HDFS 3710 -- Exam 3
Mixing up who said what in a conversation that happened in the past is an instance of ___________ memory failure, a problem that affects older more than younger adults.
source
Older adults are more susceptible to losing which type of memory?
source memory
Making older adults conscious about their age during a memory test is likely to trigger the condition known as _____________ in which their performance actually becomes worse
stereotype threat
Older bilingual speakers show performance deficits on which measure of executive functioning?
stroop task
Research on videogame training in young adults shows that these games have the effect of improving:
sustained attention
Based on a study carried out in The Netherlands on verbal fluency and working memory, you would be most likely to preserve these important cognitive skills if you became a:
teacher
People who use problem-focused coping are most likely to try to change ____________ when faced with a stressor.
the situation
The Five Factor model of personality fits into which overall category of psychological theories?
trait
The ability to respond to stimuli in the periphery, relevant to the driving skills of older adults, is called
useful field of view
Instruction manuals that use terms that are ________ are particularly challenging for older adults.
vague
Virtual reality memory training, in which older adults simulated walking through various places, was found to benefit which type of cognitive ability?
verbal memory
On simple search tasks, where targets stand out relatively easily from distractors, older adults perform at high levels, because these tasks require:
visual search tasks & parallel reasoning simple search: the one difference from the distractor by shape conjunction search: the target has more differences from the distractors by shape and color
A behavioral health specialist working on a cardiologist's hospital team is called in to conduct a session with a new patient. After determining that the patient fits the Type A Behavior Pattern, what would be the best way for her to try to help this patient decrease his future heart disease risk?
work on reducing his hostility
Changes in which type of memory are most likely to affect the ability of an older adult to put words together in a sentence to convey the intended meaning?
working memory
If you were behaving in ways consistent with socioemotional selectivity theory, when it is time to leave your best friend's room, you would:
wouldn't leave unless someone else came
The quality of resilience, in terms of coping, refers to an individual's ability to:
you have successfully coped
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reports that, in 2012, the highest fatality rates were for drivers ages
2014: 35-54 years
In the Type A behavior pattern, high scores on hostility seem strongly related to which health outcome?
CVD
Lower levels of IL-6 were associated in research on the MIDUS with which FFM personality trait?
Consciousness
The communication predicament model is associated with which type of language directed toward older adults?
Elderspeak / infantilization
While checking in on an older adult patient whose husband is visiting her in the hospital, a nurse's aide finds them holding hands and kissing. The aide immediately laughs and says "That's so cute!" What is the aide's behavior referred to in the psychology of aging?
Elderspeak / infantilization
Consistent with the ____________ model of aging and neuroplasticity, older adults are able to compensate by using the right hemisphere in processing language instead of the left.
HAROLD
Research examining the relationship between memory and stress found that people who experience daily stresses, regardless of age, also are likely to:
Have memory problems on the days they were stressed
In solving everyday problems, older adults typically show which pattern of performance compared to younger adults?
Higher scores on problems of an interpersonal nature
Al Nino is a man in his 70s who is receiving rehabilitation following his recent hip surgery. Luckily his physical therapist avoids elderspeak because she refers to him as:
Mr. Nino
The highest scores for older adults, and lowest age-related declines, are shown on which primary mental ability?
Numeric ability, which in the CHC model represents Gq (quantitative knowledge)
Research on prospective memory shows that older adults have more difficulty when the task involves which type of mental activity?
Planning a future event
The idea of what you could become at some point in the future is known as your:
Possible selves theory
Although you may not realize it right now, the years of your late adolescence and early adulthood are likely to be best remembered by you in the future due to the phenomenon known as:
Remanence Bumb
According to the correspondence principle, personality __________ is enhanced over adulthood because people selectively experience life events that reinforce their existing personalities
Stability
The "ego" in ego psychology approaches to adult development and aging refers to the fact that these theories emphasize:
a structure in personality proposed by freudian theory
On the Marcia Identity Status Interview, emerging adults who are actively exploring alternatives in their commitment to important life areas would be in which identity status?
achieved
The ______________ hypothesis proposes that older adults are disproportionately slower on tasks that are more difficult.
age complexity
Researchers have shown that when spoken to by the young with "elderspeak," older adults' experience
an increase in the decline in older adults to use language
A middle-aged man, currently unattached, finds himself constantly longing to be as close as possible to his romantic partners. Eventually, his partners always leave him because he seems to be so clingy. Which type of attachment style does this man seem to have?
anxious attachment
A technical repair person is trying to determine the cause of a recent outage. The first step in the problem-solving is needed to repair the damage is for the repair person to:
assess the current situation
A 60-year-old accountant feels satisfied with the life choices she's made even though she's still open to making changes in the future. Which of the five pathways in the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study best describes her?
authentic
A 34-year-old woman is struggling to overcome her extreme anxiety that her friends will desert her, so she tends to stay away from making new friendships. According to the attachment style perspective, she would be considered to be _________ in her attachment style.
avoidant
Attachment theorists propose that older adults seek relationships in which they can experience a "safe haven," which includes such sources as:
being protected from harm emotional security police, clergy, caregivers
With the help of the ______________, researchers in the area of cognitive aging are able to calculate the extent of attentional slowing in older adults.
brinly plot
Problems in everyday life that are the easiest to solve for older adults are those that:
clear end-goal; clear planned strategies
Brinley plots illustrating the slowing of reaction time in older adults typically involve which type of data?
compares mean responses of old age against the mean response of younger adults
Crowded intersections pose a particular risk for older adults not only because of the many cars, but because they often have:
confusing signs
According to the age complexity hypothesis, a(n) _________ search task would present the greatest challenge to a normally-aging older adult.
conjunction
A large meta-analysis of research on six major personality traits showed the largest and steadiest increase on which trait?***
consciousness
The findings on executive function and lifestyle factors from Whitehall II showed that people whose abilities declined the most also tended to:
consume large amounts of fruits and vegetables
By using ___________ to guide them, older adults can compensate for age-related changes in memory and speed when comprehending language.
context
The ________________ principle would predict that, over time, a highly agreeable person would be more liked by other people, which would further increase that person's agreeableness over the years of adulthood.
correspondence
While playing "Words with Friends" with her 72-year-old grandmother, Frieda Lay is shocked to find that she is losing badly because her grandmother just seems to know so many more words. Frieda's grandmother is illustrating the fact that:
crystallized intelligence rises throughout adulthood into the 70s
During working memory tasks, older adults have difficulty ____________ the brain's default network, meaning that they are less able to focus on incoming information.
deactivating
While you are at rest, the brain's ____________ is at work, processing information that you generate internally.
default network
A major emphasis of psychodynamic theory is understanding the use of ________________ in adulthood.
defense mechanisms
Research on identity in emerging adults suggests that those who are most likely to engage in delinquent and drug-related behaviors are in which identity status?
diffused
A 62-year-old woman was told by her physician, much to her own distress, that she needs to lose 15 pounds in order to reduce her risk of developing diabetes. Instead of following the physician's advice, though, she instead tries to make herself feel better by minimizing the importance of what she's just heard. This way of coping with stress is known as:
emotion focused
Data from studies measuring the brain's electrical activation to stimuli, also known as _______________, show that older adults are less able to inhibit irrelevant information.
event related potentials
Bilingual adults benefit because the task-switching required by monitoring two languages strengthens their:
executive functioning
The abilities to plan, use working memory, allocate mental resources to incoming tasks, and inhibit information are included in the cognitive skill known in psychology as:
executive functioning
In research on the attraction effect in problem solving, the findings suggest that older adult consumers are less likely to be influenced by:
extraneous factor (third option)
You're having a chat with your older cousin who, at age 35, believes that he may never be able to get the kind of job for which he feels qualified. He sees himself as on his way to a dead-end career. Your cousin's beliefs fit into the concept of:
fearing the feared possible self
According to research on _____________ memory, older adults are able to remember distinctive historical events as well as do younger adults.
flashbulb
in research on the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm by Grossman and colleagues, the older adults who were seen by others as wise had lower scores on a measure of:
fluid intelligence
As people get older they should, according to Bauer, care less about themselves and more about others, an increase in what he calls:
generatively
By interpreting the paralinguistic elements of speech, such as _________________, older adults can compensate for not hearing every word spoken to them in a conversation.
gestures and facial expressions
Training older adults to use "deep processing" to encode information more fully would involve having them follow which procedure?
giving meaning to information such as putting words in sentences
An older adult's ability to drive may be affected by which normal age-related changes in vision?
greater sensitivity to glare
Research from the Institute of Highway Safety shows that older drivers in the U.S. faced with the challenge of making a left-hand turn while driving in a busy intersection are most likely to experience which outcome?
having an accident
The brain's default network, which processes internally-generated stimuli, includes which structure?
hippocampus
The effects of aging on working memory may be due to changes in which structure of the brain?
hippocampus
A cardiologist/Dr. Al Fresco/ sees many middle-aged and older patients who suffer from heart disease and all seem to share a certain personality trait. Based on longitudinal research on adults from college through midlife, which personality trait is this likely to be?
hostility
Older adults who have a low sense of memory controllability because they believe that memory decline is inevitable can also be thought of as high in:
identity accommodation
Researchers have established that when older adults are given an _______ memory test, or one in which they don't know they're being tested, they perform as well as young adults.
implicit
As shown in research on decision-making, one advantage that older problem-solvers seems to possess involves their greater ability to make the most out of:
information from prior experience
As pointed out in socioemotional selectivity theory, people who value the _________ function of their relationships are likely to seek advice and practical tips from the people with whom they spend time.
informational
The tendency to ramble may be especially likely to occur in the speech of older adults who experience "mental clutter," or an inability to:
inhibit irrelevant information
Performance of older adults on the Stroop color-word task provides evidence of effects of aging on:
inhibitory control
According to the __________hypothesis about the effects of aging on attention, older adults take longer to respond because they are unable to ignore distracting or interfering stimuli:
inhibitory deficit
A psychological factor affecting the driving performance of older adults is
internal distractions causing anxiety
A factor in the driving behavior of older adults is that, compared to younger adults, they are more likely to:
know how to react in an emergency
The "predicament" in the Communication Predicament Model of aging and language refers to the fact that older people, because they appear to be in need of care, are talked to by others in ways that cause them to become:
less able to care for themselves
The SLS (Seattle Longitudinal Study) showed that people least likely to retain their intellectual abilities in later adulthood were low on the personality factor of:
life complexity
Based on what researchers have discovered about the attraction effect, it is likely that in considering their behavior as consumers older adults should be more likely to
make better decision on what to purchase
Beth is a middle-aged woman is quite annoyed with her boss, who is constantly asking that she complete time-consuming tasks right before the end of the day. Without realizing it, Beth finds herself completing the tasks, but doing so with occasional mistakes that her boss doesn't even notice. According to Vaillant, Beth is using what type of defense mechanism?
mature
A 63-year-old man has never felt that he could settle on a career, and has explored three completely different areas of work since completing his medical degree at age 30. This man would fit which life pathway as described from research on the RALS?
meandering
In the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, working memory would be considered to represent the __________ of intelligence.
mechanics
Findings on the effects of age on memory for events from the long-ago past, or remote memory, show that:
memories from events in the distant past are no better than from the present
Even in the absence of a neurocognitive disorder, people at risk of which medical condition are more likely to experience significant memory loss?
metabolic syndrome
The role of the central executive in working memory is to:
monitoring and coordinating the operation of the slave systems and relate them to long term memory
Studies testing the predictions of Socioemotional Selectivity Theory involving eye tracking measurements while people look at facial stimuli note that younger adults, compared to older adults, are more likely to focus on parts of the face showing:
more anger and sadness
In a n-back task, used to assess working memory, participants are asked to:
name earlier items presented in a series
The General Slowing Hypothesis proposes that older adults become slower primarily because of:
nervous system changes
Scaffolding theory in the area of cognitive aging comes closest to which concept in the area of aging and the nervous system?
neuroplasticity
The psychologist testing a 78-year-old new client administered the NEO-PI-R as part of a neuropsychological assessment. She noted that the client has markedly high scores on an Alzheimer's screening test. According to research on the Five Factor Model and Alzheimer's disease risk, which scale of the NEO-PI-R is likely to be abnormally high?
neuroticism
Older adults who eat a diet that includes food rich in ____________ are likely to experience some cognitive benefits.
omega-3
An older woman with whom you work during your part-time job is constantly telling you stories about the new people she meets, her love of travel and reading, and how much she enjoys music and art. It seems, then, that she is high on which personality trait related to lower mortality?
openness
In longitudinal research on ego development in women conducted by Helson and her colleagues at Mills College, the results showed that during the years of adulthood, women decreased in:
perceived femininity
According to research on stereotype threat, when older adults are made to feel aware of their age in a memory study, they will:
perform worse
A middle-aged psychologist is concerned about his father's driving because he worries that his father seems to be showing slips in his executive functioning. This means that the father is having the most difficulty in which aspect of driving?
planning a route that is easiest to navigate
The idea of reserve capacity in research on aging and intelligence is very similar to the concept of ____________ in the nervous system.
plasticity
The amount of time a person has left to live is an important factor in personality according to which theory of development?
possible selves theory
Your best friend's grandparent always seems to have great advice whenever you are struggling in your relationship. This is because wise people are considered, in the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, to be high in the ____________ of intelligence.
pragmatics
Adults who are currently involved in developing their sense of generativity may be concerned not only about others, but about their own legacy, a process referred to as:
redemptive self
Testing the limits is a method used in studies of aging and cognition to demonstrate which principle related to plasticity?
reserve capacity
The quality of _______________ refers being able to the ability to recover from stress.
resilience
The model of self-regulation and driving predicts that an older adult will continue to drive depends on the psychological factors of:
self-confidence desire to get out of the house need for independence importance of driving to their self-worth and percieved health
Older adults who have a low sense of memory ________________, the feeling that they cannot perform well on a memory test, are likely to have poorer scores when their memory is actually tested.
self-efficacy
Vocabulary, factual information, and historical knowledge fall into the category of ____________ memory, a process not affected by aging.
semantic
Unlike younger adults, neither middle-aged nor older individuals show a benefit to memory of having a greater amount of _______ sleep:
slow-wave
Research conducted by Lodi-Smith comparing personality and preventive behaviors found that observer-rated personality traits were correlated with which measure relevant to health?
smoking behaviors
Supporting the theory known as ____________, Isaacowitz's research on eye movements showed that older people prefer to look at the happy parts of a face
socioemotional selective theory
The pragmatics of intelligence, in the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, emphasizes which type of abilities?
solving real-life problems
