HCOM 320 FINAL

identity in relation to the development of romantic relationships.

--Individuals with assimilated (weak ethnic, strong cultural), bicultural (strong ethnic, strong cultural), or marginal (weak ethnic, weak cultural) identities have a greater tendency to date and/or marry out of their own groups. --The "Romeo and Juliet" effect: The more the families are against this relationship, the more the couple wants to rebel against their parents, thus finding each other more attractive. --Generation is a predictor of interethnic relationships: The later the generation in the U. S., the more likely the individual will date outgroup members

What are the three approaches for studying intercultural conflict?

--Three techniques to negotiate scarce resources: 1. Differentiation: acknowledge different cultural perspectives in conflict situation and divide up the large puzzle to different pieces. 2. Expansion means an active search for alternative paths or creative solutions to enlarge the amount, type, or use of available resources. 3. Compensation means offering exchanges or concessions for conflict issues they value differently

Facework and Stradegies

-FaceWork refers to the specific verbal and nonverbal behaviors or actions that we engage in to maintain or restore face loss and to uphold and honor face gain. -Face loss occurs when we are treated in a way that challenges or ignores our identity claims -Face issues how to reject a request or get our own request granted Requesting Strategies US managers tend to use open invitations, promises, and direct compliments. -Japanese managers tend to use altruistic strategies or appeals to duty

Racism and prejudice - what are some of the obstacles individuals face in relationships?

-Intercultural-intimate conflict is any antagonistic friction or disagreement between two romantic partners due, in part, to cultural or ethnic group membership differences. -Interracial couples display obvious visible differences compared to interethnic or interfaith couples, who can choose to reveal their differences to outsiders. -Racism refers to the practice of power dominance of a "superior" racial group over other "inferior" races. -Outgroup members can react in a wide range of ways, from ostracism to complete acceptance. -Family members can also react in these ways

What factors contribute to an intercultural relationship?

-Perceived physical attractiveness -Physical attractiveness critical to initial attraction; cultural differences regarding what is attractive. (U.S. attractive: high energy, enthusiasm. Korean attractive: high integrity, concern for others.) -Individuals often concerned with creating a favorable impression in the presence of others so others can be attracted to them or find them likeable. -Impression formation and interpersonal attraction: interdependent concepts. -Perceived attractiveness or credibility is in eye of beholder; the meaning of such concepts reflects social agreements that are created and sustained through cultural nonverbal practices

Perceived similarity

-Perceived similarity refers to the degree to which people think others are similar or dissimilar to themselves. -It implies shared views in beliefs, values, attitudes, communication, interests, and/or hobbies. -In intergroup-interpersonal attraction, it takes on a variety of aspects, such as perceived cultural-racial similarity. -There is a positive relationship between perceived similarity and interpersonal attraction (the more perceived similarity, the more interpersonal attraction). -People may be attracted to dissimilar strangers if they have repeated chances to interact with them under favorable contact conditions

Self-disclosure, culture, and relationship development

-Self-disclosure: intentional process of revealing exclusive information about ourselves to others that other individuals do not know. -Self-disclosure and intimacy are interdependent: Self-disclosure can increase intimacy, which prompts more self-disclosure.

Self-Disclosure Matchmakers ONLINE (5)

1. Attention: construct attractive profile. 2. Recognition: virtual flirting, indicate interest to other party. 3. Interaction: show interest via e-mail, instant messaging, or texting. 4. Face-to-face meeting: screening out process. 5. Resolution: decision-making phase to decide whether to see each other offline again and/or to continue using dating site.

Interracial relationships (3)

1. Bicultural 2. Assimlimuted 3. Marginal

Three primary perception features of conflict

1. Conflict involves intercultural perceptions, which are filtered through our lenses of ethnocentrism and stereotypes. 2. Ethnocentric perceptions add biases and prejudice to our conflict attribution process. 3. Our attribution process is further compounded by different culture-based verbal and nonverbal conflict styles. ---Straight talk low-context approach is assertive, emotionally expressive. ---Face talk high-context approach is indirect, hesitant

Know the three conflict goal issues

1. Content goals are the practical issues that are external to the individuals involved. 2. Relational conflict goals refers to how individuals define the particular relationship (intimate vs. nonintimate, formal vs. informal) or would like to define it in that interactive situation. 3. Identity-based goals means face-saving and face-honoring issues in a conflict episode. ---Cultural identity can mean how an individual identifies himself or herself culturally or ethnically and linguistically or religiously. ---Social identity can imply matters of profession, age, social class, and gender issues. ---Personal identity can mean personal self-esteem and personal self-respect issues.

Know the conflict five styles grid. What is it? How does it define conflict.

1. Dominating (or competitive/controlling) style emphasizes tactics that push for one's own position above and beyond the other's conflict interest. Includes aggressive, defensive, and controlling tactics. 2. Avoiding style involves dodging the conflict topic, party or situation altogether. Includes denying the conflict exists, glossing over the topic. 3. Obliging (or accommodating) style involves high concern of the other's conflict interest above and beyond one's own conflict position. Includes smoothing over the conflict or giving in to partner's wishes. 4. Compromising style involves a give-and-take concession approach to reach a mid-point agreement. Includes fairness appeals, trade-off suggestions or other short-term solutions. 5. Integrating (or collaborative) style involves a high concern for both self-interest and also other person's interest. Note: Although in the U. S. obliging and avoiding styles are viewed negatively (as indifferent to or fleeing from conflict), collectivists often use these two conflict styles, considering them face-sensitive conflict styles.

There are four critical skills for competent conflict management

1. Facework management 2. Mindful listening 3. Cultural empathy 4. Mindful reframing

Inverted Pyramid of E.netizen Identity (3)

1. Gliding 2. Interfaced 3. Fixated

What are some of the coping strategies for countering racism?

1. Ignoring/dismissing: especially for minor offenses 2. Normalizing: appeal to treat as "normal" couple 3. Withdrawing: avoid places, people who are hostile 4. Educating: outreach efforts to help other accept 5. Confrontation: directly address those who insult 6. Prayer: rely on prayer, faith to solve problems Humor: add levity to ease pains of racism

Interracial couple's four stages of "racial" awareness #4

1. Racial awareness refers to gradual awakening stage to each other's views and societal views on intimate racial relationship matters. 2. Coping refers to struggles and strategies to gain approval from others. 3. Identity emergence occurs as they announce their relationship to families and ingroups. 4. Relationship maintenance refers to continuous hard work as the couple faces new challenges (children, moving, meeting new people).

Communication decoding issues

1. To minimize initial interaction anxiety, two cultural strangers need proficiency in a shared language and use of everyday slang and idioms. 2. Native language speaker must develop cultural sensitivity including in-depth knowledge of other's cultural values, expectations, idioms, nonverbal moves, and dating rituals. 3. Individualists: low-context direct verbal approach to initiating, maintaining, ending close relationships. Active verbal self-disclosure: "I love you." 4. Collectivists: high-context, indirect approach. Love is in details of attending to other's needs and desires and to offer sacrifice

Know the various cross-ethnic and cross-cultural conflict styles as discussed in your textbook AFRICAN AMERICAN

African American conflict styles: -Black mode of conflict is high-keyed (energetic, nonverbally animated, and emotionally expressive), while -White mode of conflict is relatively low-keyed (dispassionate, nonverbally and emotionally restrained). -Tend to prefer an emotionally engaged, assertive mode of conflict discussion. -This group is influenced by both individualistic and collectivistic values.

Know the various cross-ethnic and cross-cultural conflict styles as discussed in your textbook ASIAN AMERICAN

Asian American conflict styles Strongly influenced by Confucianism which emphasizes core values such as long-term orientation, ordering relationships by status, and collective face saving. -Tend to use avoiding or obliging conflict styles, and sometimes use "silence" and third-party help to mediate the conflict situation

The conflict scarce resources

Conflict resources are tangible rewards that people strive for in the dispute. -Tangible resources may include spending decisions, choice of vacation location, etc. -Intangible resources may include deeply felt desires or emotional needs, such as security, inclusion, connection, respect, etc.

3. critical skills for competent conflict management

Cultural empathy: -Involves the learned ability of the participants to understand accurately the self-experiences of others from diverse cultures. -Also involves the ability to convey their understanding responsively and effectively.

Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory

DEF-

What occurs during intercultural intimate conflicts?

DEF- is any antagonistic friction or disagreement between two romantic partners due, in part, to cultural or ethnic group membership differences. -Interracial couples display obvious visible differences compared to interethnic or interfaith couples, who can choose to reveal their differences to outsiders.

Defining the Conflict Grid

Defining conflict styles: -Face is about socially approved self-image and other-image consideration issues. -Facework is about the verbal and nonverbal strategies used to maintain, defend, or upgrade our social self-image and attack or defend the social images of others. -Conflict communication style refers to patterned verbal and nonverbal responses to conflict in a variety of frustrating conflict situations. ***Three approaches to studying conflict styles: 1. Dispositional approach: conflict style tendencies depends on primary socialization process of one's cultural or ethnic group and also one's dispositional or personality traits (e.g., extrovert/introvert). 2. Situational approach stresses conflict topic and conflict situation in shaping what conflict styles will be used in what types of relationships and contexts. 3. Systems approach integrates dispositional and situational approaches, recognizing that individuals modify their predominant conflict styles based on the situation and on their partners' reactions to their conflict behaviors.

Intercultural and intimate relationships - know the cultural differences and values.

Different cultural-ethnic membership values Intimacy: -"A relationship that is very personal or private in nature, marked by warmth and familiarity." **Intimate relationships include deep friendships, romantic relationship and close family relationship. -The core building block of individualism-collectivism lies in its relative emphasis on the importance of the "I" identity and the "we" identity. -Individualists also emphasize personal privacy and relationship privacy issues. Collectivists also emphasize family and ingroup network connection issues.

CHAPTER 11

E.netizen

Characteristics of an E.netizen Identity

E.netizen identity: composite identity shaped by technology, popular culture, and mass consumption

What is face and know its relation to conflict.

Face is a claimed sense of social self-worth that a person wants others to have of him/or her. Two types of face concerns in conversations: 1. Self-Face concern means we are much more interested in upholding our identities and favorable self-images in our interactions with each other 2. Other-face concern means that we are much more interested in providing identity respect and support for the other person's interest or need in the face-negotiation process.

Face and Face negotiation theory.

Face-negotiation theory: helps explain how individualism-collectivism value patterns influence the use of diverse conflict styles in different cultural situations. Individualists -Tend to be more self-face-oriented. -Tend to use direct-low context style to assert their rights. ***Collectivists -Tend to be more other- or mutual-face-oriented in conflict negotiations. -Tend to use indirect, high-context style to maintain other or mutual face and to preserve relational harmony. ***Independent-self individuals use more competitive/dominating conflict styles and interdependent-self individuals tend to use more avoiding, obliging, integrating and compromising styles.

1. critical skills for competent conflict management

Facework management: -Addresses the core issues of protecting our own communication identity during conflict and at the same time, allowing us to deal with the communication identity of the other conflict party. -Self-oriented face-saving behaviors are attempts to regain or defend one's image after threats to face or face loss. -Other-oriented face-giving behaviors are attempts to support others' face claims and work with them to prevent further face loss or help them to restore face constructively. -Giving face means not humiliating others in public. *****For individualists in conflict with collectivists: Giving face means acknowledging collectivists' ingroup concerns and obligations, holding mutual-orientation perspective, apologizing when part of problem, giving credit to team or family. *****For collectivists in conflict with individualists: Giving face means honoring others by active expression of ideas, candidly, with explicit verbal acknowledgment and feedback, recognition of and complimenting other's abilities and unique contributions, and understanding acting assertively, passively, passive aggressively, and aggressively.

Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory

How does it apply to effective communication?-

Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory

How it Works-

Intercultural relationship

Intercultural relationship - being in a relationship with someone of a different culture. (e.g., Mexican woman, German Man)

Dialectics and relationship development (2)

Intercultural relationship - being in a relationship with someone of a different culture. (e.g., Mexican woman, German Man) Interethnic relationship - being in a relationship with someone of the same ethnicity but different heritage. (e.g., Chinese woman, Japanese man)

Johari Window

Johari window: involves personal information, four panels: -Open panel: known to self and to generalized or specific other. -Hidden panel: known to self but unknown to others. -Blind panel: not known to self, known to others. Unknown panel: not known to self or others.

Know the various cross-ethnic and cross-cultural conflict styles as discussed in your textbook LATINO

Latino/a American conflict styles Tactfulness and consideration of others' feelings are considered important facework norms. Avoidance is sometimes preferred over a head-on confrontational style in dealing with minor or mid-range conflict issues.

2. critical skills for competent conflict management

Mindful listening: Mindful listening Is a face-validation and power-sharing skill. -Involves learning to listen responsively or ting (Chinese word for listening means "attending mindfully with our ears, eyes, and a focused heart"). -Creating new categories means learning to apply culture-sensitive concepts to make sense of conflict variation behaviors. -Paraphrasing skills involves verbally summarizing the content meaning of the message. -Nonverbally echoing your interpretation of the emotional meaning of the message.

4. critical skills for competent conflict management

Mindful reframing: -Reframing is a highly creative, mutual-face-honoring skill. -Reframing is the mindful process of using language to change the way each person defines or thinks about experiences and views the conflict situation.

Factors and issues for raising bi-cultural/bi-racial children know them.

Multiple options exist (intensity of identification with race, culture; degree of family involvement, etc.). ***Majority-group identifiers: children identify with parent from dominant culture. ***Minority-group identifiers: children identify with minority parent. ***Synthesizers: acknowledge both influences, synthesize both. ***Dissaffiliates: identify with neither parent's culture background. Helping children to develop a secure identity -Work out family identity plan early. -Listen to your children's identity experiences. -Provide cultural enrichment opportunities. -Be truthful about prejudice and racism, nurture self-esteem. -Recognize children will grow up and choose their own path.

Know the various cross-ethnic and cross-cultural conflict styles as discussed in your textbook NATIVE AMERICAN

Native American conflict styles Prefer the use of verbal restraint and self-discipline. Tend to be more other- and mutual-face-sensitive in disputes. Verbal restraint and asking a third-party elder for wisdom in resolving the conflict issue is also done, along with deliberate silence to convey displeasure.

What is attraction?

Perceived attractiveness or credibility is in eye of beholder; the meaning of such concepts reflects social agreements that are created and sustained through cultural nonverbal practices

Autonomy and Connection

Refers to closeness and independence in relationships.

Social penetration theory

Social penetration theory: interpersonal information progresses from superficial nonintimate to more deep-layered intimate self-disclosure. -Process involves breadth (number of topics) and depth (layers that reveal our emotionally vulnerable self).

FIXATED

Strong attachment and solidarity to e.netizen identity. Continuously connected to Internet, living their daily reality via virtual reality.

Inverted Pyramid of e.netizen Identity GLIDING

Surface level. Weaker attachment with wired community. Stronger ties with local culture and Internet viewed as hobby and way to gather information.

Intercultural workplace conflict grid. Parts and how it works

Uses two value dimensions (individualism-collectivism and power distance) to form grid with four approaches: a. Impartial approach (individualistic-small power distance) values personal freedom and equal treatment. Denmark, Sweden, Norway. Employee may ask for justification for manager's decisions. b. Status-achievement approach (individualistic-large power distance) values personal freedom and earned inequality. France and some U.S. corporations. Employees can voice complaints, but managers have authority and power. c. Benevolent approach (collectivistic-large power distance) values obligation to others and asymmetrical interaction. Most Latin and South American, Asian, Arab, and African nations. Managers play authoritative parental role. d. Communal approach (collectivistic-small power distance) values authentic connection and genuine equality. Only nation: Costa Rica. Communal decision-making and rotating leadership.

Intercultural conflict- Independent

a. A content conflict goal lens (emphasis on tangible conflict issues). b. A clear win-lose conflict approach (one wins, one loses). c. A "doing" angle (something broken needs fixing). d. An outcome-driven mode (clear action plan or resolution needed)

Intercultural conflict-Interdependent conflict

a. A relational process lens (emphasis on relationship and feeling issues). b. A win-win relational approach (feelings, "faces" both saved). c. A "being" angle (repair relational trust). d. A long-term compromising negotiation mode (no clear winner or loser).

E-characteristics: (9 E's)

a. Exclusive: loyal to the Internet community, their main connection to the world. b. Evolved: multifaceted and network-based social group identities, comfortable borrowing identities. c. Explorers: as consumer-based identity, in search of next big thing.

Independent-self intimate partners

balance the autonomy-connection theme as "me-we" dialectical forces.

Intercultural relationship

being in a relationship with someone of a different culture. (e.g., Mexican woman, German Man)

Interethnic relationship

being in a relationship with someone of the same ethnicity but different heritage. (e.g., Chinese woman, Japanese man)

E-characteristics: (9 E's) CONT'D

d. Emoticon: used in instant, text, and e-mail messaging. e. Entertained: insatiable appetite for entertainment. f. Engaged: group effort at decision making (shared opinions). g. Energized: bored easily, so constant sensory stimulation is needed.

Autonomy

means the need for privacy and personal space in a relationship.

Connection

means the need for relatedness and fluid merging of personal space.

INTERFACED

moderately strong ties to Internet. Global Internet and local community ties. Connected to Internet for news, trends, selective buying.

Interdependent-self individuals

view autonomy and connection as a quadrangular contest, a "me-we-they-they" juggling act between the two partners and both family networks.

E.netizen

—the "first-wave" users, having the latest technology. 2. "Globally ethnic" involves multiple ethnicities.