HDF415456

APA Code 1953

-American Psychologists Association wanted to write ethics for psychology -two additional elements: deception and confidentiality -some researchers started putting benefit over risk like milgram and zombardo (1) confidentiality (2) informed consent (3) right to withdraw (4) deception (5) risk vs. benefit

Confidentiality

-Beneficence -it is the researcher's responsibility to protect the participants identity and right to privacy (including participant responses) during and after the research study

Risk-benefit analysis

-Beneficence -weighing the risks against the benefits of a research study to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks

Beneficience

-Beneficence refers to the reduction of risk of harm to the participants as compared with the benefit of the study. -In other words, a risk-benefit analysis should be conducted to ensure that the benefits of a study outweigh the risks to the participants.

Non Experimental

IV to DV

counterbalencing

a control used in within-subjects experiments where different participants are assigned in equal numbers to the different orders of the conditions

(IV) group differences: experimenter bias

a source of bias in a study created when a researcher treats groups differently based on knowledge

(EV) Demand characteristics

a source of bias that can occur in a study due to participants changing their behavior based on their perception of the study and its purpose

(EV) Hawthorne effect

a source of bias that can occur in a study due to participants changing their behavior because they are aware that they are being observed

a quasi-independent variable is the same as

a subject variable

Independent experimental variable: amount

a variable that includes levels with a different amount of the treatment changing from level to level

Independent experimental variable: type

a variable that involves a manipulation of types of a treatment

Independent experimental variable: presence/absence

a variable that involves a manipulation with a level that involves the treatment and a level that does not involve the treatment

adherence to ethical guidelines in psychological studies with humans is currnently monitored by

an review board at each institution where research is conducted (IRB)

the ________ act provides specific standards for the acquistion, housing, and care of animals in the US

animal warfare

Confederate

apa code: a person who is part of a research study but acts as though he or she is not, to decieve the participant about the study's purpose

Debriefing

apa code: discussing the purpose and benefits of a research study with participants, often done at the end of the study

Deception

apa code: misleading participants about the purpose or procedures of a research study

Plagiarism can be:

intentional or unintentional

temperature in cities throughout country

interval

temperature measured in f or c is measured on

interval scale

(NP) Haphazard/Volunteer

members of pop are chosen based on convenience and on who volunteers -incentive

In Milgram's study of obidience results showed that

most of the participants were willing to shock the confederate at the highest level

an independent variable that includes three different types of treatments

multivalent variable

tellow walls and white walls

nominal

the simplest scale of measurement is:

nominal scale

qualitative data

non-numerical participant responses

confounding, controlled or third

not primary interest, could interfere with interests

quantitative data

numerical data

(IV) Testing effects

occur when participants are tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing -when experiment does same task more than once and get different results each time

brand listed third in magazine ranking of dvd

ordinal

they rank ordered the drinks

ordinal

continuous

ordinal, nominal, interval, and ratio

quota sample

participants are selectd from a local preschool class to represent preschoolers who live in an area -psych class from uncg

response rate

percentage of people out of the total number available who respond to a survey

elders like

phone calls

accessible population

population to which the researcher wishes to generalize the results of the study

convenience, purposive, non-probability

probability of choosing an individual in the population is NOT known

probability sampling

probability of choosing an individual in the population is known

Double blind design

procedure used to control for experimenter bias by keeping the knowledge of the group assignments from both the participants and the researchers who interact with the participants -double blind eliminates threats to internal validity b/c of random assignment

Single blind design

procedure used to hide the group assignment from the participants in a study to prevent their beliefs about the effectiveness of a treatment from affecting the results

birth weights

ratio

suppose that on average you tend to score about 83% on exams in your courses, scoring a 95% on the first exam in a course and 84% on the second exam is an example of

regression of the mean

informed consent is an important element of what principle?

respect for persons

the difference in scores tat occurs when we test a sample drawn out of the population is

sampling error

smallest amount of sampling error

simple random

a variable that affects the results of the study but it not a variable of interest is called

confounding variable

Exempt studies

-Exempt studies are those studies that have the smallest amount of risk involved. -They are typically studies that involve educational or cognitive testing of participants, where there is no physical or psychological risk and little or no risk of loss of social standing if confidentiality were to be breached.

Institutional review boards

-a committee of knowledgeable individuals who oversee the ethics of research with human participants conducted at an institution

nominal

-categorical and qualitative -scale of data measurement that involves non-ordered categorical responses -number only means theyre different, numbers used to classify differences -majors, genders -red dresses you're group 1 and blue dresses you're group 2

independent

-cause, predictor -hair length, gender -a variable that in an experiment is manipulated by the researcher such that the levels of the variable change across or within subjects in the experiment

(P) cluster sampling

-clusters of individuals are identified and then a subset of clusters is randomly chosen to sample from -randomly choose doctors and then sample the hospitals they work at

ordinal

-differences put in an order 1. tall 2. second tallest -doesn't tell you how far behind the 6ft and 3 ft person is -scale of data measurement that involves ordered categorical responses

dependent

-effect, outcome -intelligence levels, or friendliness of a child -what you measure -response -a variable that is measured or observed from an individual

Justice

-fair selection of participants -Researchers are responsible for ensuring that all participants have a fair chance of receiving potentially beneficial treatments in research (e.g., treatments for specific mental illnesses or conditions), as well as ensuring that potentially harmful conditions are not exclusively administered to a specific group. -Special considerations must be provided for groups that may be easier to manipulate (e.g., individuals with illnesses, low-income individuals).

Informed consent

-informing participants about the study and then gaining their consent for participation -a form provided to the participants at the beginning of a research study to obtain their consent for the study and explain the study's purpose and risks, and the participants rights as participants

Belmont Report

-lists the responsibilites of researchers as they conduct research with human participants and the rights of those participants before, during, and after a study -provides set of ethical guidelines that researchers must adhere to 1. respect for persons 2. beneficence 3. justice

(P) stratified sampling

-members of a population are selected such that the proportion of a group in the sample is equal to the proportion of that group in the population using random sampling -divide population into groups (maybe republican, and democrat) and then from that you random sample m and f

(NP) Quota sampling

-members of population are selected such that the proportion of a group in the sample -get better understanding

expedited studies

-minimal risk -reviewed by only one member -mau involve a small amount of physical or psychological risk

(P) simple random sampling

-picked out of a hat -most representative, and highest level of EV -sample is chosen randomly from the population such that each individual has an equal chance at being selected -students are chosen randomly from a list

Nuremberg Code

-set of ethical guidelines developed for research with human participants based on information gained during the Nuremburg trials after WW2 -developed by officials involved in the trials as a result of what they learned -early attempt to specify ethical standards for any research involving human participants 1. participation is voluntary, they must be aware of risks 2. must contribute to scientific knowledge and be conducted by qualified researchers 3. avoid harm and terminate if so 4. participants canleave when they want -address important questions - risk weighed against benefit -qualified scientists

full review studies

-studies requiring full review by the IRB so each memeber reviews proposal -special population has a risk of harm, such as studies with particular risk to kids who may not be capable of giving consent

Respect for persons

-treatment of participants in research studies -informed consent

Coercion

-where the participants right to refuse or end participation in a study is taken away

interval

-zero has no meaning -psychological or social issues -cannot have a lack of something -how positive are candidates about immigrants?

ratio

-zero is true absense, if it can be zero -how many votes

sources of bias

??

Quasi

Compare brown hair to DV, and black hair to DV

variable (chp 3)

an attribute that can vary across individuals

multivalent variables/designs

an independent variable that includes three or more levels- a design is considered multivalent if there is only one independent variable that contains three or more levels

bivalent variables/designs

an independent variable with two levels a design is considered bivalent if it contains only one bivalent independent variable

an independent variable that includes two levels is called a what variable?

bivalent

Experimental

compare Iv to DV and placebo to DV. can be changed its not intrinsic

involves choosing individuals from the population such that individuals are chosen from a preexisting group

cluster

psychologist developed a test to measure intelligence but this test was poorly developed and really only measured how well people perform on standardized tests in other wordsm it doesnt actually meausre intelligence so it lasks:

construct validity

according to ethical guidelines at the end of their participation participants are often be fully informed as to the purpose of the study and given an explanation of any deception used in the study. is called:

debriefing

External validity

degree to which the results of the study apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study

(IV) group differences: order effects

different order of treatments of a different group but still is a threat to the IV -makes groups unequal

Within subjects variables

each participant experiences only one level of the independent variable

between-subjects variables

each participant experiences only one level of the independent variable

youngers like

email

population

group of individuals a researcher wants to learn about in a study -larger group, everyone to wish your study to apply, larger than sample

sample

groups of individuals tested or participated in a study, or subset

researchers conducting studies with non-human animal subjects are responsible for

housing of the animals, housing of the animals, and monitoring the animals health during the study

As part of the respect for persons aspect of the Belmont Report it is reccomended that researchers

include an informed consent process

operational defintion (chp 3)

the definition of an abstract concept used by a researcher to measure or manipulate the concept in a research study

Internal validity

the degree to which a study provides casual information about behavior -anytime groups do not get the same order of experiment there is a threat to internal validity -double blind helps prevent IV

sampling error

the difference between the observations in a population and in the sample that represents that population in a study

the first apa code was based on

the nuremberg code

which of the following would be a violation of ethical guidelines for conducting research with animal subjects?

use of untrained personal, and release of animals into the wild at the completion of the study

quasi-independent variables/subject variables

variable that allows comparison of groups of participants without manipulation (no random assignment) -variables that cannot change, are intrinsic like gender, self esteem

(IV) Regression towards the mean

when someone does the opposite on second exam

testing effects are particularly problematic for what designs?

within-subjects