?

I noticed the main difference between the structure of the connective tissues and structure of the epithelium is that the epithelium tissue is far more organized than the connective tissue.

77. Forensic anthropologists take into account a person's age when calculating stature. Why do you think most forensic anthropology textbooks also describe adjustments to height calculations for persons over 45?

I think most forensic anthropology textbooks also describe adjustments to height calculations for people over 45 because at this age, people start getting short. Meaning they start losing their height. This is related to the vertebral column because the spine gets short and causes it to lose the height.

33. Reflect on your own identity. What do you think helps make you, you?

I think what helps make me, me is the orbicularis eye because I use my eyes very often and it really is useful to me in terms of using them to see something. This helps a lot for me because I use it on a daily basis for useful things.

17. Name the bones of the skeletal system.

Mandible, maxilla, zygomatic process, frontal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone, and parietal bone.

8. Name the 5 main cells.

Neuron cell, cartilage cell, blood cell, tendon cell, and ligaments cell.

25. Name the 3 main head and neck muscles.

Orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, and temporalis.

45. Rib Cage

Series or pairs of curved bones which is located around the chest.

3. Epithelial Tissue

Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities.

4. Muscle Tissue

Soft tissue that composes human muscle and gives rise to the muscle's ability to contract.

73. Why do you think some equations did a better job predicting height than others?

Some equations did a better job predicting height than others because everyone's estimation of the bones is different and based on their height, it will develop how easy or how hard it will be to predict the height.

34. How many functions of the skeletal system can you name?

Some functions are the skeletal system are movement, flexibility, and shape or size.

29. Describe specific motions that you would not be able to complete if you damaged your temporalis, your orbicularis oculi, or your orbicularis oris.

Some motions that would not be able to damage the temporalis is when you're chewing food, you're moving your jaw in order to chew the food. So when the temporalis is damaged, you won't be able to chew food. The orbicularis oculi functions your eye because it has a band around your eye and you won't able to see if the orbicularis oculi was damaged. Lastly, the orbicularis oris controls the lips and the mouth's movements, so when this part is damaged, you won't be able to move your mouth.

74. What are some of the sources of error in your analysis?

Some of the sources of error in the analysis is whether the height estimation has decimals and the non-terminating height estimations where it will get hard to calculate the height and graph it.

35. What are some 24 bones of the skeletal system?

Sternum, radius, phalanges, scapula, tibia, pelvic girdle, tarsals, patella, humerus, rib cage, fibula, vertebral column, cervical, thoriac, lumbar, sacral, coccyx, carpals, metacarpals, femur, metatarsals, clavicle, and ulna.

69. Which approach seemed to give values closer to your actual height—the formula that uses only sex or the formula that uses both ethnicity and sex?

The approach that seemed to give values closer to the actual height both the ethnicity and sex because it was very close to the actual height.

7. Cells

The basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles - all enclosed by a membrane.

71. What are the benefits and limitations of using ethnic origins as a factor in the analysis of bones?

The benefits and limitations of using ethnic origins as a factor in the analysis of bones is it will tell you the estimation of your race. Based on the height, it will give the estimation of how all the other ethnic origins are and be useful for the people in the future or new upcoming generations.

51. Lumbar

The bone located in the lower back.

41. Pelvic Girdle

The bone of the hip bone or coxal bone which is located near the hip supporting the lower limbs.

57. Metatarsals

The bones of the foot.

56. Carpals

The bones of the hand connected to the wrist.

36. Sternum

The breastbone which is flat and located on the middle line of the chest.

49. Cervical

The cervix located on the neck.

58. Clavicle

The collarbone located on the top of the breastbone and the shoulder.

72. When you compared your predicted value to your actual height, how close were you to the actual value?

The comparison of the predicted values to the actual height is close enough, but they were a couple centimeters away because they weren't a major difference. The actual value was close to the predicted heights because they were an estimation and it was a slight contrast, but not a major difference.

61. What is the difference between a true rib, a false rib, and a floating rib?

The difference between a true rib, a false rub, and a floating rib is that they are each located at a certain part of the rib cage. The true ribs are on the top connected to the sternum and it carries pairs of seven ribs. The false ribs are in between the true ribs and floating ribs with five rib pairs and it doesn't connect to the sternum. The floating ribs are half the size of the ribs compared to the other ribs and they are the last two pairs on the bottom and they don't touch any other ribs that are in the front of the body.

32. How does the distribution of tissues contribute to our appearance and to our identity?

The distribution of tissues contributes to our appearance and to our identity because it relates to how you will look. For example, the muscle tissues will contribute to the body size which appears on you when someone is looking at your body.

21. Frontal Bone

The front part of the upper skull which includes the forehead and the eye sockets.

67. A man was in a car accident and fractured cervical vertebrae, his femur, and his fifth metatarsal. Explain his injuries to a "nonscience" person.

The injuries are that he fractured his back spine, his leg, and his pinky toe.

40. Tibia

The inner and usually larger of the two bones of the leg between the knee and ankle that articulates above with the femur and below with the talus; also called shinbone.

43. Patella

The kneecap located in front of the knee and it's a moveable bone.

44. Humerus

The longest bone of the upper arm or forelimb extending from the shoulder to the elbow.

18. Mandible

The lower jawbone of the skull.

56. Femur

The proximal bone of the hind or lower limb that is the longest and largest bone in the human body; extends from the hip to the knee.

70. Why do you think the formula that uses only sex or the formula uses both ethnicity and sex is the case?

The reason why I think the formula that uses both ethnicity and sex this is the case is because they were a few centimeters away from the height and since it was predicted, it's obvious it won't be the exact same height, but it would be close enough to it.

39. Scapula

The shoulder blade shaped as a triangle located on the back of the shoulder.

22. Temporal Bone

The side of the skull between the middle and inner side of the ear.

16. Skull

The skeleton of the head forming a bony case that encloses and protects the brain and chief sense organs and supports the jaws.

63. Axial Skeleton

The skeleton of the trunk and head.

62. Describe where these bones are located.

The smallest bones of the body are ears. These bones are located in the middle of the ear and the bones are stapes, malleus, and incus and they all are in the middle ear.

47. Vertebral Column

The spinal column or the back bone of the spine.

79. How does the structure of specific human tissue provide clues to its function in the human body?

The structure of specific human tissue provide clues to its function in the human body because the "epithelial tissues act as coverings controlling the movement of materials across the surface." The connective tissue combines the numerous parts of the body and support the organs by providing protection for it. The muscle tissue allows movement in the body. The nervous tissue collects and spread information to the body.

15. How does the structure of the connective tissues relate to function?

The structure of the connective tissues relate to the function because it has blood vessels connected to it and the epithelial does not have any blood vessels to it.

31. Explain how the structure of epithelium and the structure of connective tissue, specifically bone, relate to the function of the tissue.

The structure of the epithelium and structure of connective relate to the function of tissue because they all use each other to function and control together. The epithelial tissue has protective layers in which the blood vessels function in order to connect which means it relates with the connective tissue.

50. Thoracic

The thorax located on the spinal column.

19. Maxilla

The upper jawbone of the skull.

66. Why do you think there are discs of cartilage between the bones in the vertebral column?

There are discs of cartilage between the bones in the vertebral column because it needs protection. The vertebral column acts as a comforter or a cushion to help support the vertebral bones when the body is moving. This supports the back spine of the body to be flexible and protected from any type of injury or damage.

60. Why are there sutures on the human skull? What does this tell you about the actual structure of the skull?

There are sutures on the human skull because they are joints connected to each other and the sutures let the brain grow bigger. This tells us about the actual structure of the skull that it's symmetrical because the sutures break down the bones and divide them into different parts, like bigger and smaller bones.

78. An anthropologist finds a 29 cm humerus in a remote site at a mountain resort. There was a missing person's report for a woman (approximately 5' 5" tall) placed just about a week ago. Could this bone possibly belong to her? Why or why not?

This bone possibly could not belong to the woman. The reason why is because in order to estimate the humerus, you need to calculate the MLH formula of a female which is (3.14 x MLH) + 65 cm + 3.72 cm. If you plug in the humerus which is 29 cm into the formula and compare it to the approximate height, you will notice the difference between both of the heights. So, when you calculate the formula which is, (3.14 x 29) + 65 cm + 3.72 cm, you will get 159.78 cm. Then when you convert the approximate height of 5' 5" into centimeters, you get about 167.74 cm and this is almost 8 cm difference compared to the woman's humerus which means it is not the woman's humerus.

30. How would the motions affect your ability to communicate?

This would affect the ability to communicate because all of these are something we have to use everyday or even every minute of our life and these are very important to us.

6. Nervous Tissue

Tissue type that makes up the central and peripheral nervous systems.

46. Fibula

Two bones between the ankle and knee of the leg.

37. Radius

Two bones located on the forearm of the thumb side.

59. Ulna

Two bones located on the forearm.

11. Blood Cell

A body fluid that transfers substances, such as oxygen and nutrients, to cells and transports waste products away from cells.

Parietal Bone

A bone centered on the sides of the skull and located on the back part of the skull.

23. Occipital Bone

A bone located behind the skull.

55. Metacarpals

A flat bone located on the back of the hand.

28. Temporalis

A muscle of the lower jawbone which is on the each side of the skull.

27. Orbicularis Oris

A muscle surround the mouth and the lips.

26. Orbicularis Oculi

A muscle that closes the eyelids.

9. Neuron Cell

A nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its cell membrane.

76. Suggest a reason why the equations generated for males in your class may not be as accurate as they would be if we took these measurements 10 years from now.

A reason why the equations generated for males in class may not be as accurate as they would be 10 years from now is because they will keep growing in the future and at a certain age their bones will stop growing which make the estimations very different from now and 10 years from now.

53. Coccyx

A small bone that is shaped as a triangle and located on the spinal column base of the vestigial vertebrae.

52. Sacral

A triangular bone located under the spine.

20. Zygomatic Process

A triangular eminence separating orbital surface, zygomatic, and anterior.

10. Cartilage Cell

A usually translucent somewhat elastic tissue that composes most of the skeleton of vertebrate embryos and except for a small number of structures (as some joints, respiratory passages, and the external ear) is replaced by bone during ossification in the higher vertebrates.

12. Tendons Cell

A white fibrous cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

75. How will the age of the sample population affect your results?

Age of the same population will affect the results because both genders keep growing and what their estimation of their height and bones are now, it will be different in the future.

80. How do all tissues in the body contribute to the identity of a person?

All the tissues in the body contribute to the identity of a person because people have different amounts of muscles meaning that some have more and others have less. The nerves and nerve connections have difference which "affect the way our minds work and the ways we make decisions" and few people have connective tissue more than others.

1. Tissues

An integrated group of cells with a common structure and function.

5. Connective Tissue

Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.

42. Tarsals

Bone of the tarsus located on proximal region of the foot.

64. Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton.

38. Phalanges

Bones of the toes and fingers.

48. Name the 4 main vertebral column.

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx.