HDFS 3710 Test 3 Study Guide

What were some of the main findings on past research focusing on the relationship between working in later years and memory?

"recent studies of individuals in their later years suggest that working in old age has significant compensatory responses to declining cognitive functioning with aging even for those performing less complex work"

As of 2015, the average monthly benefit for Social Security was approximately $________:

$1,298

What were some of the main findings on past research focusing on the relationship between working in later years and physical health (disability)?

-Being employed at age 55+ lowered self-reported depressive symptoms age discrimination and lack of technological skills increased depressive symptoms -Being a paid worker is related to better self-reported health and few physical limitations (sample of 60+ years)

What are the implications of the results of this study? What do the authors propose we need to do/be aware of/ consider further?

-We need to recognize the health consequences of a change in work status -Consider offering flexible employment options for retirees -Further understand the proliferation of various health problems during later years

What are the two components/mechanisms of the Compensatory effect?

-Work provides an opportunity for cognitive stimulation -Extended timelines of work increase possibility older adults continue reaping benefits of work/cognitive stimulation

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reports that, in 2012, the highest fatality rates were for drivers ages:

16-19 years (she is double checking this tho)

By 2024, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that approximately ___% of the labor force will be 55 and older.

25% (continuing to grow)

What was cited as the average age of retirement in the United States (citation was from 2007)?

62

The General Slowing Hypothesis proposes that older adults become slower primarily because of:

A general decline of information processing speed within the nervous system

The ______________ hypothesis proposes that older adults are disproportionately slower on tasks that are more difficult.

Age-complexity hypothesis: as tasks become more complex, older adults perform more poorly

Research on videogame training in young adults shows that these games have the effect of improving:

Attentional capacity

Older adults who eat a diet that includes food rich in ____________ are likely to experience some cognitive benefits

B-12, B-6, omega fatty acids

With the help of the ______________, researchers in the area of cognitive aging are able to calculate the extent of attentional slowing in older adults

Brinley plot

The highest scores for older adults, and lowest age-related declines, are shown on which primary mental ability?

Comprehension-knowledge (Gc)

Which of the following abilities fits within the CHC model of intelligence under the category of acquired knowledge systems?

Comprehension-knowledge (Gc), Domain-specific knowledge (Gkn), Reading and writing (Grw), Quantitative knowledge (Gq)

Crowded intersections pose a particular risk for older adults not only because of the many cars, but because they often have:

Confusing signs - intersections are more complex/ more distractions

According to the age complexity hypothesis, a(n) _________ search task would present the greatest challenge to a normally-aging older adult.

Conjunction

While playing "Words with Friends" with her 72-year-old grandmother, Frieda Lay is shocked to find that she is losing badly because her grandmother just seems to know so many more words. Frieda's grandmother is illustrating the fact that:

Crystallized intelligence rises throughout adulthood into the 70s

While you are at rest, the brain's ____________ is at work, processing information that you generate internally.

Default network

Data from studies measuring the brain's electrical activation to stimuli, also known as _______________, show that older adults are less able to inhibit irrelevant information.

Event-related potentials (EPRs)

By using ________ to guide them, older adults can compensate for age-related changes in memory and speed when comprehending language.

Experience

In research on the attraction effect in problem solving, the findings suggest that older adult consumers are less likely to be influenced by:

Extraneous factors

What differentiates the "new mode" approach from the "usual" mode of retirement?

Families play a role in retirement and in new mode women are more likely than men to be influenced by the health, financial security, and work status of their spouses.

Consistent with the _______ model of aging and neuroplasticity, older adults are able to compensate by using the right hemisphere in processing language instead of the left.

HAROLD

Scaffolding theory in the area of cognitive aging comes closest to which concept in the area of aging and the nervous system?

HAROLD and PASA

In solving everyday problems, older adults typically show which pattern of performance compared to younger adults?

Higher scores on interpersonal problems

Researchers have established that when older adults are given an _______ memory test, or one in which they don't know they're being tested, they perform as well as young adults

Implicit memory

What were the main results of the study? Think, did working into the later years have an impact on memory, physical disability, or depressive symptoms? If so, did working in later years increase or decrease these outcomes?

Increase in memory, decrease physical disability, decrease depressive symptoms

Older bilingual speakers show performance deficits on which measure of executive functioning?

Inhibiting irrelevant information (stroop task)

Performance of older adults on the Stroop color-word task provides evidence of effects of aging on:

Inhibitory control Response times

According to the __________hypothesis about the effects of aging on attention, older adults take longer to respond because they are unable to ignore distracting or interfering stimuli:

Inhibitory deficit hypothesis

What were some of the main findings on past research focusing on the relationship between working in later years and mental health?

It improves mental health in elders by improving self- worth and the sense of control

What is the main factor accounting for the gender gap in earnings?

Less women in professional work in higher-paying fields (only 8%)

Researchers have shown that when spoken to by the young with "elderspeak," older adults' experience:

Loses desire to be self-sufficient, Loses desire to socialize, Creates aging stereotypes that older adults begin to believe (self-fulfilling prophecy), Can lead to dementia

Based on what researchers have discovered about the attraction effect, it is likely that in considering their behavior as consumers older adults should be more likely to:

Make better decisions about what to purchase

Even in the absence of a neurocognitive disorder, people at risk of which medical condition are more likely to experience significant memory loss?

Metabolic syndrome

The idea of reserve capacity in research on aging and intelligence is very similar to the concept of ______in the nervous system.

Neuroplasticity

Brinley plots illustrating the slowing of reaction time in older adults typically involve which type of data?

Numerical data

On simple search tasks, where targets stand out relatively easily from distractors, older adults perform at high levels, because these tasks require

Parallel processing

Was past research consistent or were there disagreements on whether or not working into the later years was good or bad for individuals?

Past research was controversial as to if it was good or bad "Mixed findings about the directional association between working status and health outcomes in later years may be attributed to several methodological reasons including investigations limited to a single health outcome over a short duration."

According to research on stereotype threat, when older adults are made to feel aware of their age in a memory study, they will:

Perform worse on a memory test

An older adult's ability to drive may be affected by which normal age-related changes in vision?

Presbyopia

As shown in research on decision-making, one advantage that older problem-solvers seems to possess involves their greater ability to make the most out of:

Prior experience

The pragmatics of intelligence, in the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, emphasizes which type of abilities?

Real-life solutions

Research on prospective memory shows that older adults have more difficulty when the task involves which type of mental activity?

Recall of events you must do in the future

Although you may not realize it right now, the years of your late adolescence and early adulthood are likely to be best remembered by you in the future due to the phenomenon known as:

Reminiscence bump

Findings on the effects of age on memory for events from the long-ago past, or remote memory, show that:

Remote memory declines with age

Testing the limits is a method used in studies of aging and cognition to demonstrate which principle related to plasticity?

Reserve capacity

Vocabulary, factual information, and historical knowledge fall into the category of ____________ memory, a process not affected by aging.

Semantic

The model of self-regulation and driving predicts that an older adult will continue to drive depends on the psychological factors of:

Sociability and how much they rely on others for rides/ to get out of the house

Which of the following is a sociocultural factor in the biopsychosocial model of retirement?

Social Class, Income, Opportunities for engagement

To provide old age retirement benefits and unemployment insurance, Congress passed the _______ ________ ___ in 1935.

Social Security Act

Problems in everyday life that are the easiest to solve for older adults are those that: involve

Something with clear end goal & strategies can be easily formulated

Reaching a point in your vocational development where you no longer feel that you are growing might keep you at the:

Stability stage

Making older adults conscious about their age during a memory test is likely to trigger the condition known as _____________ in which their performance actually becomes worse.

Stereotype threat

The so-called "absolute innovators" identified in a study of retired travelers were more likely than the comparison group of non-innovators to:

Take a trip in order to participate in new activities, try new food, learn something new about their relationships, gain a new skill, and learn something new about themselves and life in general.

A psychological factor affecting the driving performance of older adults is:

Them doubting themselves

Why is it noteworthy that working into the later years and physical disability had stronger effects during the later time points of the study compared to the other variables measured (depressive symptoms and memory)?

This is a time in these individuals' lives when it is anticipated that physical disability may increase substantially. But, these results are showing that working into later life PROTECTS against physical disability from beginning

What was the objective (the purpose) of the study performed by Dr. Wickrama and colleagues?

To study the mutual influences between changes in work status and multiple dimensions of health outcomes

A major emphasis of psychodynamic theory is understanding the use of ________________ in adulthood.

Unconscious motives and impulses

the ability to respond to stimuli in the periphery, relevant to the driving skills of older adults, is called

Useful field of view (UFOV)

A factor in the driving behavior of older adults is that, compared to younger adults, they are more likely to:

Wear seatbelts

According to role theory how does a work role buffer against negative effects of stress?

Work roles provide resources to buffer against effects of stress

What is the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition?

Working causes changes in brain function through strengthening of existing connections, formation of new connections, and disuse of connections that have become weak

What were the hypotheses of the study?

Working in later life leads to: -Increased memory skills -Decreased physical disability -Decreased depressive symptoms

Changes in which type of memory are most likely to affect the ability of an older adult to put words together in a sentence to convey the intended meaning?

Working memory

Older adults are more susceptible to losing which type of memory?

Working memory, Default memory, episodic memory, source memory, prospective memory tip of the tongue memory, and remote memory

On the Marcia Identity Status Interview, emerging adults who are actively exploring alternatives in their commitment to important life areas would be in which identity status?

achieved

During working memory tasks, older adults have difficulty ____________ the brain's default network, meaning that they are less able to focus on incoming information.

activating

Al Nino is a man in his 70s who is receiving rehabilitation following his recent hip surgery. Luckily his physical therapist avoids elderspeak because she refers to him as

an adult

Studies testing the predictions of Socioemotional Selectivity Theory involving eye tracking measurements while people look at facial stimuli note that younger adults, compared to older adults, are more likely to focus on parts of the face showing:

anger and sadness (older adults looked at happy features)

A middle-aged man, currently unattached, finds himself constantly longing to be as close as possible to his romantic partners. Eventually, his partners always leave him because he seems to be so clingy. Which type of attachment style does this man seem to have?

anxious attachment

A technical repair person is trying to determine the cause of a recent outage. The first step in the problem-solving is needed to repair the damage is for the repairperson to:

assess the situation

A 60-year-old accountant feels satisfied with the life choices she's made even though she's still open to making changes in the future. Which of the five pathways in the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study best describes her?

authentic road

A 34-year-old woman is struggling to overcome her extreme anxiety that her friends will desert her, so she tends to stay away from making new friendships. According to the attachment style perspective, she would be considered to be _________ in her attachment style.

avoidant

The majority of retirees are said to experience a(n) ______________ retirement, because they typically do not exit the labor force in an all-or-nothing fashion.

blurred

Being able to find a ________________ career, in which people are not tied to a particular company or organization, might be difficult during times of a tight economy.

boundary less

Individuals who feel that their occupation is a(n) ____________ are likely to feel the most personal meaning in their work.

calling

Research from the Institute of Highway Safety shows that older drivers in the U.S. faced with the challenge of making a left-hand turn while driving in a busy intersection are most likely to experience which outcome?

car crash

Attachment theorists propose that older adults seek relationships in which they can experience a "safe haven," which includes such sources as:

caregivers, pets

Instruction manuals that use terms that are ___ are particularly challenging for older adults.

complex and vague

After several years at his current job as a sales manager, a 50-year-old man decides he would rather remain a sales manager than do anything else because it suits his personality and interests. Based on the RIASEC model, you would expect that his score on a measure of career _________ would therefore be higher than would someone else's score who did not desire a career change.

congruency

Bilingual adults benefit because the task-switching required by monitoring two languages strengthens their:

connectivity in the brain

A large meta-analysis of research on six major personality traits showed the largest and steadiest increase on which trait?

conscientiousness

Lower levels of IL-6 were associated in research on the MIDUS with which FFM personality trait?

conscientiousness and neuroticism

According to ___________ theory, retirees maintain a sense of identity and therefore do not experience retirement in a negative manner.

continuity

The__________________ principle would predict that, over time, a highly agreeable person would be more liked by other people, which would further increase that person's agreeableness over the years of adulthood.

correspondence

A middle-aged psychologist is concerned about his father's driving because he worries that his father seems to be showing slips in his executive functioning. This means that the father is having the most difficulty in which aspect of driving?

determine the route to take to your destination, alternate between input from the road and that of your vehicle's dials and instruments, and make any changes in your route to account for traffic, construction, or obstacles in the road. Planning a route that is easiest for them to navigate *

Research on identity in emerging adults suggests that those who are most likely to engage in delinquent and drug-related behaviors are in which identity status?

diffused

The "ego" in ego psychology approaches to adult development and aging refers to the fact that these theories emphasize:

ego plays central role in behavior

The communication predicament model is associated with which type of language directed toward older adults?

elderspeak

While checking in on an older adult patient whose husband is visiting her in the hospital, a nurse's aide finds them holding hands and kissing. The aide immediately laughs and says "That's so cute!" What is the aide's behavior referred to in the psychology of aging

elderspeak

A 62-year-old woman was told by her physician, much to her own distress, that she needs to lose 15 pounds in order to reduce her risk of developing diabetes. Instead of following the physician's advice, though, she instead tries to make herself feel better by minimizing the importance of what she's just heard. This way of coping with stress is known as:

emotion-focused coping

The abilities to plan, use working memory, allocate mental resources to incoming tasks, and inhibit information are included in the cognitive skill known in psychology as:

executive functioning

A behavioral health specialist working on a cardiologist's hospital team is called in to conduct a session with a new patient. After determining that the patient fits the Type A Behavior Pattern, what would be the best way for her to try to help this patient decrease his future heart disease risk?

exercise

You're having a chat with your older cousin who, at age 35, believes that he may never be able to get the kind of job for which he feels qualified. He sees himself as on his way to a dead-end career. Your cousin's beliefs fit into the concept of:

feared-self

In longitudinal research on ego development in women conducted by Helson and her colleagues at Mills College, the results showed that during the years of adulthood, women decreased in:

femininity

According to research on _____________ memory, older adults are able to remember distinctive historical events as well as do younger adults.

flashbulb

In research on the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm by Grossman and colleagues, the older adults who were seen by others as wise had lower scores on a measure of:

fluid intelligence

As people get older they should, according to Bauer, care less about themselves and more about others, an increase in what he calls:

generativity

By interpreting the paralinguistic elements of speech, such as ______, older adults can compensate for not hearing every word spoken to them in a conversation.

gestures and facial expressions

A large meta-analysis of studies on aging and job satisfaction showed that older workers were more satisfied with their jobs if they:

had longer job tenure

In the Type A behavior pattern, high scores on hostility seem strongly related to which health outcome?

heart disease

The brain's default network, which processes internally-generated stimuli, includes which structure?

hippocampus, parts of the prefrontal cortex, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and part of the cingulate cortex involved in visualization.

A cardiologist/Dr. Al Fresco/ sees many middle-aged and older patients who suffer from heart disease and all seem to share a certain personality trait. Based on longitudinal research on adults from college through midlife, which personality trait is this likely to be?

hostility

Workers who fail to develop as optimally as possible are, in Holland's theory, referred to as:

incongruent

As pointed out in socioemotional selectivity theory, people who value the _________ function of their relationships are likely to seek advice and practical tips from the people with whom they spend time.

informational

The tendency to ramble may be especially likely to occur in the speech of older adults who experience "mental clutter," or an inability to:

inhibit irrelevant information

Beth is a middle-aged woman is quite annoyed with her boss, who is constantly asking that she complete time-consuming tasks right before the end of the day. Without realizing it, Beth finds herself completing the tasks, but doing so with occasional mistakes that her boss doesn't even notice. According to Vaillant, Beth is using what type of defense mechanism?

intermediate

A 25-year-old man with a bachelor's degree in English recently started working in a publishing firm that specializes in news magazines. In Super's theory, he would be characterized as being in the Establishment stage because he:

is 25 (stage goes from 20-30)

People who feel that their occupation is a "calling" are likely to believe that it:

is meant for them

The "predicament" in the Communication Predicament Model of aging and language refers to the fact that older people, because they appear to be in need of care, are talked to by others in ways that cause them to become:

less able to care for themselves

The SLS (Seattle Longitudinal Study) showed that people least likely to retain their intellectual abilities in later adulthood were low on the personality factor of:

life complexity

Which theory of adult development proposes that retirees are best able to adapt to their new status when they view it as a normative event?

life course perspective

The inner narrative that people create of their experiences up to the present point is called the:

life story

A 40-year-old mother of two who works as a managerial assistant in an accounting firm earns enough to be able to schedule after-school child care without this impinging significantly on her family budget. She would therefore be rated as high on which component of the work-family enrichment model?

maternal resources

A 63-year-old man has never felt that he could settle on a career, and has explored three completely different areas of work since completing his medical degree at age 30. This man would fit which life pathway as described from research on the RALS?

meandering way

In the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, working memory would be considered to represent the ______________ of intelligence.

mechanics

The psychologist testing a 78-year-old new client administered the NEO-PI-R as part of a neuropsychological assessment. She noted that the client has markedly high scores on an Alzheimer's screening test. According to research on the Five Factor Model and Alzheimer's disease risk, which scale of the NEO-PI-R is likely to be abnormally high?

neuroticism

42. Unlike younger adults, neither middle-aged nor older individuals show a benefit to memory of having a greater amount of _______ sleep: 43. Virtual reality memory training, in which older adults simulated walking through various places, was found to benefit which type of cognitive ability? 44. Training older adults to use "deep processing" to encode information more fully would involve having them follow which procedure? 45. Research examining the relationship between memory and stress found that people who experience daily stresses, regardless of age, also are likely to:

no answers

If you were behaving in ways consistent with socioemotional selectivity theory, when it is time to leave your best friend's room, you would:

not leave their room until someone else came so your friend wouldn't be alone

An older woman with whom you work during your part-time job is constantly telling you stories about the new people she meets, her love of travel and reading, and how much she enjoys music and art. It seems, then, that she is high on which personality trait related to lower mortality?

openness

The idea of what you could become at some point in the future is known as your:

possible self/ideal self

Your best friend's grandparent always seems to have great advice whenever you are struggling in your relationship. This is because wise people are considered, in the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, to be high in the ______ of intelligence.

pragmatics

Research conducted by Lodi-Smith comparing personality and preventive behaviors found that observer-rated personality traits were correlated with which measure relevant to health?

prevention-related behaviors

People high in self-efficacy are likely to adapt to stress by using which type of coping methods?

problem-focused coping

Adults who are currently involved in developing their sense of generativity may be concerned not only about others, but about their own legacy, a process referred to as:

redemptive self

In an n-back task, used to assess working memory, participants are asked to:

repeat the ''nth'' item back in a list of items presented to you in serial order. For example, you might see a series of visual stimuli, such as a yellow triangle, a red square, a green circle, and a blue diamond. In each instance, you are asked whether the stimulus is new or one previously seen

The quality of _______________ refers being able to the ability to recover from stress.

resilience

The idea that people are able to draw on their physical, psychological, and social capabilities to allow them to adjust to retirement is referred to as the ________ model.

resource model

In a boundaryless career, workers feel that they are able to:

seek opportunities for development in their jobs and when they do not receive it, may feel less psychologically invested in the organization that employs them

Super's theory, unlike Holland's, assumes that people strive to express their __________ in their vocation.

self-concept

In the work-family enrichment framework, the psychological resources category includes which component?

self-efficacy

A supervisor in a large hardware store wants to encourage his older workers to seek out on-the-job training so they will keep themselves familiarized with new products. One way to do so is to build the sense of _______________ in these older workers.

self-efficacy/self-esteem

The findings on executive function and lifestyle factors from Whitehall II showed that people whose abilities declined the most also tended to

smoke, abstain entirely from alcohol, not exercise or eat fruit/veggies

The major source of income for retirees is:

social security

Supporting the theory known as ____________, Isaacowitz's research on eye movements showed that older people prefer to look at the happy parts of a face.

socioemotional selectivity theory

The amount of time a person has left to live is an important factor in personality according to which theory of development?

socioemotional selectivity theory

Mixing up who said what in a conversation that happened in the past is an instance of _____ memory failure, a problem that affects older more than younger adults

source

In Whitehall II, workers in lower employment grades had higher ___________ levels, beginning in the morning and continuing through the end of the day, supporting the idea that their stress was related to poor sleep as well as their experiences at work.

stress

The quality of resilience, in terms of coping, refers to an individual's ability to:

successfully cope and recover from stress

What is one given reason for why individuals may be remaining in the workforce longer?

the recession, living longer, etc.

People who use problem-focused coping are most likely to try to change ____________ when faced with a stressor.

the situation

According to the correspondence principle, personality __________ is enhanced over adulthood because people selectively experience life events that reinforce their existing personalities.

traits

The Five Factor model of personality fits into which overall category of psychological theories?

traits